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Chen L, Wang Y, Huang J, Hu B, Huang W. Identification of Immune-Related Hub Genes in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:914645. [PMID: 35938039 PMCID: PMC9353688 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.914645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common, age-related, and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Growing evidence indicates that immune dysfunction plays an essential role in the pathogenic process of PD. The objective of this study was to explore potential immune-related hub genes and immune infiltration patterns of PD. Method: The microarray expression data of human postmortem substantia nigra samples were downloaded from GSE7621, GSE20141, and GSE49036. Key module genes were screened via weighted gene coexpression network analysis, and immune-related genes were intersected to obtain immune-key genes. Functional enrichment analysis was performed on immune-key genes of PD. In addition to, immune infiltration analysis was applied by a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm to detect differential immune cell types in the substantia nigra between PD samples and control samples. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis was performed to further identify immune-related hub genes for PD. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the immune-related hub genes was used to differentiate PD patients from healthy controls. Correlations between immune-related hub genes and differential immune cell types were assessed. Result: Our findings identified four hub genes (SLC18A2, L1CAM, S100A12, and CXCR4) and seven immune cell types (neutrophils, T follicular helper cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, type 1 helper cells, immature B cells, immature dendritic cells, and CD56 bright natural killer cells). The area under the curve (AUC) value of the four-gene-combined model was 0.92. The AUC values of each immune-related hub gene (SLC18A2, L1CAM, S100A12, and CXCR4) were 0.81, 0.78, 0.78, and 0.76, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, SLC18A2, L1CAM, S100A12, and CXCR4 were identified as being associated with the pathogenesis of PD and should be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang,
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2
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Liu X, Du ZR, Wang X, Sun XR, Zhao Q, Zhao F, Wong WT, Wong KH, Dong XL. Polymannuronic acid prebiotic plus Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic as a novel synbiotic promoted their separate neuroprotection against Parkinson’s disease. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Leem YH, Park JS, Park JE, Kim DY, Kim HS. Papaverine Exerts Neuroprotective Effect by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in an MPTP-Induced Microglial Priming Mouse Model Challenged with LPS. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:295-302. [PMID: 33911050 PMCID: PMC8094076 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial priming is the process of microglial proliferation and activation in response to neurodegeneration and abnormal protein accumulation. Priming makes microglia susceptible to secondary inflammatory stimuli and causes exaggerated inflammatory responses. In the present study, we established a microglial priming model in mice by administering a single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg). MPTP induced microglial activation without dopaminergic degeneration; however, subsequent treatment with a sub-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced an amplified inflammatory response and caused nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. These pathological and inflammatory changes, including microglial activation and dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) area were reversed by papaverine (PAP) administration. In addition, MPTP/LPS enhanced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression and processing via nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the SN region of mice. However, PAP treatment suppressed inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β maturation. Moreover, PAP inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and enhanced cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activity in the SN of MPTP/LPS mice. These results suggest that PAP inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by modulating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways, which results in reduced microglial activation and neuronal cell death. Thus, PAP may be a potential candidate for the treatment of Parkinsons’s disease, which is aggravated by systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-Hyun Leem
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
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4
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Costa T, Fernandez-Villalba E, Izura V, Lucas-Ochoa AM, Menezes-Filho NJ, Santana RC, de Oliveira MD, Araújo FM, Estrada C, Silva V, Costa SL, Herrero MT. Combined 1-Deoxynojirimycin and Ibuprofen Treatment Decreases Microglial Activation, Phagocytosis and Dopaminergic Degeneration in MPTP-Treated Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:390-402. [PMID: 32564332 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a predominant aspect of neurodegenerative diseases and experimental studies performed in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggesting that a sustained neuroinflammation exacerbates the nigrostriatal degeneration pathway. The central role of microglia in neuroinflammation has been studied as a target for potential neuroprotective drugs for PD, for example nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitors that regulates microglial activation and migration. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective response of the iminosugar 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) and compare its effect with a combined treatment with ibuprofen. MPTP-treated mice were orally dosed with ibuprofen and/or 1-DNJ 1. Open-field test was used to evaluate behavioral changes. Immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic neurons marker (TH+) and microglia markers (Iba-1+; CD68+) were used to investigate neuronal integrity and microglial activation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were analysed by qPCR. Treatments with either 1-DNJ or Ibuprofen alone did not reduce the damage induced by MPTP intoxication. However, combined treatment with 1-DNJ and ibuprofen prevents loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, decreases the number of CD68+/ Iba-1+ cells, the microglia/neurons interactions, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improves behavioral changes when compared with MPTP-treated animals. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the combined treatment with a MMPs inhibitor (1-DNJ) plus an anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen) has neuroprotective effects open for future therapeutic interventions. Graphical Abstract MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a protoxicant that, after crossing the Blood Brain Barrier, is metabolized by astrocytic MAO-B to MPDP+, a pyridinium intermediate, which undergoes further two-electron oxidation to yield the toxic metabolite MPP+ (methyl-phenyltetrahydropyridinium) that is then selectively transported into nigral neurons via the mesencephalic dopamine transporter. In this study, we demonstrated that MPTP induced death of dopaminergic neurons, microgliosis, increase of gliapses, motor impairment and neuroinflammation in mice, which were inhibited by combined 1-deoxynojirimycin and ibuprofen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tcs Costa
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - E Fernandez-Villalba
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - V Izura
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A M Lucas-Ochoa
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - N J Menezes-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - R C Santana
- Department of Bioregulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - M D de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.,Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia - UnB, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - F M Araújo
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - C Estrada
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vda Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - S L Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.
| | - M T Herrero
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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5
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Ndayisaba A, Jellinger K, Berger T, Wenning GK. TNFα inhibitors as targets for protective therapies in MSA: a viewpoint. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:80. [PMID: 30975183 PMCID: PMC6458780 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a unique and fatal α-synucleinopathy associated with oligodendroglial inclusions and secondary neurodegeneration affecting striatum, substantia nigra, pons, and cerebellum. The pathogenesis remains elusive; however, there is emerging evidence suggesting a prominent role of neuroinflammation. Here, we critically review the relationship between αS and microglial activation depending on its aggregation state and its role in neuroinflammation to explore the potential of TNFα inhibitors as a treatment strategy for MSA and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ndayisaba
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kurt Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, A-1150 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor K. Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Weinberg RP, Koledova VV, Schneider K, Sambandan TG, Grayson A, Zeidman G, Artamonova A, Sambanthamurthi R, Fairus S, Sinskey AJ, Rha C. Palm Fruit Bioactives modulate human astrocyte activity in vitro altering the cytokine secretome reducing levels of TNFα, RANTES and IP-10. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16423. [PMID: 30401897 PMCID: PMC6219577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are becoming more prevalent and an increasing burden on society. Neurodegenerative diseases often arise in the milieu of neuro-inflammation of the brain. Reactive astrocytes are key regulators in the development of neuro-inflammation. This study describes the effects of Palm Fruit Bioactives (PFB) on the behavior of human astrocytes which have been activated by IL-1β. When activated, the astrocytes proliferate, release numerous cytokines/chemokines including TNFα, RANTES (CCL5), IP-10 (CXCL10), generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and express specific cell surface biomarkers such as the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM), Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) and the Neuronal Cellular Adhesion Molecule (NCAM). Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) causes activation of human astrocytes with marked upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes. We show significant inhibition of these pro-inflammatory processes when IL-1β-activated astrocytes are exposed to PFB. PFB causes a dose-dependent and time-dependent reduction in specific cytokines: TNFα, RANTES, and IP-10. We also show that PFB significantly reduces ROS production by IL-1β-activated astrocytes. Furthermore, PFB also reduces the expression of ICAM and VCAM, both in activated and naïve human astrocytes in vitro. Since reactive astrocytes play an essential role in the neuroinflammatory state preceding neurodegenerative diseases, this study suggests that PFB may have a potential role in their prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Weinberg
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Vera V Koledova
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - T G Sambandan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adlai Grayson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gal Zeidman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anastasia Artamonova
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syed Fairus
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - ChoKyun Rha
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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7
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Reduction of HIP2 expression causes motor function impairment and increased vulnerability to dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease models. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1020. [PMID: 30282965 PMCID: PMC6170399 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Huntingtin interaction protein 2 (HIP2) is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and HIP2 mRNA has been implicated as a potential blood biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unclear whether the alteration of HIP2 expression may contribute to the development of PD, and whether the change of HIP2 in blood could reflect its expression in the brain or motor functions in PD patients. In this study, we established a mouse line with HIP2 haploinsufficiency. The reduction of the HIP2 expression led to spontaneous motor function impairment and dopaminergic neuronal loss. Furthermore, HIP2 haploinsufficiency increased the susceptibility of mice to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and caused severe loss of dopaminergic neurons. Interestingly, in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model for PD, we observed concurrent, highly correlated decrease of HIP2 expression in the brain and in the blood. Using blood samples from more than 300 patients, we validated the decreased HIP2 mRNA in PD patients, including de novo patients. Finally, in a 1-year, 20-patient study, we observed reversed blood HIP2 mRNA levels accompanying improved motor and overall daily functions in 75% of the PD patients with instructed Tai Chi training. Therefore, our in vivo studies have indicated HIP2 insufficiency as a contributing factor for PD, and functionally validated blood HIP2 as a useful and reversible biomarker for PD.
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8
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Videira PAQ, Castro-Caldas M. Linking Glycation and Glycosylation With Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:381. [PMID: 29930494 PMCID: PMC5999786 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting about 6.3 million people worldwide. PD is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting into severe motor symptoms. The cellular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic cell death in PD are still not fully understood, but mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic PD cases. Aberrant post-translational modifications, namely glycation and glycosylation, together with age-dependent insufficient endogenous scavengers and quality control systems, lead to cellular overload of dysfunctional proteins. Such injuries accumulate with time and may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and exacerbated inflammatory responses, culminating in neuronal cell death. Here, we will discuss how PD-linked protein mutations, aging, impaired quality control mechanisms and sugar metabolism lead to up-regulated abnormal post-translational modifications in proteins. Abnormal glycation and glycosylation seem to be more common than previously thought in PD and may underlie mitochondria-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in a feed-forward mechanism. Moreover, the stress-induced post-translational modifications that directly affect parkin and/or its substrates, deeply impairing its ability to regulate mitochondrial dynamics or to suppress inflammation will also be discussed. Together, these represent still unexplored deleterious mechanisms implicated in neurodegeneration in PD, which may be used for a more in-depth knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms, or as biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Q Videira
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Margarida Castro-Caldas
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Lee E, Hwang I, Park S, Hong S, Hwang B, Cho Y, Son J, Yu JW. MPTP-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia plays a central role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:213-228. [PMID: 29786072 PMCID: PMC6329843 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the reduction of dopamine levels in the striatum. Although details of the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuronal death in PD remain unclear, neuroinflammation is also considered a potent mediator in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. In the present study, we present evidences that microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation is critical for dopaminergic neuronal loss and the subsequent motor deficits in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Specifically, NLRP3 deficiency significantly reduces motor dysfunctions and dopaminergic neurodegeneration of MPTP-treated mice. Furthermore, NLRP3 deficiency abolishes MPTP-induced microglial recruitment, interleukin-1β production and caspase-1 activation in the SN of mouse brain. In primary microglia and mixed glial cell cultures, MPTP/ATP treatment promotes the robust assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via producing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Consistently, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+) induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the presence of ATP or nigericin treatment in mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages. These findings reveal a novel priming role of neurotoxin MPTP or MPP+ for NLRP3 activation. Subsequently, NLRP3 inflammasome-active microglia induces profound neuronal death in a microglia-neuron co-culture model. Furthermore, Cx3Cr1CreER-based microglia-specific expression of an active NLRP3 mutant greatly exacerbates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss of MPTP-treated mice. Taken together, our results indicate that microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays a pivotal role in the MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boreum Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoeseph Cho
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Improves Motor Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9139-9155. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Montelukast treatment protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against microglial activation in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 2018; 28:242-249. [PMID: 28178069 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the main cause of degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) projection in Parkinson's disease (PD) is still controversial, many reports suggest that excessive inflammatory responses mediated by activated microglia can induce neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal DA system in vivo. Montelukast, which plays an anti-inflammatory role, is used to treat patients with asthma. In addition, recent studies have reported that its administration could reduce neuroinflammatory activities, showing beneficial effects against various neuropathological conditions. These results suggest that montelukast may be a useful drug to alleviate inflammatory responses in PD, even though there are no reports showing its beneficial effects against neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal DA system. In the present study, our results showed that treatment with montelukast could protect DA neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity and its administration significantly attenuated the production of neurotoxic cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from activated microglia in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum following 6-OHDA treatment. Therefore, we suggest that montelukast can be used as a potential inhibitor of microglial activation to protect DA neurons in the adult brain against PD.
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12
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Blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroprotective effects of three main alkaloids from the fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa with MDCK-pHaMDR cell monolayer and PC12 cell line. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:82-87. [PMID: 29245070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa (Euodiae Fructus, EF), the widely used traditional Chinese medicine, have various central nervous system effects. Alkaloids following as evodiamine (EDM), rutaecarpine (RCP) and dehydroevodiamine (DEDM) are the major substances in EF. The MDCK-pHaMDR cell monolayer model was utilized as a blood-brain barrier (BBB) surrogate model to study their BBB permeability. The transport samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were calculated. EDM and RCP showed high permeability through BBB by passive diffusion, while DEDM showed moderate permeability with efflux mechanism related to P-glycoprotein (P-gp). EDM and RCP could also reduce the efflux of DEDM probably by inhibiting P-gp. The neuroprotective effects of the three alkaloids were then studied on the PC12 cell line injured by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). EDM could significantly reduce MPP+ or H2O2-induced cell injury dose-dependently. RCP could increase the cell viability in MPP+ treated group while DEDM showed a protective effect against H2O2 injury. This study predicted the permeability of EDM, RCP and DEDM through BBB and discovered the neuroprotective substance basis of EF as a potential encephalopathy drug.
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Shin EJ, Tran HQ, Nguyen PT, Jeong JH, Nah SY, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Role of Mitochondria in Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity: Involvement in Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Pro-apoptosis-A Review. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:66-78. [PMID: 28589520 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA), an amphetamine-type psychostimulant, is associated with dopaminergic toxicity and has a high abuse potential. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that impaired mitochondria are critical in dopaminergic toxicity induced by MA. Mitochondria are important energy-producing organelles with dynamic nature. Evidence indicated that exposure to MA can disturb mitochondrial energetic metabolism by inhibiting the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Alterations in mitochondrial dynamic processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fusion/fission, have recently been shown to contribute to dopaminergic toxicity induced by MA. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that MA-induced mitochondrial impairment enhances susceptibility to oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, and neuroinflammation in a positive feedback loop. Protein kinase Cδ has emerged as a potential mediator between mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, or neuroinflammation in MA neurotoxicity. Understanding the role and underlying mechanism of mitochondrial impairment could provide a molecular target to prevent or alleviate dopaminergic toxicity induced by MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong-Tram Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Scheffold A, Holtman IR, Dieni S, Brouwer N, Katz SF, Jebaraj BMC, Kahle PJ, Hengerer B, Lechel A, Stilgenbauer S, Boddeke EWGM, Eggen BJL, Rudolph KL, Biber K. Telomere shortening leads to an acceleration of synucleinopathy and impaired microglia response in a genetic mouse model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:87. [PMID: 27550225 PMCID: PMC4994259 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders of the elderly and ageing hence described to be a major risk factor. Telomere shortening as a result of the inability to fully replicate the ends of linear chromosomes is one of the hallmarks of ageing. The role of telomere dysfunction in neurological diseases and the ageing brain is not clarified and there is an ongoing discussion whether telomere shortening is linked to Parkinson’s disease. Here we studied a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (Thy-1 [A30P] α-synuclein transgenic mouse model) in the background of telomere shortening (Terc knockout mouse model). α-synuclein transgenic mice with short telomeres (αSYNtg/tg G3Terc-/-) developed an accelerated disease with significantly decreased survival. This accelerated phenotype of mice with short telomeres was characterized by a declined motor performance and an increased formation of α-synuclein aggregates. Immunohistochemical analysis and mRNA expression studies revealed that the disease end-stage brain stem microglia showed an impaired response in αSYNtg/tg G3Terc-/- microglia animals. These results provide the first experimental data that telomere shortening accelerates α-synuclein pathology that is linked to limited microglia function in the brainstem.
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The multifaceted role of metalloproteinases in physiological and pathological conditions in embryonic and adult brains. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 155:36-56. [PMID: 27530222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of ubiquitous extracellular endopeptidases, which play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, from the embryonic stages throughout adult life. Their extraordinary physiological "success" is due to concomitant broad substrate specificities and strict regulation of their expression, activation and inhibition levels. In recent years, MMPs have gained increasing attention as significant effectors in various aspects of central nervous system (CNS) physiology. Most importantly, they have been recognized as main players in a variety of brain disorders having different etiologies and evolution. A common aspect of these pathologies is the development of acute or chronic neuroinflammation. MMPs play an integral part in determining the result of neuroinflammation, in some cases turning its beneficial outcome into a harmful one. This review summarizes the most relevant studies concerning the physiology of MMPs, highlighting their involvement in both the developing and mature CNS, in long-lasting and acute brain diseases and, finally, in nervous system repair. Recently, a concerted effort has been made in identifying therapeutic strategies for major brain diseases by targeting MMP activities. However, from this revision of the literature appears clear that MMPs have multifaceted functional characteristics, which modulate physiological processes in multiple ways and with multiple consequences. Therefore, when choosing MMPs as possible targets, great care must be taken to evaluate the delicate balance between their activation and inhibition and to determine at which stage of the disease and at what level they become active in order maximize chances of success.
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Martin HL, Santoro M, Mustafa S, Riedel G, Forrester JV, Teismann P. Evidence for a role of adaptive immune response in the disease pathogenesis of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2015; 64:386-95. [PMID: 26511587 PMCID: PMC4855685 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The pathogenesis of PD is poorly understood, but inflammatory processes have been implicated. Indeed increases in the number of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) reactive cells have long been recognised in the brains of PD patients at post‐mortem. However whether cells expressing MHC II play an active role in PD pathogenesis has not been delineated. This was addressed utilising a transgenic mouse null for MHC II and the parkinsonian toxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In wild‐type mice MHC II levels in the ventral midbrain were upregulated 1–2 days after MPTP treatment and MHC II was localized in both astrocytes and microglia. MHC II null mice showed significant reductions in MPTP‐induced dopaminergic neuron loss and a significantly reduced invasion of astrocytes and microglia in MHC II null mice receiving MPTP compared with controls. In addition, MHC II null mice failed to show increases in interferon‐γ or tumour necrosis factor‐α in the brain after MPTP treatment, as was found in wild‐type mice. However, interleukin‐1β was significantly increased in both wild‐type and MHC II null mice. These data indicate that in addition to microglial cell/myeloid cell activation MHC Class II‐mediated T cell activation is required for the full expression of pathology in this model of PD. GLIA 2016;64:386–395 MHCII upregulation is necessary for dopaminergic cell death in a model of Parkinson's disease. The study supports the presence of an adaptive immune response in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Martin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Santoro
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Mustafa
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.,Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, the University of Western Australia, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Peter Teismann
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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Barcia C. Glial-mediated inflammation underlying parkinsonism. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:357805. [PMID: 24278772 PMCID: PMC3820356 DOI: 10.1155/2013/357805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interest in studying neuroimmune interactions is increasing in the scientific community, and for many researchers, immunity is becoming a crucial factor in the understanding of the physiology of the normal brain as well as the biology underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Mounting data over the last two decades point toward immune and inflammatory alterations as important mediators of the progressive dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this review is to address, under a historical perspective, as well as in the light of recent reports, the glial-mediated inflammatory and immune responses that occur in Parkinsonism. In line with this, this review also evaluates and highlights available anti-inflammatory drugs and putative targets for Parkinson's disease therapy for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience & School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Neirinckx V, Marquet A, Coste C, Rogister B, Wislet-Gendebien S. Adult bone marrow neural crest stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells are not able to replace lost neurons in acute MPTP-lesioned mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64723. [PMID: 23741377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult bone marrow stroma contains multipotent stem cells (BMSC) that are a mixed population of mesenchymal and neural-crest derived stem cells. Both cells are endowed with in vitro multi-lineage differentiation abilities, then constituting an attractive and easy-available source of material for cell therapy in neurological disorders. Whereas the in vivo integration and differentiation of BMSC in neurons into the central nervous system is currently matter of debate, we report here that once injected into the striatum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice, pure populations of either bone marrow neural crest stem cells (NCSC) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) survived only transiently into the lesioned brain. Moreover, they do not migrate through the brain tissue, neither modify their initial phenotype, while no recovery of the dopaminergic system integrity was observed. Consequently, we tend to conclude that MSC/NCSC are not able to replace lost neurons in acute MPTP-lesioned dopaminergic system through a suitable integration and/or differentiation process. Altogether with recent data, it appears that neuroprotective, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory features characterizing BMSC are of greater interest as regards CNS lesions management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Neirinckx
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Unit of Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ agonist provides neuroprotection in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2013; 240:191-203. [PMID: 23500098 PMCID: PMC3661980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and PPARα have shown neuroprotective effects in models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The role of the third, more ubiquitous isoform PPARδ has not been fully explored. This study investigated the role of PPARδ in PD using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to model the dopaminergic neurodegeneration of PD. In vitro administration of the PPARδ antagonist GSK0660 (1 μM) increased the detrimental effect of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP⁺) on cell viability, which was reversed by co-treatment with agonist GW0742 (1 μM). GW0742 alone did not affect MPP⁺ toxicity. PPARδ was expressed in the nucleus of dopaminergic neurons and in astrocytes. Striatal PPARδ levels were increased (over two-fold) immediately after MPTP treatment (30 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days) compared to saline-treated mice. PPARδ heterozygous mice were not protected against MPTP toxicity. Intra-striatal infusion of GW0742 (84 μg/day) reduced the MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons (5036±195) when compared to vehicle-infused mice (3953±460). These results indicate that agonism of PPARδ provides protection against MPTP toxicity, in agreement with the effects of other PPAR agonists.
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Yu M, Suo H, Liu M, Cai L, Liu J, Huang Y, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhu C, Fei J, Huang F. NRSF/REST neuronal deficient mice are more vulnerable to the neurotoxin MPTP. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:916-27. [PMID: 22766071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressing loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Abnormal gene expression plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF)/neuronal repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), a member of the zinc finger transcription factors, inhibits the expression of neuron-specific genes in nonneuronal cells, and regulates neurogenesis. Our previous work showed that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion triggers dynamic changes of messenger RNA and protein expression of NRSF in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells, and alteration of NRSF expression exacerbates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion-induced cell death. The purpose of this study was to explore the in vivo role of NRSF in the progress of PD by using NRSF/REST neuron-specific conditional knockout mice (cKO). 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was adopted to generate PD models in the cKO mice and wild type littermates. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after MPTP injection, behavioral tests were performed, and cKO mice displayed some impairments in locomotor activities. Also, the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase protein in the striatum and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra were more severe in the cKO mice. Meanwhile, the cKO mice exhibited a more dramatic depletion of striatal dopamine, accompanied by an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and sustained interleukin-1β transcription. These results suggested that NRSF/REST neuronal cKO mice are more vulnerable to the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. Disturbance of the homeostasis of NRSF and its target genes, gliogenesis, and inflammation may contribute to the higher MPTP sensitivity in NRSF/REST neuronal cKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Duty S, Jenner P. Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1357-91. [PMID: 21486284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have proved highly effective in the discovery of novel treatments for motor symptoms of PD and in the search for clues to the underlying cause of the illness. Models based on specific pathogenic mechanisms may subsequently lead to the development of neuroprotective agents for PD that stop or slow disease progression. The array of available rodent models is large and ranges from acute pharmacological models, such as the reserpine- or haloperidol-treated rats that display one or more parkinsonian signs, to models exhibiting destruction of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway, such as the classical 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse models. All of these have provided test beds in which new molecules for treating the motor symptoms of PD can be assessed. In addition, the emergence of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) with repeated treatment of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with L-DOPA has allowed for examination of the mechanisms responsible for treatment-related dyskinesia in PD, and the detection of molecules able to prevent or reverse their appearance. Other toxin-based models of nigro-striatal tract degeneration include the systemic administration of the pesticides rotenone and paraquat, but whilst providing clues to disease pathogenesis, these are not so commonly used for drug development. The MPTP-treated primate model of PD, which closely mimics the clinical features of PD and in which all currently used anti-parkinsonian medications have been shown to be effective, is undoubtedly the most clinically-relevant of all available models. The MPTP-treated primate develops clear dyskinesia when repeatedly exposed to L-DOPA, and these parkinsonian animals have shown responses to novel dopaminergic agents that are highly predictive of their effect in man. Whether non-dopaminergic drugs show the same degree of predictability of response is a matter of debate. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of PD has improved, so new rodent models produced by agents mimicking these mechanisms, including proteasome inhibitors such as PSI, lactacystin and epoximycin or inflammogens like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been developed. A further generation of models aimed at mimicking the genetic causes of PD has also sprung up. Whilst these newer models have provided further clues to the disease pathology, they have so far been less commonly used for drug development. There is little doubt that the availability of experimental animal models of PD has dramatically altered dopaminergic drug treatment of the illness and the prevention and reversal of drug-related side effects that emerge with disease progression and chronic medication. However, so far, we have made little progress in moving into other pharmacological areas for the treatment of PD, and we have not developed models that reflect the progressive nature of the illness and its complexity in terms of the extent of pathology and biochemical change. Only when this occurs are we likely to make progress in developing agents to stop or slow the disease progression. The overarching question that draws all of these models together in the quest for better drug treatments for PD is how well do they recapitulate the human condition and how predictive are they of successful translation of drugs into the clinic? This article aims to clarify the current position and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of available models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Duty
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, London, UK.
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22
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Li D, He Q, Li R, Xu X, Chen B, Xie A. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2012; 513:183-6. [PMID: 22387064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, may influence the risk for the development of onset of sparadic Parkinson's disease (PD) in the inflammatory process. In this study, two DNA polymorphisms at IL-10 gene promoter (-819 T/C and -592 A/C) were examined in 355 sporadic PD patients and 200 healthy controls in Han Chinese Population. For both polymorphisms, no significant difference in genotype or allele distribution was found between PD patients and the controls. For -819 T/C polymorphisms, there was significant difference in genotype distribution between EOPD (EOPD, <50 years of age) patients and each healthy-matched control subgroup (P=0.011), as well as between female PD patients and each healthy-matched control subgroup (P=0.024), For -592 A/C polymorphisms, there were no significant gender- and age-related differences in genotype distribution between PD patients and the controls subgroup. Results from our study revealed that the IL-10 promoter (-819 and -592) polymorphism is not a risk factor of sporadic Parkinson's disease, but the IL-10 promoter -819 polymorphism is a risk factor of EOPD and female PD patients in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Frankola KA, Greig NH, Luo W, Tweedie D. Targeting TNF-α to elucidate and ameliorate neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2011; 10:391-403. [PMID: 21288189 PMCID: PMC4663975 DOI: 10.2174/187152711794653751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory signals generated within the brain and peripheral nervous system direct diverse biological processes. Key amongst the inflammatory molecules is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that, via binding to its associated receptors, is considered to be a master regulator of cellular cascades that control a number of diverse processes coupled to cell viability, gene expression, synaptic integrity and ion homeostasis. Whereas a self-limiting neuroinflammatory response generally results in the resolution of an intrinsically or extrinsically triggered insult by the elimination of toxic material or injured tissue to restore brain homeostasis and function, in the event of an unregulated reaction, where the immune response persists, inappropriate chronic neuroinflammation can ensue. Uncontrolled neuroinflammatory activity can induce cellular dysfunction and demise, and lead to a self-propagating cascade of harmful pathogenic events. Such chronic neuroinflammation is a typical feature across a range of debilitating common neurodegenerative diseases, epitomized by Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which TNF-α expression appears to be upregulated and may represent a valuable target for intervention. Elaboration of the protective homeostasis signaling cascades from the harmful pathogenic ones that likely drive disease onset and progression could aid in the clinical translation of approaches to lower brain and peripheral nervous system TNF-α levels, and amelioration of inappropriate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Frankola
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Barcia C, Ros CM, Annese V, Gómez A, Ros-Bernal F, Aguado-Yera D, Martínez-Pagán ME, de Pablos V, Fernandez-Villalba E, Herrero MT. IFN-γ signaling, with the synergistic contribution of TNF-α, mediates cell specific microglial and astroglial activation in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e142. [PMID: 21472005 PMCID: PMC3122054 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To through light on the mechanisms underlying the stimulation and persistence of glial cell activation in Parkinsonism, we investigate the function of IFN-γ and TNF-α in experimental models of Parkinson's disease and analyze their relation with local glial cell activation. It was found that IFN-γ and TNF-α remained higher over the years in the serum and CNS of chronic Parkinsonian macaques than in untreated animals, accompanied by sustained glial activation (microglia and astroglia) in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Importantly, Parkinsonian monkeys showed persistent and increasing levels of IFN-γR signaling in both microglial and astroglial cells. In addition, experiments performed in IFN-γ and TNF-α KO mice treated with MPTP revealed that, even before dopaminergic cell death can be observed, the presence of IFN-γ and TNF-α is crucial for microglial and astroglial activation, and, together, they have an important synergistic role. Both cytokines were necessary for the full level of activation to be attained in both microglial and astroglial cells. These results demonstrate that IFN-γ signaling, together with the contribution of TNF-α, have a critical and cell-specific role in stimulating and maintaining glial cell activation in Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barcia
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Xu X, Li D, He Q, Gao J, Chen B, Xie A. Interleukin-18 promoter polymorphisms and risk of Parkinson's disease in a Han Chinese population. Brain Res 2011; 1381:90-4. [PMID: 21241672 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well established. Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a member of pro-inflammatory cytokines, might influence the risk of sporadic PD occurrence and development. In this study, two DNA polymorphisms at interleukin (IL)-18 promoter, -607C/A (rs1946518) and -137G/C (rs187238), were examined in sporadic PD patients in a Han Chinese population with 290 sporadic PD patients and 200 healthy controls. Direct sequencing was performed in 10% of the samples to validate the genotyping results. The results revealed that for -607C/A polymorphisms, there were significant differences in genotype distribution between PD and control in the total sample (P=0.017) and between LOPD and healthy-matched controls subgroup (P=0.011). For -137G/C polymorphisms, there were no significant differences in genotype distribution and gender and age-related differences between PD and control in the total sample (P=0.610). Results in this study revealed that the IL-18 607C/A polymorphism is a risk factor for sporadic LOPD in Han Chinese population, while IL-18 137G/C polymorphism is not a risk factor for sporadic PD in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
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Apartis E, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Guyon A, Kitabgi P, Rostène W. [Chemokines as new actors in the dopaminergic system]. Biol Aujourdhui 2011; 204:295-300. [PMID: 21215246 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous neuroanatomical studies realized in our team allowed us to demonstrate the neuronal and glial expression of various chemokines and their receptors in central dopaminergic (DA) pathways. In the light of these original observations, we questioned the role of chemokines on the physiology of DA neuron and on the neurodegenerative process in the DA nigro-striatal pathway, which characterizes Parkinson's disease. We focused our attention on two particular chemokines, the Stromal cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and the Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and their cognate receptors CXCR4 and CCR2, as they are expressed constitutively in nearly all DA mesencephalic neurons. We demonstrated, by using in vivo and in vitro approaches, that SDF-1 and MCP-1 can modulate DA neurotransmission in the nigro-striatal pathway, modifying the electrophysiological state of the neuron and DA release, through their cognate receptors. These effects are produced through N-type high voltage-activated calcium currents for SDF-1 and potassium channels for MCP-1. We then discuss the possible implication of SDF-1 and its derivative SDF-1(5-67) in DA neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Apartis
- AP-HP, Service de Physiologie de l'Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.
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Chan KC, Mong MC, Yin MC. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells. J Food Sci 2010; 74:H225-31. [PMID: 19895474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells were used to examine the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin (AX) and canthaxanthin (CX). PC12 cells were pretreated with AX or CX at 10 or 20 muM, and followed by exposure of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) to induce cell injury. H(2)O(2) or MPP(+) treatment significantly decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, enhanced DNA fragmentation, and lowered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (P < 0.05). The pretreatments from AX or CX concentration-dependently alleviated H(2)O(2) or MPP(+)-induced cell death, LDH release, DNA fragmentation, and MMP reduction (P < 0.05). Either H(2)O(2) or MPP(+) treatment significantly increased malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formations, decreased glutathione content, and lowered glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase activities (P < 0.05). The pretreatments from AX or CX significantly retained GPX and catalase activities, and decreased MDA and ROS formations (P < 0.05). H(2)O(2) or MPP(+) treatment significantly decreased Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, elevated caspase-3 activity and levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (P < 0.05); and the pretreatments from these agents significantly restored Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, suppressed caspase-3 activity and release of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). Based on the observed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protection from AX and CX, these 2 compounds were potent agents against neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-chi Chan
- Dept of Food and Nutrition, Providence Univ, Taichung County, Taiwan
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Bian MJ, Li LM, Yu M, Fei J, Huang F. Elevated interleukin-1β induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine aggravating dopaminergic neurodegeneration in old male mice. Brain Res 2009; 1302:256-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Joglar B, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Rey P, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. The inflammatory response in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease is mediated by brain angiotensin: relevance to progression of the disease. J Neurochem 2009; 109:656-69. [PMID: 19245663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin MPTP reproduces most of the biochemical and pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. In addition to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a consequence of mitochondrial complex I inhibition, microglial NADPH-derived ROS play major roles in the toxicity of MPTP. However, the exact mechanism regulating this microglial response remains to be clarified. The peptide angiotensin II (AII), via type 1 receptors (AT1), is one of the most important inflammation and oxidative stress inducers, and produces ROS by activation of the NADPH-oxidase complex. Brain possesses a local angiotensin system, which modulates striatal dopamine (DA) release. However, it is not known if AII plays a major role in microglia-derived oxidative stress and DA degeneration. The present study indicates that in primary mesencephalic cultures, DA degeneration induced by the neurotoxin MPTP/MPP(+) is amplified by AII and inhibited by AT1 receptor antagonists, and that protein kinase C, NADPH-complex activation and microglial activation are involved in this effect. In mice, AT1 receptor antagonists inhibited both DA degeneration and early microglial and NADPH activation. The brain angiotensin system may play a key role in the self-propelling mechanism of Parkinson's disease and constitutes an unexplored target for neuroprotection, as previously reported for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Joglar
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Theodore S, Cao S, McLean PJ, Standaert DG. Targeted overexpression of human alpha-synuclein triggers microglial activation and an adaptive immune response in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:1149-58. [PMID: 19018246 PMCID: PMC2753200 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31818e5e99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation and adaptive immunity have been implicated in the neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson disease. It has been proposed that these responses may be triggered by modified forms of alpha-synuclein (alpha-SYN), particularly nitrated species, which are released as a consequence of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. To examine the relationship between alpha-SYN, microglial activation, and adaptive immunity, we used a mouse model of Parkinson disease in which human alpha-SYN is overexpressed by a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector, serotype 2 (AAV2-SYN); this overexpression leads to slow degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Microglial activation and components of the adaptive immune response were assessed using immunohistochemistry; quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to examine cytokine expression. Four weeks after injection, there was a marked increase in CD68-positive microglia and greater infiltration of B and T lymphocytes in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the AAV2-SYN group than in controls. At 12 weeks, CD68 staining declined, but B- and T-cell infiltration persisted. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines was enhanced, whereas markers of alternative activation (i.e. arginase I and interleukins 4 and 13) were not altered. Increased immunoreactivity for mouse immunoglobulin was detected at all time points in the AAV2-SYN animals. These data show that overexpression of alpha-SYN alone, in the absence of overt neurodegeneration, is sufficient to trigger neuroinflammation with both microglial activation and stimulation of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaji Theodore
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuwen Cao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Pamela J. McLean
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - David G. Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
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Pattarini R, Rong Y, Qu C, Morgan JI. Distinct mechanisms of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine resistance revealed by transcriptome mapping in mouse striatum. Neuroscience 2008; 155:1174-94. [PMID: 18675323 PMCID: PMC2632608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is thought to involve interplay between environmental factors and predisposing genetic traits, although the identification of genetic risk factors remain elusive. The neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (MPTP) produces parkinsonian-like symptoms and pathology in mice and humans. As sensitivity to MPTP is genetically determined in mice this provides an opportunity to identify genes and biological mechanisms that modify the response to an exogenous agent that produces a Parkinson's disease-like condition. MPTP primarily targets dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum and elicits changes in striatal gene expression. Therefore, we used Affymetrix and qRT-PCR technology to characterize temporal mRNA changes in striatum in response to MPTP in genetically MPTP-sensitive, C57BL/6J, and MPTP-resistant Swiss Webster and BCL2-associated X protein (Bax)-/- mice. We identified three phases of mRNA expression changes composed of largely distinct gene sets. An early response (5 h) occurred in all strains of mice and multiple brain regions. In contrast, intermediate (24 h) and late (72 h) phases were striatum specific and much reduced in Swiss Webster, indicating these genes contribute and/or are responsive to MPTP-induced pathology. However, Bax-/- mice have robust intermediate responses. We propose a model in which the acute entry of MPP+ into dopaminergic nerve terminals damages them but is insufficient per se to kill the neurons. Rather, we suggest that the compromised nerve terminals elicit longer lasting transcriptional responses in surrounding cells involving production of molecules that feedback on the terminals to cause additional damage that results in cell death. In Swiss Webster, resistance lies upstream in the cascade of events triggered by MPTP and uncouples the acute events elicited by MPTP from the damaging secondary responses. In contrast, in Bax-/- mice resistance lies downstream in the cascade and suggests enhanced tolerance to the secondary insult rather than its attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pattarini
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Yongqi Rong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - James I. Morgan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
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Tsai SJ, Yin MC. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protection of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in PC12 cells. J Food Sci 2008; 73:H174-8. [PMID: 18803714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PC12 cells were used to examine the in vitro antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA). PC12 cells were pretreated with OA or UA at 20 and 40 microM and followed by exposure of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) to induce cell injury. Results showed that H(2)O(2)- or MPP(+)-treatment significantly decreased cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (P < 0.05). The pretreatment from OA or UA significantly and concentration-dependently reduced subsequent H(2)O(2)- or MPP(+)-induced cell death and LDH release (P < 0.05). Either H(2)O(2)- or MPP(+)-treatment significantly increased malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation, decreased glutathione (GSH) content, and diminished glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (P < 0.05). The pretreatment from OA or UA significantly retained GSH, and reversed H(2)O(2)- and MPP(+)-induced impairment in catalase and SOD activities (P < 0.05), and decreased MDA formation (P < 0.05). Either H(2)O(2)- or MPP(+)-treatment significantly elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels (P < 0.05). The pretreatments from OA or UA significantly attenuated subsequent H(2)O(2)- or MPP(+)-induced release of IL-6 and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). Based on the observed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities from OA and UA, these 2 compounds were potent agents against neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jei Tsai
- Dept of Neurology, Chung Shan Medical Univ Hospital, Taiwan
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Doherty GH, Oldreive C, Harvey J. Neuroprotective actions of leptin on central and peripheral neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 2008; 154:1297-307. [PMID: 18550292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death and its regulation have been extensively studied as an essential process of both neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative conditions. However it is not clear how circulating hormones influence such processes. Therefore we aimed to determine whether the anti-obesity hormone leptin could promote the survival of murine central and peripheral neurons in vitro. Thus we established primary neuronal cultures of dopaminergic midbrain neurons and trigeminal sensory neurons and induced cell death via either toxic insult or growth factor withdrawal. We demonstrate that leptin promotes the survival of developing peripheral and central neurons via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) -dependent signaling cascades. Specifically, leptin protects dopaminergic midbrain neurons from the apoptotic stimuli, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In addition, it promotes the survival of postnatal, but not embryonic, trigeminal sensory neurons following neurotrophin withdrawal. Our data reveal a novel neuroprotective role for leptin in the peripheral nervous system while expanding on the known anti-apoptotic role of leptin in the CNS. These findings have important implications for our understanding of neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Doherty
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, West Burn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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Nadjar A, Berton O, Guo S, Leneuve P, Dovero S, Diguet E, Tison F, Zhao B, Holzenberger M, Bezard E. IGF-1 signaling reduces neuro-inflammatory response and sensitivity of neurons to MPTP. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:2021-30. [PMID: 18394756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced expression of IGF-1R increases lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress in the mouse, raising the possibility that this also confers relative protection against the pro-parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP, known to involve an oxidative stress component. We used heterozygous IGF-1R(+/-) mice and challenged them with MPTP. Interestingly, MPTP induced more severe lesions of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, in IGF-1R(+/-) mice than in wild-type animals. Using electron spin resonance, we found that free radicals were decreased in IGF-1R(+/-) mice in comparison with controls, both before and after MPTP exposure, suggesting that the increased vulnerability of dopamine neurons is not caused by oxidative stress. Importantly, we showed that IGF-1R(+/-) mice display a dramatically increased neuro-inflammatory response to MPTP that may ground the observed increase in neuronal death. Microarray analysis revealed that oxidative stress-associated genes, but also several anti-inflammatory signaling pathways were downregulated under control conditions in IGF-1R(+/-) mice compared to WT. Collectively, these data indicate that IGF signaling can reduce neuro-inflammation dependent sensitivity of neurons to MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Nadjar
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France.
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Bovetti S, Bovolin P, Perroteau I, Puche AC. Subventricular zone-derived neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb is modulated by matrix remodelling. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:2021-33. [PMID: 17439490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the rodent brain neural progenitor cells are born in the subventricular zone and migrate along a pathway called the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into several classes of interneurones. In the adult, tangential migration in the RMS takes place in 'chains' of cells contained within glial tubes. In contrast, neonatal neuroblasts along the RMS lack these defined glial tubes and chains, migrating instead as individual cells. Time-lapse confocal microscopy of neuroblasts at each of these ages shows that individual cells migrate in a saltatory manner with bursts of high speed followed by periods of slower speed. Tangential migration within a glial tube is 20% faster than migration as individual cells. Neuroblasts may also interact and modify the extracellular matrix during migration through expression of a family of proteins, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs are present and active along the subventricular zone-olfactory bulb pathway. In the presence of inhibitors of MMPs, neuroblast migration rates were reduced only when cells migrate individually. Chain migration in the adult was unaffected by MMP inhibitors. Taken together, these data suggest that MMPs only influence migration as individual cells and not as chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bovetti
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Chen CM, Yin MC, Hsu CC, Liu TC. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of four cysteine-containing agents in striatum of MPTP-treated mice. Nutrition 2007; 23:589-97. [PMID: 17574387 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were used to examine the neuroprotective effects of n-acetyl cysteine (NAC), s-ethyl cysteine (SEC), s-methyl cysteine (SMC), and s-propyl cysteine (SPC). METHODS Each agent at 1 g/L was directly added to the drinking water for 3 wk. Mice were treated by subcutaneous injection of MPTP (24 mg/kg body weight) for 6 consecutive days. The brain from each mouse was quickly removed and the striatum was collected for analyses. RESULTS The MPTP treatment significantly depleted striatal glutathione content, reduced the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, increased malondialdehyde level, and elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in striatum (P < 0.05). The pre-intake of NAC, SEC, SMC, and SPC significantly attenuated MPTP-induced glutathione loss, retained the activity of GPX and SOD, diminished oxidative stress, and suppressed MPTP-induced elevation of IL-6 and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). MPTP treatment significantly suppressed GPX mRNA expression and enhanced TNF-alpha mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Compared with MPTP treatment alone, the pre-intake of NAC, SEC, SMC, and SPC significantly elevated GPX mRNA expression and diminished TNF-alpha mRNA expression (P < 0.05), in which SPC showed the greatest suppressive effect against MPTP-induced TNF-alpha mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid contents in the striatum were significantly decreased by MPTP treatment (P < 0.05). The pre-intake of four test agents significantly improved MPTP-induced dopamine depletion and increased dopamine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that these cysteine-containing compounds could provide antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protection for the striatum against the development of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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37
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Doherty GH. Developmental switch in the effects of TNFα on ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Res 2007; 57:296-305. [PMID: 17150272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions as well as in the establishment of neural networks during development. This study investigated the in vitro effects of TNFalpha on embryonic dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon. TNFalpha treatment enhanced the number of dopaminergic neurons in cultures derived from E12.5 mice embryos in a dose-dependent manner. In order to achieve this effect TNFalpha signalled via NF-kappaB. This enhancement in cell number was found to be due to TNFalpha promoting the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons rather than to an increase in cell survival. In contrast, TNFalpha-treated cultures derived from E14 or E16 mice demonstrated a decrease in dopaminergic neurons, and this loss was negated by pharmacological inhibition of caspases. The data presented demonstrate that during embryonic development, dopaminergic ventral mesencephalic neurons switch their in vitro response to TNFalpha from neurotrophic to neurotoxic. This is the first report of a population of neurons exhibiting this switch in TNFalpha responsiveness during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Doherty
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Bute Medical Buildings, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK.
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Pattarini R, Smeyne RJ, Morgan JI. Temporal mRNA profiles of inflammatory mediators in the murine 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2007; 145:654-68. [PMID: 17258864 PMCID: PMC1894756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). With the exception of a few rare familial forms of the disease, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying PD are unknown. Inflammation is a common finding in the PD brain, but due to the limitation of postmortem analysis its relationship to disease progression cannot be established. However, studies using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD have also identified inflammatory responses in the nigrostriatal pathway that precede neuronal degeneration in the SNpc. To assess the pathological relevance of these inflammatory responses and to identify candidate genes that might contribute to neuronal vulnerability, we used quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to measure mRNA levels of 11 cytokine and chemokine encoding genes in the striatum of MPTP-sensitive (C57BL/6J) and MPTP-insensitive (Swiss Webster, SWR) mice following administration of MPTP. The mRNA levels of all 11 genes changed following MPTP treatment, indicating the presence of inflammatory responses in both strains. Furthermore, of the 11 genes examined only 3, interleukin 6 (Il-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha/CC chemokine ligand 3 (Mip-1alpha/Ccl3) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta/CC chemokine ligand 4 (Mip-1beta/Ccl4), were differentially regulated between C57BL/6J and SWR mice. In both mouse strains, the level of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/CC chemokine ligand 2 (Mcp-1/Ccl2) mRNA was the first to increase following MPTP administration, and might represent a key initiating component of the inflammatory response. Using Mcp-1/Ccl2 knockout mice backcrossed onto a C57BL/6J background we found that MPTP-stimulated Mip-1alpha/Ccl3 and Mip-1beta/Ccl4 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the knockout mice; suggesting that Mcp-1/Ccl2 contributes to MPTP-enhanced expression of Mip-1alpha/Ccl3 and Mip-1beta/Ccl4. However, stereological analysis of SNpc neuronal loss in Mcp-1/Ccl2 knockout and wild-type mice showed no differences. These findings suggest that it is the ability of dopaminergic SNpc neurons to survive an inflammatory insult, rather than genetically determined differences in the inflammatory response itself, that underlie the molecular basis of MPTP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pattarini
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Danny Thomas Research Tower, Room D2025E, Mail Stop 323, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Kalkonde YV, Morgan WW, Sigala J, Maffi SK, Condello C, Kuziel W, Ahuja SS, Ahuja SK. Chemokines in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease: Absence of CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 does not protect against striatal neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2007; 1128:1-11. [PMID: 17126305 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have invoked inflammation as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We determined the role of members of the chemokine system, key inflammatory mediators, in PD pathogenesis. In the MPTP model of murine PD, several chemokines, including CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1) and CCL3 (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1alpha), were upregulated in the striatum and the ventral midbrain. Astrocytes were the predominant source of CCL2 and CCL3 in the striatum and the substantia nigra, and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra constitutively expressed these two chemokines. MPTP treatment resulted in decreased CCL2 expression and increased CCL3 expression in the surviving dopaminergic neurons. Because we found that CCL2 induced production of TNF-alpha in microglial cells, a cytokine known to play a detrimental role in PD, we anticipated that deletion of the genes encoding CCL2 and CCR2, its major receptor, would confer a protective phenotype. However, MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion was comparable in double knockout and wild-type mice. Our results demonstrate that chemokines such as CCL2 are induced following MPTP treatment, but that at least within the context of this PD model, the absence of CCL2 and CCR2 does not protect against striatal dopamine loss.
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Ciesielska A, Joniec I, Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I, Przybyłkowski A, Gromadzka G, Członkowska A, Członkowski A. Influence of age and gender on cytokine expression in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007; 14:255-65. [PMID: 18196934 DOI: 10.1159/000113432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neuroinflammatory reaction has been linked with Parkinson's disease. One of the hypotheses to explain the significance of age and gender (male predominance) effects on neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease may result from a link between these risk factors and the inflammatory processes. Here, we investigated the expression of inflammatory mediators in relation to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP)-induced neurodegenerative processes in nigrostriatal pathway in young and aged male and female mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We simultaneously assessed striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein concentrations (Western blotting) and cytokine (TNFalpha, IFNgamma, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TGFbeta(1)) mRNA levels (RT-PCR) in young and aged (2- and 12-month-old) C57BL/6 male and female mice after 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after MPTP intoxication. Western blotting analysis showed that at the early time points, males showed a greater reduction in striatal TH versus females. Additionally, in contrast to the aged mice, in young males and females the TH concentration gradually increased between the 7th and the 21st day after intoxication. The increases in TNFalpha, IL-1beta and IFNgamma after intoxication were faster in both young and aged males than females. In males (both ages), we observed an increase in TGFbeta(1) at the early time points. In contrast, in females (both ages) TGFbeta(1) was elevated at later time points. MPTP caused an increase in IL-6 in males and females, but this increase was significantly higher in females. CONCLUSIONS A gender and age skewing of the cytokine gene expression in the striatum after intoxication may be related to the greater susceptibility in males as well as older animals to the detrimental effects of MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ciesielska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Saavedra A, Baltazar G, Duarte EP. Interleukin-1beta mediates GDNF up-regulation upon dopaminergic injury in ventral midbrain cell cultures. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 25:92-104. [PMID: 17027275 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently proposed the involvement of diffusible modulators in signalling astrocytes to increase glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression after selective dopaminergic injury by H2O2 or L-DOPA. Here we report that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is involved in this crosstalk between injured neurons and astrocytes. IL-1beta was detected only in the media from challenged neuron-glia cultures. Exogenous IL-1beta did not change GDNF protein levels in astrocyte cultures, and diminished GDNF levels in neuron-glia cultures. This decrease was not due to cell loss, as assessed by the MTT assay and immunocytochemistry. Neither H2O2 nor L-DOPA induced microglia proliferation or appeared to change its activation state. The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) prevented GDNF up-regulation in challenged cultures, showing that IL-1beta is involved in the signalling between injured neurons and astrocytes. Since IL-1ra decreased the number of dopaminergic neurons in H2O2-treated cultures, we propose that IL-1 has a neuroprotective role in this system involving GDNF up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saavedra
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Liu B. Modulation of microglial pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activity for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E606-21. [PMID: 17025278 PMCID: PMC2668934 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating movement disorder resulting from a progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and depletion of neurotransmitter dopamine in the striatum. Molecular cloning studies have identified nearly a dozen genes or loci that are associated with small clusters of mostly early onset and genetic forms of PD. The etiology of the vast majority of PD cases remains unknown, and the precise molecular and biochemical processes governing the selective and progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway are poorly understood. Current drug therapies for PD are symptomatic and appear to bear little effect on the progressive neurodegenerative process. Studies of postmortem PD brains and various cellular and animal models of PD in the last 2 decades strongly suggest that the generation of pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic factors by the resident brain immune cells, microglia, plays a prominent role in mediating the progressive neurodegenerative process. This review discusses literature supporting the possibility of modulating the activity of microglia as a neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, the McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Shavali S, Combs CK, Ebadi M. Reactive macrophages increase oxidative stress and alpha-synuclein nitration during death of dopaminergic neuronal cells in co-culture: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:85-94. [PMID: 16475001 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-9233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and a substantial decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine in the nigro-striatal region of the brain. Increased markers of oxidative stress, activated microglias and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been identified in the brains of patients with PD. Although the precise mechanism of loss of neurons in PD remains unclear, these findings suggest that microglial activation may contribute directly to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD patients. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activated microglia induces nitric oxide-dependent oxidative stress which subsequently causes death of dopaminergic neuronal cells in culture. We employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) as a reactive microglial model and SH-SY5Y cells as a model for human dopaminergic neurons. LPS stimulation of macrophages led to increased production of nitric oxide in a time and dose dependent manner as well as subsequent generation of other reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite anions. In co-culture conditions, reactive macrophages stimulated SH-SY5Y cell death characterized by increased peroxynitrite concentrations and nitration of alpha-synuclein within SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly 1,400 W, an inhibitor of the inducible nitric oxide synthase provided protection from cell death via decreasing the levels of nitrated alpha-synuclein. These results suggest that reactive microglias could induce oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons and such oxidative stress may finally lead to nitration of alpha-synuclein and death of dopaminergic neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Shavali
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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Członkowska A, Ciesielska A, Gromadzka G, Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I. Gender differences in neurological disease: role of estrogens and cytokines. Endocrine 2006; 29:243-56. [PMID: 16785600 DOI: 10.1385/endo:29:2:243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory response may be a critical component of different brain pathologies. However, the role played by this reaction is not fully understood. The present findings suggest that neuroinflammtory mediators such as cytokines may be involved in a number of key steps in the pathological cascade of events leading to neuronal injury. This hypothesis is strongly supported by experimental and clinical observations indicating that inhibition of the inflammatory reaction correlates with less neuronal damage. Estrogens are thought to play a role in the sex difference observed in many neurological diseases with inflammatory components including stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical and experimental studies have established estrogen as a neuroprotective hormone in these diseases. However, the exact mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of estrogens are still unclear. It is possible that the beneficial effects of these hormones may be dependent on their inhibitory activity on the inflammatory reaction associated with the above-mentioned brain pathologies. Here, we review the current clinical and experimental evidence with respect to the inflammation-modulating effects of estrogens as one potential explanatory factor for sexual dimorzphism in the prevalence of numerous neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Członkowska
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Second Department of Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
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D'Astous M, Mendez P, Morissette M, Garcia-Segura LM, Di Paolo T. Implication of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway in the neuroprotective effect of estradiol in the striatum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mice. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1492-8. [PMID: 16434614 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.018671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiments sought to determine the implication of estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) and their interaction with insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathways in neuroprotection by estradiol against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity. C57BL/6 male mice were pretreated for 5 days with 17beta-estradiol, an estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) agonist, 4,4',4''-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)tris-phenol (PPT), or an estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) agonist, 5-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol (Delta5-diol). On day 5, mice received MPTP (9 mg/kg) or saline injections, and estrogenic treatments were continued for 5 more days. MPTP decreased striatal dopamine, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, to 59% of control values; 17beta-estradiol and PPT but not Delta5-diol protected against this depletion. MPTP increased IGF-IR measured by Western blot, which was prevented by PPT. The phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) (at serine 473), an essential mediator of IGF-I neuroprotective actions, increased after 17beta-estradiol and tended to increase with PPT but not with Delta5-diol treatments in MPTP mice. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) phosphorylation (at serine 9) was greatly reduced in MPTP mice; this was completely prevented by PPT, whereas 17beta-estradiol and Delta5-diol treatments were less effective. The ratio between the levels of striatal Bcl-2 and BAD proteins, two apoptotic regulators, decreased after MPTP treatment. This effect was effectively prevented only in the animals treated with PPT. In nonlesioned mice, 17beta-estradiol and PPT increased phosphorylation of striatal Akt and GSK3beta, whereas the other markers measured remained unchanged. Delta5-Diol increased GSK3beta phosphorylation less than the PPT treatment. These results suggest that a pretreatment with estradiol promoted dopamine neuron survival by activating ERalpha and increasing Akt and GSK3beta phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myreille D'Astous
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Carvey PM, Zhao CH, Hendey B, Lum H, Trachtenberg J, Desai BS, Snyder J, Zhu YG, Ling ZD. 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:1158-68. [PMID: 16176358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation is well known for its ability to compromise the function of the blood--brain barrier (BBB). Whether inflammation on the parenchymal side of the barrier, such as that associated with Parkinson's-like dopamine (DA) neuron lesions, similarly disrupts BBB function, is unknown. We assessed BBB integrity by examining the leakage of FITC-labeled albumin or horseradish peroxidase from the vasculature into parenchyma in animals exposed to the DA neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). Unilateral injections of 6OHDA into the striatum or the medial forebrain bundle produced increased leakage in the ipsilateral substantia nigra and striatum 10 and 34 days following 6OHDA. Microglia were markedly activated and DA neurons were reduced by the lesions. The areas of BBB leakage were associated with increased expression of P-glycoprotein and beta 3-integrin expression suggesting, respectively, a compensatory response to inflammation and possible angiogenesis. Behavioural studies revealed that domperidone, a DA antagonist that normally does not cross the BBB, attenuated apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviour in animals with 6OHDA lesions. This suggests that drugs which normally have no effect in brain can enter following Parkinson-like lesions. These data suggest that the events associated with DA neuron loss compromise BBB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Carvey
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Cohn 406, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Hébert G, Mingam R, Arsaut J, Dantzer R, Demotes-Mainard J. A role of IL-1 in MPTP-induced changes in striatal dopaminergic and serotoninergic transporter binding: clues from interleukin-1 type I receptor-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 136:267-70. [PMID: 15893609 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In mice, the MPTP-induced striatal dopaminergic denervation is followed by a spontaneous partial DAT recovery and by serotoninergic hyperinnervation. We show that IL-1RI-deficient mice have a higher DAT decrease in the ventromedial striatum after MPTP and a higher basal serotoninergic innervation of the whole striatum. These data point to a possible role of IL-1RI in the early MPTP-induced structural or functional remodeling of the nigrostriatal dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hébert
- INSERM U394, Neurobiologie Intégrative, Institut François Magendie, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Hébert G, Mingam R, Arsaut J, Dantzer R, Demotes-Mainard J. Cellular distribution of interleukin-1α-immunoreactivity after MPTP intoxication in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 138:156-63. [PMID: 15922486 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In young rodents, peripheral injection of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) results in a dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation (during the first week after injection), followed by a spontaneous dopaminergic reinnervation. Sprouting from residual neurons has been proposed to account for this event. It has been shown that an inflammatory process takes place during striatal dopaminergic denervation but its consequences remain controversial. Some clues notably indicate that interleukin (IL)-1alpha may participate in MPTP-induced inflammation and promote recovery. We therefore studied the immunohistochemical localization of IL-1alpha expression in the striatum and ventral mesencephalon at different times (1, 3, 6, 16, and 30 days) after MPTP injection in mice. IL-1alpha-immunoreactivity (ir) was observed in striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, and ventral tegmental area. Apart from a few localization in mesencephalic activated microglia, IL-1alpha was almost exclusively found in activated astrocytes. However, in the striatal parenchyma, another component of IL-1alpha-ir colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir, a marker for dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, some parenchymal TH-positive axons were also found to express the growth cone-associated protein (GAP)-43, a marker for axonal growth cones. In the striatum, IL-1alpha-ir was also detected in a non-astrocytic perivascular component, with a distribution similar to GAP-43-ir. IL-1alpha could thus directly or indirectly influence striatal reorganization after MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hébert
- INSERM U394, Neurobiologie Intégrative, Institut François Magendie, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Jackson-Lewis V, Smeyne RJ. MPTP and SNpc DA neuronal vulnerability: role of dopamine, superoxide and nitric oxide in neurotoxicity. Minireview. Neurotox Res 2005; 7:193-202. [PMID: 15897154 DOI: 10.1007/bf03036449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease of unknown origin that is characterized, mainly, by a significant reduction in the number of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the brain and a dramatic reduction in dopamine levels in the corpus striatum. For reasons that we do not know, the dopamine neuron seems to be more vulnerable to damage than any other neuron in the brain. Although hypotheses of damage to the dopamine neuron include oxidative stress, growth factor decline, excitotoxicity, inflammation in the SNpc and protein aggregation, oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system garners a significant amount of attention. In the oxidative stress hypothesis of PD, superoxide, nitric oxide and dopamine all conspire to create an environment that can be detrimental to the dopamine neuron. MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), the tool of choice for investigations into the mechanisms involved in the death of dopamine neurons in PD, has been used extensively in attempts to sort out what happens in and around the dopamine neuron. Herein, we review the roles of dopamine, superoxide and nitric oxide in the demise of the dopamine neuron in the MPTP model of PD as it relates to the death of the dopamine neuron noted in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jackson-Lewis
- Neuroscience Research Laboratories of Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Zhan G, Serrano F, Fenik P, Hsu R, Kong L, Pratico D, Klann E, Veasey SC. NADPH oxidase mediates hypersomnolence and brain oxidative injury in a murine model of sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:921-9. [PMID: 15994465 PMCID: PMC2718406 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200504-581oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Persons with obstructive sleep apnea may have significant residual hypersomnolence, despite therapy. Long-term hypoxia/reoxygenation events in adult mice, simulating oxygenation patterns of moderate-severe sleep apnea, result in lasting hypersomnolence, oxidative injury, and proinflammatory responses in wake-active brain regions. We hypothesized that long-term intermittent hypoxia activates brain NADPH oxidase and that this enzyme serves as a critical source of superoxide in the oxidation injury and in hypersomnolence. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether long-term hypoxia/reoxygenation events in mice result in NADPH oxidase activation and whether NADPH oxidase is essential for the proinflammatory response and hypersomnolence. METHODS NADPH oxidase gene and protein responses were measured in wake-active brain regions in wild-type mice exposed to long-term hypoxia/reoxygenation. Sleep and oxidative and proinflammatory responses were measured in adult mice either devoid of NADPH oxidase activity (gp91phox-null mice) or in which NADPH oxidase activity was systemically inhibited with apocynin osmotic pumps throughout hypoxia/reoxygenation. MAIN RESULTS Long-term intermittent hypoxia increased NADPH oxidase gene and protein responses in wake-active brain regions. Both transgenic absence and pharmacologic inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity throughout long-term hypoxia/reoxygenation conferred resistance to not only long-term hypoxia/reoxygenation hypersomnolence but also to carbonylation, lipid peroxidation injury, and the proinflammatory response, including inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in wake-active brain regions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings strongly support a critical role for NADPH oxidase in the lasting hypersomnolence and oxidative and proinflammatory responses after hypoxia/reoxygenation patterns simulating severe obstructive sleep apnea oxygenation, highlighting the potential of inhibiting NADPH oxidase to prevent oxidation-mediated morbidities in obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxia Zhan
- Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3600 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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