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Blomqvist A, Evrard HC. The thalamic projection of pain sensations to the posterior dorsal fundus in the insula: comment on Mandonnet et al. Pain 2024; 165:e15-e16. [PMID: 38335154 PMCID: PMC10885857 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henry C Evrard
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Karl Eberhard University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
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Pagano RL, Dale CS, Campos ACP, Hamani C. Translational aspects of deep brain stimulation for chronic pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1084701. [PMID: 36713643 PMCID: PMC9874335 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1084701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of chronic pain was one of the first applications of this technique in functional neurosurgery. Established brain targets in the clinic include the periaqueductal (PAG)/periventricular gray matter (PVG) and sensory thalamic nuclei. More recently, the anterior cingulum (ACC) and the ventral striatum/anterior limb of the internal capsule (VS/ALIC) have been investigated for the treatment of emotional components of pain. In the clinic, most studies showed a response in 20%-70% of patients. In various applications of DBS, animal models either provided the rationale for the development of clinical trials or were utilized as a tool to study potential mechanisms of stimulation responses. Despite the complex nature of pain and the fact that animal models cannot reliably reflect the subjective nature of this condition, multiple preparations have emerged over the years. Overall, DBS was shown to produce an antinociceptive effect in rodents when delivered to targets known to induce analgesic effects in humans, suggesting a good predictive validity. Compared to the relatively high number of clinical trials in the field, however, the number of animal studies has been somewhat limited. Additional investigation using modern neuroscience techniques could unravel the mechanisms and neurocircuitry involved in the analgesic effects of DBS and help to optimize this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana L. Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila S. Dale
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Department of Anatomy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clement Hamani
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada,Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Correspondence: Clement Hamani
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De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Smith M, Adhia D. Pain and the Triple Network Model. Front Neurol 2022; 13:757241. [PMID: 35321511 PMCID: PMC8934778 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.757241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pain is a physiological response that causes an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience in the presence of actual or potential tissue injury. Anatomically and symptomatically, chronic pathological pain can be divided into three distinct but interconnected pathways, a lateral “painfulness” pathway, a medial “suffering” pathway and a descending pain inhibitory circuit. Pain (fullness) can exist without suffering and suffering can exist without pain (fullness). The triple network model is offering a generic unifying framework that may be used to understand a variety of neuropsychiatric illnesses. It claims that brain disorders are caused by aberrant interactions within and between three cardinal brain networks: the self-representational default mode network, the behavioral relevance encoding salience network and the goal oriented central executive network. A painful stimulus usually leads to a negative cognitive, emotional, and autonomic response, phenomenologically expressed as pain related suffering, processed by the medial pathway. This anatomically overlaps with the salience network, which encodes behavioral relevance of the painful stimuli and the central sympathetic control network. When pain lasts longer than the healing time and becomes chronic, the pain- associated somatosensory cortex activity may become functionally connected to the self-representational default mode network, i.e., it becomes an intrinsic part of the self-percept. This is most likely an evolutionary adaptation to save energy, by separating pain from sympathetic energy-consuming action. By interacting with the frontoparietal central executive network, this can eventually lead to functional impairment. In conclusion, the three well-known pain pathways can be combined into the triple network model explaining the whole range of pain related co-morbidities. This paves the path for the creation of new customized and personalized treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Ridder
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Dirk De Ridder
| | - Sven Vanneste
- School of Psychology, Global Brain Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Smith
- Neurofeedbackservices of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Divya Adhia
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Veshchitskii AA, Musienko PE, Merkulyeva NS. Distribution of Calretinin-Immunopositive Neurons in the Cat Lumbar Spinal Cord. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bergeron D, Obaid S, Fournier-Gosselin MP, Bouthillier A, Nguyen DK. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Posterior Insula in Chronic Pain: A Theoretical Framework. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050639. [PMID: 34063367 PMCID: PMC8156413 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, clinical trials of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for refractory chronic pain have yielded unsatisfying results. Recent evidence suggests that the posterior insula may represent a promising DBS target for this indication. METHODS We present a narrative review highlighting the theoretical basis of posterior insula DBS in patients with chronic pain. RESULTS Neuroanatomical studies identified the posterior insula as an important cortical relay center for pain and interoception. Intracranial neuronal recordings showed that the earliest response to painful laser stimulation occurs in the posterior insula. The posterior insula is one of the only regions in the brain whose low-frequency electrical stimulation can elicit painful sensations. Most chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia, had abnormal functional connectivity of the posterior insula on functional imaging. Finally, preliminary results indicated that high-frequency electrical stimulation of the posterior insula can acutely increase pain thresholds. CONCLUSION In light of the converging evidence from neuroanatomical, brain lesion, neuroimaging, and intracranial recording and stimulation as well as non-invasive stimulation studies, it appears that the insula is a critical hub for central integration and processing of painful stimuli, whose high-frequency electrical stimulation has the potential to relieve patients from the sensory and affective burden of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bergeron
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1L5, Canada; (S.O.); (M.-P.F.-G.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sami Obaid
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1L5, Canada; (S.O.); (M.-P.F.-G.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Alain Bouthillier
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1L5, Canada; (S.O.); (M.-P.F.-G.); (A.B.)
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Service de Neurologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1L5, Canada;
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Biagioni F, Vivacqua G, Lazzeri G, Ferese R, Iannacone S, Onori P, Morini S, D’Este L, Fornai F. Chronic MPTP in Mice Damage-specific Neuronal Phenotypes within Dorsal Laminae of the Spinal Cord. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:156-169. [PMID: 33206341 PMCID: PMC7936970 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl, 4-phenyl, 1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP) is widely used to produce experimental parkinsonism. Such a disease is characterized by neuronal damage in multiple regions beyond the nigrostriatal pathway including the spinal cord. The neurotoxin MPTP damages spinal motor neurons. So far, in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients alpha-synuclein aggregates are described in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Nonetheless, no experimental investigation was carried out to document whether MPTP affects the sensory compartment of the spinal cord. Thus, in the present study, we investigated whether chronic exposure to small doses of MPTP (5 mg/kg/X2, daily, for 21 days) produces any pathological effect within dorsal spinal cord. This mild neurotoxic protocol produces a damage only to nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) axon terminals with no decrease in DA nigral neurons assessed by quantitative stereology. In these experimental conditions we documented a decrease in enkephalin-, calretinin-, calbindin D28K-, and parvalbumin-positive neurons within lamina I and II and the outer lamina III. Met-Enkephalin and substance P positive fibers are reduced in laminae I and II of chronically MPTP-treated mice. In contrast, as reported in PD patients, alpha-synuclein is markedly increased within spared neurons and fibers of lamina I and II after MPTP exposure. This is the first evidence that experimental parkinsonism produces the loss of specific neurons of the dorsal spinal cord, which are likely to be involved in sensory transmission and in pain modulation providing an experimental correlate for sensory and pain alterations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Vivacqua
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00125 Roma, Italy
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simone Iannacone
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Morini
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00125 Roma, Italy
| | - Loredana D’Este
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via dell’Elettronica, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Nelson TS, Taylor BK. Targeting spinal neuropeptide Y1 receptor-expressing interneurons to alleviate chronic pain and itch. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 196:101894. [PMID: 32777329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An accelerating basic science literature is providing key insights into the mechanisms by which spinal neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits chronic pain. A key target of pain inhibition is the Gi-coupled neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1). Y1 is located in key sites of pain transmission, including the peptidergic subpopulation of primary afferent neurons and a dense subpopulation of small, excitatory, glutamatergic/somatostatinergic interneurons (Y1-INs) that are densely expressed in the dorsal horn, particularly in superficial lamina I-II. Selective ablation of spinal Y1-INs with an NPY-conjugated saporin neurotoxin attenuates the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical and cold hypersensitivity. Conversely, conditional knockdown of NPY expression or intrathecal administration of Y1 antagonists reinstates hypersensitivity in models of chronic latent pain sensitization. These and other results indicate that spinal NPY release and the consequent inhibition of pain facilitatory Y1-INs represent an important mechanism of endogenous analgesia. This mechanism can be mimicked with exogenous pharmacological approaches (e.g. intrathecal administration of Y1 agonists) to inhibit mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and spinal neuron activity in rodent models of neuropathic, inflammatory, and postoperative pain. Pharmacological activation of Y1 also inhibits mechanical- and histamine-induced itch. These immunohistochemical, pharmacological, and cell type-directed lesioning data, in combination with recent transcriptomic findings, point to Y1-INs as a promising therapeutic target for the development of spinally directed NPY-Y1 agonists to treat both chronic pain and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Vedantam A, Bruera E, Hess KR, Dougherty PM, Viswanathan A. Somatotopy and Organization of Spinothalamic Tracts in the Human Cervical Spinal Cord. Neurosurgery 2020; 84:E311-E317. [PMID: 30011044 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding spinothalamic tract anatomy may improve lesioning and outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous cordotomy. OBJECTIVE To investigate somatotopy and anatomical organization of spinothalamic tracts in the human cervical spinal cord. METHODS Patients with intractable cancer pain undergoing cordotomy underwent preoperative and postoperative quantitative sensory testing for sharp pain and heat pain on day 1 and 7 after cordotomy. Intraoperative sensory stimulation was performed with computed tomography (CT) imaging to confirm the location of the radiofrequency electrode during cordotomy. Postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed to define the location of the lesion. RESULTS Twelve patients were studied, and intraoperative sensory stimulation combined with CT imaging revealed a somatotopy where fibers from the legs were posterolateral to fibers from the hand. Sharpness detection thresholds were significantly elevated in the area of maximum pain on postoperative day 1 (P = .01). Heat pain thresholds for all areas were not elevated significantly on postoperative day 1, or postoperative day 7. MR imaging confirmed that the cordotomy lesion was in the anterolateral quadrant, and in this location the lesion had a sustained effect on sharp pain but a transient impact on heat pain. CONCLUSION In the high cervical spinal cord, spinothalamic fibers mediating sharp pain for the arms are located ventromedial to fibers for the legs, and these fibers are spatially distinct from fibers that mediate heat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Vedantam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eduardo Bruera
- Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick M Dougherty
- Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Hachisuka J, Koerber HR, Ross SE. Selective-cold output through a distinct subset of lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons. Pain 2020; 161:185-194. [PMID: 31577643 PMCID: PMC10461608 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal projection neurons are a major pathway through which somatic stimuli are conveyed to the brain. However, the manner in which this information is coded is poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of a modality-selective spinoparabrachial (SPB) neuron subtype with unique properties. Specifically, we find that cold-selective SPB neurons are differentiated by selective afferent input, reduced sensitivity to substance P, distinct physiological properties, small soma size, and low basal drive. In addition, optogenetic experiments reveal that cold-selective SPB neurons do not receive input from Nos1 inhibitory interneurons and, compared with other SPB neurons, show significantly smaller inhibitory postsynaptic currents upon activation of Pdyn inhibitory interneurons. Together, these data suggest that cold output from the spinal cord to the parabrachial nucleus is mediated by a specific cell type with distinct properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Hachisuka
- Department of Neurobiology and the Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States. Dr. Hachisuka is now with the Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Wercberger R, Basbaum AI. Spinal cord projection neurons: a superficial, and also deep, analysis. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 11:109-115. [PMID: 32864531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Today there are extensive maps of the molecular heterogeneity of primary afferents and dorsal horn interneurons, yet there is a dearth of molecular and functional information regarding the projection neurons that transmit pain and itch information to the brain. Additionally, most contemporary research into the spinal cord and medullary projection neurons focuses on neurons in the superficial dorsal horn; the contribution of deep dorsal horn and even ventral horn projection neurons to pain and itch processing is often overlooked. In the present review we integrate conclusions from classical as well as contemporary studies and provide a more balanced view of the diversity of projection neurons. A major question addressed is the extent to which labeled-lines are maintained in these different populations or whether the brain generates distinct pain and itch percepts by decoding complex convergent inputs that engage projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheli Wercberger
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Foadi N. Modulation of sodium channels as pharmacological tool for pain therapy-highlights and gaps. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:481-488. [PMID: 29572558 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are crucially involved in the transduction and transmission of nociceptive signals and pathological pain states. In the past decades, a lot of effort has been spent examining and characterizing biophysical properties of the different sodium channels and their role in signaling pathways. Several gains of function mutations of the sodium channels Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 are associated with pain disorders. Due to their critical role in nociceptive pathways voltage-gated sodium channels are regarded interesting targets for pharmacological pain treatment. However we still need to fill the gap that exists in the translation of efficacy in preclinical in vitro experiments and in models of pain into the clinic. This review summarizes biological and electrophysiological properties of voltage-gated sodium channels and aims to discuss limitations and promising pharmacological strategies in sodium channel research in the context of pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar Foadi
- Clinic for Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Bud Craig AD. Central neural substrates involved in temperature discrimination, thermal pain, thermal comfort, and thermoregulatory behavior. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 156:317-338. [PMID: 30454598 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A phylogenetically novel pathway that emerged with primate encephalization is described, which conveys high-fidelity cutaneous thermosensory activity in "labeled lines" to a somatotopic map in the dorsal posterior insular cortex. It originates in lamina I of the superficial dorsal horn and ascends by way of the lateral spinothalamic tract and a distinct region in posterolateral thalamus. It evolved from the homeostatic sensory activity that represents the physiologic (interoceptive) condition of the body and drives the central autonomic network, which underlies all affective feelings from the body. Accordingly, human discriminative thermal sensations are accompanied by thermally motivated behaviors and thermal feelings of comfort or discomfort (unless neutral), which evidence suggests are associated with activity in the insular, cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortices, respectively. Yet, the substrates for thermoregulatory behavior have not been established, and several strong candidates (including the hypothalamus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) are discussed. Finally, the neural underpinnings for relationships between thermal affect and social feelings (warm-positive/cold-negative) are addressed, including the association of hyperthermia with clinical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Bud Craig
- Atkinson Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
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Abstract
We do not know precisely why pain develops and becomes chronic after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), but it is likely due to biological and psychological factors. Here, we tested the hypotheses that (1) high Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) scores at the time of injury and repair are associated with pain and cold sensitivity after 1-year recovery and (2) insula gray matter changes reflect the course of injury and improvements over time. Ten patients with complete median and/or ulnar nerve transections and surgical repair were tested ∼3 weeks after surgical nerve repair (time 1) and ∼1 year later for 6 of the 10 patients (time 2). Patients and 10 age-/sex-matched healthy controls completed questionnaires that assessed pain (patients) and personality and underwent quantitative sensory testing and 3T MRI to assess cortical thickness. In patients, pain intensity and neuropathic pain correlated with pain catastrophizing. Time 1 pain catastrophizing trended toward predicting cold pain thresholds at time 2, and at time 1 cortical thickness of the right insula was reduced. At time 2, chronic pain was related to the time 1 pain-PCS relationship and cold sensitivity, pain catastrophizing correlated with cold pain threshold, and insula thickness reversed to control levels. This study highlights the interplay between personality, sensory function, and pain in patients following PNI and repair. The PCS-pain association suggests that a focus on affective or negative components of pain could render patients vulnerable to chronic pain. Cold sensitivity and structural insula changes may reflect altered thermosensory or sensorimotor awareness representations.
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Chen S, Yang G, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Wang W, Wei J, Li K, Wu J, Chen Z, Li Y, Mu S, OuYang L, Lei W. A Comparative Study of Three Interneuron Types in the Rat Spinal Cord. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162969. [PMID: 27658248 PMCID: PMC5033377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interneurons are involved in the physiological function and the pathomechanism of the spinal cord. Present study aimed to examine and compare the characteristics of Cr+, Calb+ and Parv+ interneurons in morphology and distribution by using immunhistochemical and Western blot techniques. Results showed that 1) Cr-Calb presented a higher co-existence rate than that of Cr-Parv, and both of them were higher in the ventral horn than in the dosal horn; 2) Cr+, Calb+ and Parv+ neurons distributing zonally in the superficial dosal horn were small-sized. Parv+ neuronswere the largest, and Cr+ and Calb+ neurons were higher density among them. In the deep dorsal horn, Parv+ neurons were mainly located in nucleus thoracicus and the remaining scatteredly distributed. Cr+ neuronal size was the largest, and Calb+ neurons were the least among three interneuron types; 3) Cr+, Calb+ and Parv+ neurons of ventral horns displayed polygonal, round and fusiform, and Cr+ and Parv+ neurons were mainly distributed in the deep layer, but Calb+ neurons mainly in the superficial layer. Cr+ neurons were the largest, and distributed more in ventral horns than in dorsal horns; 4) in the dorsal horn of lumbar cords, Calb protein levels was the highest, but Parv protein level in ventral horns was the highest among the three protein types. Present results suggested that the morphological characteristics of three interneuron types imply their physiological function and pathomechanism relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangqi Yang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaxi Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zongwei Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayou Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Keyi Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youlan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Mu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lisi OuYang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanlong Lei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: ,
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Merkulyeva N, Veshchitskii A, Makarov F, Gerasimenko Y, Musienko P. Distribution of 28 kDa Calbindin-Immunopositive Neurons in the Cat Spinal Cord. Front Neuroanat 2016; 9:166. [PMID: 26858610 PMCID: PMC4729936 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (28 kDa calbindin) was investigated in cat lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments (L1-S3). We observed specific multi-dimensional distributions over the spinal segments for small immunopositive cells in Rexed laminae II-III and medium-to-large cells of varying morphology in lamina I and laminae V-VIII. The small neurons in laminae II-III were clustered into the columns along the dorsal horn curvature. The medium-to-large cells were grouped into four assemblages that were located in (1) the most lateral region of lamina VII at the L1-L4 level; (2) the laminae IV-V boundary at the L5-L7 level; (3) the lamina VII dorsal border at the L5-L7 level; and (4) the lamina VIII at the L5-S3 level. The data obtained suggest that the morphological and physiological heterogeneity of calbindin immunolabeling cells formed morpho-functional clusters over the gray matter. A significant portion of the lumbosacral enlargement had immunopositive neurons within all Rexed laminae, suggesting an important functional role within and among the spinal networks that control hindlimb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Merkulyeva
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASSaint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Veshchitskii
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Felix Makarov
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury Gerasimenko
- Laboratory of Motor Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Musienko
- Laboratory of Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Motor Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASSaint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Children’s Surgery and Orthopedic Clinic, Department of Non-pulmonary Tuberculosis, Research Institute of PhthysiopulmonologySaint Petersburg, Russia
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Okuda DT, Melmed K, Matsuwaki T, Blomqvist A, Craig ADB. Central neuropathic pain in MS is due to distinct thoracic spinal cord lesions. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:554-61. [PMID: 25356427 PMCID: PMC4184558 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine a neuro-anatomic cause for central neuropathic pain (CNP) observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods Parallel clinical and neuro-anatomical studies were performed. A clinical investigation of consecutively acquired MS patients with and without CNP (i.e. cold allodynia or deep hyperesthesia) within a single MS center was pursued. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between an upper central thoracic spinal cord focus to central pain complaints. To identify the hypothesized autonomic interneurons with bilateral descending projections to lumbosacral sensory neurons, retrograde single- and double-labeling experiments with CTb and fluorescent tracers were performed in three animal species (i.e. rat, cat, and monkey). Results Clinical data were available in MS patients with (n = 32; F:23; median age: 34.6 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 27.4–45.5)) and without (n = 30; F:22; median age: 36.6 years [IQR: 31.6–47.1]) CNP. The value of a central focus between T1–T6 in relation to CNP demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.8–99.9) and specificity of 83.3% (95% CI: 65.3–94.4). A significant relationship between CNP and a centrally located focus within the thoracic spine was also observed (odds ratio [OR]: 155.0 [95% CI lower limit: 16.0]; P < 0.0001, two-tailed Fisher exact test). In all animal models, neurons with bilateral descending projections to the lumbosacral superficial dorsal horn were concentrated in the autonomic intermediomedial nucleus surrounding the mid-thoracic central canal. Interpretation Our observations provide the first evidence for the etiology of CNP. These data may assist with the development of refined symptomatic therapies and allow for insights into unique pain syndromes observed in other demyelinating subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin T Okuda
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis Dallas, Texas
| | - Kara Melmed
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix 550 E. Van Buren, Phoenix, Arizona, 85004
| | - Takashi Matsuwaki
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Arthur D Bud Craig
- Atkinson Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute 350 W. Thomas Road, Phoenix, Arizona, 85013
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Hagenston AM, Simonetti M. Neuronal calcium signaling in chronic pain. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:407-26. [PMID: 25012522 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute physiological pain, the unpleasant sensory response to a noxious stimulus, is essential for animals and humans to avoid potential injury. Pathological pain that persists after the original insult or injury has subsided, however, not only results in individual suffering but also imposes a significant cost on society. Improving treatments for long-lasting pathological pain requires a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying pain perception and the development of pain chronicity. In this review, we aim to highlight some of the major findings related to the involvement of neuronal calcium signaling in the processes that mediate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Hagenston
- University of Heidelberg, Neurobiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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18
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De Ridder D, Plazier M, Menovsky T, Kamerling N, Vanneste S. C2 Subcutaneous Stimulation for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: A Case Report. Neuromodulation 2013; 16:610-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Ridder
- Brai2n, TRI & Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Antwerp; Edegem Belgium
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; New Zealand
| | - Mark Plazier
- Brai2n, TRI & Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Antwerp; Edegem Belgium
| | - Tomas Menovsky
- Brai2n, TRI & Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Antwerp; Edegem Belgium
| | - Niels Kamerling
- Brai2n, TRI & Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Antwerp; Edegem Belgium
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Brai2n, TRI & Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Antwerp; Edegem Belgium
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine; University of Antwerp; Edegem Belgium
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19
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Craig AD. Cooling, pain, and other feelings from the body in relation to the autonomic nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 117:103-9. [PMID: 24095119 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The main sensory input to the autonomic nervous system comes from small-diameter sensory fibers by way of lamina I neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. This pathway supports organotopic homeostatic control of the body's condition, but also human feelings from the body, such as temperature, pain, itch, affective touch, muscle ache, vascular flush, and so on. The anatomical pathways described in this chapter reveal that these feelings are correlates of behavioral homeostatic responses needed to maintain the health of the body. These findings suggest that bodily feelings provide important measures of the body's condition, support emotional well-being and awareness, and can be a significant therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Craig
- Atkinson Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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20
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Bud Craig AD. Significance of the insula for the evolution of human awareness of feelings from the body. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1225:72-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jetzer AK, Morel A, Magnin M, Jeanmonod D. Cross-modal plasticity in the human thalamus: evidence from intraoperative macrostimulations. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1867-75. [PMID: 19796668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During stereotactic functional neurosurgery, stimulation procedure to control for proper target localization provides a unique opportunity to investigate pathophysiological phenomena that cannot be addressed in experimental setups. Here we report on the distribution of response modalities to 487 intraoperative thalamic stimulations performed in 24 neurogenic pain (NP), 17 parkinsonian (PD) and 10 neuropsychiatric (Npsy) patients. Threshold responses were subdivided into somatosensory, motor and affective, and compared between medial (central lateral nucleus) and lateral (ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral medial) thalamic nuclei and between patients groups. Major findings were as follows: in the medial thalamus, evoked responses were for a large majority (95%) somatosensory in NP patients, 47% were motor in PD patients, and 54% affective in Npsy patients. In the lateral thalamus, a much higher proportion of somatosensory (83%) than motor responses (5%) was evoked in NP patients, while the proportion was reversed in PD patients (69% motor vs. 21% somatosensory). These results provide the first evidence for functional cross-modal changes in lateral and medial thalamic nuclei in response to intraoperative stimulations in different functional disorders. This extensive functional reorganization sheds new light on wide-range plasticity in the adult human thalamocortical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Jetzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Inselspital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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A rat is not a monkey is not a human: comment on Mogil (Nature Rev. Neurosci. 10, 283–294 (2009)). Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:466. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn2606-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rottkamp CA, Lobur KJ, Wladyka CL, Lucky AK, O'Gorman S. Pbx3 is required for normal locomotion and dorsal horn development. Dev Biol 2007; 314:23-39. [PMID: 18155191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription cofactor Pbx3 is critical for the function of hindbrain circuits controlling respiration in mammals, but the perinatal lethality caused by constitutively null mutations has hampered investigation of other roles it may play in neural development and function. Here we report that the conditional loss of Pbx3 function in most tissues caudal to the hindbrain resulted in progressive deficits of posture, locomotion, and sensation that became apparent during adolescence. In adult mutants, the size of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the numbers of calbindin-, PKC-gamma, and calretinin-expressing neurons in laminae I-III were markedly reduced, but the ventral cord and peripheral nervous system appeared normal. In the embryonic dorsal horn, Pbx3 expression was restricted to a subset of glutamatergic neurons, but its absence did not affect the initial balance of excitatory and inhibitory interneuron phenotypes. By embryonic day 15 a subset of Meis(+) glutamatergic neurons assumed abnormally superficial positions and the number of calbindin(+) neurons was increased three-fold in the mutants. Loss of Pbx3 function thus leads to the incorrect specification of some glutamatergic neurons in the dorsal horn and alters the integration of peripheral sensation into the spinal circuitry regulating locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Rottkamp
- Department of Neurosciences, Rm E640, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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24
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Craig AD'B, Zhang ET. Retrograde analyses of spinothalamic projections in the macaque monkey: input to posterolateral thalamus. J Comp Neurol 2007; 499:953-64. [PMID: 17072831 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of retrogradely labeled spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was analyzed in macaque monkeys following variously sized, physiologically guided pressure or iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) in order to determine whether different STT termination sites receive input selectively from different sets of STT cells. This report focuses on posterolateral thalamus, where prior anterograde tracing observations identified the posterior part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMpo) as the major projection target of lamina I STT neurons. Large injections in posterolateral thalamus labeled predominantly STT cells in lamina I throughout the spinal cord. In cases with medium-sized or small injections centered in VMpo, almost all labeled STT cells ( approximately 90%) were lamina I neurons. Small injections revealed a posteroanterior (foot to hand) somatotopographic organization consistent with that observed in prior anterograde tracing work; injections in posterior VMpo labeled primarily lumbosacral lamina I cells, whereas injections placed more anteriorly in VMpo labeled primarily cervical lamina I cells. These findings support the concept that VMpo is a primate lamina I spinothalamocortical relay nucleus important for pain, temperature, itch, muscle ache, sensual touch, and other interoceptive feelings from the body, and they provide strong evidence for the general hypothesis that the STT consists of several functionally and anatomically differentiable components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D 'Bud' Craig
- Atkinson Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
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25
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Brooks JCW, Tracey I. The insula: a multidimensional integration site for pain. Pain 2007; 128:1-2. [PMID: 17254713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Morona R, López JM, Domínguez L, González A. Immunohistochemical and hodological characterization of calbindin-D28k-containing neurons in the spinal cord of the turtle,Pseudemys scripta elegans. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:101-18. [PMID: 17203484 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and fibers containing the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k (CB) were studied by immunohistochemical techniques in the spinal cord of adult and juvenile turtles, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Abundant cell bodies and fibers immunoreactive for CB were widely and distinctly distributed throughout the spinal cord. Most neurons and fibers were labeled in the superficial dorsal horn, but numerous cells were also located in the intermediate gray and ventral horn. In the dorsal horn, most CB-containing cells were located in close relation to the synaptic fields formed by primary afferents, which were not labeled for CB. Double immunohistofluorescence demonstrated distinct cell populations in the dorsal horn labeled only for CB or nitric oxide synthase, whereas in the dorsal part of the ventral horn colocalization of nitric oxide synthase was found in about 6% of the CB-immunoreactive cells in this region. Choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry revealed that only about 2% of the neurons in the dorsal part of the ventral horn colocalized CB, whereas motoneurons were not CB-immunoreactive. The involvement of CB-containing neurons in ascending spinal projections to the thalamus, tegmentum, and reticular formation was demonstrated combining the retrograde transport of dextran amines and immunohistochemistry. Similar experiments demonstrated supraspinal projections from CB-containing cells mainly located in the reticular formation but also in the thalamus and the vestibular nucleus. The revealed organization of the neurons and fibers containing CB in the spinal cord of the turtle shares distribution and developmental features, colocalization with other neuronal markers, and connectivity with other tetrapods and, in particular with mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Dutton RC, Carstens MI, Antognini JF, Carstens E. Long ascending propriospinal projections from lumbosacral to upper cervical spinal cord in the rat. Brain Res 2006; 1119:76-85. [PMID: 16996042 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The retrograde tracer cholera toxin beta-subunit (CTB) was used to trace long ascending propriospinal projections from neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord to the upper cervical (C3) gray matter in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following large 0.5 microl CTB injections restricted mainly to the upper cervical ventral horn (n=5), there were many lumbosacral CTB-positive neurons (14-17/section) in the intermediate gray and ventral horn (dorsal lamina VIII, medial VII extending into X) contralaterally, with fewer at corresponding ipsilateral locations. Labeled cells (4-8/section) were also observed in contralateral laminae IV-VI and the lateral spinal nucleus, with fewer ipsilaterally. Few labeled cells (<2/section) were observed in superficial laminae I-II. Smaller (0.15 microl) microinjections of CTB restricted to the upper cervical ventral gray matter labeled cells in contralateral laminae VII-VIII (approximately 6-9/section) with fewer ipsilaterally. There were relatively fewer (<2/section) in the intermediate dorsal horn and very few (<1/section) in lamina I. Larger (0.5 microl) CTB injections encompassing the C3 dorsal and ventral gray matter on one side labeled significantly more CTB-positive neurons (>6/section) in contralateral lamina I compared to ventral horn injections. These results suggest direct projections from ventromedially located neurons of lumbar and sacral segments to the contralateral ventral gray matter of upper cervical segments, as well as from neurons in the intermediate but not superficial dorsal horn. They further suggest that some lumbosacral superficial dorsal horn neurons project to the upper cervical dorsal horn. These propriospinal projections may be involved in coordinating head and neck movements during locomotion or stimulus-evoked motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Dutton
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Morona R, Moreno N, López JM, González A. Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin-D28k and calretinin in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis. J Comp Neurol 2006; 494:763-83. [PMID: 16374814 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution and morphology of neurons containing the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis and determine the extent to which this organization is comparable to that of mammals. Most CB- and CR-containing neurons were located in the superficial dorsal gray field, but with distinct topography. The lateral, ventrolateral, and ventromedial fields also possessed abundant neurons labeled for either CB or CR. Double immunohistofluorescence demonstrated that a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion cells and neurons in the dorsal and ventrolateral fields contained CB and CR. By means of a similar technique, a cell population in the dorsal field was doubly labeled only for CB and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), whereas in the ventrolateral field colocalization of NOS with CB and CR was found. Choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry revealed that a subpopulation of ventral horn neurons, including motoneurons, colocalized CB and CR. The involvement of CB- and CR-containing neurons in ascending spinal projections was demonstrated combining the retrograde transport of dextran amines and immunohistochemistry. Cells colocalizing the tracer and CB or CR were quite numerous, primarily in the dorsal and ventrolateral fields. Similar experiments demonstrated supraspinal projections from CB- and CR-containing cells in the brainstem and diencephalon. The distribution, projections, and colocalization with neurotransmitters of the neuronal systems containing CB and CR in Xenopus suggest that CB and CR are important neuromodulator substances with functions conserved in the spinal cord from amphibians through mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Morona R, Moreno N, López JM, Muñoz M, Ten Donkelaar HJ, González A. Calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis and its participation in ascending and descending projections. Brain Res Bull 2006; 66:550-4. [PMID: 16144648 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry for calbindin-D28k (CB) revealed that the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis possess a large number of CB-containing neurons widely distributed in both the dorsal and ventral horns, including areas which possess long ascending projections to supraspinal structures. In addition, the presence of CB-immunoreactive axons in the spinal funiculi suggested that descending projections containing this calcium binding protein may originate in different brainstem nuclei. Apart from mapping CB-containing elements in the spinal cord, a double labeling approach was used that combined the retrograde transport of dextran amines with CB immunohistochemistry. Thus, dextran amine injections into the lateral reticular region of the rhombencephalon, the parabrachial region, the mesencephalon and the dorsal thalamus revealed many retrogradely labeled cells in the spinal cord, a few number of which were double labeled for CB and found in the superficial dorsal horn and in the ventral medial region of the ventral horn. Their axons passed mainly via the lateral funiculus. Tracer application into the cervical spinal cord, combined with CB immunohistochemistry, resulted in retrogradely labeled cells throughout the brain, five groups of which showed CB immunoreactivity: (1) the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, (2) the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, (3) the raphe nucleus, (4) the middle reticular nucleus and (5) the inferior reticular nucleus. The presence of CB in spinal pathways suggests that CB may play a role in controlling spinal cells, mainly subserving visceroceptive and nociceptive information to supraspinal levels, and might also modulate reticulospinal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
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30
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Craig AD'B'. Retrograde analyses of spinothalamic projections in the macaque monkey: Input to ventral posterior nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:965-78. [PMID: 17072832 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of retrogradely labeled spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was analyzed in monkeys following variously sized injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) in order to determine whether different STT termination sites receive input from different sets of STT cells. This report focuses on STT input to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) and the subjacent ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI), where prior anterograde tracing studies identified scattered STT terminal bursts and a dense terminal field, respectively. In cases with small or medium-sized injections in VPL, labeled STT cells were located almost entirely in lamina V (in spinal segments consistent with the mediolateral VPL topography); few cells were labeled in lamina I (<8%) and essentially none in lamina VII. Large and very large injections in VPL produced marked increases in labeling in lamina I, associated first with spread into VPI and next into the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo), and abundant labeling in lamina VII, associated with spread into the ventral lateral (VL) nucleus. Small injections restricted to VPI labeled many STT cells in laminae I and V with an anteroposterior topography. These observations indicate that VPL receives STT input almost entirely from lamina V neurons, whereas VPI receives STT input from both laminae I and V cells, with two different topographic organizations. Together with the preceding observation that STT input to VMpo originates almost entirely from lamina I, these findings provide strong evidence that the primate STT consists of anatomically and functionally differentiable components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D ' Bud ' Craig
- Atkinson Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
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Montes C, Magnin M, Maarrawi J, Frot M, Convers P, Mauguière F, Garcia-Larrea L. Thalamic thermo-algesic transmission: ventral posterior (VP) complex versus VMpo in the light of a thalamic infarct with central pain. Pain 2005; 113:223-32. [PMID: 15621383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The respective roles of the ventral posterior complex (VP) and of the more recently described VMpo (posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus) as thalamic relays for pain and temperature pathways have recently been the subject of controversy. Data we obtained in one patient after a limited left thalamic infarct bring some new insights into this debate. This patient presented sudden right-sided hypesthesia for both lemniscal (touch, vibration, joint position) and spinothalamic (pain and temperature) modalities. He subsequently developed right-sided central pain with allodynia. Projection of 3D magnetic resonance images onto a human thalamic atlas revealed a lesion involving the anterior two thirds of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) and, to a lesser extent, the ventral posterior medial (VPM) and inferior (VPI) nuclei. Conversely, the lesion did not extend posterior and ventral enough to concern the putative location of the spinothalamic-afferented nucleus VMpo. Neurophysiological studies showed a marked reduction (67%) of cortical responses depending on dorsal column-lemniscal transmission, while spinothalamic-specific, CO2-laser induced cortical responses were only moderately attenuated (33%). Our results show that the VP is definitely involved in thermo-algesic transmission in man, and that its selective lesion can lead to central pain. However, results also suggest that much of the spino-thalamo-cortical volley elicited by painful heat stimuli does not transit through VP, supporting the hypothesis that a non-VP locus lying more posteriorly in the human thalamus is important for thermo-algesic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Montes
- Dept Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29080 Malaga, Spain.
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Morris R, Cheunsuang O, Stewart A, Maxwell D. Spinal dorsal horn neurone targets for nociceptive primary afferents: do single neurone morphological characteristics suggest how nociceptive information is processed at the spinal level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 46:173-90. [PMID: 15464206 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that nociceptive information is signalled by several anatomically distinct populations of primary afferents that target different populations of neurones in the spinal cord. It is probable that these different systems all give rise to the sensation pain and hence, an understanding of their separate roles and the processes that they employ, may offer ways of selectively targeting pain arising from different causes. The review focuses on what is known of the anatomy of neurones in LI-III of the spinal dorsal horn that are implicated in nociception. The dendritic geometry and synaptic input of the large LI neurones that receive input from primary afferents containing substance P that express neurokinin 1 (NK(1)) receptors suggests that these neurones may monitor the extent of injury rather than the specific localisation of a discrete noxious stimulus. This population of neurones is also critically involved in hyperalgesia. In contrast neurones in LII with the morphology of stalked cells that receive primary afferent input from glomerular synapses may be more suitable for fine discrimination of the exact location of a noxious event such as a sting or parasite attack. The review focuses as far as possible on precisely defined anatomy in the belief that only by understanding these anatomical relationships will we eventually be able to interpret the complex processes occurring in the dorsal horn. The review attempts to be an accessible guide to a sometimes complex and highly specialised literature in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morris
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill/Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK.
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Craig AD. Distribution of trigeminothalamic and spinothalamic lamina I terminations in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 2004; 477:119-48. [PMID: 15300785 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thalamic terminations from trigeminal, cervical, and lumbosacral lamina I neurons were investigated with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and labeled dextrans. Iontophoretic injections guided by physiological recordings were restricted to lamina I or laminae I-II. PHA-L-labeled trigemino- and spinothalamic (TSTT) terminations were identified immunohistochemically. TRITC- and FITC-labeled dextrans were injected at different levels to confirm topography. Terminations consistently occurred in two main locations: a distinguishable portion of posterolateral thalamus identified cytoarchitectonically as the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo) and a portion of posteromedial thalamus designated as the ventral caudal part of the medial dorsal nucleus (MDvc). In addition, isolated fibers bearing boutons of passage were observed in the ventral posterior medial and lateral (VPM and VPL) nuclei, and spinal terminations occurred in the ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI). Isolated terminations occasionally occurred in other sites (e.g., suprageniculate, zona incerta, hypothalamic paraventricular n.). Terminations in MDvc occurred in concise foci that were weakly organized topographically (posteroanterior = rostrocaudal). Terminations in VMpo consisted of dense clusters of ramified terminal arbors bearing multiple large boutons that were well organized topographically (anteroposterior = rostrocaudal). Terminations in VMpo colocalized with a field of calbindin-immunoreactive terminal fibers; double-labeled terminals were documented at high magnification. This propitious marker was especially useful at anterior levels, where VMpo can easily be misidentified as VPM. These findings demonstrate phylogenetically novel primate lamina I TSTT projections important for sensory and motivational aspects of pain, temperature, itch, muscle ache, sensual touch, and other interoceptive feelings from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Craig
- Atkinson Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
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Graziano A, Jones EG. Widespread thalamic terminations of fibers arising in the superficial medullary dorsal horn of monkeys and their relation to calbindin immunoreactivity. J Neurosci 2004; 24:248-56. [PMID: 14715957 PMCID: PMC6729588 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4122-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relay of pain fibers from the spinal and medullary dorsal horn in the thalamus has become a controversial issue. This study analyzed the relationship of fibers arising in lamina I to nuclei in and around the caudal pole of the ventral posterior nuclear complex and especially to a zone of calbindin-dense immunoreactivity (VMpo) identified by some authors as the sole thalamic relay for these fibers. We show that the densest zone of calbindin immunoreactivity is part of a more extensive, calbindin-immunoreactive region that lies well within the medial tip of the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM), as delineated by other staining methods, and prove that the use of different anti-calbindin antibodies cannot account for differences in interpretations of the organization of the posterior thalamic region. By combining immunocytochemical staining with anterograde tracing from injections involving lamina I, we demonstrate widespread fiber terminations that are not restricted to the calbindin-rich medial tip of VPM and show that the lamina I arising fibers are not themselves calbindin immunoreactive. This study disproves the existence of VMpo as an independent thalamic pain nucleus or as a specific relay in the ascending pain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Graziano
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Abstract
The issue of whether pain is represented by specific neural elements or by patterned activity within a convergent somatosensory subsystem has been debated for over a century. The gate control theory introduced in 1965 denied central specificity, and since then most authors have endorsed convergent wide-dynamic-range neurons. Recent functional and anatomical findings provide compelling support for a new perspective that views pain in humans as a homeostatic emotion that integrates both specific labeled lines and convergent somatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bud Craig
- Atkinson Pain Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that primates have a distinct cortical image of homeostatic afferent activity that reflects all aspects of the physiological condition of all tissues of the body. This interoceptive system, associated with autonomic motor control, is distinct from the exteroceptive system (cutaneous mechanoreception and proprioception) that guides somatic motor activity. The primary interoceptive representation in the dorsal posterior insula engenders distinct highly resolved feelings from the body that include pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, muscular and visceral sensations, vasomotor activity, hunger, thirst, and 'air hunger'. In humans, a meta-representation of the primary interoceptive activity is engendered in the right anterior insula, which seems to provide the basis for the subjective image of the material self as a feeling (sentient) entity, that is, emotional awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Craig
- Atkinson Pain Research Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Wessberg J, Olausson H, Fernström KW, Vallbo AB. Receptive field properties of unmyelinated tactile afferents in the human skin. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89:1567-75. [PMID: 12626628 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00256.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recorded, with the microneurography technique, single-unit impulses from nine cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents with conduction velocities in the C range and receptive fields in the hairy skin of the forearm. The units responded with high impulse rates to light touch and had low monofilament thresholds. The geography of receptive fields was explored with a scanning method: a lightweight probe with a small and rounded tip was made to scan the field area in a series of closely adjacent tracks while single-unit activity was recorded. The fields of the nine units varied considerably in size as well as complexity. The individual field consisted of one to nine small responsive spots distributed over an area of 1-35 mm(2) when explored with a moving indentation of 5 mN. The fields were roughly round or oval in shape with no preferred orientation. The size of the response differed between individual sensitive spots in a field, suggesting a highly nonuniform terminal organization. The properties of the fields seem consistent with a role of tactile C afferents to provide information about pleasant touch and skin-to-skin contacts to central structures controlling emotions and affiliative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wessberg
- Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Iannetti GD, Truini A, Romaniello A, Galeotti F, Rizzo C, Manfredi M, Cruccu G. Evidence of a specific spinal pathway for the sense of warmth in humans. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89:562-70. [PMID: 12522202 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00393.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While research on human sensory processing shows that warm input is conveyed from the periphery by specific, unmyelinated primary sensory neurons, its pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. To gain physiological information on the spinal pathways that convey warmth or nociceptive sensations, in 15 healthy subjects, we studied the cerebral evoked responses and reaction times in response to laser stimuli selectively exciting Adelta nociceptors or C warmth receptors at different levels along the spine. To minimize the conduction distance along the primary sensory neuron, we directed CO(2)-laser pulses to the skin overlying the vertebral spinous processes. Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with high-resolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic resonance imaging scans, we also studied the cortical areas involved in the cerebral processing of warm and nociceptive inputs. The activation of C warmth receptors evoked cerebral potentials with a main positive component peaking at 470-540 ms, i.e., a latency clearly longer than that of the corresponding wave yielded by Adelta nociceptive input (290-320 ms). Spinal neurons activated by the warm input had a slower conduction velocity (2.5 m/s) than the nociceptive spinal neurons (11.9 m/s). Brain source analysis of the cerebral responses evoked by the Adelta input yielded a very strong fit for one single generator in the mid portion of the cingulate gyrus; the warmth-related responses were best explained by three generators, one within the cingulate and two in the right and left opercular-insular cortices. Our results support the existence of slow-conducting second-order neurons specific for the sense of warmth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Iannetti
- Dipartimento Scienze Neurologiche, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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