1
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Anderson EK, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Bhatt NM, Bonomi G, Capra A, Carli I, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Christensen A, Collister R, Cridland Mathad A, Duque Quiceno D, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fabbri S, Fajans J, Ferwerda A, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Golino LM, Gomes Gonçalves MB, Grandemange P, Granum P, Hangst JS, Hayden ME, Hodgkinson D, Hunter ED, Isaac CA, Jimenez AJU, Johnson MA, Jones JM, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Khramov A, Madsen N, Martin L, Massacret N, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Momose T, Mostamand M, Mullan PS, Nauta J, Olchanski K, Oliveira AN, Peszka J, Powell A, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Schoonwater J, Silveira DM, Singh J, Smith G, So C, Stracka S, Stutter G, Tharp TD, Thompson KA, Thompson RI, Thorpe-Woods E, Torkzaban C, Urioni M, Woosaree P, Wurtele JS. Observation of the effect of gravity on the motion of antimatter. Nature 2023; 621:716-722. [PMID: 37758891 PMCID: PMC10533407 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Einstein's general theory of relativity from 19151 remains the most successful description of gravitation. From the 1919 solar eclipse2 to the observation of gravitational waves3, the theory has passed many crucial experimental tests. However, the evolving concepts of dark matter and dark energy illustrate that there is much to be learned about the gravitating content of the universe. Singularities in the general theory of relativity and the lack of a quantum theory of gravity suggest that our picture is incomplete. It is thus prudent to explore gravity in exotic physical systems. Antimatter was unknown to Einstein in 1915. Dirac's theory4 appeared in 1928; the positron was observed5 in 1932. There has since been much speculation about gravity and antimatter. The theoretical consensus is that any laboratory mass must be attracted6 by the Earth, although some authors have considered the cosmological consequences if antimatter should be repelled by matter7-10. In the general theory of relativity, the weak equivalence principle (WEP) requires that all masses react identically to gravity, independent of their internal structure. Here we show that antihydrogen atoms, released from magnetic confinement in the ALPHA-g apparatus, behave in a way consistent with gravitational attraction to the Earth. Repulsive 'antigravity' is ruled out in this case. This experiment paves the way for precision studies of the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration between anti-atoms and the Earth to test the WEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Anderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C J Baker
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK.
| | - N M Bhatt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - G Bonomi
- University of Brescia, Brescia and INFN Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - I Carli
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A Christensen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Collister
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Cridland Mathad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D Duque Quiceno
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A Evans
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Fabbri
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Accelerator and Technology Sector, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - A Ferwerda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - D R Gill
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L M Golino
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - M B Gomes Gonçalves
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - P Granum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Hodgkinson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E D Hunter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - J M Jones
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Khramov
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - L Martin
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J T K McKenna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Momose
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Mostamand
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P S Mullan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Nauta
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - A N Oliveira
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Peszka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Powell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Experimental Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Accelerator Systems Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Sarid
- Soreq NRC, Yavne, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - J Schoonwater
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D M Silveira
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Singh
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Smith
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C So
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K A Thompson
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - R I Thompson
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - E Thorpe-Woods
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - C Torkzaban
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Urioni
- University of Brescia, Brescia and INFN Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Woosaree
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Umolu AG, Venn R, Maxwell D, Al Shiekh Ali Z, Howlett DC. Hyperechoic kidneys in a patient with bronchiectasis. Ultrasound 2021; 29:260-263. [PMID: 34777546 DOI: 10.1177/1742271x21989064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hyperechoic renal cortex in a normal-sized kidney has a range of causes, some of which irreparably damage the kidney and should initiate further investigations. Case Report We present a 72-year-old woman with longstanding bronchiectasis, noticed to have worsening renal function. Renal tract ultrasonography showed hyperechoic normal-sized kidneys. Renal biopsy confirmed amyloidosis. Discussion Imaging findings in renal amyloidosis tend to be non-specific and are not always present. However, ultrasonography findings of hyperechoic cortex in normal-sized kidneys should not be ignored. Conclusion Renal impairment from blood chemistry in addition to hyperechoic kidneys may be the key to diagnosing secondary amyloidosis in a patient with bronchiectasis, a rare association but important to recognise.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Umolu
- Department of Radiology, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Sussex, UK
| | - R Venn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Sussex, UK
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Sussex, UK
| | - Z Al Shiekh Ali
- Department of Histopathology, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Sussex, UK
| | - D C Howlett
- Department of Radiology, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Sussex, UK
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3
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Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Capra A, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Mathad AC, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fabbri S, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Grandemange P, Granum P, Hangst JS, Hayden ME, Hodgkinson D, Isaac CA, Johnson MA, Jones JM, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Momose T, Mullan P, Olchanski K, Olin A, Peszka J, Powell A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Stutter G, So C, Tharp TD, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Sympathetic cooling of positrons to cryogenic temperatures for antihydrogen production. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6139. [PMID: 34686658 PMCID: PMC8536749 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The positron, the antiparticle of the electron, predicted by Dirac in 1931 and discovered by Anderson in 1933, plays a key role in many scientific and everyday endeavours. Notably, the positron is a constituent of antihydrogen, the only long-lived neutral antimatter bound state that can currently be synthesized at low energy, presenting a prominent system for testing fundamental symmetries with high precision. Here, we report on the use of laser cooled Be+ ions to sympathetically cool a large and dense plasma of positrons to directly measured temperatures below 7 K in a Penning trap for antihydrogen synthesis. This will likely herald a significant increase in the amount of antihydrogen available for experimentation, thus facilitating further improvements in studies of fundamental symmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Baker
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M12 9PL, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Cridland Mathad
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - S Fabbri
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M12 9PL, UK
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M C Fujiwara
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - P Grandemange
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - P Granum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - D Hodgkinson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M12 9PL, UK
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M12 9PL, UK
| | - J M Jones
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Kurchaninov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - J T K McKenna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - T Momose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - P Mullan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - K Olchanski
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - A Olin
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - J Peszka
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Powell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - P Pusa
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Experimental Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M12 9PL, UK
| | - E Sarid
- Soreq NRC, 81800, Yavne, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, 8410501, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - D M Silveira
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C So
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-1881, USA
| | - R I Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D P van der Werf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA
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Grant R, Zienius K, Hewins W, Maxwell D, Summers D, McKinlay L, Brennan PM, Porteous L. Selection of headache cases for expedited scanning to assist prompt diagnosis of brain tumour. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab195.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Patients with brain tumours and headache commonly have poorer cognitive skills, either overtly or covertly, when cognitively tested. Cognitive changes reflect, tumour mass, fronto-temporal location or hydrocephalus, Previous work has demonstrated that the “semantic Verbal Fluency Test (SVFT) -“How many animals can you think of in a minute?” is a useful fast screening test for cognitive issues. Median SVFT in patients with brain tumour on admission is 10 animals.
Most GPs can now order “direct access cerebral imaging (DACI)” in patients with headache suspicious of cancer. The waiting times for scanning can be many weeks. The aim of this study was to determine whether low SVFT scores: might be useful to help stratify or expedite DACI. We present data from referrals through and electronic Protocol Based Referral (PBR) pathway for CT scanning over 3 years, to determine whether SVFT might be a useful adjunct to history and examination.
Method
From 2017, in Edinburgh/Lothians, Scotland, an electronic PBR was developed with involvement of Primary Care Cancer Lead, PBR lead, Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neuro-Imaging for outpatient imaging of patients in the community with Headache Suspicious of Cancer, to expedite their scans. The PBR sat alongside the routine outpatient DACI system. If the forms were correctly filled in Neuro-Radiology prioritised their appointments. The referrer (GP) was asked to complete the ePBR form and SVFT at the time of referral. Other data were also gathered, including: Past Medical History of cancer; other symptoms/signs; and co-morbid conditions and medications filled automatically from the GP system. This formed the dataset. We also retrospectively assessed a) whether English was first language b) past history of Pain Clinic Attendance or Functional Illness and subsequent final diagnosis of headache/condition, through evaluation of electronic GP referral letters through SCI Gateway system of those cases where SVFT was recorded.
Results
Between March 2017 - November 2019, 669 scans through PBR pathway. (62% females; Mean age 53 years: 60% cases <60 years). SVFT was completed in only 381/669 (57%). Median SVFT was 17. Eleven of 381 cases had cancer (2.9%). 10 cases with cancer had SVFT <17 animals (median 10) (5.32%). One case had SVFT >=17 (35 animals) (0.5%) - CT scan showed small multiple intra-cerebral calcified and non-calcified lesions, consistent with metastases. 12% with PMH cancer had a tumour.
Other possible reasons for low SVFT were: co-existing presumed dementia/mild cognitive impairment (19); non native English speakers (12); headache after traumatic brain injury (5); significant small vessel disease/vascular(5); intracranial cysts (4)(pineal / arachnoid, Giant Cell Arteritis (4) (all new - symptomatic); Chiari 1 malformations (2), PMH – encephalitis (1). Interestingly, there were 53 cases with known psychiatric/pain conditions on drugs (e.g. codeine/antidepressants/antipsychotics) with SVFT < 17 words/min.
Conclusion
People with Headache "Suspicious of Cancer" + SVFT <17 words in a minute are more likely to have a tumour (5.32% vs 0.5%) or other secondary cause for poor cognition.
Other probable causes /associations, with SVFT <17 are age, poor English skills, co-existing dementia. SVFT score may be a useful adjunct or “red flag,” to consider, to expedite DACI scan in patients with “Headache Suspicious of Cancer”. A SVFT >=17 in those with Headache Suspicious of Cancer, does not exclude the possibility of an intracranial tumour. Excluding cases with recognised causes for low SVFT e.g. dementia and those with existing chronic pain/psychiatric disease further increases the likelihood of a secondary cause for headache. SVFT should be tested in the persons native language.
A larger prospective study is required to establish whether these pilot study data and to examine whether chronic pain, functional neurology are negative predictive factors for secondary headache.
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5
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Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Christensen A, Collister R, Mathad AC, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Grandemange P, Granum P, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Hodgkinson D, Hunter E, Isaac CA, Johnson MA, Jones JM, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Khramov A, Knapp P, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Michan JM, Momose T, Mullan PS, Munich JJ, Olchanski K, Olin A, Peszka J, Powell A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Starko DM, So C, Stutter G, Tharp TD, Thibeault A, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Laser cooling of antihydrogen atoms. Nature 2021; 592:35-42. [PMID: 33790445 PMCID: PMC8012212 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The photon-the quantum excitation of the electromagnetic field-is massless but carries momentum. A photon can therefore exert a force on an object upon collision1. Slowing the translational motion of atoms and ions by application of such a force2,3, known as laser cooling, was first demonstrated 40 years ago4,5. It revolutionized atomic physics over the following decades6-8, and it is now a workhorse in many fields, including studies on quantum degenerate gases, quantum information, atomic clocks and tests of fundamental physics. However, this technique has not yet been applied to antimatter. Here we demonstrate laser cooling of antihydrogen9, the antimatter atom consisting of an antiproton and a positron. By exciting the 1S-2P transition in antihydrogen with pulsed, narrow-linewidth, Lyman-α laser radiation10,11, we Doppler-cool a sample of magnetically trapped antihydrogen. Although we apply laser cooling in only one dimension, the trap couples the longitudinal and transverse motions of the anti-atoms, leading to cooling in all three dimensions. We observe a reduction in the median transverse energy by more than an order of magnitude-with a substantial fraction of the anti-atoms attaining submicroelectronvolt transverse kinetic energies. We also report the observation of the laser-driven 1S-2S transition in samples of laser-cooled antihydrogen atoms. The observed spectral line is approximately four times narrower than that obtained without laser cooling. The demonstration of laser cooling and its immediate application has far-reaching implications for antimatter studies. A more localized, denser and colder sample of antihydrogen will drastically improve spectroscopic11-13 and gravitational14 studies of antihydrogen in ongoing experiments. Furthermore, the demonstrated ability to manipulate the motion of antimatter atoms by laser light will potentially provide ground-breaking opportunities for future experiments, such as anti-atomic fountains, anti-atom interferometry and the creation of antimatter molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Baker
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Carruth
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A Christensen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - A Cridland Mathad
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - D R Gill
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Grandemange
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P Granum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - W N Hardy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Hodgkinson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Hunter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - J M Jones
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Khramov
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Knapp
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J T K McKenna
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J M Michan
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T Momose
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - P S Mullan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J J Munich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - A Olin
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Peszka
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A Powell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P Pusa
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Experimental Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Sarid
- Soreq NRC, Yavne, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - D M Silveira
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D M Starko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C So
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A Thibeault
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculté de Génie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - R I Thompson
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D P van der Werf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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6
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Lin YH, Satani N, Hammoudi N, Yan VC, Barekatain Y, Khadka S, Ackroyd JJ, Georgiou DK, Pham CD, Arthur K, Maxwell D, Peng Z, Leonard PG, Czako B, Pisaneschi F, Mandal P, Sun Y, Zielinski R, Pando SC, Wang X, Tran T, Xu Q, Wu Q, Jiang Y, Kang Z, Asara JM, Priebe W, Bornmann W, Marszalek JR, DePinho RA, Muller FL. Author Correction: An enolase inhibitor for the targeted treatment of ENO1-deleted cancers. Nat Metab 2021; 3:122. [PMID: 33340032 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsi Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nikunj Satani
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naima Hammoudi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria C Yan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunada Khadka
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Ackroyd
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitra K Georgiou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cong-Dat Pham
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenisha Arthur
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Maxwell
- Institutional Analytics & Informatics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul G Leonard
- Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Czako
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federica Pisaneschi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pijus Mandal
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuting Sun
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rafal Zielinski
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susana Castro Pando
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Theresa Tran
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Quanyu Xu
- Pharmaceutical Science Facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Pharmaceutical Science Facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Science Facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhijun Kang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Bornmann
- Director of Drug Discovery and Development, Advanced Organic Synthesis LLC, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph R Marszalek
- Center for Co-Clinical Trials, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Lin YH, Satani N, Hammoudi N, Yan VC, Barekatain Y, Khadka S, Ackroyd JJ, Georgiou DK, Pham CD, Arthur K, Maxwell D, Peng Z, Leonard PG, Czako B, Pisaneschi F, Mandal P, Sun Y, Zielinski R, Pando SC, Wang X, Tran T, Xu Q, Wu Q, Jiang Y, Kang Z, Asara JM, Priebe W, Bornmann W, Marszalek JR, DePinho RA, Muller FL. An enolase inhibitor for the targeted treatment of ENO1-deleted cancers. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1413-1426. [PMID: 33230295 PMCID: PMC7744354 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting glycolysis remains an aspirational approach for the treatment of cancer. We have previously identified a subset of cancers harbouring homozygous deletion of the glycolytic enzyme enolase (ENO1) that have exceptional sensitivity to inhibition of its redundant paralogue, ENO2, through a therapeutic strategy known as collateral lethality. Here, we show that a small-molecule enolase inhibitor, POMHEX, can selectively kill ENO1-deleted glioma cells at low-nanomolar concentrations and eradicate intracranial orthotopic ENO1-deleted tumours in mice at doses well-tolerated in non-human primates. Our data provide an in vivo proof of principle of the power of collateral lethality in precision oncology and demonstrate the utility of POMHEX for glycolysis inhibition with potential use across a range of therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsi Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nikunj Satani
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naima Hammoudi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria C Yan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunada Khadka
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Ackroyd
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitra K Georgiou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cong-Dat Pham
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenisha Arthur
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Maxwell
- Institutional Analytics & Informatics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul G Leonard
- Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Czako
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federica Pisaneschi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pijus Mandal
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuting Sun
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rafal Zielinski
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susana Castro Pando
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Theresa Tran
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Quanyu Xu
- Pharmaceutical Science Facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Pharmaceutical Science Facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Science Facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhijun Kang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Bornmann
- Director of Drug Discovery and Development, Advanced Organic Synthesis LLC, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph R Marszalek
- Center for Co-Clinical Trials, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Granum P, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Hunter ED, Isaac CA, Johnson MA, Jones JM, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Khramov A, Knapp P, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Michan JM, Momose T, Munich JJ, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, So C, Starko DM, Stutter G, Tharp TD, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Investigation of the fine structure of antihydrogen. Nature 2020; 578:375-380. [PMID: 32076225 PMCID: PMC7162817 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
At the historic Shelter Island Conference on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in 1947, Willis Lamb reported an unexpected feature in the fine structure of atomic hydrogen: a separation of the 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 states1. The observation of this separation, now known as the Lamb shift, marked an important event in the evolution of modern physics, inspiring others to develop the theory of quantum electrodynamics2-5. Quantum electrodynamics also describes antimatter, but it has only recently become possible to synthesize and trap atomic antimatter to probe its structure. Mirroring the historical development of quantum atomic physics in the twentieth century, modern measurements on anti-atoms represent a unique approach for testing quantum electrodynamics and the foundational symmetries of the standard model. Here we report measurements of the fine structure in the n = 2 states of antihydrogen, the antimatter counterpart of the hydrogen atom. Using optical excitation of the 1S-2P Lyman-α transitions in antihydrogen6, we determine their frequencies in a magnetic field of 1 tesla to a precision of 16 parts per billion. Assuming the standard Zeeman and hyperfine interactions, we infer the zero-field fine-structure splitting (2P1/2-2P3/2) in antihydrogen. The resulting value is consistent with the predictions of quantum electrodynamics to a precision of 2 per cent. Using our previously measured value of the 1S-2S transition frequency6,7, we find that the classic Lamb shift in antihydrogen (2S1/2-2P1/2 splitting at zero field) is consistent with theory at a level of 11 per cent. Our observations represent an important step towards precision measurements of the fine structure and the Lamb shift in the antihydrogen spectrum as tests of the charge-parity-time symmetry8 and towards the determination of other fundamental quantities, such as the antiproton charge radius9,10, in this antimatter system.
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9
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Phadke R, Dean A, Evans M, Parker A, Maxwell D, Sewry C, Sarkozy A, Muntoni F. P.83Vacuolar myopathy with valosin containing protein (VCP)-positive intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions: report of two cases with early and late childhood-onset disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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11
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Critchley PP, Lohfeld L, Maxwell D, Mcintyre P, Reyno L. The Challenge of Developing a Regional Palliative Care Data System: A Tale of Two Cities. J Palliat Care 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/082585970201800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the purposes of health care databases and the findings from a literature review of the use of patient databases in palliative care. We present the history and goals of databases developed in two Canadian settings, Hamilton and Halifax. We present data on the strengths, limitations, and difficulties encountered in each setting. We review the types of data collected and the potential of these databases, and we offer practical recommendations for others looking to set up such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P. Critchley
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton
| | - Lynne Lohfeld
- St. Joseph's Health Care System Research Network, the Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, and St. Joseph's Hospital and Home, Guelph, Ontario
| | - David Maxwell
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax
| | - Paul Mcintyre
- Department of Family Medicine and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Leonard Reyno
- Department of Family Medicine and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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12
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Gaudette LA, Shi F, Lipskie T, Allard P, Fainsinger RL, Maxwell D, Harlos M. Developing Palliative Care Surveillance in Canada: Results of a Pilot Study. J Palliat Care 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/082585970201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective A pilot study compiled data from six palliative care centres across Canada to assess the feasibility of developing a national surveillance system. Methods Data provided for the three-year period between 1993–1997 were combined into a comparative minimum data set. Analyses included 6,369 care episodes from five centres, plus 948 patients from one centre. Results Care was provided in various settings including acute care wards, dedicated palliative care units, tertiary care, chronic care, and at home. Palliative care patients comprised equal numbers of men and women, with a median age of 69 years; 92% had cancer diagnoses. Median length of stay (LOS) for each care episode was 13 days, increasing to 40–43 days for a patient's entire time in care. LOS varied greatly, by care setting, from seven days (dedicated unit), to 19 days (tertiary unit), 37 days (home), and 54 days (chronic care). Our findings are similar to those reported from national surveys in Australia and the United Kingdom. Summary This study generated useful baseline data and identified key issues requiring resolution before establishing a national surveillance system, including the need to track patients across care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Gaudette
- Cancer Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada, Ottawa
| | - Fan Shi
- Therapeutic Products Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa
| | - Tammy Lipskie
- Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Healthy Human Development, Health Canada, Ottawa
| | - Pierre Allard
- University of Ottawa Institute for Palliative Care, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Robin L. Fainsinger
- Palliative Care Program, Royal Alexandra Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - David Maxwell
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Mike Harlos
- University of Manitoba and Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Palliative Care, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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13
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Mcintyre
- Department of Palliative Care, Capital District Health Authority, Halifax
| | - Simon Field
- Dalhousie University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Halifax
| | - David Maxwell
- Dalhousie University, Department of Family Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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14
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Hunter ED, Isaac CA, Johnson MA, Jones JM, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Khramov A, Knapp P, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Michan JM, Momose T, Munich JJ, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Starko DM, Stutter G, So C, Tharp TD, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Observation of the 1S-2P Lyman-α transition in antihydrogen. Nature 2018; 561:211-215. [PMID: 30135588 PMCID: PMC6786973 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 1906, Theodore Lyman discovered his eponymous series of transitions in the extreme-ultraviolet region of the atomic hydrogen spectrum1,2. The patterns in the hydrogen spectrum helped to establish the emerging theory of quantum mechanics, which we now know governs the world at the atomic scale. Since then, studies involving the Lyman-α line-the 1S-2P transition at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometres-have played an important part in physics and astronomy, as one of the most fundamental atomic transitions in the Universe. For example, this transition has long been used by astronomers studying the intergalactic medium and testing cosmological models via the so-called 'Lyman-α forest'3 of absorption lines at different redshifts. Here we report the observation of the Lyman-α transition in the antihydrogen atom, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. Using narrow-line-width, nanosecond-pulsed laser radiation, the 1S-2P transition was excited in magnetically trapped antihydrogen. The transition frequency at a field of 1.033 tesla was determined to be 2,466,051.7 ± 0.12 gigahertz (1σ uncertainty) and agrees with the prediction for hydrogen to a precision of 5 × 10-8. Comparisons of the properties of antihydrogen with those of its well-studied matter equivalent allow precision tests of fundamental symmetries between matter and antimatter. Alongside the ground-state hyperfine4,5 and 1S-2S transitions6,7 recently observed in antihydrogen, the Lyman-α transition will permit laser cooling of antihydrogen8,9, thus providing a cold and dense sample of anti-atoms for precision spectroscopy and gravity measurements10. In addition to the observation of this fundamental transition, this work represents both a decisive technological step towards laser cooling of antihydrogen, and the extension of antimatter spectroscopy to quantum states possessing orbital angular momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B X R Alves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C J Baker
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Carruth
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S Cohen
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - D R Gill
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - W N Hardy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E D Hunter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - J M Jones
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Khramov
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Knapp
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J M Michan
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Momose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - J J Munich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - A Olin
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Pusa
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - D M Silveira
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D M Starko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C So
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R I Thompson
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D P van der Werf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- IRFU, CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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15
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Demmel F, McPhail D, French C, Maxwell D, Harrison S, Boxall J, Rhodes N, Mukhopadhyay S, Silverwood I, Sakai VG, Fernandez-Alonso F. ToF-Backscattering spectroscopy at the ISIS Facility: Status and Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1021/1/012027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Scriven JE, Scobie A, Verlander NQ, Houston A, Collyns T, Cajic V, Kon OM, Mitchell T, Rahama O, Robinson A, Withama S, Wilson P, Maxwell D, Agranoff D, Davies E, Llewelyn M, Soo SS, Sahota A, Cooper MA, Hunter M, Tomlins J, Tiberi S, Kendall S, Dedicoat M, Alexander E, Fenech T, Zambon M, Lamagni T, Smith EG, Chand M. Mycobacterium chimaera infection following cardiac surgery in the United Kingdom: clinical features and outcome of the first 30 cases. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1164-1170. [PMID: 29803845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterium chimaera infection following cardiac surgery, due to contaminated cardiopulmonary bypass heater-cooler units, has been reported worldwide. However, the spectrum of clinical disease remains poorly understood. To address this, we report the clinical and laboratory features, treatment and outcome of the first 30 UK cases. METHODS Case note review was performed for cases identified retrospectively through outbreak investigations and prospectively through ongoing surveillance. Case definition was Mycobacterium chimaera detected in any clinical specimen, history of cardiothoracic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, and compatible clinical presentation. RESULTS Thirty patients were identified (28 with prosthetic material) exhibiting a spectrum of disease including prosthetic valve endocarditis (14/30), sternal wound infection (2/30), aortic graft infection (4/30) and disseminated (non-cardiac) disease (10/30). Patients presented a median of 14 months post surgery (maximum 5 years) most commonly complaining of fever and weight loss. Investigations frequently revealed lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, liver cholestasis and non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Diagnostic sensitivity for a single mycobacterial blood culture was 68% but increased if multiple samples were sent. In all, 27 patients started macrolide-based combination treatment and 14 had further surgery. To date, 18 patients have died (60%) a median of 30 months (interquartile range 20-39 months) after initial surgery. Survival analysis identified younger age, mitral valve surgery, mechanical valve replacement, higher serum sodium concentration and lower C-reactive protein as factors associated with better survival. CONCLUSIONS Mycobacterium chimaera infection following cardiac surgery is associated with a wide spectrum of disease. The diagnosis should be considered in all patients who develop an unexplained illness following cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Scriven
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK.
| | - A Scobie
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - N Q Verlander
- Statistics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - A Houston
- Department of Infection, St Georges Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - T Collyns
- Department of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - V Cajic
- Department of Infection, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - O M Kon
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - T Mitchell
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - O Rahama
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - A Robinson
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - S Withama
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P Wilson
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Eastbourne, UK
| | - D Agranoff
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - E Davies
- Public Health Wales Microbiology, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Llewelyn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - S-S Soo
- Department of Microbiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, QMC Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - A Sahota
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - M A Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - M Hunter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - J Tomlins
- Department of Infection, St Georges Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Tiberi
- Division of Infection, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK; Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - S Kendall
- Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery in Great Britain and Ireland, London, UK; South Tees Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - M Dedicoat
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - E Alexander
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | | | - M Zambon
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - T Lamagni
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - E G Smith
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - M Chand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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17
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Isaac CA, Johnson MA, Jones JM, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Khramov A, Knapp P, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Momose T, Munich JJ, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Stutter G, So C, Tharp TD, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Characterization of the 1S-2S transition in antihydrogen. Nature 2018; 557:71-75. [PMID: 29618820 PMCID: PMC6784861 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 1928, Dirac published an equation 1 that combined quantum mechanics and special relativity. Negative-energy solutions to this equation, rather than being unphysical as initially thought, represented a class of hitherto unobserved and unimagined particles-antimatter. The existence of particles of antimatter was confirmed with the discovery of the positron 2 (or anti-electron) by Anderson in 1932, but it is still unknown why matter, rather than antimatter, survived after the Big Bang. As a result, experimental studies of antimatter3-7, including tests of fundamental symmetries such as charge-parity and charge-parity-time, and searches for evidence of primordial antimatter, such as antihelium nuclei, have high priority in contemporary physics research. The fundamental role of the hydrogen atom in the evolution of the Universe and in the historical development of our understanding of quantum physics makes its antimatter counterpart-the antihydrogen atom-of particular interest. Current standard-model physics requires that hydrogen and antihydrogen have the same energy levels and spectral lines. The laser-driven 1S-2S transition was recently observed 8 in antihydrogen. Here we characterize one of the hyperfine components of this transition using magnetically trapped atoms of antihydrogen and compare it to model calculations for hydrogen in our apparatus. We find that the shape of the spectral line agrees very well with that expected for hydrogen and that the resonance frequency agrees with that in hydrogen to about 5 kilohertz out of 2.5 × 1015 hertz. This is consistent with charge-parity-time invariance at a relative precision of 2 × 10-12-two orders of magnitude more precise than the previous determination 8 -corresponding to an absolute energy sensitivity of 2 × 10-20 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B X R Alves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C J Baker
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Carruth
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S Cohen
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - R Collister
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M C Fujiwara
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D R Gill
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - W N Hardy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - J M Jones
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Khramov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Knapp
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - L Kurchaninov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J T K McKenna
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Momose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J J Munich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K Olchanski
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Olin
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Pusa
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - D M Silveira
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C So
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R I Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D P van der Werf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- IRFU, CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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18
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Butler E, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Gutierrez A, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Isaac CA, Ishida A, Johnson MA, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Mathers M, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Michan JM, Momose T, Munich JJ, Nolan P, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Stracka S, Stutter G, So C, Tharp TD, Thompson JE, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Erratum: Observation of the hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen. Nature 2018; 553:530. [PMID: 29258296 DOI: 10.1038/nature24663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature23446.
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19
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Isaac CA, Johnson MA, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Mathers M, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Momose T, Munich JJ, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, So C, Stutter G, Tharp TD, Thompson JE, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Enhanced Control and Reproducibility of Non-Neutral Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:025001. [PMID: 29376718 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous control of the density and particle number of non-neutral plasmas confined in Penning-Malmberg traps is demonstrated. Control is achieved by setting the plasma's density by applying a rotating electric field while simultaneously fixing its axial potential via evaporative cooling. This novel method is particularly useful for stabilizing positron plasmas, as the procedures used to collect positrons from radioactive sources typically yield plasmas with variable densities and particle numbers; it also simplifies optimization studies that require plasma parameter scans. The reproducibility achieved by applying this technique to the positron and electron plasmas used by the ALPHA antihydrogen experiment at CERN, combined with other developments, contributed to a 10-fold increase in the antiatom trapping rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - B X R Alves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C J Baker
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - C Carruth
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - S Cohen
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - R Collister
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M C Fujiwara
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - D R Gill
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - W N Hardy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - S A Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Kurchaninov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - M Mathers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - J T K McKenna
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - T Momose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - J J Munich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - K Olchanski
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - A Olin
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - P Pusa
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - E Sarid
- Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - D M Silveira
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
| | - C So
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881,Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, USA
| | - J E Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - R I Thompson
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D P van der Werf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
- IRFU, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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20
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Butler E, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Gutierrez A, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Isaac CA, Ishida A, Johnson MA, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Mathers M, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Michan JM, Momose T, Munich JJ, Nolan P, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Stracka S, Stutter G, So C, Tharp TD, Thompson JE, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Observation of the hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen. Nature 2017; 548:66-69. [PMID: 28770838 DOI: 10.1038/nature23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The observation of hyperfine structure in atomic hydrogen by Rabi and co-workers and the measurement of the zero-field ground-state splitting at the level of seven parts in 1013 are important achievements of mid-twentieth-century physics. The work that led to these achievements also provided the first evidence for the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, inspired Schwinger's relativistic theory of quantum electrodynamics and gave rise to the hydrogen maser, which is a critical component of modern navigation, geo-positioning and very-long-baseline interferometry systems. Research at the Antiproton Decelerator at CERN by the ALPHA collaboration extends these enquiries into the antimatter sector. Recently, tools have been developed that enable studies of the hyperfine structure of antihydrogen-the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. The goal of such studies is to search for any differences that might exist between this archetypal pair of atoms, and thereby to test the fundamental principles on which quantum field theory is constructed. Magnetic trapping of antihydrogen atoms provides a means of studying them by combining electromagnetic interaction with detection techniques that are unique to antimatter. Here we report the results of a microwave spectroscopy experiment in which we probe the response of antihydrogen over a controlled range of frequencies. The data reveal clear and distinct signatures of two allowed transitions, from which we obtain a direct, magnetic-field-independent measurement of the hyperfine splitting. From a set of trials involving 194 detected atoms, we determine a splitting of 1,420.4 ± 0.5 megahertz, consistent with expectations for atomic hydrogen at the level of four parts in 104. This observation of the detailed behaviour of a quantum transition in an atom of antihydrogen exemplifies tests of fundamental symmetries such as charge-parity-time in antimatter, and the techniques developed here will enable more-precise such tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - B X R Alves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C J Baker
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M12 9PL, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK
| | - E Butler
- Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneve 23, Switzerland
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - C Carruth
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S Cohen
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - R Collister
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M C Fujiwara
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - D R Gill
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - A Gutierrez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - W N Hardy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Ishida
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M12 9PL, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Kurchaninov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - M Mathers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - J T K McKenna
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - J M Michan
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - T Momose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - J J Munich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - P Nolan
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - K Olchanski
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - A Olin
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - P Pusa
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - E Sarid
- Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - D M Silveira
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
| | - S Stracka
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Universita di Pisa and Sezione INFN di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C So
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, USA
| | - J E Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - R I Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D P van der Werf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.,IRFU, CEA/Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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21
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Lin YH, Satani N, Hammoudi N, Pisaneschi F, Leonard P, Maxwell D, Peng Z, Link T, Gilbert LIVR, Bosajou A, Sun D, Marszalek J, Sun Y, McMurray JS, Mandal PK, Francesco MED, Czako B, Wang A, Bornmann W, DePinho RA, Muller F. Abstract A39: Pomhex, a cell-permeable high potency enolase inhibitor with utility for collateral lethality treatment of cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-8514.synthleth-a39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glycolysis inhibition is an active area of investigation for the treatment of cancer. However, few compounds have progressed beyond the cell culture stage. We have recently demonstrated that genomic passenger deletion of the glycolytic enzyme Enolase 1 (ENO1) leaves gliomas harboring such deletions solely reliant on ENO2, rendering them exquisitely sensitive to enolase inhibitors Collateral Lethality. However, the tool compound that we employed for these in vitro studies, Phosphonoacetohydroxamate (PhAH), has very poor pharmacological properties and was ineffective in vivo. We recently reported that a structural analogue of PhAH, the natural phosphonate antibiotic SF2312, is a high potency inhibitor of Enolase. While more potent than PhAH, SF2312 remains poorly cell permeable. Here, we generated a Pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) ester pro-drug derivative of SF2312, termed POMSF, which increased the potency in cell based systems by ~50-fold. POMSF is selectively active against ENO1-deleted glioma cells in culture at ~19 nM, versus μM for SF2312. However, POMSF displayed poor aqueous stability. A derivative of POMSF, termed POMHEX, showed greater stability and its active form, HEX, showed 4-fold preference for ENO1 over ENO2. Labeled 13C-glucose tracing shows that POMHEX inhibits glycolysis at the Enolase step in all cell lines tested, but with ~100-fold greater potency in ENO1-deleted lines. POMHEX selectively killed ENO1-deleted glioma cells with an IC50 <30nM, whilst non-deleted cells could readily tolerate μM levels of inhibitor. As such, POMHEX was selected for in vivo experiments. Using an orthotopic intracranial xenografted model where tumor growth and response to therapy are monitored by MRI, we show that POMHEX is capable of eradicating intracranial ENO1-deleted tumors, with mice remaining recurrence-free even after treatment discontinuation. Taken together, these results reinforce that glycolysis is a viable target and provide in vivo proof-of-principal for the concept of using passenger deletions as targetable vulnerabilities in personalized cancer therapy.
Citation Format: Yu-Hsi Lin, Nikunj Satani, Naima Hammoudi, Federica Pisaneschi, Paul Leonard, David Maxwell, Zhenghong Peng, Todd Link, Lee IV R. Gilbert, Ananth Bosajou, Duoli Sun, Joe Marszalek, Yuting Sun, John S. McMurray, Pijus K. Mandal, Maria E. Di Francesco, Barbara Czako, Alan Wang, William Bornmann, Ronald A. DePinho, Florian Muller. Pomhex, a cell-permeable high potency enolase inhibitor with utility for collateral lethality treatment of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Opportunities and Challenges of Exploiting Synthetic Lethality in Cancer; Jan 4-7, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2017;16(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsi Lin
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | | | - Naima Hammoudi
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | | | - Paul Leonard
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - David Maxwell
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - Zhenghong Peng
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - Todd Link
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | | | - Ananth Bosajou
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - Duoli Sun
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - Joe Marszalek
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - Yuting Sun
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - John S. McMurray
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - Pijus K. Mandal
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | | | - Barbara Czako
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | - Alan Wang
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
| | | | | | - Florian Muller
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,
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22
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Butler E, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Gutierrez A, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Isaac CA, Ishida A, Johnson MA, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Mathers M, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Michan JM, Momose T, Munich JJ, Nolan P, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Stracka S, Stutter G, So C, Tharp TD, Thompson JE, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Antihydrogen accumulation for fundamental symmetry tests. Nat Commun 2017; 8:681. [PMID: 28947794 PMCID: PMC5613003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antihydrogen, a positron bound to an antiproton, is the simplest anti-atom. Its structure and properties are expected to mirror those of the hydrogen atom. Prospects for precision comparisons of the two, as tests of fundamental symmetries, are driving a vibrant programme of research. In this regard, a limiting factor in most experiments is the availability of large numbers of cold ground state antihydrogen atoms. Here, we describe how an improved synthesis process results in a maximum rate of 10.5 ± 0.6 atoms trapped and detected per cycle, corresponding to more than an order of magnitude improvement over previous work. Additionally, we demonstrate how detailed control of electron, positron and antiproton plasmas enables repeated formation and trapping of antihydrogen atoms, with the simultaneous retention of atoms produced in previous cycles. We report a record of 54 detected annihilation events from a single release of the trapped anti-atoms accumulated from five consecutive cycles. Antihydrogen studies are important in testing the fundamental principles of physics but producing antihydrogen in large amounts is challenging. Here the authors demonstrate an efficient and high-precision method for trapping and stacking antihydrogen by using controlled plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - B X R Alves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C J Baker
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - W Bertsche
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M12 9PL, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - E Butler
- Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211, Geneve 23, Switzerland
| | - A Capra
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
| | - C Carruth
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA
| | - C L Cesar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Charlton
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S Cohen
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - R Collister
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - N Evetts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - J Fajans
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA
| | - T Friesen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - M C Fujiwara
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
| | - D R Gill
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
| | - A Gutierrez
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J S Hangst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - W N Hardy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - M E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - C A Isaac
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Ishida
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - M A Johnson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M12 9PL, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S Jonsell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Kurchaninov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
| | - N Madsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - M Mathers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - J T K McKenna
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
| | - S Menary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - J M Michan
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3.,École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Momose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - J J Munich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - P Nolan
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - K Olchanski
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
| | - A Olin
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - P Pusa
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - C Ø Rasmussen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F Robicheaux
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R L Sacramento
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - M Sameed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - E Sarid
- Soreq NRC, Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - D M Silveira
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - S Stracka
- Universita di Pisa and Sezione INFN di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Stutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C So
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - T D Tharp
- Physics Department, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-1881, USA
| | - J E Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - R I Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - D P van der Werf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,IRFU, CEA/Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J S Wurtele
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA
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23
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Barry J, Maxwell D, Jennings S, Walker D, Murray J. Emon
: an R‐package to support the design of marine ecological and environmental studies, surveys and monitoring programmes. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Barry
- Lowestoft Laboratory Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Pakefield Road Lowestoft Suffolk NR33 OHT UK
| | - David Maxwell
- Lowestoft Laboratory Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Pakefield Road Lowestoft Suffolk NR33 OHT UK
| | - Simon Jennings
- Lowestoft Laboratory Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Pakefield Road Lowestoft Suffolk NR33 OHT UK
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - David Walker
- Weymouth Laboratory Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science The Nothe, Barrack Road Weymouth DT4 8UB UK
| | - Joanna Murray
- Lowestoft Laboratory Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Pakefield Road Lowestoft Suffolk NR33 OHT UK
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24
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Ahmadi M, Alves BXR, Baker CJ, Bertsche W, Butler E, Capra A, Carruth C, Cesar CL, Charlton M, Cohen S, Collister R, Eriksson S, Evans A, Evetts N, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Gutierrez A, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Isaac CA, Ishida A, Johnson MA, Jones SA, Jonsell S, Kurchaninov L, Madsen N, Mathers M, Maxwell D, McKenna JTK, Menary S, Michan JM, Momose T, Munich JJ, Nolan P, Olchanski K, Olin A, Pusa P, Rasmussen CØ, Robicheaux F, Sacramento RL, Sameed M, Sarid E, Silveira DM, Stracka S, Stutter G, So C, Tharp TD, Thompson JE, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS. Observation of the 1S–2S transition in trapped antihydrogen. Nature 2016; 541:506-510. [DOI: 10.1038/nature21040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Leonard PG, Satani N, Maxwell D, Lin YH, Hammoudi N, Peng Z, Pisaneschi F, Link TM, Lee GR, Sun D, Prasad BAB, Di Francesco ME, Czako B, Asara JM, Wang YA, Bornmann W, DePinho RA, Muller FL. SF2312 is a natural phosphonate inhibitor of enolase. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:1053-1058. [PMID: 27723749 PMCID: PMC5110371 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite being critical for energy generation in most forms of life, few if any microbial antibiotics specifically inhibit glycolysis. To develop a specific inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme Enolase 2 for the treatment of cancers with deletion of Enolase 1, we modeled the synthetic tool compound inhibitor, Phosphonoacetohydroxamate (PhAH) into the active site of human ENO2. A ring-stabilized analogue of PhAH, with the hydroxamic nitrogen linked to the alpha-carbon by an ethylene bridge, was predicted to increase binding affinity by stabilizing the inhibitor in a bound conformation. Unexpectedly, a structure based search revealed that our hypothesized back-bone-stabilized PhAH bears strong similarity to SF2312, a phosphonate antibiotic of unknown mode of action produced by the actinomycete Micromonospora, which is active under anaerobic conditions. Here, we present multiple lines of evidence, including a novel X-ray structure, that SF2312 is a highly potent, low nM inhibitor of Enolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Leonard
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Nikunj Satani
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - David Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Analytics & Informatics, Houston, TX 77054-3403
| | - Yu-Hsi Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Naima Hammoudi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | | | - Federica Pisaneschi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Todd M Link
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Gilbert R Lee
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Duoli Sun
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Basvoju A Bhanu Prasad
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Maria Emilia Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Barbara Czako
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Y Alan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | | | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
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26
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Lin YH, Marszalek J, Sun Y, Hammoudi N, Leonard P, Maxwell D, Satani N, Zhang P, Link T, Lee G, Di Francesco ME, Czako B, Want AY, DePinho RA, Muller FL. Abstract C183: Pomhex: a cell-permeable high potency Enolase inhibitor with in vivo anti-neoplastic activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-c183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glycolysis inhibition is an active area of investigation in cancer. However, few compounds have progressed beyond the cell culture stage. We have recently demonstrated that genomic passenger deletion of the glycolytic enzyme Enolase 1 (ENO1) leaves gliomas harboring such deletions with less than 10% of normal enzymatic activity, rendering them exquisitely sensitive to enolase inhibitors. However, the tool compound that we employed for these in vitro studies, Phosphonoacetohydroxamate (PhAH), has very poor pharmacological properties and was ineffective in vivo. We performed a SAR studies to increase inhibitor specificity towards ENO2 as well as pro-druging to increase cell permeability. The lead compound generated by these efforts, termed POMHEX, is selectively active against ENO1-deleted glioma cells in culture at ∼35nM (versus μM for PhAH). Using an orthotopic intracranial xenografted model where tumor growth and response to therapy are monitored by MRI, we show that POMHEX is capable of eradicating intracranial ENO1-deleted tumors, with mice remaining recurrence-free even after treatment discontinuation. Taken together, these results reinforce that glycolysis is a viable target and provide in vivo proof-of-principal for the concept of using passenger deletions as targetable vulnerabilities in cancer therapy.
Citation Format: Yu-Hsi Lin, Joe Marszalek, Yuting Sun, Naima Hammoudi, Paul Leonard, David Maxwell, Nikunj Satani, Peng Zhang, Todd Link, Gilbert Lee, Maria E. Di Francesco, Barbara Czako, Alan Y. Want, Ronald A. DePinho, Florian L. Muller. Pomhex: a cell-permeable high potency Enolase inhibitor with in vivo anti-neoplastic activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C183.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Todd Link
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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27
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Townhill BL, Maxwell D, Engelhard GH, Simpson SD, Pinnegar JK. Historical Arctic Logbooks Provide Insights into Past Diets and Climatic Responses of Cod. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135418. [PMID: 26331271 PMCID: PMC4557987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) stocks in the Barents Sea are currently at levels not seen since the 1950s. Causes for the population increase last century, and understanding of whether such large numbers will be maintained in the future, are unclear. To explore this, we digitised and interrogated historical cod catch and diet datasets from the Barents Sea. Seventeen years of catch data and 12 years of prey data spanning 1930–1959 cover unexplored spatial and temporal ranges, and importantly capture the end of a previous warm period, when temperatures were similar to those currently being experienced. This study aimed to evaluate cod catch per unit effort and prey frequency in relation to spatial, temporal and environmental variables. There was substantial spatio-temporal heterogeneity in catches through the time series. The highest catches were generally in the 1930s and 1940s, although at some localities more cod were recorded late in the 1950s. Generalized Additive Models showed that environmental, spatial and temporal variables are all valuable descriptors of cod catches, with the highest occurring from 15–45°E longitude and 73–77°N latitude, at bottom temperatures between 2 and 4°C and at depths between 150 and 250 m. Cod diets were highly variable during the study period, with frequent changes in the relative frequencies of different prey species, particularly Mallotus villosus (capelin). Environmental variables were particularly good at describing the importance of capelin and Clupea harengus (herring) in the diet. These new analyses support existing knowledge about how the ecology of the region is controlled by climatic variability. When viewed in combination with more recent data, these historical relationships will be valuable in forecasting the future of Barents Sea fisheries, and in understanding how environments and ecosystems may respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony L. Townhill
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David Maxwell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Georg H. Engelhard
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Simpson
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - John K. Pinnegar
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Mead L, Porteous L, Tait M, Stoker R, Payne S, Calvert C, Maxwell D, Katikireddi SV. The prevalence of medical reasons for non-participation in the Scottish breast and bowel cancer screening programmes. J Med Screen 2015; 22:106-8. [PMID: 25753487 PMCID: PMC4429165 DOI: 10.1177/0969141315572173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Increasing uptake of cancer screening is a priority for health systems internationally, however, some patients may not attend because they are undergoing active treatment for the cancer of interest or have other medical reasons that mean participation would be inappropriate. This study aims to quantify the proportion of non-participants who have a medical reason for not attending cancer screening. Methods Medical reasons for not participating in breast and bowel screening were defined a priori on the basis of a literature review and expert opinion. The notes of 700 patients at two GP practices in Scotland were reviewed, to ascertain the prevalence of medical reasons amongst non-participants. Simple proportions and confidence intervals were calculated. Results 17.4% of breast and 2.3% of bowel screening non-participants had a medical reason to not participate. The two most common reasons were previous breast cancer follow up (8.86%) and recent mammogram (6.57%). Conclusion These patients may not benefit from screening while also being distressed by receiving an invitation. This issue also makes accurate monitoring and target-setting for improving uptake difficult. Further work is needed to estimate robustly the extent to which medical reasons account for screening non-participation in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mead
- College of Medicine, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH16 4TJ
| | - L Porteous
- North Berwick Health Centre, 54 St Baldred's Road, North Berwick, East Lothian EH39 4PU
| | - M Tait
- South East Scotland Breast Screening Programme, Ardmillan House, Ardmillan Terrace, Edinburgh EH11 2JL
| | - R Stoker
- NHS Lothian, Waverley Gate, 2-4 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH1 3EG
| | - S Payne
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, NHS Lothian, Waverley Gate, 2-4 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH1 3EG
| | - C Calvert
- Bruntsfield Medical Practice, 11 Forbes Road, Edinburgh EH10 4EY
| | - D Maxwell
- Howden Health Centre, Howden road West, Livingston
| | - S V Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Top floor, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB
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Demmel F, McPhail D, Crawford J, Maxwell D, Pokhilchuk K, Garcia-Sakai V, Mukhopadyay S, Telling M, Bermejo F, Skipper N, Fernandez-Alonso F. Opening the terahertz window on the OSIRIS spectrometer. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20158303003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Newham R, Bennie M, Maxwell D, Watson A, de Wet C, Bowie P. Development and psychometric testing of an instrument to measure safety climate perceptions in community pharmacy. J Eval Clin Pract 2014; 20:1144-52. [PMID: 25359630 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES A positive and strong safety culture underpins effective learning from patient safety incidents in health care, including the community pharmacy (CP) setting. To build this culture, perceptions of safety climate must be measured with context-specific and reliable instruments. No pre-existing instruments were specifically designed or suitable for CP within Scotland. We therefore aimed to develop a psychometrically sound instrument to measure perceptions of safety climate within Scottish CPs. METHODS The first stage, development of a preliminary instrument, comprised three steps: (i) a literature review; (ii) focus group feedback; and (iii) content validation. The second stage, psychometric testing, consisted of three further steps: (iv) a pilot survey; (v) a survey of all CP staff within a single health board in NHS Scotland; and (vi) application of statistical methods, including principal components analysis and calculation of Cronbach's reliability coefficients, to derive the final instrument. RESULTS The preliminary questionnaire was developed through a process of literature review and feedback. This questionnaire was completed by staff in 50 CPs from the 131 (38%) sampled. 250 completed questionnaires were suitable for analysis. Psychometric evaluation resulted in a 30-item instrument with five positively correlated safety climate factors: leadership, teamwork, safety systems, communication and working conditions. Reliability coefficients were satisfactory for the safety climate factors (α > 0.7) and overall (α = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS The robust nature of the technical design and testing process has resulted in the development of an instrument with sufficient psychometric properties, which can be implemented in the community pharmacy setting in NHS Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Newham
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
Abstract
Background: RecQ helicases are a ubiquitous family of DNA unwinding enzymes involved in the maintenance of chromosome stability. RecQ1 helicase genomic variations have an important prognostic role and represents a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer [JCO 2006; 24 (11) 1720-1728]. Pubchem data indicated potential RecQ1 activity >600 compounds using a qHTS RecQ1 assay (NIH Chemical Genomics Center).
Methods: We applied a set of filters including molecular weight, potency and Hill curve fitting and also removed those interfering with biological assay to identify sixteen compounds for studying RecQ1 inhibition. Two compounds showed strong inhibition of RecQ1 helicase activity at 50 µM and at IC50 < 5 µM, respectively. From a large library of compounds, eight potential inhibitors were synthesized in three simple steps. First, sulfonylation of various amines with 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride was performed followed by reduction of the nitro group into an amine. Finally, acylation with variety of acid chlorides resulted in the final library of RecQ1 analogs. These agents were studied for RecQ1 helicase activity assay with the radiolabeled partial duplex substrate in vitro. The RecQ1 inhibitor candidate compounds were investigated in pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-1, PANC-1, and Mia-Paca2) for anti-tumor efficacy using cell proliferation assay with CellTiter-Glo® luminescence. Combination studies with test compounds and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib and topoisomerase Inhibitor SN38 were performed. Results: Though none of the compounds showed the same level of activity of the parent compounds, we were able to demonstrate a modest level of helicase activity with several. Two compounds displayed strong inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Two other compounds displayed synergistic inhibition with SN38 or olaparib of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and induced DNA damage.
Conclusions: Synthesis of RecQ1 inhibitors is feasible and shows potential for anti-tumor efficacy.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Mingxin Zuo, David Maxwell, Basvoju A. Bhanu Prasad, Zhenghong Peng, William Bornmann, Milind M. Javle. Development of targeted inhibitors against RecQ1 helicase. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5361. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5361
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Bornmann WG, Peng Z, Maxwell D, Sun D, Bhanu BA, Talpaz M, Donato N, Levitzki A. Abstract 2698: Degrasyn-like symmetrical compounds: Possible therapeutic agents for multiple myeloma (MM-I). Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of degrasyn-like symmetrical compounds have been designed, synthesized, and screened against B cell malignancy (multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma) cell lines. The lead compounds T5165804 and CP2005 showed higher nanomolar potency against these tumor cells in comparison to degrasyn and inhibited Usp9x activity in vitro and in intact cells. These observations suggest that this new class of compounds holds promise as cancer therapeutic agents.
Citation Format: William G. Bornmann, Zhenghong Peng, David Maxwell, Duoli Sun, Basvoju A. Bhanu, Moshe Talpaz, Nicholas Donato, Alexander Levitzki. Degrasyn-like symmetrical compounds: Possible therapeutic agents for multiple myeloma (MM-I). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2698. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2698
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duoli Sun
- 1UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Moshe Talpaz
- 2University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nicholas Donato
- 2University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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Hicks A, Muthukumarasamy S, Maxwell D, Howlett D. Chronic inactive pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment sequelae: chest radiographic features. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18:128-33. [PMID: 24429302 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The chest radiograph (CXR) is a key initial tool in the diagnosis of many lung conditions, including pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). With proper use of anti-tuberculosis drugs, TB can be treated effectively and many CXR changes are limited. However, anti-tuberculosis drugs have not always been available, and in some cases they have not been started early in the disease process. The infection has then been able to take hold and cause significant radiologically visible damage, such as calcification and fibrosis. Before the use of anti-tuberculosis drugs, a variety of surgical techniques were employed to control pulmonary infection, including plombage, oleothorax, phrenic nerve crush and thoracoplasty. Each of these led to distinctive CXR features. This article sets out to describe the CXR features of chronic disease and surgical treatments, as their increasing rarity with the passage of time has meant that they can be misinterpreted. However, with increasing life expectancy and the revival of surgery due to the development of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, the correct interpretation of these CXR changes is still of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hicks
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - S Muthukumarasamy
- Department of Radiology, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Eastbourne, UK
| | - D Maxwell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Eastbourne, UK
| | - D Howlett
- Department of Radiology, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Eastbourne, UK
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Kusminsky RE, Witsberger T, Todd Kuenstner J, Willis Trammell S, Schlarb CA, Maxwell D, Richmond BK, Boland JP. Identification of the sentinel node by ultrasonography in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:1969-74. [PMID: 24566860 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of the sentinel node (SN) in patients with breast cancer is done by tracking a radioactive tracer, a vital dye, or both, as the marker(s) reach the axilla. Replacing this method with ultrasonographic (US) recognition of the SN could eventually spare patients the need for systemic anesthesia, permit minimally invasive outpatient biopsy of the node, and allow the formulation of a precise therapeutic plan before a definitive surgical procedure. METHODS Eighty-eight axillae of 84 patients with a histologic diagnosis of breast cancer were studied by injecting the subareolar area of the affected breast(s) with technetium 99 and an iron preparation before the planned surgical procedure and SN biopsy. An axillary US scan was performed in all patients before the injection of the markers. After induction of anesthesia, the SN was identified, needle-localized, and extracted under US guidance. Confirmation that the SN was retrieved was established by concordance with the audible gamma signal, unless there was none. All extracted nodes had iron stains performed. RESULTS All except three of the SNs were identified with US after the iron marker was injected, and all except six were identified by their radioactive signal. One of the SNs undetected on US was identified by its radioactive tracer, and the other two, although seen on US, had neither a gamma signal nor concordant iron deposits. All other SNs identified with US had a concordant audible signal when there was one, and all had concordant iron deposits on microscopy. Of the six SNs without a gamma signal, three without preincision activity were identified with US; three with neither a preincision nor an ex vivo signal were seen with US, but two of these were the SNs without a concordant iron deposit. CONCLUSIONS Using an iron preparation, the SN in patients with breast cancer can be identified with US with an accuracy equal to and perhaps better than that achieved with a radioactive tracer. These findings may change the current diagnostic model and affect the therapeutic algorithm of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E Kusminsky
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University/Charleston Division, Charleston, WV, USA,
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Lightsey OR, Boyraz G, Ervin A, Rarey EB, Gharibian Gharghani G, Maxwell D. Generalized self-efficacy, positive cognitions, and negative cognitions as mediators of the relationship between conscientiousness and meaning in life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1037/a0034022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Peng Z, Maxwell D, Sun D, Ying Y, Schuber PT, Bhanu Prasad BA, Gelovani J, Yung WKA, Bornmann WG. Design and Synthesis of an Inositol Phosphate Analog Based on Computational Docking Studies. Tetrahedron 2014; 70:984-990. [PMID: 25110363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A virtual library of 54 inositol analog mimics of In(1,4,5)P3 has been docked, scored, and ranked within the binding site of human inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A (IP3-3KA). Chemical synthesis of the best scoring structure that also met distance criteria for 3'-OH to -P in Phosphate has been attempted along with the synthesis of (1S,2R,3S,4S)-3-fluoro-2,4-dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid as an inositol analog, useful for non-invasive visualization and quantitation of IP3-3KA enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Peng
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Maxwell
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Duoli Sun
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yunming Ying
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul T Schuber
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Basvoju A Bhanu Prasad
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juri Gelovani
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wai-Kwan Alfred Yung
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William G Bornmann
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box 603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hopkinson N, Wallis C, Higgins B, Gaduzo S, Sherrington R, Keilty S, Stern M, Britton J, Bush A, Moxham J, Sylvester K, Griffiths V, Sutherland T, Crossingham I, Raju R, Spencer C, Safavi S, Deegan P, Seymour J, Hickman K, Hughes J, Wieboldt J, Shaheen F, Peedell C, Mackenzie N, Nicholl D, Jolley C, Crooks G, Crooks G, Dow C, Deveson P, Bintcliffe O, Gray B, Kumar S, Haney S, Docherty M, Thomas A, Chua F, Dwarakanath A, Summers G, Prowse K, Lytton S, Ong YE, Graves J, Banerjee T, English P, Leonard A, Brunet M, Chaudhry N, Ketchell RI, Cummings N, Lebus J, Sharp C, Meadows C, Harle A, Stewart T, Parry D, Templeton-Wright S, Moore-Gillon J, Stratford- Martin J, Saini S, Matusiewicz S, Merritt S, Dowson L, Satkunam K, Hodgson L, Suh ES, Durrington H, Browne E, Walters N, Steier J, Barry S, Griffiths M, Hart N, Nikolic M, Berry M, Thomas A, Miller J, McNicholl D, Marsden P, Warwick G, Barr L, Adeboyeku D, Mohd Noh MS, Griffiths P, Davies L, Quint J, Lyall R, Shribman J, Collins A, Goldman J, Bloch S, Gill A, Man W, Christopher A, Yasso R, Rajhan A, Shrikrishna D, Moore C, Absalom G, Booton R, Fowler RW, Mackinlay C, Sapey E, Lock S, Walker P, Jha A, Satia I, Bradley B, Mustfa N, Haqqee R, Thomas M, Patel A, Redington A, Pillai A, Keaney N, Fowler S, Lowe L, Brennan A, Morrison D, Murray C, Hankinson J, Dutta P, Maddocks M, Pengo M, Curtis K, Rafferty G, Hutchinson J, Whitfield R, Turner S, Breen R, Naveed SUN, Goode C, Esterbrook G, Ahmed L, Walker W, Ford D, Connett G, Davidson P, Elston W, Stanton A, Morgan D, Myerson J, Maxwell D, Harrris A, Parmar S, Houghton C, Winter R, Puthucheary Z, Thomson F, Sturney S, Harvey J, Haslam PL, Patel I, Jennings D, Range S, Mallia-Milanes B, Collett A, Tate P, Russell R, Feary J, O'Driscoll R, Eaden J, Round J, Sharkey E, Montgomery M, Vaughan S, Scheele K, Lithgow A, Partridge S, Chavasse R, Restrick L, Agrawal S, Abdallah S, Lacy-Colson A, Adams N, Mitchell S, Haja Mydin H, Ward A, Denniston S, Steel M, Ghosh D, Connellan S, Rigge L, Williams R, Grove A, Anwar S, Dobson L, Hosker H, Stableforth D, Greening N, Howell T, Casswell G, Davies S, Tunnicliffe G, Mitchelmore P, Phitidis E, Robinson L, Prowse K, Bafadhel M, Robinson G, Boland A, Lipman M, Bourke S, Kaul S, Cowie C, Forrest I, Starren E, Burke H, Furness J, Bhowmik A, Everett C, Seaton D, Holmes S, Doe S, Parker S, Graham A, Paterson I, Maqsood U, Ohri C, Iles P, Kemp S, Iftikhar A, Carlin C, Fletcher T, Emerson P, Beasley V, Ramsay M, Buttery R, Mungall S, Crooks S, Ridyard J, Ross D, Guadagno A, Holden E, Coutts I, Cullen K, O'Connor S, Barker J, Sloper K, Watson J, Smith P, Anderson P, Brown L, Nyman C, Milburn H, Clive A, Serlin M, Bolton C, Fuld J, Powell H, Dayer M, Woolhouse I, Georgiadi A, Leonard H, Dodd J, Campbell I, Ruiz G, Zurek A, Paton JY, Malin A, Wood F, Hynes G, Connell D, Spencer D, Brown S, Smith D, Cooper D, O'Kane C, Hicks A, Creagh-Brown B, Lordan J, Nickol A, Primhak R, Fleming L, Powrie D, Brown J, Zoumot Z, Elkin S, Szram J, Scaffardi A, Marshall R, Macdonald I, Lightbody D, Farmer R, Wheatley I, Radnan P, Lane I, Booth A, Tilbrook S, Capstick T, Hewitt L, McHugh M, Nelson C, Wilson P, Padmanaban V, White J, Davison J, O'Callaghan U, Hodson M, Edwards J, Campbell C, Ward S, Wooler E, Ringrose E, Bridges D, Long A, Parkes M, Clarke S, Allen B, Connelly C, Forster G, Hoadley J, Martin K, Barnham K, Khan K, Munday M, Edwards C, O'Hara D, Turner S, Pieri-Davies S, Ford K, Daniels T, Wright J, Towns R, Fern K, Butcher J, Burgin K, Winter B, Freeman D, Olive S, Gray L, Pye K, Roots D, Cox N, Davies CA, Wicker J, Hilton K, Lloyd J, MacBean V, Wood M, Kowal J, Downs J, Ryan H, Guyatt F, Nicoll D, Lyons E, Narasimhan D, Rodman A, Walmsley S, Newey A, Buxton M, Dewar M, Cooper A, Reilly J, Lloyd J, Macmillan AB, Roots D, Olley A, Voase N, Martin S, McCarvill I, Christensen A, Agate R, Heslop K, Timlett A, Hailes K, Davey C, Pawulska B, Lane A, Ioakim S, Hough A, Treharne J, Jones H, Winter-Burke A, Miller L, Connolly B, Bingham L, Fraser U, Bott J, Johnston C, Graham A, Curry D, Sumner H, Costello CA, Bartoszewicz C, Badman R, Williamson K, Taylor A, Purcell H, Barnett E, Molloy A, Crawfurd L, Collins N, Monaghan V, Mir M, Lord V, Stocks J, Edwards A, Greenhalgh T, Lenney W, McKee M, McAuley D, Majeed A, Cookson J, Baker E, Janes S, Wedzicha W, Lomas Dean D, Harrison B, Davison T, Calverley P, Wilson R, Stockley R, Ayres J, Gibson J, Simpson J, Burge S, Warner J, Lenney W, Thomson N, Davies P, Woodcock A, Woodhead M, Spiro S, Ormerod L, Bothamley G, Partridge M, Shields M, Montgomery H, Simonds A, Barnes P, Durham S, Malone S, Arabnia G, Olivier S, Gardiner K, Edwards S. Children must be protected from the tobacco industry's marketing tactics. BMJ 2013; 347:f7358. [PMID: 24324220 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f7358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hopkinson
- British Thoracic Society Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Specialist Advisory Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6NP, UK
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Maxwell D, Szwer DJ, Paredes-Barato D, Busche H, Pritchard JD, Gauguet A, Weatherill KJ, Jones MPA, Adams CS. Storage and control of optical photons using Rydberg polaritons. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:103001. [PMID: 23521254 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use a microwave field to control the quantum state of optical photons stored in a cold atomic cloud. The photons are stored in highly excited collective states (Rydberg polaritons) enabling both fast qubit rotations and control of photon-photon interactions. Through the collective read-out of these pseudospin rotations it is shown that the microwave field modifies the long-range interactions between polaritons. This technique provides a powerful interface between the microwave and optical domains, with applications in quantum simulations of spin liquids, quantum metrology and quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maxwell
- Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Department of Physics, Durham University, Rochester Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
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Sherry N, Qin J, Fuller MS, Xie Y, Mola O, Bauer M, McIntyre NS, Maxwell D, Liu D, Matias E, Armstrong C. Remote Internet access to advanced analytical facilities: a new approach with Web-based services. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7283-91. [PMID: 22894172 DOI: 10.1021/ac301513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the increasing availability of the World Wide Web has held out the possibility that the efficiency of scientific measurements could be enhanced in cases where experiments were being conducted at distant facilities. Examples of early successes have included X-ray diffraction (XRD) experimental measurements of protein crystal structures at synchrotrons and access to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and NMR facilities by users from institutions that do not possess such advanced capabilities. Experimental control, visual contact, and receipt of results has used some form of X forwarding and/or VNC (virtual network computing) software that transfers the screen image of a server at the experimental site to that of the users' home site. A more recent development is a web services platform called Science Studio that provides teams of scientists with secure links to experiments at one or more advanced research facilities. The software provides a widely distributed team with a set of controls and screens to operate, observe, and record essential parts of the experiment. As well, Science Studio provides high speed network access to computing resources to process the large data sets that are often involved in complex experiments. The simple web browser and the rapid transfer of experimental data to a processing site allow efficient use of the facility and assist decision making during the acquisition of the experimental results. The software provides users with a comprehensive overview and record of all parts of the experimental process. A prototype network is described involving X-ray beamlines at two different synchrotrons and an SEM facility. An online parallel processing facility has been developed that analyzes the data in near-real time using stream processing. Science Studio and can be expanded to include many other analytical applications, providing teams of users with rapid access to processed results along with the means for detailed discussion of their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sherry
- Faculty of Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Zhou Y, Tozzi F, Xia L, Fan F, Lu J, Maxwell D, Gao G, Bornmann W, Weihua Z, Ellis LM. Abstract B64: Development of a novel strategy to overcome drug resistance by targeting ATP citrate lyase and de novo lipogenesis in colorectal cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.mechres-b64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although the response rate to current systemic therapies is ∼50%, drug resistance develops in nearly all patients leading to 50,000 deaths each year. Overcoming drug resistance involves understanding the mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to the genotoxic stress. Metabolic changes at levels of mitochondria function, glucose metabolism, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids frequently occurs in malignant cells and impacts tumor development and growth. Our laboratory established in vitro drug-resistant models of CRC cells by chronic exposure of HT29 cells to increasing doses of chemotherapeutic agents (oxaliplatin, 5-FU and SN38) over a period of 4–6 months. We recently reported a metabolic switch to the glycolytic phenotype due to mitochondria defects in the oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells (HT29-OXR) (Zhou et al, Cancer Research, 2012). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that deregulation of de novo lipogenesis pathways plays an important role in chemoresistance of CRC cells.
Methods: A previous study (Bose et al. Br J Ca, 2011) using unbiased proteomic profiling by mass spectroscopy (MS) was used to determine the proteomic signature of defective metabolic pathways in the oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells (OXR cells). ATP-citrate-lyase (ACLy), the key enzyme of de novo lipogenesis pathway, was examined for protein levels and activation. The lipid content of resistant cells was examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Oil Red staining. Transient knockdown of the ACLy protein by siRNA was used to study re-chemosensitization of the resistant cells. A small molecule inhibitor of ACLy was studied in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in resistant CRC cells for growth inhibitory (MTT assay) and cytotoxic effects (PARP cleavage and Annexin V staining). A cell free assay was used to test the potency of the ACLy inhibitor on ACLy activation.
Results: Activated ACLy protein level (phosphorylation on S454) was demonstrated by Western blot analysis in the HT29-OXR and SN38-resistant (HT29-SNR) cells, but not in 5-FU-resistant (HT29-FUR) cells. The OxR cells showed a 2–3 fold increase in lipid droplets numbers (by TEM examination) and fatty acid content (by Oil Red staining) than the parental cells. Furthermore, transient knockdown of the ACLy protein by siRNA demonstrated a return to chemosensitization when cells were treated with oxaliplatin. IC50 values of the ACLy inhibitor for parental HT29 and HT29-OXR, -SNR and —FUR cells were ∼30μM. As a single agent, the ACLy inhibitor blocked phosphorylation of ACLy and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in parental HT29 cells, and its resistant derivatives -OXR and -SNR cells. Combination of the ACLy inhibitor at concentrations sufficient to block ACLy phosphorylation with oxaliplatin and SN38 showed enhanced effects on growth inhibition (MTT) and apoptosis induction (PARP cleavage and Annexin V assay) in HT29 cells-OXR and -SNR cells.
Conclusions: Chemoresistant CRC cells demonstrated: 1) increased de novo lipogenesis, 2) elevated levels of key lipogenesis enzymes ACLy, 3) dependence on ACLy activity for cell survival under cytotoxic stress. This metabolic switch likely contributes to the chemoresistant phenotype of CRC cells. Targeting an early step of de novo lipogenesis such as blocking ACLy activity may provide a novel strategy to overcome drug-resistance in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - Federico Tozzi
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - Ling Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - David Maxwell
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - Guang Gao
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - William Bornmann
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - Zhang Weihua
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
| | - Lee M Ellis
- Department of Cancer Biology1, Experimental Therapeutics2, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biology and Biochemistry3, The University of Houston, Houston TX
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Maxwell D. Industry-funded papers. Can Fam Physician 2011; 57:1385; discussion 1385. [PMID: 22170188 PMCID: PMC3237508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Lan PV, Tamayo AT, Li C, Sun D, Pal A, Peng Z, Maxwell D, Ford RJ, Bornmann WG. Abstract A129: Development of turmerax therapeutic compounds in aggressive, refractory B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-a129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acquired chemoresistance (ACR) is currently the most important cause of treatment failure and early mortality in DLBCL, arguably the most important but greatest unmet need in lymphoma therapy today. Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common human lymphoma, comprises a genetically and clinically diverse group of aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL-B), among a small group of important human cancers increasing in incidence in the US over the last four decades. NHL-B are the fifth most common cancers in the USA (>62,000 new cases/20,000 deaths) expected in 2011. The molecular biologic and genetic basis of the patho-physiology of these important lymphoid tumors is still mostly unresolved.
Relapsed/refractory (r/rDLBCL) DLBCL is one of the most difficult scientific challenges and severe unmet therapeutic needs in clinical oncology today. This is due largely to 1.) very drug resistant tumor cells with very poor responses (<20% PR/CR) to current “salvage” therapies; and 2.) non-existent, invalid, or inadequate disease models, that we have recently been able to overcome, with development of valid chemo-refractory DLBCL a unique cell model library, derived from our patients, that now provides the opportunity to delineate critical previously unknown patho-physiologic biomarkers and in vivo molecular model mechanisms, while concurrently providing excellent models for new agent experimental therapeutics. We designed and synthesized novel inhibitors named Turmerax (TMX), when encapsulated with nano-liposomes to overcome solubility/bioavailability issues, is >1000x more effective than curcumin in inhibiting DLBCL growth and survival in vitro, and show no toxicities in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Liposomal-TMX (L-TMX) also targets multiple growth and survival signaling pathways, such as NF-kB and AKT, and key cellular regulatory proteins in drug resistance (MDR) in r/r DLBCL. We have also shown in vivo that L-TMX increases in survival time with decreases in lymphoma tumor burden in preliminary studies in SCID/MCL xeno-transplant (XT-SCID) models, without evidence of significant host toxicities. The development of our new agent nano-liposomal Turmerax, has provided a multi-targeted, non-toxic nano-therapeutic small molecule with the critical growth/survival (G/S) targeting specificities similar to natural product therapeutic agents (curcumin) but without the many foibles involving solubility, bioavailability, and poor in vivo potency problems, by providing a well-tolerated, well-delivered (in vivo) effective small molecule therapeutic agent, showing very promising preliminary activities on r/r DLBCL in xeno-transplant human DBLCL models, that appears to be an excellent candidate for future clinical trials.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham V. Lan
- 1The Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Changping Li
- 1The Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Duoli Sun
- 1The Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ashutosh Pal
- 1The Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Zhenghong Peng
- 1The Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David Maxwell
- 1The Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Richard J. Ford
- 1The Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Kapuria V, Levitzki A, Bornmann WG, Maxwell D, Priebe W, Sorenson RJ, Showalter HD, Talpaz M, Donato NJ. A novel small molecule deubiquitinase inhibitor blocks Jak2 signaling through Jak2 ubiquitination. Cell Signal 2011; 23:2076-85. [PMID: 21855629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AG490 is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against Jak2 and apoptotic activity in specific leukemias. Due to its weak kinase inhibitory activity and poor pharmacology, we conducted a cell-based screen for derivatives with improved Jak2 inhibition and activity in animals. Two hits emerged from an initial small chemical library screen, and more detailed structure-activity relationship studies led to the development of WP1130 with 50-fold greater activity in suppressing Jak2-dependent cytokine signaling than AG490. However, WP1130 did not directly suppress Jak2 kinase activity, but mediated Jak2 ubiquitination resulting in its trafficking through HDAC6 to perinuclear aggresomes without cytokine stimulation or SOCS-1 induction. Jak2 primarily contained K63-linked ubiquitin polymers, and mutation of this lysine blocked Jak2 ubiquitination and mobilization in WP1130-treated cells. Further analysis demonstrated that WP1130, but not AG490, acts as a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) inhibitor, possibly through a Michael addition reaction. We conclude that chemical modification of AG490 resulted in development of a DUB inhibitor with activity against a DUB capable of modulating Jak2 ubiquitination, trafficking and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kapuria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Pritchard JD, Maxwell D, Gauguet A, Weatherill KJ, Jones MPA, Adams CS. Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:193603. [PMID: 21231168 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.193603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
By coupling a probe transition to a Rydberg state using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) we map the strong dipole-dipole interactions onto an optical field. We characterize the resulting cooperative optical nonlinearity as a function of probe strength and density. We demonstrate good quantitative agreement between the experiment and an N-atom cooperative model for N=3 atoms per blockade sphere and the n=60 Rydberg state. The measured linewidth of the EIT resonance places an upper limit on the dephasing rate of the blockade spheres of <110 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Pritchard
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Rochester Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
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Lawson BJ, Burge FI, McIntyre P, Field S, Maxwell D. Can the introduction of an integrated service model to an existing comprehensive palliative care service impact emergency department visits among enrolled patients? J Palliat Med 2010; 12:245-52. [PMID: 19231926 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2008.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fewer emergency department (ED) visits may be a potential indicator of quality of care during the end of life. Receipt of palliative care, such as that offered by the adult Palliative Care Service (PCS) in Halifax, Nova Scotia, is associated with reduced ED visits. In June 2004, an integrated service model was introduced into the Halifax PCS with the objective of improving outcomes and enhancing care provider coordination and communication. The purpose of this study was to explore temporal trends in ED visits among PCS patients before and after integrated service model implementation. METHODS PCS and ED visit data were utilized in this secondary data analysis. Subjects included all adult patients enrolled in the Halifax PCS between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2005, who had died during this period (N = 3221). Temporal trends in ED utilization were evaluated dichotomously as preintegration or postintegration of the new service model and across 6-month time blocks. Adjustments for patient characteristics were performed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Fewer patients (29%) made at least one ED visit postintegration compared to the preintegration time period (36%, p < 0.001). Following adjustments, PCS patients enrolled postintegration were 20% less likely to have made at least one ED visit than those enrolled preintegration (adjusted OR 0.8; 95% confidence interval 0.6-1.0). CONCLUSION There is some evidence to suggest the introduction of the integrated service model has resulted in a decline in ED visits among PCS patients. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the observed reduction persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley J Lawson
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Thomas R, Sharma N, Burke C, Maxwell D, Howlett DC. Parotid incidentaloma detected during thoracic PET imaging: how should these lesions be managed? Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2010; 71:292-3. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2010.71.5.47915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neel Sharma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Eastbourne Hospital, Eastbourne BN21 2UD
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baldwin
- Eastbourne District General Hospital, East Sussex Hospitals Trust, Eastbourne BN21 2UD.
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Barnes C, Maxwell D, Reuman DC, Jennings S. Global patterns in predator–prey size relationships reveal size dependency of trophic transfer efficiency. Ecology 2010; 91:222-32. [DOI: 10.1890/08-2061.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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