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Bassetto CC, Albuquerque ACA, Lins JGG, Marinho-Silva NM, Chocobar MLE, Bello HJS, Mena MO, Niciura SCM, Amarante AFT, Chagas ACS. Revisiting anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks from São Paulo State, Brazil. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100527. [PMID: 38447333 PMCID: PMC10923833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis are the most important gastrointestinal nematodes causing serious losses in sheep production of tropical and subtropical regions. Prophylaxis of gastrointestinal nematode infections is based on anthelmintics use, but their frequent administration selects multiple-resistant parasites. To evaluate how the situation has changed over the last decades, the anthelmintic resistance status of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep flocks was assessed in the current study and compared to previous surveys. In each one of the 15 flocks evaluated, animals (n ≥ 7) were allocated into at least five groups and treated as follows: 1) untreated control; 2) albendazole; 3) levamisole; 4) ivermectin; and 5) monepantel. If more animals were available, two additional groups were included: 6) closantel, and 7) moxidectin. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was carried out to evaluate the pre- and post-treatment using the SHINY tool. Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent nematode from faecal cultures. The mean efficacy of albendazole was 40%. Only in two farms, levamisole presented a relatively high percentage of reduction in the FECRT about 90%, while ivermectin and moxidectin presented the worst mean efficacy of 34% and 21% among all farms, respectively. Like other anthelmintics, closantel demonstrated low efficacy (63%) across all farms evaluated. Monepantel presented an overall mean efficacy of 79%, but it was the only anthelmintic that presented efficacy ≥95%, in five farms. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes with multiple anthelmintic resistance were prevalent in all 15 sheep herds. The research suggests that nematodes are becoming more and more resistant to various anthelmintic compounds, which has made the problem worse. This circumstance highlights the necessity to put into practice sustainable and long-lasting methods to prevent gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar C Bassetto
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia A Albuquerque
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - José Gabriel G Lins
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hornblenda J S Bello
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus O Mena
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C M Niciura
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F T Amarante
- Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina S Chagas
- Southeast Livestock Unit, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Kapo N, Omeragić J, Goletić Š, Šabić E, Softić A, Smajlović A, Mujezinović I, Škapur V, Goletić T. First Report of Benzimidazole Resistance in Field Population of Haemonchus contortus from Sheep, Goats and Cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pathogens 2024; 13:77. [PMID: 38251384 PMCID: PMC10818805 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a globally significant parasitic nematode in ruminants, with widespread resistance to benzimidazole due to its excessive and prolonged use. Given the extensive use of benzimidazole anthelmintics in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we hypothesized that resistance is prevalent. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of anthelmintic resistance to benzimidazole in H. contortus from naturally infected sheep, goats and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the detection of the Phe/Tyr polymorphism in the amino acid at position 200 of the β-tubulin protein. From 19 locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a total of 83 adult H. contortus were collected from the abomasum of ruminants. Among these, 45 H. contortus specimens were isolated from sheep, 19 from goats and 19 from cattle. Results showed that 77.8% of H. contortus in sheep exhibited homozygous resistant genotypes at position 200 of the β-tubulin gene, with 15.5% being heterozygous. In goats, all tested H. contortus (100%) were homozygous resistant, and no heterozygous resistant or homozygous sensitive genotypes were found. Cattle had 94.7% homozygous resistant H. contortus, with no heterozygous resistant genotypes detected. In H. contortus from sheep and cattle, 6.7% and 5.3%, respectively, displayed homozygous sensitive genotypes. This study, for the first time, highlights the presence of a resistant population of H. contortus in sheep, goats and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using the rt-qPCR method. The resistance likely spread from sheep or goats to cattle, facilitated by shared pastures and the practice of transhumance, indicating a widespread and growing issue of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naida Kapo
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Jasmin Omeragić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Šejla Goletić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Emina Šabić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Adis Softić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Ahmed Smajlović
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Indira Mujezinović
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Vedad Škapur
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Teufik Goletić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
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Alvi MA, Alshammari A, Ali RMA, Ul Haq S, Bashir R, Li L, Saqib M, Sajid MS, Ghafoor M, Imran M, Ijaz MU, Fu BQ, Saeed M, Ahmad I, Liu YY, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Revealing novel cytb and nad5 genes-based population diversity and benzimidazole resistance in Echinococcus granulosus of bovine origin. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1191271. [PMID: 37396990 PMCID: PMC10312306 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1191271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto). The parasite affects a wide range of livestock and wild animals. In this study, the population diversity of the Echinococcus species was investigated based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) genes. In addition to this, β-tubulin gene isoforms of Echinococcus granulosus were amplified to determine the resistance against benzimidazoles. For this purpose, 40 cyst samples from cattle (n = 20) and buffaloes (n = 20) were collected from the main abattoir of Sialkot. DNA extraction was performed using Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kits. Amplification was performed through PCR. Each amplicon was confirmed by GelRed™ stained agarose gel (2%). Samples were sequenced in a DNA analyzer and viewed for any misread nucleotide by using MEGA (v.11). Corrections in nucleotide sequence and multiple sequence alignment were made through the same software. NCBI-BLAST was used for sample specific sequences to identify them as belonging to a particular species. Diversity indices were estimated using DnaSP (v.6) while phylogenetic analysis was inferred using the Bayesian method using MrBayes (v.1.1). β-tubulin gene isoforms sequence analysis was performed to find out the candidate gene causing benzimidazole resistance. All 40 isolates were found positive for E. granulosus. BLAST-based searches of sequences of each isolate for each gene (nad5 and cytb) confirmed their maximum similarity with the G1 genotype. Overall, high haplotype diversity (Hd nad5 = 1.00; Hd cytb = 0.833) and low nucleotide diversity (π nad5 = 0.00560; π = cytb = 0.00763) was identified based on diversity indices. For both the genes, non-significant values of Tajima's D (nad5 = -0.81734; cytb = -0.80861) and Fu's Fs (nad5 = -1.012; cytb = 0.731) indicate recent population expansion. Bayesian phylogeny-based results of nad5 and cytb sequences confirmed their genotypic status as distinct from other Echinococcus species. This study shed light on the status of benzimidazole resistance in Echinococcus granulosus for the very first time from Pakistan. The findings of this study will significantly add in the information available on genetic diversity of Echinoccous granulosus based on cytb and nad5 genes sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayed Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Ul Haq
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rizwan Bashir
- Veterinary Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Sialkot, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muzafar Ghafoor
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - You-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, China
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Rajagopal A, Sabu L, Radhika R, Devada K, Jose KJ, Thomas N, Aravindakshan T. Development of PCR-RFLP for the detection of benzimidazole resistance polymorphisms in isotype 1 β-tubulin gene of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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TONI NAD, GIRGIS JRA, HUSSEIN AW, THAGFAN FA, ABDEL-GABER R, ALI SE, MAREY AM, AL-NAJJAR MAA, ALKHUDHAYRI A, DKHIL MA. In vitro role of biosynthesized nanosilver from Allium sativum against helminths. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Rashid M, Zahra N, Chudhary A, Rehman TU, Aleem MT, Alouffi A, Mohammed A, Rashid MI, Ehsan M, Malik MI, Hussain Dilber G, Bakhsh A, Almutairi MM. Cost-benefit ratio of anthelmintic treatment and its comparative efficacy in commercial dairy farms. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1047497. [PMID: 36467634 PMCID: PMC9709480 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1047497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major challenges in obtaining optimal production and maintaining the health and welfare of all animals including cattle and buffaloes. Anti-parasitic treatments appear to be a reliable countermeasure. However, the effectiveness and selection of suitable anthelmintics require situational assessments in a given locality. In the current study, the efficacy and impact of benzimidazole (albendazole) were assessed in a total of 400 (100 each) on the performance of buffaloes, buffalo-heifer, cattle, and cattle-heifers at two commercial dairy farms in the Province of Punjab, Pakistan. Additionally, the cost-benefit ratio was calculated by assessing the inputs (medication, feed, and labor cost) and outputs (milk and weight gain). The qualitative and quantitative examination of helminth eggs in each type of animal indicated a prevalence of 73.3, 78.3, 76.6, and 85.0% in cattle, cattle-heifers, buffaloes, and buffaloes-heifers, respectively. Specifically, a highest rate (10.0-13.3%) of Haemonchus sp. infection was only observed in cattle and heifers, while Fasciola sp. infections (10.0-11.6%) were the most often found species in buffaloes and heifers. The highest anthelmintic impacts (egg per gram of feces, p < 0.001) were observed on day 14 post-medication. Until 60 days of post-anthelmintic treatment, an average increase of 0.8 and 0.7 L in milk production per day in cattle and buffaloes, respectively while a total of 11.45 and 9.45 kg body weight were noticed in cattle-heifer and buffaloes-heifer, respectively. Cumulative cost-benefit analysis indicated a positive correlation between treated and non-treated animals. These findings reiterate the importance of anthelmintic drugs in reducing the impacts of parasites on the productivity, health, and well-being of an animal under high infection challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Zahra
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Amna Chudhary
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tauseef Ur Rehman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymen Mohammed
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Malik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain Dilber
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Amir Bakhsh
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Brown TL, Airs PM, Porter S, Caplat P, Morgan ER. Understanding the role of wild ruminants in anthelmintic resistance in livestock. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220057. [PMID: 35506237 PMCID: PMC9065971 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild ruminants are susceptible to infection from generalist helminth species, which can also infect domestic ruminants. A better understanding is required of the conditions under which wild ruminants can act as a source of helminths (including anthelmintic-resistant genotypes) for domestic ruminants, and vice versa, with the added possibility that wildlife could act as refugia for drug-susceptible genotypes and hence buffer the spread and development of resistance. Helminth infections cause significant productivity losses in domestic ruminants and a growing resistance to all classes of anthelmintic drug escalates concerns around helminth infection in the livestock industry. Previous research demonstrates that drug-resistant strains of the pathogenic nematode Haemonchus contortus can be transmitted between wild and domestic ruminants, and that gastro-intestinal nematode infections are more intense in wild ruminants within areas of high livestock density. In this article, the factors likely to influence the role of wild ruminants in helminth infections and anthelmintic resistance in livestock are considered, including host population movement across heterogeneous landscapes, and the effects of climate and environment on parasite dynamics. Methods of predicting and validating suspected drivers of helminth transmission in this context are considered based on advances in predictive modelling and molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul M. Airs
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Siobhán Porter
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul Caplat
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Eric R. Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Distribution and prevalence of gastrointestinal tract nematodes of sheep at highland and midland areas, Ethiopia. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:995-1001. [PMID: 34789983 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes infections are the most important causes of wastage and decreased productivity. This study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes infection, and the associated risk factors. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes infection was 83% (n = 568). The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes infection at Debre-Zeit and Debre-Birhan were 84% and 82.3%, respectively. It was significantly higher in poor body condition and soft faecal consistency (P < 0.05) sheep. The overall mean eggs per gram of faeces was 635.2 (95% CI 590.6-679.9). The mean egg per gram was significantly influenced by site of the study, body condition score and faecal consistency (P < 0.05). The faecal egg count was higher in midland area, and in sheep with poor body condition, and soft faecal consistency and diarrhea. The light and moderate level of infections accounted for 73.8% and 17.3%, respectively. With the coproculture the main genera identified were include: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia/Ostertagia and Trichuris in decreasing order of their abundance. To improve sheep health and productivity their control is crucial. Hence, appropriate animal health extension work and training of sheep farmers how they able to identify anemic and diarrheic sheep are helpful. Moreover, training on how to deworm with correct drug and dose for animal owners is important in the control of these parasites. Further epidemiological studies and survey on the development of anthelmintic resistance in the areas is required.
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A journey through 50 years of research relevant to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminant livestock and thoughts on future directions. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1133-1151. [PMID: 34774857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an historical perspective on some of the major research advances of relevance to ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control over the last 50 years. Over this period, gastrointestinal nematode control has been dominated by the use of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs. Whilst this has provided unprecedented levels of successful control for many years, this approach has been gradually breaking down for more than two decades and is increasingly unsustainable which is due, at least in part, to the emergence of anthelmintic drug resistance and a number of other factors discussed in this article. We first cover the remarkable success story of the discovery and development of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs, the changing face of anthelmintic drug discovery research and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This is followed by a review of some of the major advances in the increasingly important area of non-pharmaceutical gastrointestinal nematode control including immunology and vaccine development, epidemiological modelling and some of the alternative control strategies such as breeding for host resistance, refugia-based methods and biological control. The last 50 years have witnessed remarkable innovation and success in research aiming to improve ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control, particularly given the relatively small size of the research community and limited funding. In spite of this, the growing global demand for livestock products, together with the need to maximise production efficiencies, reduce environmental impacts and safeguard animal welfare - as well as specific challenges such as anthelmintic drug resistance and climate change- mean that gastrointestinal nematode researchers will need to be as innovative in the next 50 years as in the last.
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ALLAIE IM, SHAHARDAR RA, TRAMBOO SR, PRASAD A, MOHMAD AQUIL, WANI ZA, BULBUL KH. Prevalence of trichostrongylids in small ruminants of Kashmir valley. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i10.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to work out the population structure of trichostrongylids affecting the small ruminants of Kashmir valley. The faecal samples were collected from each zone and sector of the valley and were examined by qualitative as well as quantitative techniques for presence of trichostrongyle eggs, followed by coproculture using petridish method for harvesting of infective larvae. The overall prevalence revealed Haemonchus spp. to be the most predominant trichostrongyle worm followed by Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Teladorsagia spp., Chabertia spp. and other larvae, the difference being statistically significant. In south Kashmir, a different trend was observed for trichostrongyle worms with predominance of Trichostrongylus spp., followed by Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and other larvae, the difference being statistically significant (P<0.05). Teladorsagia spp. and Chabertia spp. were not recorded in the south Kashmir, while as Oesophagostomum spp. and Chabertia spp. were not recorded in the north Kashmir. In small ruminants of Kashmir valley, predominance of Haemonchus spp. was observed in private sector farms than government sector farms, whereas predominance of Trichostrongylus spp. was observed in government sector farms than private sector farms, and both the difference were statistically significant. Non-significantly Teladorsagia spp. was found more in government sector farms than private sector farms. In government sector farms Oesophagostomum spp. and Chabertia spp. were recorded, while as in private sector farms Oesophagostomum spp. and Chabertia spp. were not recorded. It is concluded that trichostrongylid worms are prevalent throughout Kashmir valley in the small ruminants and appropriate control strategies need to be adopted for their control.
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Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Profile of New 4-(1 H-benzo[ d]imidazol-1-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine-Linked Sulfonamide Derivatives with V600EBRAF Inhibitory Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910491. [PMID: 34638829 PMCID: PMC8508980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine linked sulfonamide derivatives 12a–n was designed and synthesized according to the structure of well-established V600EBRAF inhibitors. The terminal sulfonamide moiety was linked to the pyrimidine ring via either ethylamine or propylamine bridge. The designed series was tested at fixed concentration (1 µM) against V600EBRAF, finding that 12e, 12i and 12l exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity among all target compounds and 12l had the lowest IC50 of 0.49 µM. They were further screened on NCI 60 cancer cell lines to reveal that 12e showed the most significant growth inhibition against multiple cancer cell lines. Therefore, cell cycle analysis of 12e was conducted to investigate the effect on cell cycle progression. Finally, virtual docking studies was performed to gain insights for the plausible binding modes of vemurafenib, 12i, 12e and 12l.
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Campbell BJ, Marsh AE, Parker EM, McCutcheon JS, Fluharty FL, Parker AJ. The effects of protein supplementation and pasture maintenance on the growth, parasite burden, and economic return of pasture-raised lambs. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab113. [PMID: 34316541 PMCID: PMC8309954 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of protein supplementation and pasture contamination with gastrointestinal nematodes on the mitigation of parasitic infection in grazing lambs. We hypothesized that there would be no difference between protein supplementation and newly sown pasture in evaluating lamb growth and health parameters associated with parasitism. Furthermore, we questioned if there would be an interaction between protein supplementation and pasture type. A total of 192, 60-d-old lambs (28.3 ± 5.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) new pasture without supplementation (NN); 2) new pasture with supplementation (NS); 3) established pasture without supplementation (EN); and 4) established pasture with supplementation (ES) and grazed for 112 d. Lambs were supplemented at a rate of 1% body weight/d. Supplemented lambs had greater body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) when compared with non-supplemented lambs (P < 0.04). Additionally, lambs on newly sown pasture demonstrated greater BW and ADG when compared with lambs grazing on established pasture (P < 0.05). For lamb health, lambs in the EN treatment group had the greatest FAMACHA eye scores and lowest packed cell volume (PCV) over the course of the 112-d grazing period (P < 0.05). Moreover, NS and ES treatment lambs demonstrated similar FAMACHA eye scores when compared with NN treatment lambs; however, NN treatment lambs showed lower PCV when compared with NS and ES treatment lambs (P < 0.05). In evaluating fecal egg counts (FEC), lambs on new pasture or given supplement demonstrated lesser FEC when compared with those lambs on established pasture or not given supplement (P < 0.05). Sixty-four lambs were harvested to evaluate total abomasum nematode counts which demonstrated that Haemonchus contortus represented approximately 80% of total nematodes. Furthermore, based upon gross margin analysis, lambs given a protein rich supplement on pasture had a 9.3 kg increase in lamb BW whereas newly sown pasture had a 1.3 kg increase in lamb BW. A protein rich supplement given to lambs grazing pastures contaminated primarily with H. contortus or placing lambs on newly sown pasture increases lamb BW and improves parasite resiliency. Selection of parasite management strategies may be influenced by cost of production and market opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden J Campbell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Antoinette E Marsh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Parker
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | | | - Francis L Fluharty
- Department of Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anthony J Parker
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Albendazole and Mefloquine Alone or in Combination Against Early and Late Stages of Trichinella Spiralis Infection in Mice. Helminthologia 2021; 58:179-187. [PMID: 34248378 PMCID: PMC8256455 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mefl oquine alone or combined with albendazole in reduced doses against T. spiralis infection. One hundred and twenty albino mice were orally infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae/mouse. Drugs were administered during the enteral phase on days 1 to 3 and on the chronic phase on days 35 to 37 post-infection, and mice were sacrificed, respectively, at days 7 or 48 post-infection to count mature intestinal worms or encysted muscle larvae. The effect of the treatment on the histology of the target organs of each phase, intestine and diaphragm, was also evaluated. A signifi cant decrease in intestinal worms was found in all treated groups relative to the untreated control group at a peak of 93.7% in the combination albendazole-mefl oquine group. Results in all treated groups demonstrated a signifi cant decrease in muscle larvae relative to untreated control groups, achieving 86.2 % in the combined albendazole-mefl oquine group. There was a marked improvement in the intestinal and muscular architecture in all treated groups compared to the non-treated control group. Notably, the albendazole-mefl oquine group showed an almost complete recovery. The combined albendazole-mefl oquine low dose regimen had the highest effect on reducing parasite burden and restoring normal histological architecture.
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Effect of macrocyclic lactones on nontarget coprophilic organisms: a review. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:773-783. [PMID: 33501585 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones are frequently used dewormers in livestock farms around the world. Due to their wide spectrum of action against nematodes and arthropods and their practicality of application at very low doses, their use has become massive since their discovery. These compounds are eliminated in a large percentage in the feces of animals, causing adverse effects on coprophilic fauna. Several research groups around the world have been devoted to evaluating these effects on this fauna. The aim of this review is to register the adverse effects of the concentrations in which macrocyclic lactones are eliminated in the feces of domestic animals and the importance of the coprophilic and edaphilous fauna on the degradation of the feces of the animals. The documented data shows that the use of macrocyclic lactones has a high toxicological risk for the different species that colonize the dung, thus causing an adverse effect on its disintegration and its subsequent incorporation into the soil. Even so, more studies at the regional level and their standardization are necessary to make the comparison between different areas possible.
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Molecular evidence on the emergence of benzimidazole resistance SNPs in field isolates of Marshallagia marshalli (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in sheep. J Parasit Dis 2020; 45:435-440. [PMID: 34295042 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection with members of the Trichostrongylid nematodes has been frequently reported from sheep and goats. Because of the widespread use of Benzimidazoles (BZs), the resistance suspected to occur in some worms populations. In this study, we focused on the prevalent nematode, Marshallagia marshalli, from the abomasa of sheep. Samples were obtained from at least 10 infected farms and diagnosed with morphological and molecular methods. For resistance analysis, genomic DNA from pooled adult samples of all farms were analysed for the beta tubulin gene to detect any polymorphisms at codon positions of F167Y, E198A and F200Y. According to the results, seven farms (70%) revealed resistance (R) allele at F200Y with relatively high frequency. No other mutations were identified at the other two positions. Also, except for one homozygous (RR) occasion, the isolates with R allele had heterozygous (RS) genotype. This finding indicates that the worm populations are still affected by drugs of the BZ class. However, the genetic data also notes on developing resistance mechanisms in M. marshalli populations in sheep.
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Rajagopal A, Sabu L, R. R, K. D, T.V A. High prevalence of the E198A polymorphism in isotype-1 β-tubulin gene of Haemonchus contortus populations in organized goat farms in Kerala, South India. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Gan Z, Liu Y, Chen S, Su S, Ding S, Tran NH, Chen X, Long Z. Determination of 19 anthelmintics in environmental water and sediment using an optimized PLE and SPE method coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137516. [PMID: 32120113 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive quantification method using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for determination of 19 anthelmintic drugs (ADs) belonging to seven structural groups (Benzimidazoles, Diphenylsulfides, Imidazothiazoles, Hexahydropyrazines, Macrocylic lactones, Salicylanilides, Tetrahydropyrimidines) in environmental water and sediment samples. Eleven SPE cartridges, sample pH, elution solvents were tested to determine the optimal conditions for extraction. Among these investigated SPE types, the best recoveries for 19 target ADs were obtained from Oasis HLB cartridge with 37-102%, 45-103%, 37-88%, 28-82% and 31-90% for spiked river water, tap water, rainwater, wastewater, and sediment respectively (with RSD < 15%), except for closantel. The 19 ADs were separated within 10 min by a BEH C18 column and monitored in both positive and negative ions modes with switching electrospray ionization source. The cross-talk interferences were solved by identification of secondary mass spectrum of substances through MRM-IDA-EPI scanning using Qtrap. These interference peaks could be efficiently eliminated by setting MRM segments or using Qtrap to obtain tertiary fragmented information. The developed methods were satisfactory in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision, and used eight isotopically labeled compounds as internal standards to correct matrix effects. Method quantification limit (MQL) for 19 ADs was below 1.1 ng/L, 0.4 ng/L, 5.4 ng/L and 2.3 ng/g for river water, tap water, wastewater, and sediment, respectively. The validated method was successfully used to investigate the occurrence of anthelmintics in water and sediment samples from Chengdu, China. All ADs were detected in environment with the concentrations at ng/L level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yunxiang Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sibei Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Xi Chen
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Zhimin Long
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Shanghai 200335, China
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Arsenopoulos K, Minoudi S, Symeonidou I, Triantafyllidis A, Katsafadou AI, Lianou DT, Fthenakis GC, Papadopoulos E. Frequency of Resistance to Benzimidazoles of Haemonchus contortus Helminths from Dairy Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Buffaloes in Greece. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050347. [PMID: 32375252 PMCID: PMC7280990 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the presence of resistance to benzimidazoles in Haemonchus contortus helminths from ruminant species in Greece through the detection of the Phe/Tyr polymorphism in the amino acid at position 200 of the β-tubulin protein. In total, 288 adult female H. contortus helminths collected from the abomasum of various ruminant animals in Greece were tested. Of these, 96 were collected from sheep, 96 from goats, 48 from cattle, and 48 from buffaloes. The frequencies of the homozygous and heterozygous resistant genotypes at the position 200 of the β-tubulin gene of helminths recovered from sheep were 96.9% and 3.1%, respectively. The frequencies of the homozygous and heterozygous resistant genotypes, respectively, were 100.0% and 0.0% in helminths from goats, 25.0% and 75.0% in helminths from cattle and 8.3% and 91.7% in helminths from buffaloes. In all parasitic populations, no homozygous susceptible genotypes were detected. The present study highlighted, for the first time, the emergence of benzimidazole-resistant H. contortus in goats, cattle, and buffaloes in Greece, using an allele-specific PCR. It is postulated that benzimidazole-resistant alleles were transferred from sheep or goats to cattle and buffaloes at the commonly grazing pastures in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.); (I.S.)
| | - Styliani Minoudi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.); (I.S.)
| | - Alexandros Triantafyllidis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Angeliki I. Katsafadou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (A.I.K.); (D.T.L.); (G.C.F.)
| | - Daphne T. Lianou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (A.I.K.); (D.T.L.); (G.C.F.)
| | - George C. Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (A.I.K.); (D.T.L.); (G.C.F.)
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Bhavsar ZA, Acharya PT, Jethava DJ, Patel HD. Recent advances in development of anthelmintic agents: Synthesis and biological screening. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1695276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeel A. Bhavsar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Prachi T. Acharya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Divya J. Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Evaluation and Correlation of Multiple Anthelmintic Resistances to Gastrointestinal Nematodes Using Different Fecal Egg Count Reduction Methods in Small Ruminants of Punjab, India. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:456-463. [PMID: 31165992 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Concordance of multiple anthelmintic resistances for gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants by three average-based and two individually based fecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests was evaluated and corrected. METHODS Sheep and goats (≥ 8 weeks) from five farms were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (I, II, III; n = 10 per group) and one untreated control group (Group IV; n = 10). Group I received fenbendazole at the dose rate of 5 and 10 mg/kg, Group II received ivermectin at the dose rate of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, and Group III received levamisole at the dose rate of 8 and 12 mg/kg body weight orally for sheep and goat, respectively. Three average-based methods of FECR (FECR1, FECR2 and FECR3) and two individually based methods of FECR (iFECR1 and iFECR2) were evaluated. RESULTS For fenbendazole resistance, Spearman correlation coefficient for FECR1 was non-significant with other formulae, but for FECR2 with FECR3, FECR3 with iFECR1 and iFECR1 with iFECR2 coincidence was significant at 1%, while for FECR2 with iFECR2 and FECR3 with iFECR2 it was significant at 5%. Spearman correlation coefficients for ivermectin resistance were significant at 1% level and for levamisole it showed significant coincidence at 1% for FECR1 with FECR2 and iFECR1, FECR2 with FECR3 and iFECR1, and iFECR1 with iFECR2, while for FECR1 with FECR3 and iFECR2 coincidence was significant at 5% level. Concordance of kappa values indicated that the coincidence of the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (95% CI) among the five farms was non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Concordance between the standard average-based FECR and individually based methods suggests that either method could be applied to small ruminant farms.
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21
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Li L, Brown DJ, Swan AA, van der Werf JHJ. Genetic parameters for faecal worm egg count at different ages in Australian sheep under natural challenge. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The data used in the present study consisted of 24535 worm egg count records on sheep observed from 63 to 560 days of age under conditions of the natural challenge of trichostrongylid species. Records were extracted from the Information Nucleus Flock database of the Australia Sheep Cooperative Research Centre program from 2007 to 2011. Records were observed at various ages and subdivided into weaning (W, ~3 months), post-weaning (P, ~4 months), yearling (Y, ~12 months) and hogget (H, ~18 months) age stages and were used to investigate genetic variation at different age stages in univariate analyses and estimate genetic correlations between age stages in multi-trait analyses. The full data were also analysed by random regression models to study how heritability and genetic correlations varied with age. Heritability estimates from univariate analyses were 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.15 ± 0.02, 0.36 ± 0.09, 0.22 ± 0.06 for W, P, Y and H age stages respectively. A similar trend of heritability over ages was found from random regression analyses, which decreased from 0.16 at 90 days to 0.09 at 120 days, following a steady increase to 0.32 at ~410 days, and then decreased afterwards to 0.24 at 520 days. Strong genetic correlations (>0.8) were found between W and P age stages, along with Y and H age stages. Sire by flock interaction effects were significant, and accounted for the reduced estimates of heritability and increased genetic correlations between age stages. The results indicated that a multiple-trait approach is required for genetic evaluation of worm egg count when measurements are at different ages, and the accuracy of evaluations would benefit from recording at least two separate age stages.
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An assessment of worm control practices used by alpaca farmers in Australia. Vet Parasitol 2018; 265:91-100. [PMID: 30638526 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess current worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers with an online questionnaire survey. The questionnaire contained questions about farm demography and general husbandry practices, farmers' knowledge about gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and their importance, the use of worm control strategies and anthelmintics, and grazing management. A link for the questionnaire survey was sent to all (n = 954) registered members of the Australian Alpaca Association in July 2015. The response rate for the questionnaire was 25% (239/954). The majority of respondents were from small (≤ 50 alpacas; 64%, 153/239) followed by medium (50-100 alpacas; 24%, 57/239) and large (>100 alpacas; 12%, 29/239) farms. Findings revealed that the majority of respondents kept Huacaya alpacas to produce high-quality fibre and alpacas were usually kept with other domestic ruminants (e.g. cattle and sheep). Although half of alpaca farmers (114/220) perceived that GINs were an important health problem of alpacas, with Haemonchus spp. being the most common nematode, the majority of them (174/220) used anthelmintics for nematode control. Macrocyclic lactones, a commercial combination of four anthelmintics (abamectin, albendazole, closantel and levamisole) and monepantel were the three most commonly used dewormers by Australian alpaca farmers. Although a significant proportion (166/213) of respondents used a quarantine drench for alpacas, very few respondents were aware of strategic deworming and the issue of anthelmintic resistance. Alpaca farmers mostly used anthelmintics at the dose rate recommended for sheep (47%, 79/167) and cattle (9%, 15/167), though some used 1.5 (31%, 51/167) and 2 (13%, 22/167) times the dose rate recommended for sheep. The majority of small herds used anthelmintics at the dose rate recommended for sheep and cattle while medium and large herds used anthelmintics at 1.5 to 2 times the dose rate recommended for sheep. This study provides invaluable insights into the demography of alpaca farms in Australia, husbandry practices used by alpaca farmers and their knowledge about worms and their control, thereby paving the way for developing guidelines for the control of GINs of alpacas.
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Sauermann CW, Ganesh S, Scott I, Pomroy WE, Leathwick DM. Establishment of Cooperia oncophora in calves. Vet Parasitol 2018; 264:64-68. [PMID: 30503094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The establishment rate of Cooperia oncophora related to host age and previous infection was investigated in young calves. Calves of similar age were kept on a feed pad and allocated into multiple groups, based on their age and weight. Two groups (each n = 16) received trickle infections with an ivermectin-susceptible C. oncophora isolate of 2000 or 10,000 infective stage larvae per week while another group (n = 16) was kept as an uninfected control. At intervals over a period of 11 months, two animals from each group were challenged with 15,000 infective stage larvae of an ivermectin-resistant isolate, 25 days later orally treated with ivermectin and 5 days after that slaughtered for worm counts. On three occasions additional calves (n = 2), subjected to the high trickle infection rate, received an ivermectin treatment to remove the existing worm burden, prior to challenge as above. Further calves (n = 4) of similar age were introduced at the beginning and the end of the experiment to determine the effect of larval age on establishment rate. The establishment in the two trickle infection groups declined to <10% within the first three months, which was significantly different from the control group. In the animals receiving the high trickle infection, but an anthelmintic treatment before challenge the establishment rate was not significantly different from the controls. Over the duration of the experiment establishment in the control group declined from 53% to <20%, which was similar to the decrease recorded at the beginning and the end of the experiment in the animals to determine the effect of larval age. The findings indicate that an existing C. oncophora burden had a strong effect on the establishment of incoming larvae in the trickle infected groups, but this was not observed if the existing burden was removed before the final challenge. The decline in establishment rate in the control group was attributed to the age of the larvae and not the age of the calves per se.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siva Ganesh
- AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ian Scott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - William E Pomroy
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Dave M Leathwick
- AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Emergence and the spread of the F200Y benzimidazole resistance mutation in Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei from buffalo and cattle. Vet Parasitol 2018; 265:48-54. [PMID: 30638520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazoles have been intensively (for over 40 years) used in the livestock sector, particularly in small ruminants. This has been led to the widespread emergence of resistance in a number of small ruminant parasite species, especially Haemonchus contortus. In many countries benzimidazole resistance has severely compromised the control of H. contortus in small ruminants; but there is a little information on benzimidazole resistance in H. contortus infecting buffalo and cattle. Resistance to benzimidazoles have also been reported in the large ruminant parasite, Haemonchus placei, but again there is relatively little information on its prevalence. Hence it is very important to understand how resistance-conferring mutations emerge and spread in both parasites in buffalo and cattle hosts in order to develop approaches for the recognition of the problem at an early stage of its development. The present study suggests that the F200Y (TAC) mutation is common in H. contortus, being detected in 5/7 populations at frequencies between 7 and 57%. Furthermore, 6/10 H. placei populations contained the F200Y (TAC) mutation, albeit at low frequencies of between 0.4 and 5%. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the F200Y (TAC) mutation in H. contortus has emerged on multiple occasions in the region, with at least three independent emergences across the populations. In contrast, the F200Y (TAC) resistance-conferring mutation in H. placei is only seen on a single haplotype. A high level frequency of the resistance haplotypes in the region, suggests that the unique resistance conferring-mutation has spread from a single emergence; likely by anthropogenic animal movement. Overall, these results provide the first clear genetic evidence for the spread of benzimidazole resistance-conferring mutations to multiple different locations from a single emergence in H. placei; while being consistent with previous small ruminant-based observations of multiple emergence of resistance mutations in H. contortus.
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Internal Parasites of Pigs and Worm Control Practices in Bamboutos, Western Highlands of Cameroon. J Parasitol Res 2018; 2018:8242486. [PMID: 30584473 PMCID: PMC6280243 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8242486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal parasites are limiting factors to successful, sustainable livestock production. Knowledge on how they are dealt with is important to prevent resistance to anthelmintics. The aim of this study was to describe the internal parasitism of indoor pigs in Bamboutos Division in Cameroon, as well as the attendant worm control practices. Thus, 324 pigs from 50 small scale farms were sampled for feces which were qualitatively and quantitatively examined for parasite eggs, cysts, or oocysts. Data on worm control practices were also collected. The overall prevalence was 74.7% (95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 69.6–79.3%) and the overall mean egg/oocyst per gram of feces (epg/opg) was 304.1±1218.0. The following parasites were found: Strongylid parasites (58.6%; epg= 105.0±134.7); Coccidia (26.9; opg=517.2± 1862.1); Strongyloides ransomi (25.9%; epg=61.9± 40.8); A. suum (3.7%. epg=50±0); Metastrongylus sp (0.9%; epg=50±0); Trichuris suis (0.9%; epg=50±0); and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (0.62%; epg=50±0). Single to septuple infestations occurred. The majority of farmers resorted to modern veterinary services (64%) and mostly used conventional drugs (88%). Internal parasitism was associated with the person in charge of animal health, the implementation of a prophylaxis program on the farm, and the annual deworming frequency. The implementation of a prophylaxis program significantly reduced the overall egg/oocyst load while high treatment frequency (more than thrice a year) did not, indicating that prophylaxis measures such as general hygiene must be reinforced in pig herds in the country, and the treatment frequency reduced as much as possible to prevent the selection of anthelmintic resistance.
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Pacheco PA, Rodrigues LNC, Ferreira JFS, Gomes ACP, Veríssimo CJ, Louvandini H, Costa RLD, Katiki LM. Inclusion complex and nanoclusters of cyclodextrin to increase the solubility and efficacy of albendazole. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:705-712. [PMID: 29327323 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ), a benzimidazole widely used to control gastrointestinal parasites, is poorly soluble in water, resulting in variable and incomplete bioavailability. This has favored the appearance ABZ-resistant nematodes and, consequently, an increase in its clinical ineffectiveness. Among the pharmaceutical techniques developed to increase drug efficacy, cyclodextrins (CDs) and other polymers have been extensively used with water-insoluble pharmaceutical drugs to increase their solubility and availability. Our objective was to prepare ABZ formulations, including β-cyclodextrin (βCD) or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), associated or not to the water-soluble polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). These formulations had their solubility and anthelmintic effect both evaluated in vitro. Also, their anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated in lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) through the fecal egg count (FEC) reduction test. In vitro, the complex ABZ/HPβCD had higher solubility than ABZ/βCD. The addition of PVP to the complexes increased solubility and dissolution rates more effectively for ABZ/HPβCD than for ABZ/βCD. In vivo, 48 lambs naturally infected with GIN were divided into six experimental groups: control, ABZ, ABZ/βCD, ABZ/βCD-PVP, ABZ/HPβCD, and ABZ/HPβCD-PVP. Each treated animal received 10 mg/kg of body weight (based on the ABZ dose) for three consecutive days. After 10 days of the last administered dose, treatment efficacy was calculated. The efficacy values were as follows: ABZ (70.33%), ABZ/βCD (85.33%), ABZ/βCD-PVP (82.86%), ABZ/HPβCD (78.37%), and ABZ/HPβCD-PVP (43.79%). In vitro, ABZ/HPβCD and ABZ/HPβCD-PVP had high solubility and dissolution rates. In vivo, although the efficacies of ABZ/βCD, ABZ/βCD-PVP, and ABZ/HPβCD increased slightly when compared to pure ABZ, this increase was not significant (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pacheco
- Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ/APTA/SAA), Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa, SP, CEP 13.460-000, Brazil.
| | - L N C Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (ICAQF/UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | | | - A C P Gomes
- Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ/APTA/SAA), Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa, SP, CEP 13.460-000, Brazil
| | - C J Veríssimo
- Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ/APTA/SAA), Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa, SP, CEP 13.460-000, Brazil
| | - H Louvandini
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - R L D Costa
- Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ/APTA/SAA), Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa, SP, CEP 13.460-000, Brazil
| | - L M Katiki
- Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ/APTA/SAA), Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa, SP, CEP 13.460-000, Brazil
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Kalpana Devi R, Vasantha S, Panneerselvam A, Rajesh NV, Jeyathilakan N, Venkataramanan R. Gastrothylax crumenifer: ultrastructure and histopathology study of in vitro trematodicidal effect of Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1331849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kalpana Devi
- PG and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Bharathidasan University (Affiliated), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Vasantha
- PG and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Bharathidasan University (Affiliated), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Panneerselvam
- PG and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Bharathidasan University (Affiliated), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N. V. Rajesh
- Veterinary University Training and Research Centre, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N. Jeyathilakan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Venkataramanan
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kancheepuram 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Preet S, Tomar RS. Anthelmintic effect of biofabricated silver nanoparticles using Ziziphus jujuba leaf extract on nutritional status of Haemonchus contortus. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abongwa M, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF ANTINEMATODAL DRUGS. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017; 67:137-152. [PMID: 29416226 DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintics are some of the most widely used drugs in veterinary medicine. Here we review the mechanism of action of these compounds on nematode parasites. Included are the older classes of compounds; the benzimidazoles, cholinergic agonists and macrocyclic lactones. We also consider newer anthelmintics, including emodepside, derquantel and tribendimidine. In the absence of vaccines for most parasite species, control of nematode parasites will continue to rely on anthelmintic drugs. As a consequence, vigilance in detecting drug resistance in parasite populations is required. Since resistance development appears almost inevitable, there is a continued and pressing need to fully understand the mode of action of these compounds. It is also necessary to identify new drug targets and drugs for the continued effective control of nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Abongwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
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Castillo-Mitre GF, Olmedo-Juárez A, Rojo-Rubio R, González-Cortázar M, Mendoza-de Gives P, Hernández-Beteta EE, Reyes-Guerrero DE, López-Arellano ME, Vázquez-Armijo JF, Ramírez-Vargas G, Zamilpa A. Caffeoyl and coumaroyl derivatives from Acacia cochliacantha exhibit ovicidal activity against Haemonchus contortus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 204:125-131. [PMID: 28414046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Acacia cochliacantha is a small tree whose foliage is traditionally used in Mexico for treatment of kidney pain, gastrointestinal illnesses and to kill intestinal parasites. In recent decades, the study of vegetal extracts has offered other possible alternatives for the control of Haemonchus contortus. Considering that this nematode affects dramatically the health and productivity of small ruminants, the aim of this study was to identify the anthelmintic compounds from A. cochliacantha hydro-alcoholic extract (HA-E) through an ovicidal test. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro egg hatch assay was conducted to determinate the anthelmintic effects of a HA-E (60g). Liquid-liquid ethyl acetate/water extraction gave two fractions (EtOAc-F, 1.92g; Aq-F; 58.1g). The less polar compounds from ethyl acetate fraction were extracted by addition of dichloromethane offering a precipitate phase (Mt-F, 1.25g) and a soluble mixture (DCMt-F 1.15g). All fractions were evaluated for ovicidal activity obtaining the egg hatching inhibition (EHI, 0.07-25mg/mL). Ivermectin (0.5mg/mL) was used as a reference drug (positive control), and distilled water, 2.5% DMSO and 2% methanol were used as negative controls. The isolated compounds from the most active fractions were subjected to spectroscopic (1H NMR) Spectrometric (MS) and UV HPLC analysis in order to identify the bioactive compounds. RESULTS The less polar treatments (AcOEt-F, DCMt-F, DCMt-P) showed the highest ovicidal activities (98-100% EHI; at 0.62-1.56mg/mL) and the major compounds found in these fractions were identified as caffeoyl and coumaroyl derivatives, including caffeic acid (1), p-coumaric acid (2), ferulic acid (3), methyl caffeate (4), methyl-p-coumarate (5), methyl ferulate (6) and quercetin. In case of the less active fractions (Aq-F, Mt-F) were constituted principally by glycosylated flavonoids. CONCLUSION These results show that caffeoyl and coumaroyl derivatives from Acacia cochliacantha leaves had promising anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. This leguminous may offer an alternative source for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Castillo-Mitre
- Centro Universitario UAEM-Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, km 67.5. Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, CP 51300 Temascaltepec, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - A Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID PAVET-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, A.P. 206-CIVAC, C.P. 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - R Rojo-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM-Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, km 67.5. Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, CP 51300 Temascaltepec, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - M González-Cortázar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro, CP 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - P Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID PAVET-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, A.P. 206-CIVAC, C.P. 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - E E Hernández-Beteta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro, CP 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - D E Reyes-Guerrero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID PAVET-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, A.P. 206-CIVAC, C.P. 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - M E López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID PAVET-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, A.P. 206-CIVAC, C.P. 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - J F Vázquez-Armijo
- Centro Universitario UAEM-Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, km 67.5. Carr. Fed. Toluca-Tejupilco, CP 51300 Temascaltepec, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - G Ramírez-Vargas
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID PAVET-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, A.P. 206-CIVAC, C.P. 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - A Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro, CP 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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Cable J, Barber I, Boag B, Ellison AR, Morgan ER, Murray K, Pascoe EL, Sait SM, Wilson AJ, Booth M. Global change, parasite transmission and disease control: lessons from ecology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160088. [PMID: 28289256 PMCID: PMC5352815 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections are ubiquitous in wildlife, livestock and human populations, and healthy ecosystems are often parasite rich. Yet, their negative impacts can be extreme. Understanding how both anticipated and cryptic changes in a system might affect parasite transmission at an individual, local and global level is critical for sustainable control in humans and livestock. Here we highlight and synthesize evidence regarding potential effects of 'system changes' (both climatic and anthropogenic) on parasite transmission from wild host-parasite systems. Such information could inform more efficient and sustainable parasite control programmes in domestic animals or humans. Many examples from diverse terrestrial and aquatic natural systems show how abiotic and biotic factors affected by system changes can interact additively, multiplicatively or antagonistically to influence parasite transmission, including through altered habitat structure, biodiversity, host demographics and evolution. Despite this, few studies of managed systems explicitly consider these higher-order interactions, or the subsequent effects of parasite evolution, which can conceal or exaggerate measured impacts of control actions. We call for a more integrated approach to investigating transmission dynamics, which recognizes these complexities and makes use of new technologies for data capture and monitoring, and to support robust predictions of altered parasite dynamics in a rapidly changing world.This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Brian Boag
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Amy R Ellison
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Kris Murray
- Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emily L Pascoe
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Centre for Research and Innovation, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anthony J Wilson
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mark Booth
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham TS17 6BH, UK
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Ash A, Bharitkar YP, Murmu S, Hazra A, Ravichandiran V, Kar PK, Mondal NB. Ultrastructural changes in Raillietina (Platyhelminthes: cestoda), exposed to sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride (SQDG), isolated from Neem (Azadirachta indica). Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2445-2449. [PMID: 28347172 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1305383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica), has been known to be a curative for various ailments and diseases in the traditional Indian medicinal system from times immemorial. A glycolipid sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride (SQDG) isolated from the leaves of neem has been found to be a proactive antibacterial and antiviral agent in previous studies. The current communication pertains to the anthelmintic activity of SQDG in vitro against a model cestode Raillietina spp. The results of efficacy tests showed a paralysis time of 1.0 ± 0.1 and 0.7 ± 0.01 h, whereas death time of 1.6 ± 0.3 and 0.9 ± 0.02 h, following treatments with dosages of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic studies showed significant and unique changes in the ultrastructure of the worms with prominent breakages and furrows on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ash
- a Department of Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Jadavpur , India
| | - Yogesh P Bharitkar
- b Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Jadavpur , India
| | - Sanatan Murmu
- c Department of Zoology , Jhargram Raj College , Jhargram , India
| | - Abhijit Hazra
- b Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Jadavpur , India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- b Department of Natural Products , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Jadavpur , India
| | - Pradip Kumar Kar
- c Department of Zoology , Jhargram Raj College , Jhargram , India
| | - Nirup Bikash Mondal
- a Department of Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Jadavpur , India
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Zhao J, Williams AR, Hansen TVA, Thamsborg SM, Cai J, Song S, Chen G, Kang M, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Han Q. An in vitro larval migration assay for assessing anthelmintic activity of different drug classes against Ascaris suum. Vet Parasitol 2017; 238:43-48. [PMID: 28342672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In vitro methods have been developed for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in a range of nematode species. However, the life cycle of Ascaris suum renders the commonly used egg hatch assay and larval development assay unusable. In this study we developed a combined multi-well culture and agar gel larval migration assay to test the effect of benzimidazole and tetrahydropyrimidin/imidazothiazole anthelmintics against nine isolates of A. suum collected from locations in China and Denmark. Drugs tested were thiabendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel. The percentages of larvae that migrated to the surface of each treated and control well were used to calculate the drug concentration which inhibits 50% of the larvae migration (EC50). The values of EC50 of thiabendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel against A. suum isolates ranged 74-150, 4.9-13.9, 2.3-4.3, 358-1150 and 1100-4000nM, respectively. This combined multi-well culture and agar gel larval migration assay was a sensitive bioassay for anthelmintic activity and could serve as an in vitro method to detect for lowered drug efficacy against A. suum or possibly to screen for anthelmintic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, and Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tina Vicky Alstrup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Shuaibao Song
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, and Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Ming Kang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Xinjiang Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, and Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Love JW, Kelly LA, Lester HE, Nanjiani I, Taylor MA, Robertson C. Investigating anthelmintic efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle by considering appropriate probability distributions for faecal egg count data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:71-82. [PMID: 28161555 PMCID: PMC5293727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) is the most widely used field-based method for estimating anthelmintic efficacy and as an indicator of the presence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes in cattle, despite never having been validated against the gold standard of controlled slaughter studies. The objectives of this study were to assess the normality of cattle faecal egg count (FEC) data and their transformed versions, since confidence intervals used to aid the interpretation of the FECRT, are derived from data assumed to be normally distributed, and violation of this assumption could potentially lead to the misclassification of anthelmintic efficacy. Further, probability distributions and associated parameters were evaluated to determine those most appropriate for representing cattle FEC data, which could be used to estimate percentage reductions and confidence limits. FEC data were analysed from 2175 cattle on 52 farms using a McMaster method at two different diagnostic sensitivities (30 and 15 eggs per gram (epg)) and a sensitive centrifugal flotation technique (SCFT) with a sensitivity of 1 epg. FEC data obtained from all egg count methods were found to be non-normal even upon transformation; therefore, it would be recommended that confidence or credible intervals be generated using either a Bootstrapping or Bayesian approach, respectively, since analyses using these frameworks do not necessarily require the assumption of normality. FEC data obtained using the SCFT method were best represented by distributions associated with the negative binomial and hence arithmetic means could be used in FECRT calculations. Where FEC data were obtained with less sensitive counting techniques (i.e. McMaster 30 or 15 epg), zero-inflated distributions and their associated central tendency were the most appropriate and would be recommended to use, i.e. the arithmetic group mean divided by the proportion of non-zero counts present; otherwise apparent anthelmintic efficacy could be misrepresented. Efficacy can be misrepresented if inappropriate central tendencies are used in calculations. Sensitivity of counting technique used influences the distributions of best representation. Confidence intervals assuming normality of data would not be recommended to use with FEC data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Love
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK.
| | - L A Kelly
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK; Biomathematics and Risk Research, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - H E Lester
- Westpoint Research, Dawes Farm, Bognor Road, Warnham, West Sussex RH12 3SH, UK
| | - I Nanjiani
- Westpoint Research, Dawes Farm, Bognor Road, Warnham, West Sussex RH12 3SH, UK
| | - M A Taylor
- VParST Ltd, Wintringham. North Yorkshire YO17 8HX, UK
| | - C Robertson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK
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Zhang Z, Gasser RB, Yang X, Yin F, Zhao G, Bao M, Pan B, Huang W, Wang C, Zou F, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fang R, Hu M. Two benzimidazole resistance-associated SNPs in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene predominate in Haemonchus contortus populations from eight regions in China. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2016; 6:199-206. [PMID: 27760394 PMCID: PMC5078572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most important parasitic nematodes of small ruminants around the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The control of haemonchosis relies mainly on anthelmintics, but the excessive and prolonged use of anthelmintics is causing serious drug resistance issues in many countries. As benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics have been broadly used in China, we hypothesized that resistance is widespread. Given the link between three known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, designated F167Y, E198A and F200Y) in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene and BZ resistance, our goal here was to explore the presence of these mutations in H. contortus from small ruminants (sheep and goats) from eight provinces in China using PCR-coupled sequencing. In addition, the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of isotype-1 β-tubulin sequence haplotypes were also investigated. Among 192 H. contortus adult individuals representing the eight populations, we identified six distinct sequence types, five of which had SNP E198A (GCA) and/or F200Y (TAC). Sequence analysis showed that the frequencies of SNPs E198A and F200Y were 0-70% and 0-31%, respectively. SNP F167Y (TAC) was not detected in any population. In addition, high haplotype diversities (0.455-0.939) and nucleotide diversities (0.018-0.039) were calculated. A network analysis of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene sequences showed that SNPs E198A and F200Y occurred in multiple distinct groupings, suggesting multiple independent origins of these SNPs. The findings of this first study of SNPs in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene of H. contortus populations suggest that BZ resistance is prevalent in some regions of China, and that any control strategy might focus on monitoring BZ resistance in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fangyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Min Bao
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical College, Jingzhou 121000, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chunren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Fengcai Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Babayani ND, van Wyk JA, Morgan ER. An elaborated SIR model for haemonchosis in sheep in South Africa under a targeted selective anthelmintic treatment regime. Prev Vet Med 2016; 134:160-169. [PMID: 27836039 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus is responsible for considerable production loss in small ruminants globally, and especially in warm, summer-rainfall regions. Previous attempts to predict infection levels have followed the traditional framework for macroparasite models, i.e. tracking parasite population sizes as a function of host and climatic factors. Targeted treatment strategies, in which patho-physiological indices are used to identify the individuals most affected by parasites, could provide a foundation for alternative, incidence-based epidemiological models. In this paper, an elaboration of the classic susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model framework for microparasites was adapted to haemonchosis and used to predict disease in Merino sheep on a commercial farm in South Africa. Incidence was monitored over a single grazing season using the FAMACHA scoring system for conjunctival mucosal coloration, which indicates high burdens of H. contortus, and used to fit the model by estimating transmission parameters. The model predicted force of infection (FOI) between sequential FAMACHA monitoring events in groups of dry, pregnant and lactating ewes, and related FOI to factors including climate (temperature, rainfall and rainfall entropy), using a random effects model with reproductive status group as the cluster variable. Temperature and rainfall in the seven days prior to monitoring significantly predicted the interval FOI (p≤0.002), while rainfall entropy did not (p=0.289). Differences across the three groups accounted for approximately 90% of the variability in the interval FOI over the period of investigation. Maintained FOI during targeted treatment of cases of haemonchosis suggests strong underlying transmission from sub-clinically infected animals, and/or limited impact on pre-existing pasture contamination by removal of clinical worm burdens later in the grazing season. The model has the potential to contribute to the sustainable management of H. contortus by predicting periods of heightened risk, and hence to focus and optimise limited resources for monitoring and treatment. SIR-type model frameworks are an alternative to classic abundance-based compartmental models of macroparasite epidemiology, and could be useful where incidence data are available. Significant challenges remain, however, in the ability to calibrate such models to field data at spatial and temporal scales that are useful for decision support at farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nlingisisi D Babayani
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Jan A van Wyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, UK.
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Resistance and resilience to gastro-intestinal nematode parasites and relationships with productivity of Red Maasai, Dorper and Red Maasai ✕ Dorper crossbred lambs in the sub-humid tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800053388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResistance and resilience to naturally acquired gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasite infections (predominantly Haemonchus contortus) were studied in 1785 lambs born over six lambings (1991 to 1996) consisting of 212 Red Maasai, 311 Dorper and 1262 crossbred (Red Maasai-Dorper) lambs in the sub-humid coastal region of Kenya. These lambs were the progeny of 41 Dorper and 35 Red Maasai rams. Live weights (LWT), blood packed cell volume (PCV) and faecal egg counts (FEC) were recorded at 1- to 2-monthly intervals from birth until the lambs were about one year of age. Red Maasai were more resistant and resilient post weaning to infections with GI nematodes than Dorper lambs as shown by their significantly lower FEC and their significantly higher PCV, respectively. An increasing proportion of Red Maasai genes in the crossbred lambs was associated with decreased FEC and higher PCV, but there was no heterosis for logarithm-transformed FEC (LFEC) or PCV. From one month of age Red Maasai lambs were significantly lighter than Dorper lambs by about 1 kg, but Red Maasai lambs had significantly lower lamb mortality rate from birth to 12 months of age (proportionately 0·30 and 0·66, respectively). Heritability estimates from a repeated measures analysis for records taken at 6 and 8 months of age were 0·14 (s.e. 0·05) for PCV from an animal model and 0·12 (s.e. 0·05) for LFEC from a sire model. The heritability estimate for LFEC from a repeated measures analysis including the four measurements recorded between 6 and 12 months of age was significantly higher (P < 0·05) for Dorper-sired lambs (0·15, s.e. 0·05 for an animal model and 0·19, s.e. 0·07 for a sire model) than for Red Maasai-sired lambs (0·00 and 0·01, s.e. 0·02). The phenotypic and genetic correlations between PCV and LFEC were moderately to highly negative and averaged –0·34 and –0·81, respectively. None of the genetic correlation estimates between LWT and PCV and LWT and LFEC for lambs post weaning were significantly different from zero. The heritability estimates for PCV and LFEC have important implications for within-breed genetic improvement programmes: for the Red Maasai, improvement should concentrate on resilience (e.g. selection for high PCV); for the Dorper, selection should be feasible for both improved resistance (low FEC) and resilience (high PCV).
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Genetic resistance to gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in Galla and Small East African goats in the sub-humid tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA study was carried out from 1992 to 1996 to compare the resistance to naturally acquired gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasite infections (predominantly Haemonchus contortus) of Galla and Small East African goats in the sub-humid coastal region of Kenya. A total of 204 Galla and 349 Small East African (SEA) kids were born from five kiddings. These were the progeny of 18 Galla and 17 SEA bucks. Live weights (LWT), blood packed-cell volume (PCV) and faecal egg count (FEC) were recorded at 1- to 2-month intervals from birth to about 14 months of age. The SEA kids were more resistant to GI nematode parasites than Galla kids as shown by their significantly lower FEC (P< 0·001) in the post-weaning period (8- to 14-month-old kids) and lower mortality from birth to 14 months of age (P< 0·05). There was no significant (P> 0·05) breed effect on PCV, but Galla kids were significantly heavier (P< 0·001) at all measurement times between birth and 14 months of age. Heritability estimates for LWT, PCV and FEC at the different sampling times were characterized by high standard errors. Heritability estimates for records taken at 4·5 and 8 months of age from a repeated measures analysis were 0·18 (s.e.0·08) for PCV and 0·13 (s.e.0·07) for logarithm-transformed FEC. The phenotypic and genetic correlation estimates between PCV and LFEC were moderately to highly negative and averaged –0·36 and –0·53, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to the limited evidence for resistance to GI nematode infections in goats and compared with the much stronger evidence for resistance in sheep.
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Genetic parameters for resistance to nematode infections in Texel lambs and their utility in breeding programmes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800053972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper addresses the inheritance of host resistance to gastro-intestinal nematode parasite infections in commercial Texel lambs, and the rôle of resistance to parasites in breeding programmes. In two flocks of Texel sheep, faecal egg counts following natural parasite challenge were measured on up to three occasions post weaning per lamb over a 4-year period, with 1385 and 287 lambs measured on the two farms. Live weight, and ultrasonically measured fat and muscle depth at weaning were available for each lamb, as were deep pedigrees. Egg counts were moderately to strongly heritable on all occasions, with Nematodirus egg counts more heritable than the Strongyle egg counts. Weighted average heritabilities for Strongyle and Nematodirus egg counts were 0.26 and 0.38, respectively. Within the same category of parasite, genetic correlations across time were positive and strong but somewhat less than unity, as were the correlations between Strongyle and Nematodirus egg counts measured at the same time. Genetic correlations between performance traits and Strongyle egg counts were usually favourable (i.e. negative) but weak, whereas those with Nematodirus egg counts were generally neutral or slightly positive. Whilst Nematodirus resistance may not necessarily be included in a breeding goal, the results suggest that Nematodirus egg counts can be used as an additional genetic indicator of Strongyle egg counts, at little extra cost. Including the epidemiological consequences of decreasing Strongyle egg counts in benefits of increasing parasite resistance, it is suggested that under UK conditions selection goals that place equal emphasis on live weight and log-transformed egg counts will be a robust means of improving growth rate and decreasing parasite larval challenge.
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Evaluation of Kumaon hill goats for resistance to natural infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:539-42. [PMID: 27413336 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study deals with the investigation of different degrees of genetic resistance/resilience of Uttarakhand hill goats to natural infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in order to introduce into breeding schemes. Animals were naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were carried out every month for a period of 1 year and blood samples were collected every third month for the determination of indicator traits such as FEC, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb). The mean egg per gram (EPG), PCV and Hb were 1,579.6 ± 346, 35.12 ± 1.1 and 8.7 ± 0.2, respectively. The goats were divided into three groups (<800, 801-2,000 and >2,000) based on EPG. The EPG showed a negative correlation with both Hb and PCV (P < 0.01). Therefore, it was concluded that the Hb and PCV value would decrease, if EPG increases.
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Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against the gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus. J Helminthol 2016; 91:454-461. [PMID: 27374616 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the in vitro anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica against Haemonchus contortus. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The UV-Vis spectrum exhibited a sharp peak at 420 nm, which was validated by electron microscopy, indicating the preparation of spherical nanoparticles measuring 15-25 nm in size. The in vitro study was based on an egg hatch assay (EHA) and adult motility inhibition assays. Six concentrations of AgNPs were used for EHA, ranging from 0.00001 to 1.0 μg/ml, and a range of 1-25 μg/ml was used for adult worms. The highest concentration induced 85 ± 2.89% egg hatch inhibition. The IC50 value for EHA was 0.001 μg/ml, whereas in vitro adult H. contortus motility inhibition was produced at 7.89 μg/ml (LC50). The effectiveness of A. indica leaf extract (aqueous) was also evaluated, which showed an IC50 value for EHA of 115.67 μg/ml, while the LC50 against adult H. contortus was 588.54 μg/ml. The overall findings of the present study show that the experimental plant extract contains reducing properties for the synthesis of AgNPs which, in turn, showed potent anthelmintic properties. This is the first report where AgNPs have been tested for their anthelmintic properties in an in vitro model.
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Chaudhry U, Redman EM, Ashraf K, Shabbir MZ, Rashid MI, Ashraf S, Gilleard JS. Microsatellite marker analysis of Haemonchus contortus populations from Pakistan suggests that frequent benzimidazole drug treatment does not result in a reduction of overall genetic diversity. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:349. [PMID: 27316714 PMCID: PMC4912736 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of drug selection pressure on the overall genetic diversity of parasitic nematode populations in the field is poorly understood. In this study, we address this issue for the small ruminant parasite Haemonchus contortus in the Punjab, Pakistan. This region provides an opportunity to compare H. contortus populations that have been subjected to a prolonged period of frequent benzimidazole drug treatments on government farms with parasite populations that have been exposed to little or no drug treatment in neighbouring pastoral herds. Methods Adult H. contortus worms were collected from the abomasa of small ruminants from three government farms frequently using benzimidazole drugs, and closed to animal movement, for over 30 years and also from from eighteen pastoral herds subject to minimal drug selection. The frequency of three known benzimidazole resistance associated mutations was determined in each parasite population. For the seven parasite populations in which resistance mutations were found, the diversity, geographical distribution and phylogenetic relationships of isotype-1 β-tubulin benzimidazole resistance haplotypes were determined. In addition, the genetic diversity of the parasite populations on the three government farms were compared with those from four pastoral herds. Results The F200Y (TAC) resistance mutation was present at a very high frequency in H. contortus populations from government herds, but not from pastoral herds, consistent with their respective drug selection histories. Population genetic analysis, using a panel of microsatellite markers, revealed that there was little genetic differentiation among the parasite populations with no significant difference in the overall genetic diversity between government and pastoral herds. In addition, sequence analysis of the isotype-1 β-tubulin locus revealed multiple F200Y (TAC) haplotypes demonstrating soft selective sweeps even in government herds with little or no contemporary parasite migration. Conclusions The results suggest that, although the frequent drug treatment used on government farms has selected for a high frequency of benzimidazole resistance mutations, there has been little or no reduction in the overall genetic diversity of the selected parasite populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1624-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Chaudhry
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta, Calgary, Canada.,Present Address: Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - E M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta, Calgary, Canada.
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Anthelmintic effects of a cationic toxin from a South American rattlesnake venom. Toxicon 2016; 116:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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The potential of Nigerian bioactive plants for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infection in livestock. Anim Health Res Rev 2016; 17:85-91. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBioactive compounds from marine and terrestrial organisms have been used extensively in the treatment of many diseases in both their natural form and as templates for synthetic modifications. This review summarizes present knowledge about anthelmintic effects of the extracts of bioactive plants in Nigeria against helminth parasites of ruminants. Plants traditionally used in livestock production are discussed. The main focus is hinged on in vitro and in vivo activities of secondary plant metabolites against nematodes of livestock. This review provides insight into preliminary studies of medicinal plants, which can be investigated further to discover promising molecules in the search for novel anthelmintic drugs and nutraceuticals.
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Crawley JA, Chapman SN, Lummaa V, Lynsdale CL. Testing storage methods of faecal samples for subsequent measurement of helminth egg numbers in the domestic horse. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:130-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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New approach for the strategic control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazed beef cattle during the growing phase in central Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kearney PE, Murray PJ, Hoy JM, Hohenhaus M, Kotze A. The 'Toolbox' of strategies for managing Haemonchus contortus in goats: What's in and what's out. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:93-107. [PMID: 26995728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic and innovative approach to managing the blood-consuming nematode Haemonchus contortus in goats is critical to crack dependence on veterinary anthelmintics. H. contortus management strategies have been the subject of intense research for decades, and must be selected to create a tailored, individualized program for goat farms. Through the selection and combination of strategies from the Toolbox, an effective management program for H. contortus can be designed according to the unique conditions of each particular farm. This Toolbox investigates strategies including vaccines, bioactive forages, pasture/grazing management, behavioural management, natural immunity, FAMACHA, Refugia and strategic drenching, mineral/vitamin supplementation, copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWPs), breeding and selection/selecting resistant and resilient individuals, biological control and anthelmintic drugs. Barbervax(®), the ground-breaking Haemonchus vaccine developed and currently commercially available on a pilot scale for sheep, is prime for trialling in goats and would be an invaluable inclusion to this Toolbox. The specialised behaviours of goats, specifically their preferences to browse a variety of plants and accompanying physiological adaptations to the consumption of secondary compounds contained in browse, have long been unappreciated and thus overlooked as a valuable, sustainable strategy for Haemonchus management. These strategies are discussed in this review as to their value for inclusion into the 'Toolbox' currently, and the future implications of ongoing research for goat producers. Combining and manipulating strategies such as browsing behaviour, pasture management, bioactive forages and identifying and treating individual animals for haemonchosis, in addition to continuous evaluation of strategy effectiveness, is conducted using a model farm scenario. Selecting strategies from the Toolbox, with regard to their current availability, feasibility, economical cost and potential ease of implementation depending on the systems of production and their complementary nature, is the future of managing H. contortus in farmed goats internationally and maintaining the remaining efficacy of veterinary anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kearney
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia.
| | - P J Murray
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Hoy
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - M Hohenhaus
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - A Kotze
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia; CSIRO, Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Kotze A, Prichard R. Anthelmintic Resistance in Haemonchus contortus: History, Mechanisms and Diagnosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:397-428. [PMID: 27238009 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus has shown a great ability to develop resistance to anthelmintic drugs. In many instances, resistance has appeared less than 10years after the introduction of a new drug class. Field populations of this species now show resistance to all major anthelmintic drug classes, including benzimidazoles (BZs), imidazothiazoles and macrocyclic lactones. In addition, resistance to the recently introduced amino-acetonitrile derivative class (monepantel) has already been reported. The existence of field populations showing resistance to all three major drug classes, and the early appearance of resistance to monepantel, threatens the sustainability of sheep and goat production systems worldwide. This chapter reviews the history of the development of resistance to the various anthelmintics in H. contortus and examines the mechanisms utilized by this species to resist the effects of these drugs. Some of these mechanisms are well understood, particularly for BZ drugs, while our knowledge and understanding of others are increasing. Finally, we summarize methods available for the diagnosis of resistance. While such diagnosis currently relies largely on the faecal egg count reduction test, which suffers from issues of expense and sensitivity, we describe past and current efforts to utilize cheaper and less laborious phenotypic assays with free-living life stages, and then describe progress on the development of molecular assays to provide sensitive resistance-detection tests.
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Robertson LM, Alley MR, Gartrell BD, Castro IC, Lopez-Villalobos N, Sancha E. Efficacy of anthelmintic treatment in captive-reared black stilts (Himantopus novaezelandiae) released to the wild. N Z Vet J 2015. [PMID: 26208464 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1073636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the efficacy of praziquantel (PZQ) administered to control helminths in captive-reared critically endangered black stilts (Himantopus novaezelandiae) before their release into the wild and determine the effect on their survival shortly after release. METHODS Of 77 captive black stilts, 37 were treated with PZQ prior to release into the wild in South Canterbury, New Zealand, in August and September 2007. Faecal helminth egg counts (FEC) were measured before and after anthelmintic treatment, and before and after release to the wild using modified faecal flotation and sedimentation methods. In addition, total helminth counts were determined in 11 of the birds that died following release, as well as four captive and 11 other wild stilts. RESULTS The efficacy of PZQ against trematodes was 92% and against Capillaria spp. was 34%. No trematode or Capillaria spp. eggs were detected in treated birds 1 day after treatment, but FEC increased 3-5 days after treatment. There were no differences in the total helminth counts for trematodes, cestodes or Capillaria spp. in control or treated birds (p>0.2). Survival did not differ between treatment groups in the August or September releases (p>0.4). Of control and treated birds, 11/17 (65%) and 8/14 (57%) survived to 31 days, respectively, in the August release, and 16/20 (80%) and 10/15 (67%) survived to 84 days, respectively, in the September release. CONCLUSION Overall, the results suggest that PZQ treatment may be an unnecessary cost and the risks of producing anthelmintic resistance, injuring the birds during processing or producing an unnecessary stress response at the time of release could exceed any likely benefits. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is recommended that pre-release anthelmintic treatment of black stilts should be used only if indicated by health screening. Any treatment should incorporate annual efficacy testing to monitor the emergence of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Robertson
- a Institute of Natural Resources , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4474 , New Zealand
| | - M R Alley
- b Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4474 , New Zealand
| | - B D Gartrell
- b Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4474 , New Zealand
| | - I C Castro
- a Institute of Natural Resources , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4474 , New Zealand
| | - N Lopez-Villalobos
- b Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4474 , New Zealand
| | - E Sancha
- c Department of Conservation , Private Bag, Twizel 7901 , New Zealand
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Junkuszew A, Milerski M, Bojar W, Szczepaniak K, Le Scouarnec J, Tomczuk K, Dudko P, Studzińska MB, Demkowska-Kutrzepa M, Bracik K. Effect of various antiparasitic treatments on lamb growth and mortality. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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