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Herrera-Torres G, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Bautista MJ, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Zafra R, Buffoni L, Rufino-Moya PJ, Martínez-Moreno Á, Molina-Hernández V, Pérez J. Liver Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation from Fasciola hepatica Experimentally Infected and Reinfected Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1833. [PMID: 38929451 PMCID: PMC11201016 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since the current anthelmintic therapy is no longer sustainable. A better knowledge of the host-parasite interaction is needed to design effective vaccines. To date, few studies have evaluated host-parasite interaction by comparing infected and reinfected animals. The present study evaluates the microscopical hepatic lesions in sheep infected and reinfected with Fasciola hepatica during the acute and chronic stages of infection. The histopathological study revealed the presence of necrotizing foci (NF1) associated with larvae migration during the early stages of infection in the primoinfected (PI) and reinfected (RI) groups. In the late stages of infection of the PI group and at the early and late stages of infection in the RI groups, extensive necrotizing/hemorrhagic foci (NF2) were found in the vicinity of enlarged bile ducts, some containing adult flukes, suggesting parasites may have caused NF2 while feeding. The immunohistochemical study revealed an increase in Foxp3+ T cells in both PI and RI groups with respect to the UC group and in the infiltrates adjacent to NF1 in the RI groups with respect to the PI group, suggesting the F. hepatica induce Foxp3 T cell expansion to facilitate parasite survival. In addition, in both the PI and RI groups, and during acute and chronic stages of the infection, a poor expression of iNOS was found accompanied by a strong expression of CD163, suggesting a marked M2 activation of macrophages in the hepatic lesions, which may be related with healing processes, and it also may facilitate parasite survival. The main differences between PI and RI animals were the more severe infiltration of eosinophils and Foxp3+ T cells, whereas RI did not modify M2 activation of macrophages which occurs since the early stages of primoinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Herrera-Torres
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - María T. Ruiz-Campillo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - María J. Bautista
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Rafael Zafra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Pablo J. Rufino-Moya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - José Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
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Chowdhury S, Ricafrente A, Cwiklinski K, Sais D, Dalton JP, Tran N, Donnelly S. Exploring the utility of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers of fasciolosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7431. [PMID: 38548871 PMCID: PMC10978983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective management and control of parasitic infections on farms depends on their early detection. Traditional serological diagnostic methods for Fasciola hepatica infection in livestock are specific and sensitive, but currently the earliest detection of the parasite only occurs at approximately three weeks post-infection. At this timepoint, parasites have already entered the liver and caused the tissue damage and immunopathology that results in reduced body weight and loss in productivity. Here, we investigated whether the differential abundance of micro(mi)miRNAs in sera of F. hepatica-infected sheep has potential as a tool for the early diagnosis of infection. Using miRNA sequencing analysis, we discovered specific profiles of sheep miRNAs at both the pre-hepatic and hepatic infection phases in comparison to non-infected sheep. In addition, six F. hepatica-derived miRNAs were specifically identified in sera from infected sheep. Thus, a panel of differentially expressed miRNAs comprising four sheep (miR-3231-3p; miR133-5p; 3957-5p; 1197-3p) and two parasite miRNAs (miR-124-3p; miR-Novel-11-5p) were selected as potential biomarkers. The expression of these candidates in sera samples from longitudinal sheep infection studies collected between 7 days and 23 weeks was quantified using RT-qPCR and compared to samples from age-matched non-infected sheep. We identified oar-miR-133-5p and oar-miR-3957-5p as promising biomarkers of fasciolosis, detecting infection as early as 7 days. The differential expression of the other selected miRNAs was not sufficient to diagnose infection; however, our analysis found that the most abundant forms of fhe-miR-124-3p in sera were sequence variants (IsomiRs) of the canonical miRNA, highlighting the critical importance of primer design for accurate diagnostic RT-qPCR. Accordingly, this investigative study suggests that certain miRNAs are biomarkers of F. hepatica infection and validates miRNA-based diagnostics for the detection of fasciolosis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Chowdhury
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison Ricafrente
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Centre for One Health, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dayna Sais
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - John P Dalton
- Centre for One Health, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nham Tran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
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Flores-Velázquez LM, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Herrera-Torres G, Martínez-Moreno Á, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Zafra R, Buffoni L, Rufino-Moya PJ, Molina-Hernández V, Pérez J. Fasciolosis: pathogenesis, host-parasite interactions, and implication in vaccine development. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1270064. [PMID: 38149297 PMCID: PMC10750376 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1270064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is distributed worldwide, causing substantial economic losses in the animal husbandry industry. Human fasciolosis is an emerging zoonosis in Andean America, Asia, and Africa. The control of the disease, both in humans and animals, is based on using anthelmintic drugs, which has resulted in increased resistance to the most effective anthelmintics, such as triclabendazole, in many countries. This, together with the concerns about drug residues in food and the environment, has increased the interest in preventive measures such as a vaccine to help control the disease in endemic areas. Despite important efforts over the past two decades and the work carried out with numerous vaccine candidates, none of them has demonstrated consistent and reproducible protection in target species. This is at least in part due to the high immunomodulation capacity of the parasite, making ineffective the host response in susceptible species such as ruminants. It is widely accepted that a deeper knowledge of the host-parasite interactions is needed for a more rational design of vaccine candidates. In recent years, the use of emerging technologies has notably increased the amount of data about these interactions. In the present study, current knowledge of host-parasite interactions and their implication in Fasciola hepatica vaccine development is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Flores-Velázquez
- Unidad de Anatomía, Histología y Patología Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - María Teresa Ruiz-Campillo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guillem Herrera-Torres
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Zafra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo José Rufino-Moya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Effect of primary and secondary Fasciola gigantica infection on specific IgG responses, hepatic enzyme levels and weight gain in buffaloes. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1709-1718. [PMID: 35416490 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Buffaloes, as highly susceptible definitive hosts of Fasciola gigantica, suffer from a high infection rate of fasciolosis, which causes enormous economic losses. Repeat infection is responsible for this high rate; thus, elucidating the protective immunity mechanism in repeat infection is decisive in fasciolosis prevention. Herein, a secondary experimental infection model was established to preliminarily reveal the protective immunity that occurs in repeat infection. In brief, animals were assigned to three groups: group A (uninfected control), group B (primary infection) and group C (secondary infection). Buffaloes were autopsied 20 weeks post-infection for measurements of the recovered flukes and hepatic examination. In addition, the detection of specific antibody (IgG) responses to F. gigantica excretory-secretory product (FgESP) throughout the whole period and weight gain throughout the first 4 months as a percentage (%) of the starting weight were also determined. The serum hepatic enzyme gamma glutathione transferase (GGT) levels were monitored to assess hepatic damage throughout the study period. Infection establishment was compared between group B and group C. Similar specific IgG patterns were observed between group B and group C, and hepatic damage was more severe in group C than group B. Significant differences in weight gain as a percentage of the start weight were observed between group A and group B at the 3rd and 4th months postprimary infection, while significant differences were not observed between group A and group C or group B and group C. Our results suggest that challenge infection cannot induce resistance against F. gigantica in buffaloes, which is consistent with the protective immunity against Fasciola hepatica reinfection observed in sheep and goats.
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Molina-Hernández V, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Buffoni L, Martínez-Moreno Á, Zafra R, Bautista MJ, Escamilla A, Pérez-Caballero R, Pérez J. A Partially Protective Vaccine for Fasciola hepatica Induced Degeneration of Adult Flukes Associated to a Severe Granulomatous Reaction in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102869. [PMID: 34679889 PMCID: PMC8532621 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease of livestock causing important economic losses worldwide and it is also a zoonosis. Current therapy relies on the use of anthelmintic drugs, which is no longer sustainable due to the increase of anthelmintic resistance and the risk of drug residues in food. A deep understanding of the host-parasite interaction is required to develop protective vaccines for the control of fasciolosis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hepatic lesions in sheep vaccinated with a partly protective vaccine for F. hepatica, a non-protective vaccine and an infected control group. The protective vaccine showed less severe hepatic lesions than the infected control group. In addition, in the protective vaccine group dead flukes surrounded by a severe granulomatous inflammation were observed, which taken together with the lower fluke burden, suggests that the host response induced by the partially protective vaccine may have been involved in the death of adult flukes of F. hepatica. This is the first study reporting the presence of degenerated flukes associated to a severe granulomatous inflammation in bile ducts in a vaccine trial, a finding that would be useful for improving vaccine efficacy in future trials. Abstract Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since current anthelmintic therapy is no longer sustainable. A better knowledge of the host-parasite interaction is needed for the design of effective vaccines. The present study evaluates the microscopical hepatic lesions in sheep immunized with a partially protective vaccine (VAC1), a non-protective vaccine (VAC2), and an infected control group (IC). The nature of granulomatous inflammation associated with degeneration of adult flukes found in the VAC1 group was characterized by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic lesions (fibrous perihepatitis, chronic tracts, bile duct hyperplasia, infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes and plasma cells) were significantly less severe in the VAC1 group than in the IC group. Dead adult flukes within bile ducts were observed only in the VAC1 group and were surrounded by a severe granulomatous inflammation composed by macrophages and multinucleate giant cells with a high expression of lysozyme, CD163 and S100 markers, and a low expression of CD68. Numerous CD3+ T lymphocytes and scarce infiltrate of FoxP3+ Treg and CD208+ dendritic cells were present. This is the first report describing degenerated flukes associated to a severe granulomatous inflammation in bile ducts in a F. hepatica vaccine trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - María T. Ruiz-Campillo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-5721-8721
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Rafael Zafra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - María J. Bautista
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Alejandro Escamilla
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Físico Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Boulevard Louis Pasteur, 32, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Raúl Pérez-Caballero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - José Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
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Zerna G, Spithill TW, Beddoe T. Current Status for Controlling the Overlooked Caprine Fasciolosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1819. [PMID: 34207215 PMCID: PMC8235714 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease fasciolosis is caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, which infect a wide range of mammals and production livestock, including goats. These flatworm parasites are globally distributed and predicted to cost the livestock industry a now conservative USD 3 billion per year in treatment and lowered on-farm productivity. Infection poses a risk to animal welfare and results in lowered fertility rates and reduced production yields of meat, milk and wool. This zoonotic disease is estimated to infect over 600 million animals and up to 2.4 million humans. Current and future control is threatened with the global emergence of flukes resistant to anthelmintics. Drug resistance calls for immediate on-farm parasite management to ensure treatments are effective and re-infection rates are kept low, while a sustainable long-term control method, such as a vaccine, is being developed. Despite the recent expansion of the goat industry, particularly in developing countries, there are limited studies on goat-focused vaccine control studies and the effectiveness of drug treatments. There is a requirement to collate caprine-specific fasciolosis knowledge. This review will present the current status of liver fluke caprine infections and potential control methods for application in goat farming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (G.Z.); (T.W.S.)
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Lamb J, Doyle E, Barwick J, Chambers M, Kahn L. Prevalence and pathology of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in fallow deer (Dama dama). Vet Parasitol 2021; 293:109427. [PMID: 33872935 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A survey conducted on fallow deer (n = 79) in northern New South Wales Australia, aimed to ascertain the prevalence and gross pathology of liver fluke. In total, three deer populations were assessed (1 farmed and 2 wild) across 2 sites (site A and B) by conducting total fluke counts in the liver and fluke egg counts in faecal samples. At site A, 16 of 19 farmed deer (84.2 %) and 9 of 20 wild deer (45 %) had active or resolved infections. At site B, 16 of 40 wild deer (40 %) had active or resolved infections. Deer with active infections had low fluke burdens (1-11 fluke) which were in the adult development stage, shedding eggs with faeces (0-121.7 eggs per gram). Liver pathology score did not exceed 3.5 out of 5 with gross pathomorphological lesions predominately confined to the peripheral regions of the left lobe. Farmed deer, confined within a fluky habitat, attained the highest group mean pathology score, with dense fibrosis and concomitant atrophy of the left lobe (site A: farmed - 1.8, wild- 0.6; site B: wild - 0.3). Well-defined fibrotic capsules captured and restricted fluke migration beyond the peripheral region of the left lobe of the liver. The presence of live and dead fluke within the fibrotic capsules confirms the inherent ability of fallow deer to resolve infections. This survey has highlighted the susceptibility of fallow deer to liver fluke within an endemic region. Recurrent exposure, as seen in the farmed deer confined within a fluky habitat, appears to strengthen tissue response in terms of gross pathology and may impede the release of fluke eggs from the liver. Low fluke burdens and limited lesions suggest fallow deer have a strong level of resistance to liver fluke. Nevertheless, within this endemic region, fallow deer are widespread and clearly facilitating the liver fluke life cycle. Further research is warranted to ascertain the impact of fallow deer on disease transmission in livestock production when cohabiting the grazing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Lamb
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Emma Doyle
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Jamie Barwick
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; Precision Agricultural Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Michael Chambers
- Invetus Pty Ltd, Locked Bag 6865, West Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia
| | - Lewis Kahn
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Filip-Hutsch K, Hutsch T, Kolasa S, Demiaszkiewicz AW. First Description of Histopathological Lesions associated with a Fatal Infection of Moose ( Alces Alces) with the Liver Fluke Parafasciolopsis Fasciolaemorpha Ejsmont, 1932. J Vet Res 2019; 63:549-554. [PMID: 31934666 PMCID: PMC6950432 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha is a liver fluke typically parasitising moose in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of our studies was to describe a case of fatal moose parafasciolopsosis, with special emphasis on the histopathological changes caused in the liver tissue by around 10,000 flukes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A male moose, found dead in Polesie National Park, eastern Poland, was subjected to parasitological necropsy. Macroscopic and histopathological examination of the liver was performed. RESULTS Over 10,000 flukes identified as P. fasciolaemorpha were isolated from the liver parenchyma. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed the presence of multiple cavities, which were filled with flukes and cellular detritus and encysted with a layered capsule of connective tissue. Extensive liver fibrosis with signs of incomplete septal cirrhosis was also observed. CONCLUSION Parafasciolopsosis with accompanying diarrhoea was the most probable reason for the moose's death. However, it is possible that most moose are able to survive extremely intensive P. fasciolaemorpha infection by formation of extensive fibrosis, which isolates flukes from the liver parenchyma and therefore retards the failure of the organ. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first histopathological description of changes in the liver of a moose infected with P. fasciolaemorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Hutsch
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106Warsaw, Poland
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Żarczyńska K, Sobiech P, Snarska A, Tobolski D, Shekhar Pareek C, Bednarek D. Applicability of the Protein-lipid Profile and Activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes for Diagnosing Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy in Calves. J Vet Res 2018; 62:503-509. [PMID: 30729209 PMCID: PMC6364156 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In calves, hyposelenosis degenerates skeletal muscles in different parts of the body. The extent of damage to muscle cells can be diagnosed by determining the activity of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The aim of this study was to analyse variations in the serum levels of LDH isoenzymes in calves with nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), to determine the applicability of this parameter for diagnosing NMD, and to describe the influence of hyposelenosis on total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol (CHOL) levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two groups of calves (n = six animals per group) were used. After birth, control group calves (SC) were intramuscularly administered 10 ml of a preparation containing selenium (Se) and vitamin E, and experimental group animals (SE) that were not injected. Blood was collected after 5, 15, and 25 days, and the concentrations of Se, vitamin E, TP, TG, and CHOL and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), CK, and LDH fractions were determined. RESULTS Hypocholesterolaemia and elevated TG levels were found in SE group calves whose LDH fractions revealed a significant increase in LDH4 and LDH5 activity and a decrease in LDH1 activity when electrophoretically separated. CONCLUSION Nutritional muscular dystrophy is accompanied by hypocholesterolaemia and elevated TG levels caused by muscle lipolysis. LDH4 and LDH5 activity parameters assist early diagnosis of NMD in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Żarczyńska
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sobiech
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Snarska
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dawid Tobolski
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Chandra Shekhar Pareek
- Division of Functional Genomics in Biological and Biomedical Science, Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100Torun, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bednarek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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10
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Abstract
In Argentina there is little information about diseases that affect exotic ungulates and the health risks that they pose to native wildlife, livestock, and humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of red deer ( Cervus elaphus) in the Nahuel Huapi National Park and surrounding areas in Patagonia, Argentina. During three consecutive hunting seasons, necropsies were performed on 101 red deer, and tissues were examined histologically. The most common lesions were those associated with hepatic and pulmonary parasites. Fasciola hepatica was observed in 15 red deer and was associated with cholangiohepatitis (8%) and/or cholangitis (10%). Dictyocaulus sp. (likely Dictyocaulus eckerti) was associated with interstitial pneumonia (5%), bronchitis (5%), pulmonary emphysema (13%), and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia (13%). Other findings included Sarcocystis spp. cysts in the myocardium (89%) associated with interstitial, focal, lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis (8%); periportal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis (8%); hepatic centrilobular necrosis (6%); lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis (25%); and follicular hyperplasia in mediastinal, prescapular, and prefemoral lymph nodes (86%). Our report of lesions caused by endemic parasites of livestock in free-ranging exotic red deer in Patagonia sets the foundation for a health-monitoring and -surveillance system of wildlife in this region, which is essential for the sustainable management of threatened Argentinean native fauna.
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11
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Fromm B, Ovchinnikov V, Høye E, Bernal D, Hackenberg M, Marcilla A. On the presence and immunoregulatory functions of extracellular microRNAs in the trematode Fasciola hepatica. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27809346 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver flukes represent a paraphyletic group of endoparasitic flatworms that significantly affect man either indirectly due to economic damage on livestock or directly as pathogens. A range of studies have focussed on how these macroscopic organisms can evade the immune system and live inside a hostile environment such as the mammalian liver and bile ducts. Recently, microRNAs, a class of short noncoding gene regulators, have been proposed as likely candidates to play roles in this scenario. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in development and pathogenicity and are highly conserved between metazoans: identical miRNAs can be found in flatworms and mammalians. Interestingly, miRNAs are enriched in extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are secreted by most cells. EVs constitute an important mode of parasite/host interaction, and recent data illustrate that miRNAs play a vital part. We have demonstrated the presence of miRNAs in the EVs of the trematode species Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Fasciola hepatica (Fhe) and identified potential immune-regulatory miRNAs with targets in the host. After our initial identification of miRNAs expressed by F. hepatica, an assembled genome and additional miRNA data became available. This has enabled us to update the known complement of miRNAs in EVs and speculate on potential immune-regulatory functions that we review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fromm
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Ovchinnikov
- Department of Human and Animal Genetics, The Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - E Høye
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Hackenberg
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Granada, Spain
| | - A Marcilla
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologia Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Moazeni M, Ahmadi A. Controversial aspects of the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:81-9. [PMID: 27475124 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a well-known helminth parasite, with significant economic and public health importance all over the world. It has been known since more than 630 years ago and a considerable research work has been carried out on the life cycle of this important parasite. In the hepatic phase of the life cycle of F. hepatica, it is assumed that the young flukes, after about 6-7 weeks of migration in the liver parenchyma, enter into the bile ducts of the definitive hosts and become sexually mature. Even though the secretion of cysteine peptidases including cathepsin L and B proteases by F. hepatica may justify this opinion, because of several scientific reasons and based on the experimental studies conducted in different animals (reviewed in this article), the entry of parasites into the bile ducts, after their migration in the liver parenchyma seems to be doubtful. However, considering all the facts relating to the hepatic and biliary phases of the life cycle of F. hepatica, two alternative ideas are suggested: 1) some of the migrating juvenile flukes may enter into the bile ducts immediately after reaching the liver parenchyma while they are still very small, or 2) when newly excysted juvenile flukes are penetrating into the intestinal wall to reach the liver through the abdominal cavity, a number of these flukes may enter into the choleduct and reach the hepatic bile ducts, where they mature. According to the previously performed natural and experimental studies in different animals and human beings, the supporting and opposing evidences for the current opinion as well as the evidences that might justify the two new ideas are reviewed and discussed briefly. In conclusion, our present knowledge about the time and quality of the entry of F. hepaticas into the bile ducts, seems to be insufficient, therefore, there are still some dark corners and unknown aspects in this field that should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moazeni
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amin Ahmadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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13
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Acute caprine fasciolosis: a case with unusual migration to lung. J Parasit Dis 2015; 39:514-7. [PMID: 26345062 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is an important parasitic disease of domestic ruminants and occurs worldwide as a result of infection with liver fluke species. This report describes the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of acute fasciolosis in a goat with unusual migration to lung. A 10-month-old goat was presented with history of weakness and acute recumbency from 12 h ago. The clinicians didn't report clinical evidence of systemic disease. Hematological analysis showed no significant changes in blood parameters except a mild reduction in lymphocyte population and about 6 % eosinophilia and also normocytic normochromic anemia. A noticeable increase in the level of serum ALP, AST and also GLDH were observed. Moreover, total protein and albumin showed a slight decrease in value comparing to reference intervals. In macroscopic examination numerous short vermiform cords were noted on the liver surface and the surface had an uneven appearance. A large number of immature, wandering flukes were seen on the cut surface. Histopathologically, a wide range of hepatic lesions was found. The most important lesions were moderate to severe perihepatitis and haemorrhagic tracts on the hepatic surface. These lesions corresponded to migratory tunnels filled with blood, fibrin and cellular debris. However histopathological findings of lung revealed chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, but this lesion is not only associated with larval migration.
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14
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Oxidative stress associated with pathological lesions in the liver of rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Exp Parasitol 2015; 159:24-8. [PMID: 26311170 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the antioxidant status and oxidative profile in serum and liver of rats experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica and its relationship with pathological findings. Twenty-four rats were divided into two groups: group A consisted of 12 healthy rats and group B of 12 rats infected orally with 20 metacercaria of F. hepatica. At days 20 and 150 post-infection (PI), blood and liver samples of six animals from each group were collected. The protein oxidation (AOPP technique: advanced oxidation protein products) and antioxidants (FRAP technique: ferric reducing antioxidant power) levels were measured in serum and liver. Furthermore, nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels and lipid peroxidation (TBARS technique: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were measured in liver. AOPP and FRAP levels were increased (P < 0.05) in serum and liver of infected animals in acute and chronic infection when compared with healthy animals. The same occurred with TBARS and NOx levels in the liver (P < 0.05). Histopathology revealed periportal fibrous hepatitis, composed of an abundant inflammatory infiltrate in portal spaces on infected animals, as well as bile duct hyperplasia. The results found seem to be related to the host free radical production demonstrated in serum samples and liver due to the parasite infection.
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15
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Molina-Hernández V, Mulcahy G, Pérez J, Martínez-Moreno Á, Donnelly S, O'Neill SM, Dalton JP, Cwiklinski K. Fasciola hepatica vaccine: we may not be there yet but we're on the right road. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:101-11. [PMID: 25657086 PMCID: PMC4366043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in identifying potential vaccine molecules for the control of fasciolosis in livestock but we have yet to reach the level of efficacy required for commercialisation. The pathogenesis of fasciolosis is associated with liver damage that is inflicted by migrating and feeding immature flukes as well as host inflammatory immune responses to parasite-secreted molecules and tissue damage alarm signals. Immune suppression/modulation by the parasites prevents the development of protective immune responses as evidenced by the lack of immunity observed in naturally and experimentally infected animals. In our opinion, future efforts need to focus on understanding how parasites invade and penetrate the tissues of their hosts and how they potentiate and control the ensuing immune responses, particularly in the first days of infection. Emerging 'omics' data employed in an unbiased approach are helping us understand liver fluke biology and, in parallel with new immunological data, to identify molecules that are essential to parasite development and accessible to vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose Pérez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Sheila Donnelly
- The i3 Institute & School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - John P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Ochrobactrum intermedium on sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2913-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Mendes RE, Zafra R, Pérez-Ecija RA, Buffoni L, Martínez-Moreno A, Tendler M, Pérez J. Evaluation of local immune response to Fasciola hepatica experimental infection in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes of goats immunized with Sm14 vaccine antigen. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:698-705. [PMID: 20835620 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against Fasciola hepatica in goats immunized with a synthetic recombinant antigen from Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein 14 (rSm14) was investigated by assessing worm burdens, serum levels of hepatic enzymes, faecal egg count and hepatic damage, which was evaluated using gross and microscopic morphometric observation. The nature of the local immune response was assessed by examining the distribution of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and γ´+ T lymphocytes along with IgG+, IL-4+ and IFN-γ+ cells in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes (HLN). The goats used consisted of group 1 (unimmunized and uninfected), group 2 [infected control - immunized with Quillaia A (Quil A)] and group 3 (immunized with rSm14 in Quil A and infected), each containing seven animals. Immunization with rSm14 in Quil A adjuvant induced a reduction in gross hepatic lesions of 56.6% (p < 0.001) and reduced hepatic and HLN infiltration of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and γ´+ T lymphocytes as well as IL-4+ and IFN-γ+ cells (p < 0.05). This is the first report of caprine immunization against F. hepatica using a complete rSm14 molecule derived from S. mansoni. Immunization reduced hepatic damage and local inflammatory infiltration into the liver and HLN. However, considering that Quil A is not the preferential/first choice adjuvant for Sm14 immunization, further studies will be undertaken using the monophosphoryl lipid A-based family of adjuvants during clinical trials to facilitate anti-Fasciolavaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Mendes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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18
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PIZZATTO LÍGIA, SHINE RICHARD. Ecological impacts of invading species: Do parasites of the cane toad imperil Australian frogs? AUSTRAL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Evaluation of hepatic damage and local immune response in goats immunized with native glutathione S-transferase of Fasciola hepatica. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:110-9. [PMID: 20185148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Worm burden, hepatic damage and local cellular and humoral immune responses were assessed in goats immunized with glutathione-S-transferase and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. Infected but unimmunized and uninfected control groups were also studied. Hepatic damage was evaluated grossly and microscopically. Local immune response was evaluated by (1) microscopical examination of hepatic lymph nodes (HLNs); (2) analysis of the distribution of CD2(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), T-cell receptor gammadelta(+) lymphocytes and immunoglobulin (Ig) G(+) plasma cells; and (3) investigation of the distribution of cells expressing interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma in the hepatic inflammatory infiltrates and HLNs. Immunized animals did not have significant reduction in fluke number, but there was significant (P<0.05) reduction of fluke size relative to the control groups. The lesions in the two infected groups were similar and consisted of fibrous perihepatitis and white tortuous tracts, mainly involving the left hepatic lobe. Microscopical lesions were similar in both infected groups and were typical of chronic fascioliosis. These included portal fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration with plasma cells, formation of lymphoid follicles, accumulation of haemosiderin-laden macrophages and granulomatous foci. Both infected groups had a marked local immune response characterized by infiltration of CD2(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and IgG(+) plasma cells in hepatic lesions and in HLNs. There was no expression of IL-4 or INF-gamma by cells in the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate, but expression of INF-gamma in HLNs was much lower than that of IL-4, suggesting an immune response dominated by T helper 2 cells.
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20
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Mendes RE, Pérez-Ecija RA, Zafra R, Buffoni L, Martínez-Moreno A, Dalton JP, Mulcahy G, Pérez J. Evaluation of hepatic changes and local and systemic immune responses in goats immunized with recombinant Peroxiredoxin (Prx) and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. Vaccine 2010; 28:2832-40. [PMID: 20153792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Protection against Fasciola hepatica in goats immunized with Peroxiredoxin (Prx) was assessed. The experimental trial consisted of three groups of seven animals; group 1 were unimmunized and uninfected, group 2 were immunized with adjuvant only and group 3 were immunized with recombinant Prx in adjuvant (immunized and infected). Immunization with Prx in Quil A adjuvant, group 3, induced a reduction in fluke burden of 33.04% when compared to adjuvant control, group 2, although this difference was not significant. The hepatic gross and microscopical morphometric study revealed lower damage in the Prx-immunized compared to group 2 (p<0.05). Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies revealed that the Prx-immunized group exhibited reduced infiltration of CD4(+), CD8(+), IFN-gamma(+) and TCR(+) (p<0.05); and CD2(+) and IL-4(+) (p<0.001) in hepatic lesions. Levels of anti-Prx serum IgG in group 3 showed a significant increase at the 4th week after challenge infection compared with group 2 (p<0.0001). This is the first report of ruminant immunization with recombinant Prx of F. hepatica. The study shows that this vaccine significantly reduces hepatic damage and encourages further studies to improve the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Mendes
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Animal Health Building, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.
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21
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Pathological and parasitological protection in goats immunised with recombinant cathepsin L1 and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. Vet J 2009; 185:351-3. [PMID: 19665401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluke burdens, faecal egg output and hepatic damage were assessed in goats immunised with recombinant cathepsin L1 (rCL1) plus Quil A (n=7) or Quil A alone (control; n=7) and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. There were no significant differences in fluke burdens (56+/-26 vs. 92+/-53), average fluke length (20.9+/-3.0 vs. 21.0+/-3.4mm) or faecal egg output (525+/-533 vs. 758+/-677.8 eggs per gram at 17 weeks post-infection) between vaccinated and infected control groups, respectively, but high individual variability was evident. Morphometric and histopathological studies showed reduced hepatic damage in the vaccinated group compared to the infected control, but high individual variability was also recorded. Further vaccine trials in goats should be carried out using a larger number of animals to evaluate rCL1 as a vaccine for fasciolosis in goats.
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Issia L, Pietrokovsky S, Sousa-Figueiredo J, Stothard JR, Wisnivesky-Colli C. Fasciola hepatica infections in livestock flock, guanacos and coypus in two wildlife reserves in Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:341-4. [PMID: 19700244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Between autumn and spring 2006, a coprological survey was performed in two wildlife reserves located in the north of Argentine Patagonia to determine the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and the number of parasite eggs per gram (epg) of feces in wild guanacos (Lama guanicoe), coypus (Myocastor coypus), and locally born and raised goats and sheep. Snails of the Family Lymnaeidae were collected in freshwater habitats, identified taxonomically and analyzed parasitologically. Prevalence of patent infection was 100% in sheep (n=69) and coypus (n=9), 84% in goats (n=20) and 0.5% in guanacos (n=224). No significant differences in epg were found among animals, but the median epg of coypus (160) and sheep (160) was higher than that of goats (80). For guanacos and goats, a negative binomial model estimating the population egg-count frequency could be fitted, while for coypus and sheep parasite egg-count frequencies trended toward a normal distribution, indicative of a more even, and much less aggregated distribution across sampled hosts. All snails (n=175) were Lymnaea truncatula and none of them was found infected. This is the first report of fascioliasis in free-ranging guanacos in Argentina. Coypu appears to be a major wildlife reservoir of F. hepatica, which was presumably introduced locally by livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Issia
- Unidad de Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Study of the local immune response to Fasciola hepatica in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes of goats immunised with a peptide of the Sm14 antigen. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:226-32. [PMID: 19345386 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the local immune response was assessed studying the distribution of CD2(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadelta(+) T lymphocytes, IgM(+) B cells, IL-4(+) and IFN-gamma(+) cells in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) of goats immunised with a synthetic peptide of the Sm14 antigen from Schistosoma mansoni and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. A morphometric study of HLN was also carried out in order to evaluate the hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles. Despite the decrease in fluke burdens found in the immunised group (45.9%) respect to the infected control group, this difference was not statistically significant due to the high individual variability. In liver, a significant increase of CD2(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadelta(+) T lymphocytes was found in the infected groups respect to the uninfected control and in the infected control respect to the immunised group. HLN showed a significant enlargement due to the hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and infiltration of CD2(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadelta(+) T lymphocytes in both infected groups respect to the uninfected control, with no significant differences between the infected control and immunised group. IFN-gamma(+) lymphoid cells was absent or very occasional in HLN where the number of IL-4(+) cells was higher than that of IFN-gamma, suggesting a polarized Th2 response in immunised and in infected control group.
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Nonga HE, Mwabonimana MF, Ngowi HA, Mellau LSB, Karimuribo ED. A retrospective survey of liver fasciolosis and stilesiosis in livestock based on abattoir data in Arusha, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1377-80. [PMID: 19252997 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H E Nonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.
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A study of the liver of goats immunized with a synthetic peptide of the Sm14 antigen and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. J Comp Pathol 2008; 139:169-76. [PMID: 18768187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic peptide of the Sm14 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni was used to immunize goats against experimental challenge with Fasciola hepatica. The goats used consisted of: group 1 (unimmunized and uninfected [controls]); group 2 (unimmunized and infected); group 3 (immunized and infected). Compared with group 2, the animals of group 3 showed at necropsy a reduction in hepatic worm burden; however, because of variability in the two groups this reduction was not statistically significant. A gross morphometric study of the hepatic changes revealed a correlation between lesions and worm burdens in group 3. No significant differences in damaged areas were found between groups 2 and 3, except that group 2 had more severe bile duct hyperplasia. A striking hepatic inflammatory infiltration of CD3+ T lymphocytes and IgG+ plasma cells was found in both groups 2 and 3, especially the latter.
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Ferreras-Estrada MC, Campo R, González-Lanza C, Pérez V, García-Marín JF, Manga-González MY. Immunohistochemical study of the local immune response in lambs experimentally infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Digenea). Parasitol Res 2007; 101:547-55. [PMID: 17393185 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic expression of inflammatory cells in liver and hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) has been examined in lambs experimentally infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum using immunohistochemical techniques. Thirty-two lambs, 12 infected with 1,000 D. dendriticum metacercariae, 12 with 3,000, and 8 controls were used. Half the lambs in each group were slaughtered on days 60 and 180 post-infection (p.i.), respectively. Primary antibodies (Abs) against T cell epitopes (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and WC1+ gammadelta), B cell epitopes (CD79alphacy+, CD45R+), immunoglobulin (IgG)-bearing plasma cells, macrophages (CD14+, VPM32+) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIbeta antigen were used. T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+) and B lymphocytes (CD79alphacy+ and CD45R+) with diffuse pattern or forming lymphoid aggregates and follicles surrounded the septal bile ducts (SBD) and inter-lobular bile ducts, whereas the WC1 gammadelta T cells were scattered. Numerous IgG+ plasma cells were observed around SBD. CD14 and VPM32+ macrophages intermingled with lymphocytes were immunostained by the anti-MHC class IIbeta. This Ab also reacted with lymphoid cells. Likewise, increased positive immunostaining for all Abs used was observed in the HLN of infected lambs. There was no qualitative difference regarding the phenotype expression of inflammatory cells between the lambs infected with D. dendriticum. The humoral and cell-mediated local immune responses observed were similar in the two groups of lambs infected with different doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Ferreras-Estrada
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Histología y Anatomía Patológica), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus Universitario de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 Leon, Spain.
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27
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Infectious Disorders of the Liver. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Molina EC, Skerratt LF. Cellular and humoral responses in liver of cattle and buffaloes infected with a single dose of Fasciola gigantica. Vet Parasitol 2005; 131:157-63. [PMID: 15936148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular components of the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate in cattle and buffaloes infected with a single dose of 1000 Fasciola gigantica were analysed by immunohistochemistry and histology. T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and mast cells were present in the hepatic lesions. It is proposed that both cellular and humoral immune responses were induced in the liver of cattle and buffaloes during infection with F. gigantica probably by antigens released by the developing flukes and by damage caused by the flukes during their migration in the liver. The local T cell response differed between these animals, with the response decreasing after 3 weeks post-infection in cattle in contrast to a gradually increasing response in buffaloes. Difference in the T cell response between cattle and buffaloes may be related to their differences in resistance and resilience to infection with F. gigantica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Molina
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato 9407, Philippines.
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Sánchez-Andrade R, Paz-Silva A, Suárez JL, Panadero R, Pedreira J, López C, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Influence of age and breed on natural bovine fasciolosis in an endemic area (Galicia, NW Spain). Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:361-70. [PMID: 12212726 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016290727793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An analysis was undertaken of the effect of breed and age on bovine fasciolosis using antibody and antigen detection ELISAs. A total of 84.3% of the 1284 serum samples examined had positive antibody values and 20.4% exhibited antigenaemia. The seroprevalence of antibodies in crossbred cattle was higher than that in autochthonous Rubia Gallega, Friesian or Brown Swiss cows. The highest percentage antigenaemia occurred in the Brown Swiss cattle, but the breed differences were not statistically significant. Cattle aged 3-5 years had the highest antibody and circulating antigen prevalence and the age differences were significant. It was concluded that the apparent influence of breed was probably closely associated with the husbandry system. The autochthonous Rubia Gallega may be better adapted to fasciolosis as its percentage of antigenaemia was the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sánchez-Andrade
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Carnevale S, Rodríguez MI, Guarnera EA, Carmona C, Tanos T, Angel SO. Immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis using recombinant procathepsin L cystein proteinase. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 41:43-9. [PMID: 11687313 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(01)00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L1, a cysteine protease secreted by the gastrodermis of juvenile and adult Fasciola hepatica, was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein containing the proregion, supplied with six histidyl residues at the N-terminal end (rproCL1). In this study we tested its potential as antigen for the serologic diagnosis of F. hepatica infections by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analyzed human sera included 16 positive samples, 99 negative controls and 111 from individuals affected by other parasitic and non parasitic diseases. The sensitivity and specificity of the rproCL1-ELISA were 100%. We also assessed the ability to detect antibodies in sera from 10 experimentally infected sheep, obtaining preliminary results that shown a response since the third week post infection in all the studied animals. Therefore, the recombinant rproCL1-based ELISA could be a standardized test for the accurate diagnosis of fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carnevale
- Departamento de Parasitología, ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sársfield 563, (1281), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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31
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Wuhrer M, Berkefeld C, Dennis RD, Idris MA, Geyer R. The liver flukes Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica express the leucocyte cluster of differentiation marker CD77 (globotriaosylceramide) in their tegument. Biol Chem 2001; 382:195-207. [PMID: 11308018 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids from the parasitic liver flukes Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica were isolated and their carbohydrate moieties were structurally analysed by methylation analysis, exoglycosidase treatment, on-target exoglycosidase cleavage and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. For both liver fluke species, the ceramide monohexosides Gal1-ceramide and Glc1-ceramide were found in relative amounts of 1.0 to 0.1, respectively. From F. gigantica, the ceramide dihexoside was isolated in sufficient amounts to be structurally determined as lactosylceramide, Gal beta4-Glc1-ceramide, while for both liver fluke species the ceramide trihexoside was shown to be Gal alpha4Gal beta4-Glc1-ceramide, which is designated as either globotriaosylceramide, Pk-blood group antigen or CD77 leucocyte cluster of differentiation antigen. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the expression of globo-series glycosphingolipids in non-mammalian species. Ceramide analysis of ceramide monohexosides yielded as major components octadecanoic and 2-hydroxyoctadecanoic fatty acids together with C18- and C20-phytosphingosines. By the use of an anti-CD77 monoclonal antibody and the Escherichia coli Shiga toxin B1 subunit, globotriaosylceramide could be immunolocalised to the tegument of F. hepatica cryosections. The sharing of CD77 between liver flukes and their mammalian hosts fits in with the concept of molecular mimicry, which is closely parallel to the established imitation of host CD15 (Lewis X) displayed by the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wuhrer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Germany
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Martínez-Moreno A, Jiménez-Luque V, Cámara S, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Acosta I, Hernández S. Oxidative responses during bacterial phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in primarily and secondarily Fasciola hepatica infected goats. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:1013-7. [PMID: 10980292 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function, in terms of oxidative response during bacterial phagocytosis, was studied using a Luminol-Dependant Chemiluminiscence (LDCL) assay in primarily and secondarily Fasciola hepatica infected goats. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes of F. hepatica infected goats displayed lower LDCL responses than naive goats. The lowest responses were observed in secondarily infected animals that had higher parasitic burdens and more prominent hepatic lesions. The reduced responses were induced by a functional defect of the circulating PMN but also by a direct involvement of serum factors. Both circulating parasite products and the non protective immune response that occurred during secondary F. hepatica infection of goats could be implied in the alteration of PMN function. These findings suggest the existence of an important mechanism for impairment of the host immune system during goat fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Moreno
- Department de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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