1
|
Winter A, Salamonsen LA, Evans J. Modelling fibroid pathology: development and manipulation of a myometrial smooth muscle cell macromolecular crowding model to alter extracellular matrix deposition. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:498-509. [PMID: 32449756 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options for uterine fibroids are limited to hormonal manipulation or surgical intervention. We aimed to develop an in vitro model to mirror collagen deposition and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, the principal features of uterine fibroids, to enable testing of novel therapeutics. Macromolecular crowding with Ficoll 400 and Ficoll 70 in cultures of human uterine myometrial smooth muscle cells containing ascorbic acid, provided the basis for this model. These culture conditions mimic the 'crowded' nature of the in vivo extracellular environment by incorporating neutral, space-filling macromolecules into conventional cell cultures. This method of culture facilitates appropriate ECM deposition, thus closely representing the in vivo fibrotic phenotype of uterine fibroids. Macromolecular crowding in Ficoll cultures containing ascorbic acid reduced myometrial smooth muscle cell proliferation and promoted collagen production. Under these conditions, collagen was processed for extracellular deposition as demonstrated by C-propeptide cleavage from secreted procollagen. The fibrosis marker activin was increased relative to its natural inhibitor, follistatin, in crowded culture conditions while addition of exogenous follistatin reduced collagen (Col1A1) gene expression. This in vitro model represents a promising development for the testing of therapeutic interventions for uterine fibroids. However, it does not recapitulate the full in vivo pathology which can include specific genetic and epigenetic alterations that have not been identified in the myometrial smooth muscle (hTERT-HM) cell line. Following screening of potential therapeutics using the model, the most promising compounds will require further assessment in the context of individual subjects including those with genetic changes implicated in fibroid pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Winter
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Jemma Evans
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh B, Sims H, Trueheart I, Simpson K, Wang KC, Patzkowsky K, Wegman T, Soma JM, Dixon R, Jayes F, Voegltine K, Yenokyan G, Su SC, Leppert P, Segars JH. A Phase I Clinical Trial to Assess Safety and Tolerability of Injectable Collagenase in Women with Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2699-2709. [PMID: 33914296 PMCID: PMC8346429 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids feature excessive deposition of types I and III collagen. Previous ex vivo studies showed an FDA-approved collagenase (EN3835)-digested types I and III collagen fibers in fibroid tissues; however, collagenase had not been evaluated in vivo for effects on uterine fibroids. The objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of collagenase injection directly into uterine fibroids. This was a prospective, open label, dose escalation study. The study participants were fifteen women aged 35-50 years with symptomatic uterine fibroids planning to undergo hysterectomy. Three subjects received saline and methylene blue, three subjects received a fixed dose of EN3835, and 9 subjects received stepped, increasing dosages of EN3835, all by transvaginal, ultrasound-guided injections. Primary outcome measures were safety and tolerability of the injection and change in collagen content between treated and control tissues. There were no significant adverse events following injection of EN3835 into uterine fibroids. Masson's trichrome stains revealed a 39% reduction in collagen content in treated samples compared to controls (p <0.05). Second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis showed treated samples to have a 21% reduction in density of collagen compared to controls. Picrosirius-stained collagenase-treated fibroids showed collagen fibers to be shorter and less dense compared to controls. Subjects reported a decrease in fibroid-related pain on the McGill Pain Questionnaire after study drug injection in Group 2 at both 4-8 days and 60-90 days post-injection. The findings indicated that injection of collagenase was safe and well tolerated. These results support further clinical investigation of collagenase as a minimally invasive treatment of uterine fibroids. NCT0289848.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuchitra Singh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Holly Sims
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Irene Trueheart
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Khara Simpson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeons, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen C Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeons, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Patzkowsky
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeons, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Wegman
- BioSpecifics Technologies Corporation, Lynbrook, NY, USA
| | | | - Rosina Dixon
- BioSpecifics Technologies Corporation, Lynbrook, NY, USA
| | - Friederike Jayes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Voegltine
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Data Management Core, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gayane Yenokyan
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Biostatistics Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Szu-Chi Su
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Phyllis Leppert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James H Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leppert PC, Al-Hendy A, Baird DD, Bulun S, Catherino W, Dixon D, Ducharme M, Harmon QE, Jayes FL, Paul E, Perucho AM, Segars J, Simón C, Stewart EA, Teixeira J, Tinelli A, Tschumperlin D, Zota AR. Summary of the Proceedings of the Basic Science of Uterine Fibroids Meeting: New Developments February 28, 2020. F&S SCIENCE 2021; 2:88-100. [PMID: 34124698 PMCID: PMC8192074 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Scientists from multiple basic disciplines and an international group of physician-scientists from the field of obstetrics and gynecology presented recent studies and discussed new and evolving theories of uterine fibroid etiology, growth and development at The Basic Science of the Uterine Fibroids meeting, sponsored by the Campion Fund and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The purpose was to share up-to date knowledge and to stimulate new concepts regarding the basic molecular biology and pathophysiology of uterine fibroids, and to promote future collaborations. The meeting was held at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in North Carolina on February 28, 2020. Speakers reviewed recent advances in cellular and molecular processes that contribute to fibroid growth and new opportunities for treatment. At the conclusion of the conference, attendees identified important new directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis C. Leppert
- Campion Fund of the Phyllis and Mark Leppert Foundation for Fertility Research, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois
| | - Donna D. Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Serdar Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Il
| | - William Catherino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Darlene Dixon
- National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Merrick Ducharme
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Quaker E. Harmon
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Friederike L. Jayes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Emmanuel Paul
- Grand Rapids Research Center, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI
| | | | - James Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carlos Simón
- IgenomixFoundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Valencia University, Valencia
- Harvard University, Boston MA
| | - Elizabeth A. Stewart
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic
| | - Jose Teixeira
- Grand Rapids Research Center, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vitto Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniel Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ami R. Zota
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Milken School of Public Health
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Courtoy GE, Henriet P, Marbaix E, de Codt M, Luyckx M, Donnez J, Dolmans MM. Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Correlates With Uterine Myoma Volume Reduction After Ulipristal Acetate Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1566-1573. [PMID: 29408988 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ulipristal acetate (UPA), a selective progesterone receptor modulator, clinically reduces uterine myoma size in 80% of cases. However, the molecular mechanism of action is still poorly understood, as is the reason why 20% of myomas do not respond to treatment. OBJECTIVE To elucidate whether matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are associated with myoma volume shrinkage after UPA therapy. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Academic research unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS Uterine biopsies were obtained from 59 patients with symptomatic myomas undergoing myomectomy, 45 of whom were treated preoperatively with either one or greater than or equal to two, 3-month courses of UPA and 14 not given any hormone therapy to serve as controls. Myoma volume was individually monitored during UPA therapy to determine any substantial clinical response (defined as a reduction in volume of >25%). Three groups were established based on the response to treatment: responsive (R) after one course (n = 12); R after two to four courses (n = 15); and nonresponsive (NR; n = 18). INTERVENTIONS UPA treatment given as preoperative management for symptomatic myomas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES MMP and TIMP expression assessed by zymography and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with controls and NR myomas, responders showed significantly higher expression levels for MMP-1 (P < 0.0001) and MMP-2 (P = 0.009) and significantly lower expression levels for TIMP-1 (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS The correlation found between MMP expression and volume fold change supports the notion that MMPs play a key role in UPA-induced myoma shrinkage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume E Courtoy
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Henriet
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Pathology Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu de Codt
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Luyckx
- Gynecology and Andrology Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Donnez
- Société de Recherche pour l'Infertilité (SRI), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Madeleine Dolmans
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Gynecology and Andrology Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andrade AL, Campos MQ, Gomes JAP, Berto AGA, Michelacci YM. Effect of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation on Corneal Healing and Proteoglycan Expression in an Experimental Model of Limbal Deficiency in Rabbits. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 20:290-9. [DOI: 10.1177/112067211002000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre L. Andrade
- Department of Clinical Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba
| | - Mauro Q. Campos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - José A. P. Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| | | | - Yara M. Michelacci
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yatsenko SA, Mittal P, Wood-Trageser MA, Jones MW, Surti U, Edwards RP, Sood AK, Rajkovic A. Highly heterogeneous genomic landscape of uterine leiomyomas by whole exome sequencing and genome-wide arrays. Fertil Steril 2016; 107:457-466.e9. [PMID: 27889101 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the genomic signatures of human uterine leiomyomas and prevalence of MED12 mutations in human uterine leiomyosarcomas. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) This study included a set of 16 fresh frozen leiomyoma and corresponding unaffected myometrium specimens as well as 153 leiomyosarcomas collected from women diagnosed with uterine leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas who underwent clinically indicated abdominal hysterectomy. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Whole exome sequencing and high-resolution X-chromosome and whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analyses were performed on leiomyoma samples negative for the known MED12 mutations and compared with their corresponding myometrium. Leiomyosarcoma specimens were examined for exon 2 MED12 mutations to evaluate the frequency of MED12 mutated leiomyosarcomas. RESULT(S) Our results indicate remarkable genomic heterogeneity of leiomyoma lesions. MED12-negative leiomyomas contain copy number alterations involving the Mediator complex subunits such as MED8, MED18, CDK8, and long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA340 (CASC15), which may affect the Mediator architecture and/or its transcriptional activity. We also identified mutations in a number of genes that were implicated in leiomyomagenesis such as COL4A6, DCN, and AHR, as well as novel genes: NRG1, ADAM18, HUWE1, FBXW4, FBXL13, and CAPRIN1. CONCLUSION(S) Mutations in genes implicated in cell-to-cell interactions and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and genomic aberrations involving genes coding for the Mediator complex subunits were identified in uterine leiomyomas. Additionally, we discovered that ∼4.6% of leiomyosarcomas harbored MED12 exon 2 mutations, but the relevance of this association with molecular pathogenesis of leiomyosarcoma remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Yatsenko
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, Magee-Women's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Priya Mittal
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michelle A Wood-Trageser
- Department of Pathology, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mirka W Jones
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Women's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Urvashi Surti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, Magee-Women's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert P Edwards
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, Magee-Women's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Loss of stiffness in collagen-rich uterine fibroids after digestion with purified collagenase Clostridium histolyticum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:596.e1-596.e8. [PMID: 27177523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine fibroids are a significant health problem. These common benign tumors occur in 70-80% of women before age 50 years and often cause bleeding and pain and can interfere considerably with daily life. Current treatment options are limited. Fibroids contain substantial amounts of altered and disordered collagens, which contribute to their bulk. Targeting these collagens directly presents a novel treatment approach. OBJECTIVES We sought to test the hypothesis that a highly purified collagenase Clostridium histolyticum will digest interstitial collagen in uterine fibroids and reduce their stiffness and thereby evaluate the feasibility that this collagenase C histolyticum can be developed into an alternative treatment for fibroids. A secondary objective was to describe the collagen content of the fibroid tissue. STUDY DESIGN Fibroid tissue cubes (1 cm3; n = 154) were cut from 17 uterine fibroids that were obtained from 7 consented subjects undergoing scheduled hysterectomies. Tissue cubes were injected with diluent, placebo, or highly purified collagenase C histolyticum (0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/cube) and incubated at 37°C for 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours. At each time point, 6 noninjected control cubes were also evaluated. Tissue cubes were photographed before and after incubation. Myometrial samples (n = 21) were also evaluated. Stiffness was quantified through rheometry by measuring complex shear moduli of the tissues. Percent fibrosis was determined by computerized analysis of Masson-trichrome-stained slides. Digestion of collagen fibrils was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Fibrosis in untreated fibroids ranged from 37% to 77%, reflecting the collagen-rich nature of these tumors. After treatment with collagenase for 96 hours, fibrosis ranged from 5.3% to 2.4%. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed complete digestion of collagen fibrils. Tissue stiffness was reduced with all 3 doses of collagenase treatment and at all 4 time points. Longer incubation times with collagenase caused greater reduction in stiffness, and treated cubes lost their cuboidal shape and had gelatinous/liquefied centers. At 96 hours the stiffness in tissues treated with the lowest dose was reduced to 966 ± 106 Pascal compared with the diluent-treated control at the same time (5323 ± 903 Pascal; P < .0001; by analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer). CONCLUSION Uterine fibroids have a high content of collagen that can be effectively digested by highly purified collagenase C histolyticum, resulting in reduced tissue stiffness. Loss of stiffness may decrease bulk symptoms in vivo and possibly lead to shrinkage of fibroids through changed mechanotransduction, leading ultimately to reduced fibroid symptoms of pain and bleeding. Clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of collagenase C histolyticum including the rate of regrowth of fibroids. The data of this study provide a strong rationale for using this purified collagenase in clinical trials as a local treatment for women with fibroids.
Collapse
|
8
|
Guedes PLR, Castañon MCMN, Nagaoka MR, Aguiar JAKD. Increase of glycosaminoglycans and metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in liver extracellular matrix on early stages of extrahepatic cholestasis. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2015; 51:309-15. [PMID: 25591159 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032014000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cholestasis produces hepatocellular injury, leukocyte infiltration, ductular cells proliferation and fibrosis of liver parenchyma by extracellular matrix replacement. OBJECTIVE Analyze bile duct ligation effect upon glycosaminoglycans content and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activities. METHODS Animals (6-8 weeks; n = 40) were euthanized 2, 7 or 14 days after bile duct ligation or Sham-surgery. Disease evolution was analyzed by body and liver weight, seric direct bilirubin, globulins, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-P), alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), tissue myeloperoxidase and MMP-9, pro MMP-2 and MMP-2 activities, histopathology and glycosaminoglycans content. RESULTS Cholestasis caused cellular damage with elevation of globulins, GGT, Alk-P, ALT, AST. There was neutrophil infiltration observed by the increasing of myeloperoxidase activity on 7 (P = 0.0064) and 14 (P = 0.0002) groups which leads to the magnification of tissue injuries. Bile duct ligation increased pro-MMP-2 (P = 0.0667), MMP-2 (P = 0.0003) and MMP-9 (P<0.0001) activities on 14 days indicating matrix remodeling and establishment of inflammatory process. Bile duct ligation animals showed an increasing on dermatan sulfate and/or heparan sulfate content reflecting extracellular matrix production and growing mitosis due to parenchyma depletion. CONCLUSIONS Cholestasis led to many changes on rats' liver parenchyma, as so as on its extracellular matrix, with major alterations on MMPs activities and glycosaminoglycans content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Márcia Regina Nagaoka
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martins EAN, Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA, Cogliati B, Silva LCLC. Evaluation of chitosan-GP hydrogel biocompatibility in osteochondral defects: an experimental approach. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:197. [PMID: 25160583 PMCID: PMC4236820 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage, because of its avascular nature, has little capacity for spontaneous healing, and tissue engineering approaches, employing different biomaterials and cells, are under development. Among the investigated biomaterials are the chitosan-based hydrogels. Although thoroughly studied in other mammalian species, studies are scarce in equines. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biocompatibility of chitosan-GP in horse joints submitted to high mechanical loads. Results An osteochondral defect was created by arthroscopy in the medial surface of lateral trochlea of talus of left or right leg, randomly selected, from six healthy geldings. The defect was filled up with chitosan-GP. The contralateral joint received an identical defect with no implant. The chondral fragment removed to produce the defect was collected, processed and used as the “Initial” sample (normal cartilage) for histology, immunohistochemistry, and metabolic labelling of PGs. After 180 days, the repair tissues were collected, and also analyzed. At the end of the experiment (180 days after lesion), the total number of cells per field in repair tissues was equal to control, and macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells were not detected, suggesting that no significant inflammation was present. These cells were able to synthesize type II collagen and proteoglycans (PGs). Nevertheless, the cell population in these tissues, both in presence of chitosan-GP and in untreated controls, were heterogeneous, with a lower proportion of type II collagen-positives cells and some with a fibroblastic aspect. Moreover, the PGs synthesized in repair tissues formed in presence or absence of chitosan-GP were similar to those of normal cartilage. However, the chitosan-GP treated tissue had an disorganized appearance, and blood vessels were present. Conclusions Implanted chitosan-GP did not evoke an important inflammatory reaction, and permitted cell growth. These cells were able to synthesize type II collagen and PGs similar to those synthesized in normal cartilage and in healing tissue without implant, indicating its chondrocyte nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yara M Michelacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, 04044-020, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jorge S, Chang S, Barzilai JJ, Leppert P, Segars JH. Mechanical signaling in reproductive tissues: mechanisms and importance. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1093-107. [PMID: 25001021 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114542023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The organs of the female reproductive system are among the most dynamic tissues in the human body, undergoing repeated cycles of growth and involution from puberty through menopause. To achieve such impressive plasticity, reproductive tissues must respond not only to soluble signals (hormones, growth factors, and cytokines) but also to physical cues (mechanical forces and osmotic stress) as well. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the process of mechanotransduction-how signals are conveyed from the extracellular matrix that surrounds the cells of reproductive tissues to the downstream molecules and signaling pathways that coordinate the cellular adaptive response to external forces. Our objective was to examine how mechanical forces contribute significantly to physiological functions and pathogenesis in reproductive tissues. We highlight how widespread diseases of the reproductive tract, from preterm labor to tumors of the uterus and breast, result from an impairment in mechanical signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Jorge
- CRTP Scholars, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sydney Chang
- CRTP Scholars, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leppert PC, Jayes FL, Segars JH. The extracellular matrix contributes to mechanotransduction in uterine fibroids. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014; 2014:783289. [PMID: 25110476 PMCID: PMC4106177 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and mechanotransduction as an important signaling factor in the human uterus is just beginning to be appreciated. The ECM is not only the substance that surrounds cells, but ECM stiffness will either compress cells or stretch them resulting in signals converted into chemical changes within the cell, depending on the amount of collagen, cross-linking, and hydration, as well as other ECM components. In this review we present evidence that the stiffness of fibroid tissue has a direct effect on the growth of the tumor through the induction of fibrosis. Fibrosis has two characteristics: (1) resistance to apoptosis leading to the persistence of cells and (2) secretion of collagen and other components of the ECM such a proteoglycans by those cells leading to abundant disposition of highly cross-linked, disoriented, and often widely dispersed collagen fibrils. Fibrosis affects cell growth by mechanotransduction, the dynamic signaling system whereby mechanical forces initiate chemical signaling in cells. Data indicate that the structurally disordered and abnormally formed ECM of uterine fibroids contributes to fibroid formation and growth. An appreciation of the critical role of ECM stiffness to fibroid growth may lead to new strategies for treatment of this common disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James H. Segars
- Unit on Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Program on Pediatric and Adult Endocrinology, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Islam MS, Protic O, Stortoni P, Grechi G, Lamanna P, Petraglia F, Castellucci M, Ciarmela P. Complex networks of multiple factors in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:178-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
13
|
Halder SK, Osteen KG, Al-Hendy A. Vitamin D3 inhibits expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in human uterine fibroid cells. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2407-16. [PMID: 23814095 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can biologically active vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D3] regulate the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human uterine fibroid cells? SUMMARY ANSWER 1,25(OH)₂D3 effectively reduced the expression and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cultured human uterine fibroid cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) express higher levels of MMP activity than adjacent normal myometrium, and this is associated with uterine fibroid pathogenesis. However, it is unknown whether 1,25(OH)₂D3 can regulate the expression and activities of MMPs in human uterine fibroid cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Surgically removed fresh fibroid tissue was used to generate primary uterine fibroid cells. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS An immortalized human uterine fibroid cell line (HuLM) and/or primary human uterine fibroid cells isolated from fresh fibroid tissue were used to examine the expression of several MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) 1 and 2 and the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 after 1,25(OH)₂D3 treatment. Real-time PCR and western blots analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein expression of MMPs, respectively. Supernatant cell culture media were analyzed for MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities using a gelatin zymography assay. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE 1-1000 nM 1,25(OH)₂D3 significantly reduced mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HuLM cells in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.5 to P < 0.001). The mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13 and MMP-14 in HuLM cells were also reduced by 1,25(OH)₂D3. 1,25(OH)₂D3 significantly reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner in both HuLM and primary uterine fibroid cells (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Moreover, 1,25(OH)₂D3 increased the mRNA levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and TIMP-2 in a concentration-dependent manner in HuLM cells (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). 1,25(OH)₂D3 also significantly increased protein levels of VDR and TIMP-2 in all cell types tested (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Gelatin zymography revealed that pro-MMP-2, active MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 were down-regulated by 1,25(OH)₂D3 in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the active MMP-9 was undetectable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was performed using in vitro uterine fibroid cell cultures and the results were extrapolated to in vivo situation of uterine fibroids. Moreover, in this study the interaction of vitamin D3 with other regulators such as steroid hormone receptors was not explored. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study reveals an important biological function of 1,25(OH)₂D3 in the regulation of expression and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Thus, 1,25(OH)₂D3 might be a potential effective, safe non-surgical treatment option for human uterine fibroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Halder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Proteoglycans of uterine fibroids and keloid scars: similarity in their proteoglycan composition. Biochem J 2012; 443:361-8. [PMID: 22257180 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the formation of excess and abnormal fibrous connective tissue as a result of either a reparative or reactive process. A defining feature of connective tissue is its extracellular matrix, which provides structural support and also influences cellular activity. Two common human conditions that result from fibrosis are uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) and keloid scars. Because these conditions share a number of similarities and because their growth is due primarily to excessive extracellular matrix deposition, we compared the proteoglycans of uterine fibroids and keloid scars with corresponding normal tissues. Our analysis indicates that uterine fibroids and keloid scars contain higher amounts of glycosaminoglycans relative to normal myometrium and normal adult skin respectively. Proteoglycan composition is also different in the fibrotic tissues. Compared with unaffected tissues, uterine fibroids and keloid scars contain higher relative amounts of versican and lower relative amounts of decorin. There is also evidence for a higher level of versican catabolism in the fibrotic tissues compared with unaffected tissues. These qualitative and quantitative proteoglycan differences may play a role in the expansion of these fibroses and in their excessive matrix deposition and matrix disorganization, due to effects on cell proliferation, TGF (transforming growth factor)-β signalling and/or collagen fibril formation.
Collapse
|
15
|
de Lima CR, de Arimatéa dos Santos Junior J, Nazário ACP, Michelacci YM. Changes in glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of normal breast and fibroadenoma during the menstrual cycle. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1009-19. [PMID: 22542782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroadenoma is the most common breast tumor in young women, and its growth and metabolism may be under hormonal control. In the present paper we described the proteoglycan (PG) composition and synthesis rate of normal breast and fibroadenoma during the menstrual cycle. METHODS Samples of fibroadenoma and adjacent normal breast tissue were obtained at surgery. PGs were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis and enzymatic degradation with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyases, and immunolocalized by confocal microscopy. To assess the synthesis rate, PGs were metabolic labeled by 35S-sulfate. RESULTS The concentration of PGs in normal breast was higher during the secretory phase. Fibroadenoma contained and synthesized more PGs than their paired controls, but the PG concentrations varied less with the menstrual cycle and, in contrast to normal tissue, peaked in the proliferative phase. The main mammary GAGs are heparan sulfate (HS, 71%-74%) and dermatan sulfate (DS, 26%-29%). The concentrations of both increased in fibroadenoma, but DS increased more, becoming 35%-37% of total. The DS chains contained more β-d-glucuronic acid (IdoUA/GlcUA ratios were >10 in normal breast and 2-7 in fibroadenoma). The 35S-sulfate incorporation rate revealed that the in vitro synthesis rate of DS was higher than HS. Decorin was present in both tissues, while versican was found only in fibroadenoma. CONCLUSIONS In normal breast, the PG concentration varied with the menstrual cycle. It was increased in fibroadenoma, especially DS. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PGs are increased in fibroadenoma, but their concentrations may be less sensitive to hormonal control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cilene Rebouças de Lima
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Norian JM, Owen CM, Taboas J, Korecki C, Tuan R, Malik M, Catherino WH, Segars JH. Characterization of tissue biomechanics and mechanical signaling in uterine leiomyoma. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:57-65. [PMID: 21983114 PMCID: PMC3576015 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leiomyoma are common tumors arising within the uterus that feature excessive deposition of a stiff, disordered extracellular matrix (ECM). Mechanical stress is a critical determinant of excessive ECM deposition and increased mechanical stress has been shown to be involved in tumorigenesis. Here we tested the viscoelastic properties of leiomyoma and characterized dynamic and static mechanical signaling in leiomyoma cells using three approaches, including measurement of active RhoA. We found that the peak strain and pseudo-dynamic modulus of leiomyoma tissue was significantly increased relative to matched myometrium. In addition, leiomyoma cells demonstrated an attenuated response to applied cyclic uniaxial strain and to variation in substrate stiffness, relative to myometrial cells. However, on a flexible pronectin-coated silicone substrate, basal levels and lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated levels of activated RhoA were similar between leiomyoma and myometrial cells. In contrast, leiomyoma cells plated on a rigid polystyrene substrate had elevated levels of active RhoA, compared to myometrial cells. The results indicate that viscoelastic properties of the ECM of leiomyoma contribute significantly to the tumor's inherent stiffness and that leiomyoma cells have an attenuated sensitivity to mechanical cues. The findings suggest there may be a fundamental alteration in the communication between the external mechanical environment (extracellular forces) and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton mediated by RhoA in leiomyoma cells. Additional research will be needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the attenuated mechanical signaling in leiomyoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Norian
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carter M. Owen
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juan Taboas
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopedic Branch, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Skin Diseases, National Institutes, of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Casey Korecki
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopedic Branch, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Skin Diseases, National Institutes, of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rocky Tuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopedic Branch, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Skin Diseases, National Institutes, of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William H. Catherino
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James H. Segars
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maruo T, Ohara N, Yoshida S, Nakabayashi K, Sasaki H, Xu Q, Matsuo H, Sitruk-Ware R, Yamada H. Lessons learned from the preclinical drug discovery of asoprisnil and ulipristal for non-surgical treatment of uterine leiomyomas. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:897-911. [PMID: 22646213 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.602670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor in women during the reproductive years. Menorrhagia is the common symptom and accounts for the most frequent indication for hysterectomy. Thus, development of a novel drug for non-surgical treatment of uterine leiomyoma is needed for the betterment of women's health. AREA COVERED This review introduces a translational research initiated by use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for contraceptive purposes. During follow-up, a patient informed that heavy menstrual bleeding caused by uterine myoma was strikingly reduced after the insertion of device. The patient's unexpected comment led the authors to perform clinical trials of LNG-IUS for the management of menorrhagia in women with uterine myomas and striking reduction in menorrhagia was obtained by the use of LNG-IUS. MRI examination, however, revealed that the volume of myomas decreased in some, but increased in the other instances. This unexpected finding with MRI directed the authors to characterize the effects of progesterone (P4) and progesterone receptor modulators (PRMs) on uterineleiomyoma cell growth in vitro. EXPERT OPINION In consistence with the in vitro data obtained, randomized controlled clinical trials of PRMs in patients with uterine leiomyomas at several institutions have demonstrated that oral administration of PRMs (asoprisnil and ulipristal) for 3 months reduced leiomyoma volume, resulting in a significant improvement of the associated symptoms. However, a novel pattern of PRM-associated endometrial changes was recognized in the endometrial pathology, demonstrating unusual epithelial types not seen in the normal menstrual cycle of a premenstrual woman. Thus, follow-up studies to determine whether the novel endometrial changes remain, disappear or progress to something else are needed for the possible long-term use of PRMs for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maruo
- Kobe Children's Hospital and Feto-Maternal Medical Center, 1-1-1 Takakuradai, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0081 , Japan +81 78 732 0030 ; +81 78 732 0140 ;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Honardoust D, Varkey M, Hori K, Ding J, Shankowsky HA, Tredget EE. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin, are reduced in postburn hypertrophic scar. Wound Repair Regen 2011; 19:368-78. [PMID: 21518082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2011.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are extracellular matrix molecules that regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and inhibit transforming growth factor-β activity; thus, they may play a critical role in wound healing and scar formation. Hypertrophic scarring is a dermal form of fibroproliferative disorders, which occurs in over 70% of burn patients and leads to disfigurement and limitations in function. By understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to scarring after injury, new clinical therapeutic approaches can by developed to minimize abnormal scar formation in hypertrophic scarring and other fibroproliferative disorders. To study the expression and localization of SLRPs with connective tissue cells in tissue immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, immunoblotting, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were used in normal skin and hypertrophic scar (HTS). In normal skin, there was more decorin and fibromodulin accumulation in the superficial layers than in the deeper dermal layers. The levels of decorin and fibromodulin were significantly lower in HTS, whereas biglycan was increased when compared with normal skin. There was an increased expression of biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican in the basement membrane and around basal epithelial cells. In contrast, these proteoglycans were absent or weakly expressed in HTS. The findings suggest that down-regulation of SLRPs after wound healing in deep injuries to the skin plays an important role in the development of fibrosis and HTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Honardoust
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moore AB, Yu L, Swartz CD, Zheng X, Wang L, Castro L, Kissling GE, Walmer DK, Robboy SJ, Dixon D. Human uterine leiomyoma-derived fibroblasts stimulate uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation and collagen type I production, and activate RTKs and TGF beta receptor signaling in coculture. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:10. [PMID: 20537183 PMCID: PMC2897788 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are benign smooth muscle tumors that often contain an excessive extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present study, we investigated the interactions between human uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) cells and uterine leiomyoma-derived fibroblasts (FB), and their importance in cell growth and ECM protein production using a coculture system. Results We found enhanced cell proliferation, and elevated levels of ECM collagen type I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 after coculturing. There was also increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and platelet derived growth factor A and B in the media of UtLM cells cocultured with FB. Protein arrays revealed increased phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the above growth factor ligands, and immunoblots showed elevated levels of the RTK downstream effector, phospho-mitogen activated protein kinase 44/42 in cocultured UtLM cells. There was also increased secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 3, and immunoprecipitated transforming growth factor-beta receptor I from cocultured UtLM cells showed elevated phosphoserine expression. The downstream effectors phospho-small mothers against decapentaplegic -2 and -3 protein (SMAD) levels were also increased in cocultured UtLM cells. However, none of the above effects were seen in normal myometrial cells cocultured with FB. The soluble factors released by tumor-derived fibroblasts and/or UtLM cells, and activation of the growth factor receptors and their pathways stimulated the proliferation of UtLM cells and enhanced the production of ECM proteins. Conclusions These data support the importance of interactions between fibroid tumor cells and ECM fibroblasts in vivo, and the role of growth factors, and ECM proteins in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia B Moore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Norian JM, Malik M, Parker CY, Joseph D, Leppert PC, Segars JH, Catherino WH. Transforming growth factor beta3 regulates the versican variants in the extracellular matrix-rich uterine leiomyomas. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:1153-64. [PMID: 19700613 DOI: 10.1177/1933719109343310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma are common, benign tumors that are enriched in extracellular matrix. The tumors are characterized by a disoriented and loosely packed collagen fibril structure similar to other diseases with disrupted Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling. Here we characterized TGF-beta3 signaling and the expression patterns of the critical extracellular matrix component versican in leiomyoma and myometrial tissue and cell culture. We also demonstrate the regulation of the versican variants by TGF-beta3. Using leiomyoma and matched myometrium from 15 patients, messenger RNA (mRNA) from leiomyoma and myometrium was analyzed by semiquantitative real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while protein analysis was done by western blot. Transforming growth factor beta3 transcripts were increased 4-fold in leiomyoma versus matched myometrium. Phosphorylated-TGF-beta RII and phosphorylated-Smad 2/3 complex were greater in leiomyoma as documented by Western blot. The inhibitor Smad7 transcripts were decreased 0.44-fold. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich versican variants were elevated in leiomyoma versus myometrial tissue: specifically V0 (4.27 +/- 1.12) and V1 (2.01 +/- 0.27). Treatment of leiomyoma and myometrial cells with TGF-beta3 increased GAG-rich versican variant expression 7 to 12 fold. Neutralizing TGF-beta3 antibody decreased the expression of the GAG-rich versican variants 2 to 8 fold in leiomyoma cells. Taken together, the aberrant production of excessive and disorganized extracellular matrix that defines the leiomyoma phenotype involves the activation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway and excessive production of GAG-rich versican variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Norian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rogers R, Norian J, Malik M, Christman G, Abu-Asab M, Chen F, Korecki C, Iatridis J, Catherino WH, Tuan RS, Dhillon N, Leppert P, Segars JH. Mechanical homeostasis is altered in uterine leiomyoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:474.e1-11. [PMID: 18395046 PMCID: PMC2696475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine leiomyoma produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) that is abnormal in its volume, content, and structure. Alterations in ECM can modify mechanical stress on cells and lead to activation of Rho-dependent signaling and cell growth. Here we sought to determine whether the altered ECM that is produced by leiomyoma was accompanied by an altered state of mechanical homeostasis. STUDY DESIGN We measured the mechanical response of paired leiomyoma and myometrial samples and performed immunogold, confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS Leiomyoma were significantly stiffer than matched myometrium. The increased stiffness was accompanied by alteration of the ECM, cell shape, and cytoskeleton in leiomyoma, compared with myometrial samples from the same uterus. Levels of AKAP13, a protein that is known to activate Rho, were increased in leiomyoma compared to myometrium. AKAP13 was associated with cytoskeletal filaments of immortalized leiomyoma cells. CONCLUSION Leiomyoma cells are exposed to increased mechanical loading and show structural and biochemical features that are consistent with the activation of solid-state signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rogers
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morikawa A, Ohara N, Xu Q, Nakabayashi K, DeManno DA, Chwalisz K, Yoshida S, Maruo T. Selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil down-regulates collagen synthesis in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells through up-regulating extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:944-51. [PMID: 18281245 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent clinical trial demonstrated that selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil is effective in reducing uterine leiomyoma volume. We investigated the effects of asoprisnil in vitro on the expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM)-remodeling enzymes and collagens in cultured leiomyoma and matching normal myometrial cells. METHODS The expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) and collagens were assessed by western blot analysis. RESULTS Untreated cultured leiomyoma cells had significantly lower EMMPRIN (P < 0.05), MMP-1 (P < 0.05) and membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) (P < 0.01) protein contents, but significantly higher TIMP-1 (P < 0.05), TIMP-2 (P < 0.01), type I (P < 0.05) and type III (P < 0.01) collagen protein contents compared with untreated cultured myometrial cells. Treatment with asoprisnil at concentrations > or =10(-7) M for 48 h significantly (P < 0.05) increased EMMPRIN, MMP-1 and MT1-MMP protein contents, and decreased TIMP-1 (P < 0.05), TIMP-2 (P < 0.01), type I (P < 0.01) and type III (P < 0.05 at 10(-7) M; P < 0.01 at 10(-6) M) collagen protein contents in cultured leiomyoma cells compared with control cultures. However, asoprisnil treatment did not affect the protein contents of ECM-remodeling enzymes and collagens in cultured myometrial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that asoprisnil may reduce collagen deposit in the ECM of cultured leiomyoma cells through decreasing collagen synthesis and enhancing the expression of EMMPRIN, MMPs and TIMPs without comparable effects on cultured myometrial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Morikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luo X, Pan Q, Liu L, Chegini N. Genomic and proteomic profiling II: comparative assessment of gene expression profiles in leiomyomas, keloids, and surgically-induced scars. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:35. [PMID: 17718906 PMCID: PMC2039739 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leiomyoma have often been compared to keloids because of their fibrotic characteristic and higher rate of occurrence among African Americans as compared to other ethnic groups. To evaluate such a correlation at molecular level this study comparatively analyzed leiomyomas with keloids, surgical scars and peritoneal adhesions to identify genes that are either commonly and/or individually distinguish these fibrotic disorders despite differences in the nature of their development and growth. METHODS Microarray gene expression profiling and realtime PCR. RESULTS The analysis identified 3 to 12% of the genes on the arrays as differentially expressed among these tissues based on P ranking at greater than or equal to 0.005 followed by 2-fold cutoff change selection. Of these genes about 400 genes were identified as differentially expressed in leiomyomas as compared to keloids/incisional scars, and 85 genes as compared to peritoneal adhesions (greater than or equal to 0.01). Functional analysis indicated that the majority of these genes serve as regulators of cell growth (cell cycle/apoptosis), tissue turnover, transcription factors and signal transduction. Of these genes the expression of E2F1, RUNX3, EGR3, TBPIP, ECM-2, ESM1, THBS1, GAS1, ADAM17, CST6, FBLN5, and COL18A was confirmed in these tissues using quantitative realtime PCR based on low-density arrays. CONCLUSION the results indicated that the molecular feature of leiomyomas is comparable but may be under different tissue-specific regulatory control to those of keloids and differ at the levels rather than tissue-specific expression of selected number of genes functionally regulating cell growth and apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and tissue turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Qun Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Nasser Chegini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao Y, Wen Y, Polan ML, Qiao J, Chen BH. Increased expression of latent TGF-ß binding protein-1 and fibrillin-1 in human uterine leiomyomata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:343-9. [PMID: 17360930 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We compared latent TGF-ss binding protein-1 (LTBP-1) and fibrillin-1 (FBN-1) expression in leiomyomata and myometrium, correlated with leiomyomata size. We studied in vivo and in vitro effects of ovarian steroids using matched leiomyomata and myometrium samples from both phases of the menstrual cycle. Leiomyomata were divided into small (<or=2 cm), medium (3-5 cm) and large (>or=6 cm) groups. We validated LTBP-1 and FBN-1 expression using QPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. LTBP-1 and FBN-1 mRNA and protein expressions were higher in the medium-sized group compared with myometrium in the proliferative phase (P = 0.01; P = 0.01). FBN-1 mRNA expression was higher in the secretory phase (P = 0.01). LTBP-1 mRNA and protein expression was higher in the medium group compared with the small and large groups in the proliferative phase (P = 0.04; P = 0.04). No differences between groups were seen in FBN-1 expression in either phase. 17Beta-estradiol (E2) increased mRNA and protein expression of LTBP-1 and FBN-1 in cultured leiomyoma smooth muscle cells (LSMC) (P < 0.05). No change in FBN-1 and LTBP-1 expression was observed when cells were treated with E2 plus progesterone. Estrogen may be involved in LTBP-1 and FBN-1 expression in leiomyomata. Extracellular matrix metabolism may be different in medium-sized leiomyoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mouzat K, Prod'Homme M, Volle DH, Sion B, Déchelotte P, Gauthier K, Vanacker JM, Lobaccaro JMA. Oxysterol nuclear receptor LXRbeta regulates cholesterol homeostasis and contractile function in mouse uterus. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4693-4701. [PMID: 17166844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606718200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The uterus is an organ where lipid distribution plays a critical role for its function. Here we show that nuclear receptor for oxysterols LXRbeta prevents accumulation of cholesteryl esters in mouse myometrium by controlling expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux and storage (abca1 and abcg1). Upon treatment with an LXR agonist that mimics activation by oxysterols, expression of these target genes was increased in wild-type mice, whereas under basal conditions, lxralpha;beta(-/-) mice exhibited a marked decrease in abcg1 accumulation. This change resulted in a phenotype of cholesteryl ester accumulation. Besides, a defect of contractile activity induced by oxytocin or PGF2alpha was observed in mice lacking LXRbeta. These results imply that LXRbeta provides a safety valve to limit cholesteryl ester levels as a basal protective mechanism in the uterus against cholesterol accumulation and is necessary for a correct induction of contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France
| | - Magali Prod'Homme
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France
| | - David H Volle
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France
| | - Benoit Sion
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d'Auvergne, 63058 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôtel Dieu, Boulevard Léon Malfreyt, 63058 Clermont-Ferrand, France, and
| | | | | | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
This article highlights our current knowledge of fibroids and addresses future directions for fibroid research and treatment over the next decade. The available data on cytogenetics are discussed, in addition to discoveries into signaling pathways and second messenger molecules in leiomyomas. Current medical management, surgical trends and the barriers to transition to minimally invasive procedures are summarized. Innovations in genetic diagnosis and interventional radiologic-aided therapies may revolutionize therapy for certain populations of patients who have fibroids. From tissue-specific medical management, to minimally invasive surgical techniques, to pharmacogenetics, the current directions of fibroid research are leading us to an exciting new frontier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavna K Brahma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Health System, University of Michigan Medical School, 6422 Medical Science I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wegrowski Y, Maquart FX. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Tumor Progression. CHONDROITIN SULFATE: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 2006; 53:297-321. [PMID: 17239772 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanusz Wegrowski
- CNRS UMR 6198, Faculty of Medicine, IFR-53, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Levens E, Luo X, Ding L, Williams RS, Chegini N. Fibromodulin is expressed in leiomyoma and myometrium and regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue therapy and TGF-β through Smad and MAPK-mediated signalling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:489-94. [PMID: 16123076 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Microarray gene expression profiling revealed fibromodulin (FMOD) is among differentially expressed genes in leiomyoma (L) and myometrium. Using realtime PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we validated the expression of FMOD in paired leiomyoma and myometrium (N = 20) during the menstrual cycle, from women who received gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) therapy (N = 7) and in leiomyoma and myometrial (M) smooth muscle cells (SMC) due to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and GnRHa treatment. The results indicated that FMOD is expressed at significantly higher levels in leiomyoma as compared to myometrium from proliferative phase (two- to three-folds; P < 0.05), but not the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, whereas GnRHa therapy reduced FMOD expression to levels detected in myometrium from proliferative phase (P = 0.05). By using western blotting and immunohistochemistry immunoreactive FMOD was detected in leiomyoma and myometrial tissue-extract and in LSMC and MSMC, connective tissue fibroblasts and arterial walls. In a time- and cell-dependent manner, TGF-beta1 (2.5 ng/ml) increased the expression of FMOD in MSMC, whereas GnRHa (0.1 microM) inhibited that in MSMC and LSMC (P < 0.05). The effect of TGF-beta and GnRHa on FMOD expression was reversed following pretreatment of LSMC and MSMC with Smad3 SiRNA and U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor), respectively. In summary, menstrual cycle-dependent expression of FMOD and suppression following GnRHa therapy in leiomyoma and myometrium, as well as differential regulation by TGF-beta and GnRHa in vitro suggests that FMOD, a key regulator of tissue organization, plays a critical role in leiomyoma fibrotic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Levens
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leppert PC, Baginski T, Prupas C, Catherino WH, Pletcher S, Segars JH. Comparative ultrastructure of collagen fibrils in uterine leiomyomas and normal myometrium. Fertil Steril 2004; 82 Suppl 3:1182-7. [PMID: 15474093 PMCID: PMC4137471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Revised: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the ultrastructural characteristics of extracellular matrix and mature collagen fibrils in uterine leiomyomas and compare them with those in adjacent normal myometrium. DESIGN Analysis of paired leiomyoma-myometrium in surgical specimens. SETTING Research center and tertiary care center. SUBJECT(S) Women undergoing medically indicated hysterectomy for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Appearance and spatial orientation of the collagen fibrils in leiomyomas compared with myometrium. RESULT(S) Observation of specimens at x 12,500 magnification indicated that collagen fibrils were more abundant, loosely packed, and arrayed in a nonparallel manner in leiomyomas compared with myometrium. Random areas were examined at x 6,500 to x 64,000 magnification and revealed collagen fibrils of equal diameter in both leiomyomas and myometrium. However, an ordered and regular barbed appearance was present in collagen fibrils from myometrium but was lacking in leiomyomas. CONCLUSION(S) Leiomyomas contain an abnormal collagen fibril structure and orientation, which suggests that the well-regulated fibril formation in myometrium is altered in leiomyomas. Alterations in collagen genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of leiomyomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis C Leppert
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wegrowski Y, Maquart FX. Involvement of stromal proteoglycans in tumour progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 49:259-68. [PMID: 15036265 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) belong to a class of extracellular macromolecules necessary for the growth of any multicellular structures, including tumours. Transformed cells induce stromal reaction either per se or by activation of the mesenchymal cells. Tumour stroma contains several chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. These proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan chains modify cell behaviour by interacting with different molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, proteinases and their inhibitors. This review describes the main proteoglycans of tumour stoma and discusses their implication in the regulation of the activity of extracellular proteins and peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanusz Wegrowski
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CNRS FRE 2534, Faculty of Medicine, IFR-53, 51095 Reims Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yanaihara A, Otsuka Y, Iwasaki S, Koide K, Aida T, Okai T. Comparison in gene expression of secretory human endometrium using laser microdissection. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:66. [PMID: 15373944 PMCID: PMC520833 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endometrium prepares for implantation under the control of steroid hormones. It has been suggested that there are complicated interactions between the epithelium and stroma in the endometrium during menstrual cycle. In this study, we demonstrate a difference in gene expression between the epithelial and stromal areas of the secretory human endometrium using microdissection and macroarray technique. METHODS The epithelial and stromal areas were microdissected from the human endometrium during the secretory phase. RNA was extracted and amplified by PCR. Macroarray analysis of nearly 1000 human genes was carried out in this study. Some genes identified by macroarray analysis were verified using real-time PCR. RESULTS In this study, changes in expression <2.5-fold in three samples were excluded. A total of 28 genes displayed changes in expression from array data. Fifteen genes were strongly expressed in the epithelial areas, while 13 genes were strongly expressed in the stromal areas. The strongly expressed genes in the epithelial areas with a changes >5-fold were WAP four-disulfide core domain 2 (44.1 fold), matrix metalloproteinase 7 (40.1 fold), homeo box B5 (19.8 fold), msh homeo box homolog (18.8 fold), homeo box B7 (12.7 fold) and protein kinase C, theta (6.4 fold). On the other hand, decorin (55.6 fold), discoidin domain receptor member 2 (17.3 fold), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (9 fold), ribosomal protein S3A (6.3 fold), and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains (5.2 fold) were strongly expressed in the stromal areas. WAP four-disulfide core domain 2 (19.4 fold), matrix metalloproteinase 7 (9.7-fold), decorin (16.3-fold) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (7.2-fold) were verified by real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS Some of the genes we identified with differential expression are related to the immune system. These results are telling us the new information for understanding the secretory human endometrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yanaihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Otsuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Koide
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadateru Aida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|