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Chiappa G, Fassio G, Modica MV, Oliverio M. Potential Ancestral Conoidean Toxins in the Venom Cocktail of the Carnivorous Snail Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) (Neogastropoda: Raphitomidae). Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:348. [PMID: 39195758 PMCID: PMC11359391 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Venomous marine gastropods of the superfamily Conoidea possess a rich arsenal of toxins, including neuroactive toxins. Venom adaptations might have played a fundamental role in the radiation of conoideans; nevertheless, there is still no knowledge about the venom of the most diversified family of the group: Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875. In this study, transcriptomes were produced from the carcase, salivary glands, and proximal and distal venom ducts of the northeastern Atlantic species Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803). Using a gut barcoding approach, we were also able to report, for the first time, molecular evidence of a vermivorous diet for the genus. Transcriptomic analyses revealed over a hundred putative venom components (PVC), including 69 neurotoxins. Twenty novel toxin families, including some with high levels of expansion, were discovered. No significant difference was observed between the distal and proximal venom duct secretions. Peptides related to cone snail toxins (Cerm06, Pgam02, and turritoxin) and other venom-related proteins (disulfide isomerase and elevenin) were retrieved from the salivary glands. These salivary venom components may constitute ancestral adaptations for venom production in conoideans. Although often neglected, salivary gland secretions are of extreme importance for understanding the evolutionary history of conoidean venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Chiappa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Giulia Fassio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Modica
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Gregorio Allegri 1, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Oliverio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (M.O.)
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Patnaik BB, Chung JM, Hwang HJ, Sang MK, Park JE, Min HR, Cho HC, Dewangan N, Baliarsingh S, Kang SW, Park SY, Jo YH, Park HS, Kim WJ, Han YS, Lee JS, Lee YS. Transcriptome analysis of air-breathing land slug, Incilaria fruhstorferi reveals functional insights into growth, immunity, and reproduction. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:154. [PMID: 30808280 PMCID: PMC6390351 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Incilaria (= Meghimatium) fruhstorferi is an air-breathing land slug found in restricted habitats of Japan, Taiwan and selected provinces of South Korea (Jeju, Chuncheon, Busan, and Deokjeokdo). The species is on a decline due to depletion of forest cover, predation by natural enemies, and collection. To facilitate the conservation of the species, it is important to decide on a number of traits related to growth, immunity and reproduction addressing fitness advantage of the species. Results The visceral mass transcriptome of I. fruhstorferi was enabled using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing platform. According to BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) method, the transcriptome was considered complete with 91.8% of ortholog genes present (Single: 70.7%; Duplicated: 21.1%). A total of 96.79% of the raw read sequences were processed as clean reads. TransDecoder identified 197,271 contigs that contained candidate-coding regions. Of a total of 50,230 unigenes, 34,470 (68.62% of the total unigenes) annotated to homologous proteins in the Protostome database (PANM-DB). The GO term and KEGG pathway analysis indicated genes involved in metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signalling system, aminobenzoate degradation, and T-cell receptor signalling pathway. Many genes associated with molluscan innate immunity were categorized under pathogen recognition receptor, TLR signalling pathway, MyD88 dependent pathway, endogenous ligands, immune effectors, antimicrobial peptides, apoptosis, and adaptation-related. The reproduction-associated unigenes showed homology to protein fem-1, spermatogenesis-associated protein, sperm associated antigen, and testis expressed sequences, among others. In addition, we identified key growth-related genes categorized under somatotrophic axis, muscle growth, chitinases and collagens. A total of 4822 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were also identified from the unigene sequences of I. fruhstorferi. Conclusions This is the first available genomic information for non-model land slug, I. fruhstorferi focusing on genes related to growth, immunity, and reproduction, with additional focus on microsatellites and repeating elements. The transcriptome provides access to greater number of traits of unknown relevance in the species that could be exploited for in-depth analyses of evolutionary plasticity and making informed choices during conservation planning. This would be appropriate for understanding the dynamics of the species on a priority basis considering the ecological, health, and social benefits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5526-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), F2-B, Chandaka Industrial Estate, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Jong Min Chung
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Hee Ju Hwang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Min Kyu Sang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Jie Eun Park
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Hye Rin Min
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Hang Chul Cho
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Neha Dewangan
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), F2-B, Chandaka Industrial Estate, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), F2-B, Chandaka Industrial Estate, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Se Won Kang
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181, Ipsin-gil, Jungeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, South Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Biodiversity Conservation and Change Research Division, 137, Donam-2-gil, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37242, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Hong Seog Park
- Research Institute, GnC BIO Co., LTD, 621-6 Banseok-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34069, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Jong Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Jun Sang Lee
- Institute of Basic Science, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do, 31538, South Korea.
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Gerdol M, Luo YJ, Satoh N, Pallavicini A. Genetic and molecular basis of the immune system in the brachiopod Lingula anatina. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:7-30. [PMID: 29278680 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extension of comparative immunology to non-model systems, such as mollusks and annelids, has revealed an unexpected diversity in the complement of immune receptors and effectors among evolutionary lineages. However, several lophotrochozoan phyla remain unexplored mainly due to the lack of genomic resources. The increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing technologies offers unique opportunities for extending genome-wide studies to non-model systems. As a result, the genome-based study of the immune system in brachiopods allows a better understanding of the alternative survival strategies developed by these immunologically neglected phyla. Here we present a detailed overview of the molecular components of the immune system identified in the genome of the brachiopod Lingula anatina. Our findings reveal conserved intracellular signaling pathways as well as unique strategies for pathogen detection and killing in brachiopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Yi-Jyun Luo
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Anton Dohrn Zoological Station, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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Amplification and bioinformatics analysis of conserved FAD-binding region of L-amino acid oxidase ( LAAO) genes in gastropods compared to other organisms. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:98-107. [PMID: 30591829 PMCID: PMC6303269 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the conserved FAD-binding region of the L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) genes in twelve gastropod genera commonly found in Thailand compared to those in other organisms using molecular cloning, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Genomic DNA of gastropods and other invertebrates was extracted and screened using primers specific to the conserved FAD-binding region of LAAO. The amplified 143-bp fragments were cloned and sequenced. The obtained nucleotide sequences of 21 samples were aligned and phylogenetically compared to the LAAO-conserved FAD-binding regions of 210 other organisms from the NCBI database. Translated amino acid sequences of these samples were used in phylogenetics and pattern analyses. The phylogenetic trees showed clear separation of the conserved regions in fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Alignment of the conserved 47-amino-acid FAD-binding region of the LAAOs showed 150 unique sequences among the 231 samples and these patterns were different from those of other flavoproteins in the amine oxidase family. An amino acid pattern analysis of five sub-regions (bFAD, FAD, FAD-GG, GG, and aGG) within the FAD-binding sequence showed high variation at the FAD-GG sub-region. Pattern analysis of secondary structures indicated the aGG sub-region as having the highest structural variation. Cluster analysis of these patterns revealed two major clusters representing the mollusc clade and the vertebrate clade. Thus, molecular phylogenetics and pattern analyses of sequence and structural variations could reflect evolutionary relatedness and possible structural conservation to maintain specific function within the FAD-binding region of the LAAOs in gastropods compared to other organisms.
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Smith AM, Papaleo C, Reid CW, Bliss JM. RNA-Seq reveals a central role for lectin, C1q and von Willebrand factor A domains in the defensive glue of a terrestrial slug. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:741-754. [PMID: 28899232 PMCID: PMC6124484 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1361413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tough, hydrogel glue produced by the slug Arion subfuscus achieves impressive performance through metal-based, protein cross-links. The primary sequence of these proteins was determined through transcriptome sequencing and proteome analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. The main proteins that correlate with adhesive function are a group of 11 small, highly abundant lectin-like proteins. These proteins matched the ligand-binding C-lectin, C1q or H-lectin domains. The variety of different lectin-like proteins and their potential for oligomerization suggests that they function as versatile and potent cross-linkers. In addition, the glue contains five matrilin-like proteins that are rich in von Willebrand factor A (VWA) and EGF domains. Both C-lectins and VWA domains are known to bind to ligands using divalent cations. These findings are consistent with the double network mechanism proposed for slug glue, with divalent ions serving as sacrificial bonds to dissipate energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Smith
- Ithaca College, Department of Biology, 953 Danby Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 607-274-3975, ,
| | - Cassandra Papaleo
- Ithaca College, Department of Biology, 953 Danby Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 607-274-3975, ,
| | - Christopher W. Reid
- Bryant University, Science and Technology Department, 1150 Douglas Pike, Smithfield, RI 02917 401-232-6000,
| | - Joseph M. Bliss
- Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University 100 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, 401-274-1100,
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Schultz JH, Adema CM. Comparative immunogenomics of molluscs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:3-15. [PMID: 28322934 PMCID: PMC5494275 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Comparative immunology, studying both vertebrates and invertebrates, provided the earliest descriptions of phagocytosis as a general immune mechanism. However, the large scale of animal diversity challenges all-inclusive investigations and the field of immunology has developed by mostly emphasizing study of a few vertebrate species. In addressing the lack of comprehensive understanding of animal immunity, especially that of invertebrates, comparative immunology helps toward management of invertebrates that are food sources, agricultural pests, pathogens, or transmit diseases, and helps interpret the evolution of animal immunity. Initial studies showed that the Mollusca (second largest animal phylum), and invertebrates in general, possess innate defenses but lack the lymphocytic immune system that characterizes vertebrate immunology. Recognizing the reality of both common and taxon-specific immune features, and applying up-to-date cell and molecular research capabilities, in-depth studies of a select number of bivalve and gastropod species continue to reveal novel aspects of molluscan immunity. The genomics era heralded a new stage of comparative immunology; large-scale efforts yielded an initial set of full molluscan genome sequences that is available for analyses of full complements of immune genes and regulatory sequences. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), due to lower cost and effort required, allows individual researchers to generate large sequence datasets for growing numbers of molluscs. RNAseq provides expression profiles that enable discovery of immune genes and genome sequences reveal distribution and diversity of immune factors across molluscan phylogeny. Although computational de novo sequence assembly will benefit from continued development and automated annotation may require some experimental validation, NGS is a powerful tool for comparative immunology, especially increasing coverage of the extensive molluscan diversity. To date, immunogenomics revealed new levels of complexity of molluscan defense by indicating sequence heterogeneity in individual snails and bivalves, and members of expanded immune gene families are expressed differentially to generate pathogen-specific defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Schultz
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Coen M Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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A new LDLa domain-containing C-type lectin with bacterial agglutinating and binding activity in amphioxus. Gene 2016; 594:220-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bulat T, Smidak R, Sialana FJ, Jung G, Rattei T, Bilban M, Sattmann H, Lubec G, Aradska J. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Arion vulgaris--Proteins for Probably Successful Survival Strategies? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150614. [PMID: 26986963 PMCID: PMC4795696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris, is considered one of the hundred most invasive species in Central Europe. The immense and very successful adaptation and spreading of A. vulgaris suggest that it developed highly effective mechanisms to deal with infections and natural predators. Current transcriptomic and proteomic studies on gastropods have been restricted mainly to marine and freshwater gastropods. No transcriptomic or proteomic study on A. vulgaris has been carried out so far, and in the current study, the first transcriptomic database from adult specimen of A. vulgaris is reported. To facilitate and enable proteomics in this non-model organism, a mRNA-derived protein database was constructed for protein identification. A gel-based proteomic approach was used to obtain the first generation of a comprehensive slug mantle proteome. A total of 2128 proteins were unambiguously identified; 48 proteins represent novel proteins with no significant homology in NCBI non-redundant database. Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed an extensive repertoire of novel proteins with a role in innate immunity including many associated pattern recognition, effector proteins and cytokine-like proteins. The number and diversity in gene families encoding lectins point to a complex defense system, probably as a result of adaptation to a pathogen-rich environment. These results are providing a fundamental and important resource for subsequent studies on molluscs as well as for putative antimicrobial compounds for drug discovery and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bulat
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Smidak
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gangsoo Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Division of Computational System Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Sattmann
- Third Zoological Department, Museum of Natural History Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (GL); (JA)
| | - Jana Aradska
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (GL); (JA)
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Huang M, Wang L, Yang J, Zhang H, Wang L, Song L. A four-CRD C-type lectin from Chlamys farreri mediating nonself-recognition with broader spectrum and opsonization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:363-9. [PMID: 23276881 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins are a superfamily of Ca(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins consisting of at least one carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), which participate in nonself-recognition and clearance of invaders. In invertebrate, some multidomain C-type lectins have been identified, but their relative functions and binding mechanism are still meager. In the present study, A C-type lectin (CfLec-4) with four CRDs from Chlamys farreri was selected to investigate its possible function in innate immunity. The mRNA expression of CfLec-4 in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated (P<0.01) after the stimulations of β-glucan, LPS or PGN, and reached the highest expression level at 3, 6, 12 h post-stimulation, which was 27.9-, 22.6- or 47.9-fold of that in blank group, respectively. Immunohistochemistry assay with polyclonal antibody specific for CfLec-4 revealed that the endogenous CfLec-4 was mainly located in the hepatopancreas, kidney and gonad of the scallops. The recombinant CfLec-4 (rCflec-4) could bind LPS, PGN, glucan and mannose in vitro, but could not bind LTA. Furthermore, rCflec-4 displayed a broader bacteria binding spectrum towards Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus as well as Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum and fungi Pichia pastoris. Meanwhile, rCfLec-4 could significantly (P<0.01) enhance the phagocytosis of hemocytes in vitro. The results clearly suggested that four-CRD containing CfLec-4 not only served as PRR with wider recognition spectrum, but also functioned as an opsonin participating in the clearance of invaders in scallops. It could be inferred that the diversity and complexity of CRDs in C-type lectins endowed these receptors with comprehensive recognition spectrum and multiple immune functions against complex living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Li D, Graham LD. Epidermal secretions of terrestrial flatworms and slugs: Lehmannia valentiana mucus contains matrilin-like proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:231-44. [PMID: 17644381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the epidermal mucus of two types of terrestrial invertebrates: free-living flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola), and the slug Lehmannia valentiana (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Both exhibited similar dry shear strengths (1.4-1.7 MPa). In denaturing gel electrophoresis, the protein fraction of flatworm mucus migrated mainly as a broad band (200-300 kDa). Slug mucus had a higher protein content than flatworm mucus but it contained more carbohydrate than protein, mainly as large heparan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycans. Proteins and glycosaminoglycans were both essential for the mechanical integrity of the slug hydrogel. The protein fraction of slug mucus contained approximately 12 larger proteins (30-300 kDa) and approximately 6 smaller ones (10-28 kDa). Complete cDNA clones were obtained for the slug mucus 40 kDa protein (Sm40; Genbank accession EF634345) and 85 kDa protein (Sm85; Genbank accession EF634346). Both proteins contain EGF-like repeats and von Willebrand A-domains, and therefore resemble vertebrate matrilins. Many of the larger slug mucus proteins appear to contain A-domains, and these may play a role in the unusual rheological properties of gastropod mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Sydney Laboratory, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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11
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Bouchut A, Coustau C, Gourbal B, Mitta G. Compatibility in the Biomphalaria glabrata/Echinostoma caproni model: new candidate genes evidenced by a suppressive subtractive hybridization approach. Parasitology 2006; 134:575-88. [PMID: 17096871 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate mechanisms underlying snail/echinostome compatibility, numerous molecular studies comparing transcripts and proteins of Biomphalaria glabrata susceptible or resistant to Echinostoma caproni were undertaken. These studies focused on plasma and haemocytes of the two strains and revealed that some transcripts and/or proteins were differentially expressed between strains. The aim of the present study was to develop a complementary transcriptomic approach by constructing subtractive libraries. This work revealed some candidate transcripts already identified in previous studies (calcium-binding proteins and glycolytic enzymes) as well as novel candidate transcripts that were differentially represented between strains of B. glabrata. Among these newly identified genes, we revealed several genes potentially involved in immune processes encoding proteases, protease inhibitors, a lectin, an aplysianin-like molecule, and cell adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bouchut
- Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5555, CNRS Université de Perpignan Perpignan, France
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12
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Abstract
The superfamily of proteins containing C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs) is a large group of extracellular Metazoan proteins with diverse functions. The CTLD structure has a characteristic double-loop ('loop-in-a-loop') stabilized by two highly conserved disulfide bridges located at the bases of the loops, as well as a set of conserved hydrophobic and polar interactions. The second loop, called the long loop region, is structurally and evolutionarily flexible, and is involved in Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding and interaction with other ligands. This loop is completely absent in a subset of CTLDs, which we refer to as compact CTLDs; these include the Link/PTR domain and bacterial CTLDs. CTLD-containing proteins (CTLDcps) were originally classified into seven groups based on their overall domain structure. Analyses of the superfamily representation in several completely sequenced genomes have added 10 new groups to the classification, and shown that it is applicable only to vertebrate CTLDcps; despite the abundance of CTLDcps in the invertebrate genomes studied, the domain architectures of these proteins do not match those of the vertebrate groups. Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding is the most common CTLD function in vertebrates, and apparently the ancestral one, as suggested by the many humoral defense CTLDcps characterized in insects and other invertebrates. However, many CTLDs have evolved to specifically recognize protein, lipid and inorganic ligands, including the vertebrate clade-specific snake venoms, and fish antifreeze and bird egg-shell proteins. Recent studies highlight the functional versatility of this protein superfamily and the CTLD scaffold, and suggest further interesting discoveries have yet to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Zelensky
- Computational Proteomics and Therapy Design Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Yamamoto-Kihara M, Kotani E. Isolation and characterization of a C-type lectin cDNA specifically expressed in the tip of mouthparts of the flesh fly Sarcophaga peregrina. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 13:133-140. [PMID: 15056360 DOI: 10.1111/j.0962-1075.2004.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a novel gene, CLEM 36, of the flesh fly Sarcophaga peregrina, which shows significant homology to the C-type lectin family. CLEM 36 mRNA was transcribed excessively from the second day after eclosion only in the tip of mouthparts. Whole mount in situ hybridization showed that CLEM 36 mRNA was expressed in the C-type lectin-producing tissue (CLPT) located at the entrance of the food canal and between the labellum and haustellum. Immunoblot analysis showed that the mature form of CLEM 36 protein was synthesized in the CLPT, then secreted into saliva. Our results indicate that CLEM 36 protein may play an important role in biological defence against pathogens during the food intake of this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto-Kihara
- Physiology and Genetic Regulation Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Tasumi S, Yang WJ, Usami T, Tsutsui S, Ohira T, Kawazoe I, Wilder MN, Aida K, Suzuki Y. Characteristics and primary structure of a galectin in the skin mucus of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 28:325-335. [PMID: 14698218 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics and primary structure of AJL-1, one of the lectins in the skin mucus of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), were examined. This lectin exhibited beta-galactoside specific activity in a Ca2+ independent manner. We previously reported that its molecular mass was 16,091Da, although it was approximately 30 kDa as determined by gel filtration, indicating that it is a homodimer having non-covalent bonds. This lectin was composed of 142 amino acid residues having no half-cystinyl residues, and showed homology to members of the galectin family, especially to proto-type galectins. Gene expression of this lectin was detected in skin only, and relative expression was high in an individual that exhibited resistance to infectious disease. AJL-1 showed agglutinating activity against pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus difficile. This suggests that AJL-1 functions as an important defensive factor at the body surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tasumi
- Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2971-4 Maisaka, Maisaka-cho, Hamana-gun, Shizuoka 431-0211, Japan
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Suzuki Y, Tasumi S, Tsutsui S, Okamoto M, Suetake H. Molecular diversity of skin mucus lectins in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 136:723-30. [PMID: 14662297 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Among lectins in the skin mucus of fish, primary structures of four different types of lectin have been determined. Congerin from the conger eel Conger myriaster and AJL-1 from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica were identified as galectin, characterized by its specific binding to beta-galactoside. Eel has additionally a unique lectin, AJL-2, which has a highly conserved sequence of C-type lectins but displays Ca(2+)-independent activity. This is rational because the lectin exerts its function on the cutaneous surface, which is exposed to a Ca(2+) scarce environment when the eel is in fresh water. The third type lectin is pufflectin, a mannose specific lectin in the skin mucus of pufferfish Takifugu rubripes. This lectin showed no sequence similarity with any known animal lectins but, surprisingly, shares sequence homology with mannose-binding lectins of monocotyledonous plants. The fourth lectin was found in the ponyfish Leiognathus nuchalis and exhibits homology with rhamnose-binding lectins known in eggs of some fish species. These lectins, except ponyfish lectin, showed agglutination of certain bacteria. In addition, pufflectin was found to bind to a parasitic trematode, Heterobothrium okamotoi. Taken together, these results demonstrate that skin mucus lectins in fish have wide molecular diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Suzuki
- Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Maisaka, Shizuoka 431-0211, Japan.
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Tasumi S, Ohira T, Kawazoe I, Suetake H, Suzuki Y, Aida K. Primary structure and characteristics of a lectin from skin mucus of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:27305-11. [PMID: 11959866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202648200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of lactose-binding lectins, AJL-1 and AJL-2, were purified from the skin mucus extract of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica by lactose affinity chromatography and subsequent gel filtration. The molecular masses of AJL-1 and AJL-2 were 16,091 and 31,743 Da, respectively. Intact AJL-1 was comprised of two identical 16-kDa subunits having blocked N termini and no disulfide bonds. AJL-2 was a homodimer with disulfide bonds. Based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the AJL-2 monomer, the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding this lectin was determined by 3'- and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The deduced amino acid sequence showed approximately 30% homology with C-type lectins, which bind to carbohydrates in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. In addition, AJL-2 exhibited highly conserved consensus amino acid residues of the C-type carbohydrate recognition domain, although this lectin showed Ca(2+)-independent activity. Gene expression of AJL-2 was detected only in the skin by Northern blot analysis, and this lectin localization was demonstrated in the club cells by immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that AJL-2 is secreted on the body surface and function as a component of skin mucus. AJL-2 agglutinated Escherichia coli and suppressed its growth, suggesting that this lectin is involved in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tasumi
- Fisheries Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, Shizuoka 431-0211, Japan
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Jeong J, Toida T, Muneta Y, Kosiishi I, Imanari T, Linhardt RJ, Choi HS, Wu SJ, Kim YS. Localization and characterization of acharan sulfate in the body of the giant African snail Achatina fulica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 130:513-9. [PMID: 11691628 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), having the structure -->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose(1-->4)-2-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid (1-->, isolated from the body of the giant African snail Achatina fulica. This GAG represents 3-5% of the dry weight of this snail's soft body tissues. Frozen sections and polyester wax sections of the snail's body were stained by Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff's reagent (PAS) to localize acharan sulfate. Alcian blue staining indicated that GAG was mainly secreted into the outer surface of the body from internal granules. A highly mucous material was collected and treated and the acharan sulfate was recovered by ethanol and cetyl pyridinium chloride precipitation. Crude acharan sulfate was purified by DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography. Depolymerization of intact mucus and purified acharan sulfate fractions by heparin lyase II (heparitinase I) from Flavobacterium heparinum produced an unsaturated disaccharide as a major product, establishing the repeating unit of acharan sulfate. These results demonstrate that mucus in the granule and secreted to the outside of the body is composed entirely of acharan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeong
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
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Marin F, Corstjens P, de Gaulejac B, de Vrind-De Jong E, Westbroek P. Mucins and molluscan calcification. Molecular characterization of mucoperlin, a novel mucin-like protein from the nacreous shell layer of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Bivalvia, pteriomorphia). J Biol Chem 2000; 275:20667-75. [PMID: 10770949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA expression library constructed from mantle tissue mRNA of the Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis was screened with antibodies raised against the acetic acid-soluble shell matrix of the same species. This resulted in the isolation of a 2138-base pair cDNA, containing 13 tandem repeats of 93 base pairs. The deduced protein has a molecular mass of 66.7 kDa and a isoelectric point of 4.8. This protein, which is enriched in serine and proline residues, was overexpressed, purified, and used for producing polyclonal antibodies. Immunological in situ and in vitro tests showed that the protein is localized in the nacreous aragonitic layer of P. nobilis, but not in the calcitic prisms. Because this protein of the nacre of P. nobilis exhibits some mucin-like characteristics, we propose the name mucoperlin. This is the first paper reporting the cloning of a molluscan mucin and the first molecular evidence for the involvement of a mucin in molluscan calcification. This finding corroborates our previous hypothesis that some of the proteinaceous constituents of the molluscan shell matrix would derive from mucins, common to many metazoan lineages of the late Precambrian (Marin, F., Smith, M., Isa, Y., Muyzer, G. and Westbroek, P. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 1554-1559). The adaptation of an ancestral mucin to a new function, the regulation of the mineralization process, may be one of the molecular events, among others, that would explain the simultaneous emergence of organized calcification in many metazoan lineages during the Cambrian explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Theopold U, Rissler M, Fabbri M, Schmidt O, Natori S. Insect glycobiology: a lectin multigene family in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 261:923-7. [PMID: 10441526 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycodeterminants play an important role in mediating cellular and cell-substrate interactions during development and immune-related reactions enabling an organism to distinguish self determinants from non-self or modified-self determinants. One of the hallmarks of sugar recognition molecules (lectins) is their wide range of binding activities and their organisation in multigene families. Here we describe a group of Drosophila genes that are possible members of the C-type lectin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Theopold
- Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond 5064, South Australia, Australia.
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Yamaguchi K, Furuta E, Nakamura H. Chronic Skin Allograft Rejection in Terrestrial Slugs. Zoolog Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.16.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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