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Wigström J, Dunevall J, Najafinobar N, Lovrić J, Wang J, Ewing AG, Cans AS. Lithographic Microfabrication of a 16-Electrode Array on a Probe Tip for High Spatial Resolution Electrochemical Localization of Exocytosis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2080-7. [PMID: 26771211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the lithographic microfabrication of a movable thin film microelectrode array (MEA) probe consisting of 16 platinum band electrodes placed on top of a supporting borosilicate glass substrate. These 1.2 μm wide electrodes were tightly packed and positioned parallel in two opposite rows within a 20 μm × 25 μm square area and with a distance less than 10 μm from the edge of the glass substrate. We demonstrate the ability to control and place the probe in close proximity to the surface of adherent bovine chromaffin cells and to amperometrically record single exocytosis release events with high spatiotemporal resolution. The two-dimensional position of single exocytotic events occurring in the center gap area separating the two rows of MEA band electrodes and that were codetected by electrodes in both rows was determined by analysis of the fractional detection of catecholamine released between electrodes and exploiting random walk simulations. Hence, two-dimensional electrochemical imaging recording of exocytosis release between the electrodes within this area was achieved. Similarly, by modeling the current spikes codetected by parallel adjacent band electrodes positioned in the same electrode row, a one-dimensional imaging of exocytosis with submicrometer resolution was accomplished within the area. The one- and two-dimensional electrochemical imaging using the MEA probe allowed for high spatial resolution of exocytosis activity and revealed heterogeneous release of catecholamine at the chromaffin cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Wigström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neda Najafinobar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jelena Lovrić
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Podvin S, Bundey R, Toneff T, Ziegler M, Hook V. Profiles of secreted neuropeptides and catecholamines illustrate similarities and differences in response to stimulation by distinct secretagogues. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:177-85. [PMID: 26092702 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to define profiles of secreted neuropeptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters that undergo co-release from sympathoadrenal chromaffin cells upon stimulation by distinct secretagogues. Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla participate in the dynamic responses to stress, especially that of 'fight and flight', and, thus, analyses of the co-release of multiple neurotransmitters is necessary to gain knowledge of how the stress response regulates cell-cell communication among physiological systems. Results of this study demonstrated that six different secretagogues stimulated the co-release of the neuropeptides Met-enkephalin, galanin, NPY, and VIP with the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Importantly, the quantitative profiles of the secreted neurotransmitters showed similarities and differences upon stimulation by the different secretagogues evaluated, composed of KCl depolarization, nicotine, carbachol, PACAP, bradykinin, and histamine. The rank-orders of the secreted profiles of the neurotransmitters were generally similar among these secretagogues, but differences in the secreted amounts of each neurotransmitter occurred with different secretagogues. Epinephrine among the catecholamines showed the highest level of secretion. (Met)enkephalin showed the largest levels of secretion compared to the other neuropeptides examined. Levels of secreted catecholamines were greater than that of the neuropeptides. These data support the hypothesis that profiles of secreted neuropeptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters show similarities and differences upon stimulation by distinct secretagogues. These results illustrate the co-release of concerted neurotransmitter profiles that participate in the stress response of the sympathoadrenal nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. of Calif.-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Richard Bundey
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Calif.-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Thomas Toneff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. of Calif.-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Michael Ziegler
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Calif.-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. of Calif.-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Dept. of Neuroscience and Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Univ. of Calif.-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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Díaz E, Ayala G, Díaz ME, Gong LW, Toomre D. Automatic detection of large dense-core vesicles in secretory cells and statistical analysis of their intracellular distribution. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2010; 7:2-11. [PMID: 20150664 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2008.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the morphological appearance and the spatial distribution of large dense-core vesicles (granules) in the cell cytoplasm is central to the understanding of regulated exocytosis. This paper is concerned with the automatic detection of granules and the statistical analysis of their spatial locations in different cell groups. We model the locations of granules of a given cell as a realization of a finite spatial point process and the point patterns associated with the cell groups as replicated point patterns of different spatial point processes. First, an algorithm to segment the granules using electron microscopy images is proposed. Second, the relative locations of the granules with respect to the plasma membrane are characterized by two functional descriptors: the empirical cumulative distribution function of the distances from the granules to the plasma membrane and the density of granules within a given distance to the plasma membrane. The descriptors of the different cells for each group are compared using bootstrap procedures. Our results show that these descriptors and the testing procedure allow discriminating between control and treated cells. The application of these novel tools to studies of secretion should help in the analysis of diseases associated with dysfunctional secretion, such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Díaz
- Department of Computer Science,University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, Burjasot, Spain.
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Morphophysiology of the Zuckerkandl's paraganglion: effects of dexamethasone and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 31:2115-27. [PMID: 19167134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extra-adrenal Zuckerkandl's paraganglion is used as a source of chromaffin cells for transplantation in parkinsonian animals. Aging can affect its viability, and this tissue needs further characterization for improving grafting procedures. The objectives were: (i) to compare the main morpho-functional characteristics of prepubertal and old Zuckerkandl's paraganglion (ZP), and (ii) to discern phenotypic changes after sub-chronic dexamethasone treatment in extra-adrenal tissue of prepubertal rats. For these purposes, immunostaining methods, stereology, voltammetry, cell culture, Western blotting, and ELISA were employed. The findings revealed that all paraganglia were composed of mesenchymal tissue and chromaffin cells. In prepubertal rats, chromaffin cells are arranged as large or small clusters. Large clusters (also known as "cell nests") contain densely packed chromaffin cells, and they are seen as fascicles in longitudinal sections. In old paraganglia, cell nests disappear, and chromaffin cells are found to be arranged as small cell clusters or dispersed throughout the mesenchyma. Paraganglionic chromaffin cells possess a rounded morphology with diameter ranging from 12 to 15 μm, with intracytoplasmic granules (100-500 nm in diameter) containing catecholamines. Prepubertal and old ZP chromaffin cells are mostly noradrenergics, and a few of them are dopaminergics. Aging reduces the amount of chromaffin tissue (28% in adult rats vs. 11% in old animals, both in relation to total volume of the paraganglion), and induces the presence of adrenergic cells and adrenaline. Both prepubertal and old cells express the neurotrophic factors GDNF and TGF-β₁, aging leading to reduced levels of both growth factors. Dexamethasone (50 μg/kg daily, 5 days) leads to the expression of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase in prepubertal paraganglia, and to a higher content and release of adrenaline.
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Lukyanetz EA. Role of synaptic proteins in neurotransmitter release-related vesicular trafficking. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-008-9020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Varela H, Valladares F, Alvarez-Argüelles H, Borges R. Histogenesis and morphofunctional characteristics of chromaffin cells. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 192:145-63. [PMID: 18021326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the current status of research about the histogenesis and morphofunctional characteristics of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. First, this study reports the selective migration, transcription and activation factors, and the morphological events of the chromaffin cell precursors during adrenal medulla development. Subsequently, the morphofunctional characteristics of adrenergic and non-adrenergic cells are considered, with particular reference to the characteristics of chromaffin granules and their biological steps, including their formation, traffic (storage, targeting and docking), exocytosis in the strict sense and recapture. Moreover, the relationship of chromaffin cells with other tissue components of the adrenal medulla is also revised, comprising the ganglion cells, sustentacular cells, nerves and connective-vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Díaz-Flores
- Department of Pathology and Histology, School of Medicine, La Laguna University, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Germain D, Maysinger D, Glavinovic MI. Vesicular roundness and compound release in PC-12 cells. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 153:27-42. [PMID: 16290198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The principal goals of this study were to establish a quantitative morphological analysis of spatial and regional properties of dense core vesicles, and to use this analysis to assess whether homotypic fusion is prominent in chronically treated PC-12 cells at elevated release levels. Simple computerized image processing of electron-micrographs provided the binary images of vesicular dense cores, whilst the artificial intelligence methods were needed to determine the vesicular membranes. As in the past, the presence of large, highly irregular vesicles, provided the morphological evidence of fused vesicles, but the irregularity of vesicular shape was assessed quantitatively-from its roundness. Free space of each vesicle was determined from the distance to its nearest-neighbor, or from the size of its Voronoi polygon. Within a Voronoi polygon, each point is closer to that vesicle than to any other vesicle. Large vesicles were not less round and did not have larger free space, as expected if they result from fusion of several smaller vesicles. In conclusion, we present a novel and rigorous morphological analysis of spatial and regional properties of dense core vesicles. The results demonstrate that the homotypic fusion is not prominent in PC-12 cells, before or following a chronic treatment that enhances release.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Germain
- Department of Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Tang KS, Tse A, Tse FW. Differential regulation of multiple populations of granules in rat adrenal chromaffin cells by culture duration and cyclic AMP. J Neurochem 2005; 92:1126-39. [PMID: 15715663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We employed carbon fiber amperometry to measure the amount of catecholamine released from individual granules (i.e. the quantal size, Q) of rat chromaffin cells. The distribution of Q1/3 of amperometric events could be reasonably described by the summation of at least three Gaussians, suggesting that rat chromaffin cells contained at least three distinct populations of granules, with a small, medium or large modal Q. After 3 days of culture, the mean cellular Q reduced by approximately 14%, which did not arise from a uniform percentage decrease in the Q of every granule. Instead, the rundown involved a > 11% decrease in the proportional release from large Q granules and a > 19% decrease in the modal Q-value of small Q granules. In contrast, when cells were cultured with dibutyryl-cAMP (dBcAMP) for 3 days, their mean cellular Q increased by approximately 38% (relative to time-matched controls). This increase in Q was not associated with any shift in the proportional release from the three populations of granules. Instead, cAMP increased the average amount of catecholamines released from all three populations of granules. Our data raise the possibility that distinct populations of granules in rat chromaffin cells can be regulated either differentially or uniformly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim San Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zaika OL, Pochynyuk OM, Kostyuk PG, Yavorskaya EN, Lukyanetz EA. Acetylcholine-induced calcium signalling in adrenaline- and noradrenaline-containing adrenal chromaffin cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 424:23-32. [PMID: 15019833 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines in response to cholinergic receptor activation by acetylcholine (ACh). Characteristics of Ca(2+) transients induced by activation of nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic (mAChRs) receptors were analyzed using Fura-2 fluorescent measurements on rat chromaffin cells. We first found two populations of chromaffin cells, which differently responded on AChR stimulation. In the first group (n-cells), consecutive ACh applications evoked persistent Ca(2+) transients, whereas desensitizing transients were observed in the other group (m-cells). The AChR agonists and antagonists precisely imitated or abolished the ACh action on n- and m-type cells, respectively. Cytochemical staining showed that n-cells contained adrenaline, whereas m-cells-noradrenaline. Thus, for the first time we found that nAChRs and mAChRs are differentially expressed in adrenergic and noradrenergic chromaffin cells, respectively. Our data suppose that chromaffin cells can be differentially regulated by incoming ACh signals and in such way release different substances-adrenaline and noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Zaika
- International Center for Molecular Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
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Elcin YM, Elcin AE, Pappas GD. Functional and Morphological Characteristics of Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells on Macroporous Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 9:1047-56. [PMID: 14633388 DOI: 10.1089/107632703322495682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs) secrete several neuroactive substances that are effective in influencing pain sensitivity in the central nervous system as well as enhancing the recovery of the intrinsic nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in patients with Parkinson's disease. ACC transplantation may be upregulated by the use of three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds. In this study, we determined whether biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) (85:15) sponges could be used as support for chromaffin cells. ACCs were isolated from bovine adrenal glands by standard perfusion (95% purity) followed by additional purification (>99.5% purity). ACC (approximately 5 x 10(5) cells) suspension in collagen (type I) was seeded on prewetted sponges and cultured in DMEM-F12 (1:1) medium (5% fetal bovine serum). The catecholamine and enkephalin levels of the samples were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Cell morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Morphological evidence showed prolonged viability of chromaffin cells on scaffolds having pores of 250-400 microm. Cell counts and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the majority of seeded cells were located within the scaffold. Chromaffin cells exhibited higher levels of enkephalins and catecholamines on PLGA scaffold compared with their monolayer cultures. By the use of 3-D PLGA as support for ACCs, it is possible to upregulate metabolic function and localize a high number of morphologically healthy-looking cells. Highly purified ACCs cultured on PLGA scaffold may have promise in transplantation studies, because these cells are less immunogenic and may be applied to in vivo settings by using short-term immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murat Elcin
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Lukyanetz EA. Different secretory vesicles can be involved in depolarization-evoked exocytosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:844-8. [PMID: 11688985 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between Ca(2+) influx through voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels, resting intracellular Ca(2+) level (Ca(i)) and Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis was studied in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells by using patch-clamp, capacitance, and fluorescent measurements. It was established that depolarization-induced exocytosis passed over two steps, both of which linearly depend on Ca(i). At Ca(i) lying below critical point (200-300 nM) the slope of the relationship was 4.43 and at Ca(i) exceeding the critical point the slope was equal to 31.63. The vesicular mechanism describing experimental two-step dependence of exocytosis on intracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(i)) is proposed. According to the model at Ca(i) below critical point only small-sized vesicles fuse with plasma membrane, whereas at higher Ca(i), larger vesicles started to fuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lukyanetz
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Bogomoletz Str. 4, Kiev-24, 01024, Ukraine.
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Koval LM, Yavorskaya EN, Lukyanetz EA. Electron microscopic evidence for multiple types of secretory vesicles in bovine chromaffin cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001; 121:261-77. [PMID: 11254368 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2000.7592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that the neuron-like chromaffin cells from the bovine adrenal medulla are heterogeneous. Among other differences, the cells also differed in secretory vesicles represented in their cytoplasm. The present study investigates the types of secretory vesicles in bovine chromaffin cells by electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis revealed five types of electron-dense secretory vesicles in chromaffin cells. These were as follows: elementary large catecholamine-storing chromaffin granules of rounded shape, large dense core vesicles of ovoid and rod-like shapes, small dense core vesicles as well as ribosome-coated vesicles of intermediate density. Among the electron-lucent vesicles there were small synaptic-like microvesicles, endocytotic clathrin-coated vesicles, growth cone vesicles, and emptied large light core vesicles. The structural and functional backgrounds of different types of secretory vesicles are described, focusing on their formation and potential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Koval
- A. A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, MSP 01601, Ukraine
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Ultrastructural properties of the steroid vesicles and mitochondria from bovine adrenal cortical cells. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02506594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zaika OL, Pochinyuk OM, Lukyanetz EA. Comparative characteristics of the secretory responses of chromaffin and pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells to acetylcholine stimulation. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02506558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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