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Podlasz P, Wasowicz K. Effect of partial hysterectomy on the neurons of the paracervical ganglion (PCG) of the pig. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245974. [PMID: 33497400 PMCID: PMC7837480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic neurons innervating uterine horn is probably the only nerve cell population capable of periodical physiological degeneration and regeneration. One of the main sources of innervation of the uterus is paracervical ganglion (PCG). PCG is a unique structure of the autonomic nervous system. It contains components of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The present study examines the response of neurons of PCG innervating uterine horn to axotomy caused by partial hysterectomy in the domestic pig animal model. The study was performed using a neuronal retrograde tracing and double immunofluorescent staining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), neuronal nictric oxide synthase (nNOS), galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin and substance P (SP). Our study showed that virtually all neurons of the porcine PCG innervating uterine horn are adrenergic and we did not confirm that PCG is the source of cholinergic fibers innervating uterine horn of the pig. After axotomy there was a decrease in expression of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes (TH, DβH) and a strong increase in the galanin expression. The increase of the number of NPY-IR neurons in the ganglia after axotomy was observed. There were no changes in the expression of other studied substances in the PCG neurons innervating the uterine horn, what was often found in rodents studies. This indicates that neurons can respond to damage in a species-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Krzysztof Wasowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Vink R, Gabrielian L, Thornton E. The Role of Substance P in Secondary Pathophysiology after Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:304. [PMID: 28701994 PMCID: PMC5487380 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that substance P (SP) plays a major role in the secondary injury process following traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly with respect to neuroinflammation, increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and edema formation. Edema formation is associated with the development of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that has been widely associated with increased mortality and morbidity after neurotrauma. However, a pharmacological intervention to specifically reduce ICP is yet to be developed, with current interventions limited to osmotic therapy rather than addressing the cause of increased ICP. Given that previous publications have shown that SP, NK1 receptor antagonists reduce edema after TBI, more recent studies have examined whether these compounds might also reduce ICP and improve brain oxygenation after TBI. We discuss the results of these studies, which demonstrate that NK1 antagonists reduce posttraumatic ICP to near normal levels within 4 h of drug administration, as well as restoring brain oxygenation to near normal levels in the same time frame. The improvements in these parameters occurred in association with an improvement in BBB integrity to serum proteins, suggesting that SP-mediated increases in vascular permeability significantly contribute to the development of increased ICP after acute brain injury. NK1 antagonists may therefore provide a novel, mechanistically targeted approach to the management of increased ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Levon Gabrielian
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emma Thornton
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Gonkowski S. Substance P as a neuronal factor in the enteric nervous system of the porcine descending colon in physiological conditions and during selected pathogenic processes. Biofactors 2013; 39:542-51. [PMID: 24155273 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation pertains to changes in substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) nerve structures of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the porcine descending colon, caused by chemically-induced inflammation and nerve injury (axotomy). The distribution pattern of SP-LI structures was studied using the double immunofluorescence technique in the myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous (ISP) plexuses, as well as in the circular muscle and mucosal layers. Under physiological conditions, SP-LI neurons have been shown to constitute 4.13 ± 0.24%, 3.36 ± 0.26%, and 7.92 ± 0.16% in the MP, OSP, and ISP, respectively. Changes in SP-immunoreactivity depended on the pathological factor studied. The numbers of the SP-LI perikarya amounted to 7.89 ± 0.34, 5.56 ± 0.30, and 19.96 ± 0.57 in chemically-induced colitis, and 4.28 ± 0.13%, 7.18 ± 20%, and 11.62 ± 0.48% after axotomy in MP, OSP, and ISP, respectively. The both studied processes generally resulted in an increase in the number of SP-LI nerve fibers in the circular muscle and mucosal layers. The obtained results suggest that SP-LI nerve structures of the ENS may participate in various pathological processes in the porcine descending colon and exact functions of SP probably depend on the type of the pathological factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Furuno T, Hagiyama M, Sekimura M, Okamoto K, Suzuki R, Ito A, Hirashima N, Nakanishi M. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) on mast cells promotes interaction with dorsal root ganglion neurites by heterophilic binding to nectin-3. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 250:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Alston EN, Parrish DC, Hasan W, Tharp K, Pahlmeyer L, Habecker BA. Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion regulates sympathetic neuropeptide expression through gp130-dependent and independent mechanisms. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:33-42. [PMID: 21035185 PMCID: PMC3053070 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac function is regulated by a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic transmission. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) released from cardiac sympathetic neurons inhibits parasympathetic transmission in the heart. Sympathetic peptides may contribute to autonomic imbalance, which is characterized by increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic transmission and contributes to life threatening cardiovascular pathologies. Several gp130 cytokines are increased in the heart after myocardial infarction (MI), and these cytokines stimulate neuropeptide expression in sympathetic neurons. We used mice whose sympathetic neurons lack the gp130 receptor (gp130(DBH-Cre/lox) mice) to ask if cytokine activation of gp130 regulated neuropeptide expression in cardiac sympathetic nerves after MI. Myocardial infarction decreased NPY mRNA through a gp130 independent mechanism and increased VIP and PACAP mRNA via gp130, while GAL mRNA was unchanged. Immunohistochemistry revealed a gp130-dependent increase in PACAP38 in cells of the stellate ganglion after MI, and PACAP was detected in pre-ganglionic fibers of all genotypes and surgical groups. VIP was identified in a few sympathetic nerve fibers in all genotypes and surgical groups. GAL and PACAP38 were not detected in sham hearts, but peptide immunoreactivity was high in the infarct three days after MI. Surprisingly, peptides were abundant in cells that co-labeled with macrophage markers F4/80 and MAC2, but were not detected in sympathetic axons. PACAP protects cardiac myocytes from apoptosis, and GAL stimulates axon regeneration in addition to inhibiting parasympathetic transmission. Thus, these peptides may play an important role in cardiac and neuronal remodeling after ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Beth A. Habecker
- Address correspondence to: Beth A. Habecker, Ph.D., Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, L334, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, TEL: (503) 494-0497, FAX: (503) 494-4352,
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Li Y, Dahlström A. Peripheral projections of NESP55 containing neurons in the rat sympathetic ganglia. Auton Neurosci 2008; 141:1-9. [PMID: 18539096 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral projections of neurons expressing neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 (NESP55), a novel member of the chromogranin family, were studied by retrograde tracing technique. It was found that NESP55 positive neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion projected to a number of targets including the submandibular gland, the cervical lymph nodes, the forehead skin, the iris, but not to the thyroid. Among these NESP55 positive target-projecting neurons, a subpopulation contained neuropeptide Y (NPY), a vasoconstrictor. Forepaw pad projecting neurons were found exclusively in the stellate ganglion, almost all of which (approximately 90%) were immunoreactive to NESP55. Colocalization of NESP55 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a peptide involved in sudomotor effects, was observed in a subpopulation of these paw pad projecting neurons, as was colocalization of NESP55 and NPY. The data suggest that NESP55 may have a functional role in some populations of sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Box 420, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Annica Dahlström
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Box 420, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Li Y, Wang Z, Dahlström A. Neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 (NESP55) immunoreactivity in male and female rat superior cervical ganglion and other sympathetic ganglia. Auton Neurosci 2007; 132:52-62. [PMID: 17185044 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 (NESP55) is a soluble, acidic and heat-stable protein, belonging to the class of chromogranins. It is expressed specifically in endocrine cells and the nervous system, and is probably involved in both constitutive and regulated secretion. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of NESP55 in various rat sympathetic ganglia by immunohistochemistry. The expression of NESP55-IR was detected in a subpopulation of principal neurons in the rat SCG, which was also TH positive, and, thus, adrenergic. In the rat stellate ganglion, more than two thirds of NESP55 positive neurons were adrenergic. Colocalization of NESP55 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cholinergic neurons was also observed. In the rat thoracic chain, however, the majority of NESP55 positive neurons appeared to lack TH. No detectable NESP55-IR was found in the mouse SCG. Furthermore, in the sexually dimorphic SCG, it was demonstrated that, 80% of the NESP55 positive principal neurons were also NPY positive in the male rat, while a slightly higher, but statistically significant proportion, 87%, was found in the female. Whether or not this small difference is physiologically significant is unknown. The present data provide basic knowledge about the expression of NESP55 in the sympathetic autonomic nervous system of rat, which may further our understanding of the functional significance of NESP55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Li
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Göteborg, Box 420, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Donkin JJ, Turner RJ, Hassan I, Vink R. Substance P in traumatic brain injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 161:97-109. [PMID: 17618972 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that neuropeptides, and in particular substance P (SP), may play a critical role in the development of morphological injury and functional deficits following acute insults to the brain. Few studies, however, have examined the role of SP, and more generally, neurogenic inflammation, in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury and stroke. Those studies that have been reported suggest that SP is released following injury to the CNS and facilitates the increased permeability of the blood brain barrier, the development of vasogenic edema and the subsequent cell death and functional deficits that are associated with these events. Inhibition of the SP activity, either through inhibition of the neuropeptide release or the use of SP receptor antagonists, have consistently resulted in profound decreases in edema formation and marked improvements in functional outcome. The current review summarizes the role of SP in acute brain injury, focussing on its properties as a neurotransmitter and the potential for SP to adversely affect outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Donkin
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Mei Q, Mundinger TO, Lernmark K, Taborsky GJ. Increased galanin expression in the celiac ganglion of BB diabetic rats. Neuropeptides 2006; 40:1-10. [PMID: 16487586 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BB rats lose >50% of their islet sympathetic nerve terminals soon after diabetes onset, markedly impairing the glucagon response to activation of these nerves. In this study, we sought evidence that this degree of disease-induced nerve terminal damage affected their neuronal cell bodies. Increased galanin expression was used as a marker of the change of phenotype that occurs in neuronal cell bodies when their axons are severely damaged. The celiac ganglion (CG) was analyzed because it is a major source of the sympathetic nerves that project to the pancreatic islets. But we first needed to determine if damaging nerve terminals could increase galanin expression in this ganglion and, if so, when that expression was maximal. Severe, global nerve terminal damage produced a dramatic increase of CG galanin expression which was maximal 5 days later. We next determined if a global, but partial, nerve terminal loss would also increase galanin expression and found a significant increase of galanin mRNA and its peptide in the CG. Finally, we determined if the disease-induced, partial and islet-selective loss of nerve terminals seen in BB diabetic rats was sufficient to increase galanin: we, again, found a significant increase of galanin mRNA and its peptide in their CG. These increases did not occur in their superior cervical ganglia. We conclude that the selective damage to islet sympathetic nerve terminals seen in BB diabetic rats, rather than the systemic factors of diabetic hyperglycemia or insulin deficiency, causes the increased galanin expression observed in the CG of this animal model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Mei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The neurochemical properties of the ovine middle cervical ganglion (MCG) were studied using antibodies raised against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and galanin (GAL). Double-labelling immunocytochemistry revealed that the vast majority (95.5 +/- 0.8%) of postganglionic sympathetic MCG neurons expressed simultaneously both catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes (neurons were TH/DbetaH-positive). A large population of noradrenergic neurons exhibited immunoreactivity (IR) to NPY (62.2 +/- 2.2%), but single NPY-positive perikarya-lacking noradrenergic markers were also observed (2.0 +/- 0.3%). None of the examined MCG neuronal somata contained SP, CGRP, GAL or VIP. A moderate number of noradrenergic nerve fibres located amongst neuronal cell bodies was also found. In small number of these terminals the presence of NPYor GAL (but not CGRP or VIP) was detected. The ovine MCG was numerously innervated with SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres which sometimes formed basket-like formations around postganglionic neurons. The MCG exhibited a sparse CGRP-immunoreactive innervation and lacked VIP-positive nerve terminals. In many aspects the chemical coding of MCG postganglionic neurons and nerve terminals resembles that found in other mammalian cervico-thoracic paravertebral ganglia, but some important species-dependent differences exist. The functional implications of these differences remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bartłomiej Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, Lublin, Poland.
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Anderson CR, Bergner A, Murphy SM. How many types of cholinergic sympathetic neuron are there in the rat stellate ganglion? Neuroscience 2006; 140:567-76. [PMID: 16600516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic cholinergic postganglionic neurons are present in many sympathetic ganglia. Three classes of sympathetic cholinergic neuron have been reported in mammals; sudomotor neurons, vasodilator neurons and neurons innervating the periosteum. We have examined thoracic sympathetic ganglia in rats to determine if any other classes of cholinergic neurons exist. We could identify cholinergic sudomotor neurons and neurons innervating the rib periosteum, but confirmed that cholinergic sympathetic vasodilator neurons are absent in this species. Sudomotor neurons contained vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and always lacked calbindin. Cholinergic neurons innervating the periosteum contained VIP and sometimes calbindin, but always lacked CGRP. Cholinergic neurons innervating the periosteum were usually surrounded by terminals immunoreactive for CGRP. We conclude that if any undiscovered populations of cholinergic neurons exist in the rat thoracic sympathetic chain, then they are indistinguishable in size, neurochemistry and inputs from sudomotor or cholinergic neurons innervating the periosteum. It may be that the latter two populations account for all cholinergic neurons in the rat thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Habecker BA, Gritman KR, Willison BD, Van Winkle DM. Myocardial infarction stimulates galanin expression in cardiac sympathetic neurons. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:89-95. [PMID: 15752542 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion alters sympathetic neurotransmission in the heart, but little is known about its effect on neuropeptide expression in sympathetic neurons. Ischemia followed by reperfusion induces the production of inflammatory cytokines in the heart, including interleukin-6 and cardiotrophin-1. These cytokines and related molecules inhibit the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), and stimulate the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SubP), and galanin (GAL) in cultured sympathetic neurons. Therefore, we quantified NPY, VIP, SubP, and GAL mRNA in neurons of the stellate ganglia 1 week after ischemia-reperfusion to determine if neuropeptide expression was altered in cardiac sympathetic neurons. NPY, VIP, and SubP mRNAs were unchanged compared to unoperated control animals, but GAL mRNA was increased significantly. The increased GAL mRNA was not accompanied by elevated GAL peptide content in the stellate ganglia. Galanin content was increased significantly in the heart, however, indicating that elevated GAL mRNA led to increased peptide production. GAL content was increased in the left ventricle below the coronary artery ligation, but was not increased significantly in the atria or the base of the heart above the ligation. The buildup of GAL specifically in the damaged left ventricle is consistent with previous reports that GAL is transported to regenerating nerve endings after axon damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Habecker
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Kaya N, Shen T, Lu SG, Zhao FL, Herness S. A paracrine signaling role for serotonin in rat taste buds: expression and localization of serotonin receptor subtypes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R649-58. [PMID: 14715493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00572.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in peripheral taste physiology now suggest that the classic linear view of information processing within the taste bud is inadequate and that paracrine processing, although undemonstrated, may be an essential feature of peripheral gustatory transduction. Taste receptor cells (TRCs) express multiple neurotransmitters of unknown function that could potentially participate in a paracrine role. Serotonin is expressed in a subset of TRCs with afferent synapses; additionally, TRCs respond physiologically to serotonin. This study explored the expression and cellular localization of serotonin receptor subtypes in TRCs as a possible route of paracrine communication. RT-PCR was performed on RNA extracted from rat posterior taste buds with 14 primer sets representing 5-HT1 through 5-HT7 receptor subtype families. Data suggest that 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors are expressed in taste buds. Immunocytochemistry with a 5-HT1A-specific antibody demonstrated that subsets of TRCs were immunopositive for 5-HT1A. With the use of double-labeling, serotonin- and 5-HT1A-immunopositive cells were observed exclusively in nonoverlapping populations. On the other hand, 5-HT3-immunopositive taste receptor cells were not observed. This observation, combined with other data, suggests 5-HT3 is expressed in postsynaptic neural elements within the bud. We hypothesize that 5-HT release from TRCs activates postsynaptic 5-HT3 receptors on afferent nerve fibers and, via a paracrine route, inhibits neighboring TRCs via 5-HT1A receptors. The role of the 5-HT1A-expressing TRC within the taste bud remains to be explored.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Paracrine Communication/physiology
- RNA/analysis
- RNA/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Serotonin/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serotonin/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Taste Buds/metabolism
- Taste Buds/physiology
- Tissue Fixation
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Affiliation(s)
- Namik Kaya
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Calvert JA, Evans RJ. Heterogeneity of P2X Receptors in Sympathetic Neurons: Contribution of Neuronal P2X1 Receptors Revealed Using Knockout Mice. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 65:139-48. [PMID: 14722245 DOI: 10.1124/mol.65.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are highly expressed throughout the nervous system, where ATP has been shown to be a neurotransmitter. The aim of this study was to characterize P2X receptor expression within sympathetic postganglionic neurons from the superior cervical ganglia. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of mRNA for all P2X receptors, raising the possibility of multiple subunit expression within these ganglia. Whole-cell patch-clamp and calcium imaging studies revealed a heterogeneous population of P2X receptors in approximately 70% of neurons. We propose that the heterogeneity in properties could be caused by differential expression and/or subunit composition of the P2X receptor. The dominant phenotype was P2X2-like; neurons showed slow desensitization, sensitivity to antagonists, and a profile of ionic modulation that is characteristic of P2X2 receptors: potentiation by acidification and extracellular Zn2+ and attenuation by high extracellular Ca2+ and pH. A subpopulation of neurons (10-15%) were alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP) sensitive, and in neurons from P2X1 receptor-deficient mice the alpha,beta-meATP response was reduced to 2% of all neurons, demonstrating a direct role for P2X1 subunits. Control alpha,beta-meATP responses were eliminated by high extracellular Ca(2+) and pH, indicating the presence of heteromeric channels incorporating the properties of P2X1 and P2X2 receptors. This study demonstrates that in neurons, the P2X1 receptor can contribute to the properties of heteromeric P2X receptors. Given the expression of P2X1 receptors in a range of neurons, it seems likely that regulation of the properties of P2X receptors by this subunit is more widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Calvert
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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Haberberger RV, Pfeil U, Lips KS, Kummer W. Expression of the high-affinity choline transporter, CHT1, in the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system of human and rat skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:943-8. [PMID: 12406342 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an essential component in acetylcholine biosynthesis, and is involved in cell signaling. It is unable to permeate the cell membrane and requires a transporter to enter the cell. Neurons that synthesize acetylcholine take up choline by a recently cloned high-affinity choline transporter (choline transporter 1) that is Na+-dependent and can be blocked by hemicholinium-3. The aim of this study was to determine the expression and to analyze the distribution of choline transporter 1 in human and rat skin. The mRNA for choline transporter 1 was detected in rat and human skin and in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. A polyclonal anti-serum was developed against the N-terminal region of the human and rat protein. In rat and human skin, choline transporter 1 immunoreactivity was present in nerve fibers. In addition, keratinocytes, HaCaT cells and cells of the internal root sheath of the hair follicle contained choline transporter 1 immunoreactivity. The labeling patterns of nonconfluent vs confluent cultured cells and the distribution of choline transporter 1 along the epidermal layer suggest an association of choline transporter 1 with keratinocyte differentiation. In conclusion, this study shows the presence of the high-affinity choline transporter choline transporter 1 in nerve fibers and epithelial cells in the human and rat skin supporting the pivotal role of this transporter in both the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system of the skin.
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