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Di Micco P, Imbalzano E, Russo V, Attena E, Mandaliti V, Orlando L, Lombardi M, Di Micco G, Camporese G, Annunziata S, Piccinocchi G, Pacelli W, Del Guercio M. Heparin and SARS-CoV-2: Multiple Pathophysiological Links. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122486. [PMID: 34960754 PMCID: PMC8705068 DOI: 10.3390/v13122486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, has been one of most used drugs to fight the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Pharmacological properties of heparin recognize its specific ability, as with other oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycan, to bind several types of viruses during their pass through the extracellular matrix of the respiratory tract, as well as its anticoagulant activity to prevent venous thromboembolism. Antithrombotic actions of enoxaparin have been testified both for inpatients with COVID-19 in regular ward and for inpatients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Prophylactic doses seem to be able to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in inpatients in the regular ward, while intermediate or therapeutic doses have been frequently adopted for inpatients with COVID-19 in ICU. On the other hand, although we reported several useful actions of heparin for inpatients with COVID-19, an increased rate of bleeding has been recorded, and it may be related to several conditions such as underlying diseases with increased risks of bleeding, increased doses or prolonged administration of heparin, personal trend to bleed, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Di Micco
- Department of Medicine, Buon Consiglio Fatebenefratelli Hospital of Naples, 80122 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Egidio Imbalzano
- Dipartimento Di ClinicaMedica E Farmacologia, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (E.I.); (L.O.)
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, Piazzale Ettore Ruggeri, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Emilio Attena
- Division of Cardiology, San Giuliano Hospital, 80014 Giugliano in Campania, Italy;
| | | | - Luana Orlando
- Dipartimento Di ClinicaMedica E Farmacologia, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (E.I.); (L.O.)
| | - Maurizio Lombardi
- Cardiocenter Outpatients Clinic, 80121 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (W.P.)
| | - Gianluca Di Micco
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Buon Consiglio, Fatebenefratelli, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Camporese
- Unit of Angiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | | | | | - Walter Pacelli
- Cardiocenter Outpatients Clinic, 80121 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (W.P.)
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Induction of a heparin-stimulated serine proteinase in sex accessory gland tumors of the Lobund-Wistar rat. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dong Z, Zhao P, Wang C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wang X, Lin Y, Xia Q. Comparative Proteomics Reveal Diverse Functions and Dynamic Changes of Bombyx mori Silk Proteins Spun from Different Development Stages. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5213-22. [DOI: 10.1021/pr4005772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm
Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
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Unusual glycosaminoglycans from a deep sea hydrothermal bacterium improve fibrillar collagen structuring and fibroblast activities in engineered connective tissues. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1351-69. [PMID: 23612369 PMCID: PMC3705409 DOI: 10.3390/md11041351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers produced by marine organisms can offer useful tools for regenerative medicine. Particularly, HE800 exopolysaccharide (HE800 EPS) secreted by a deep-sea hydrothermal bacterium displays an interesting glycosaminoglycan-like feature resembling hyaluronan. Previous studies demonstrated its effectiveness to enhance in vivo bone regeneration and to support osteoblastic cell metabolism in culture. Thus, in order to assess the usefulness of this high-molecular weight polymer in tissue engineering and tissue repair, in vitro reconstructed connective tissues containing HE800 EPS were performed. We showed that this polysaccharide promotes both collagen structuring and extracellular matrix settle by dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, from the native HE800 EPS, a low-molecular weight sulfated derivative (HE800 DROS) displaying chemical analogy with heparan-sulfate, was designed. Thus, it was demonstrated that HE800 DROS mimics some properties of heparan-sulfate, such as promotion of fibroblast proliferation and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion. Therefore, we suggest that the HE800EPS family can be considered as an innovative biotechnological source of glycosaminoglycan-like compounds useful to design biomaterials and drugs for tissue engineering and repair.
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Campbell EJ, Owen CA. The sulfate groups of chondroitin sulfate- and heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycans in neutrophil plasma membranes are novel binding sites for human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14645-54. [PMID: 17384412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608346200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte elastase (HLE) and cathepsin G (CG) are expressed at high levels on the surface of activated human neutrophils (PMN) in catalytically active but inhibitor-resistant forms having the potential to contribute to tissue injury. Herein we have investigated the mechanisms by which HLE and CG bind to PMN plasma membranes. (125)I-Labeled HLE and CG bind to PMN at 0 degrees C in a saturable and reversible manner (K(D) = 5.38 and 4.36 x 10(-7) m and 11.5 and 8.1 x 10(6) binding sites/cell, respectively). Incubation of PMN with radiolabeled HLE and CG in the presence of a 200-fold molar excess of unlabeled HLE, CG, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, proteinase 3, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)-inactivated HLE, or PMSF-inactivated CG inhibited binding of radiolabeled ligands. This indicates that these PMN granule proteins share binding sites on PMN and that functional active sites of HLE and CG are not required for their binding to PMN. The sulfate groups of heparan sulfate- and chondroitin sulfate-containing proteoglycans are the PMN binding sites for HLE and CG since binding of HLE and CG to PMN was inhibited by incubating PMN with 1) trypsin, chondroitinase ABC, and heparitinases, but not other glycanases, and 2) purified chondroitin sulfates, heparan sulfate, and other sulfated molecules, but not with non-sulfated glycans. Thus, heparan sulfate- and chondroitin sulfate-containing proteoglycans are low affinity, high volume PMN surface binding sites for HLE and CG, which are well suited to bind high concentrations of active serine proteinases released from degranulating PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Campbell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Senni K, Gueniche F, Foucault-Bertaud A, Igondjo-Tchen S, Fioretti F, Colliec-Jouault S, Durand P, Guezennec J, Godeau G, Letourneur D. Fucoidan a sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae is a potent modulator of connective tissue proteolysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 445:56-64. [PMID: 16364234 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulfated fucosylated polymers from brown algae cell wall that exhibit some heparin/heparan sulfate properties. We previously demonstrated that these polysaccharides were able in vitro to stimulate dermal fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Here, we investigated the action of a 16kDa fucoidan fraction on parameters involved in connective tissue breakdown. This fucoidan is able to inhibit gelatinase A secretion and stromelysin 1 induction by interleukin-1beta on dermal fibroblasts in culture. Furthermore, we observed that fucoidan increases the rate of association of MMPs with their specific inhibitors namely TIMPs. Using tissue sections of human skin in ex vivo experiments, we evidenced that this polysaccharide was able to minimize human leukocyte elastase activity resulting in the protection of human skin elastic fiber network against the enzymatic proteolysis due to this serine proteinase. These results suggested that fucoidan could be used for treating some inflammatory pathologies in which uncontrolled extracellular matrix degradation takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Senni
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, EA2496 Réparations et Remodelages Oro-faciaux, Montrouge, France.
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Gheduzzi D, Guerra D, Bochicchio B, Pepe A, Tamburro AM, Quaglino D, Mithieux S, Weiss AS, Pasquali Ronchetti I. Heparan sulphate interacts with tropoelastin, with some tropoelastin peptides and is present in human dermis elastic fibers. Matrix Biol 2005; 24:15-25. [PMID: 15748998 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of reports point to the presence of proteoglycans and/or glycosaminoglycans within elastic fibers in normal and in pathological conditions. We present data that heparan sulphate (HS)-containing proteoglycans are associated with normal elastic fibers in human dermis and that isolated HS chains interact in vitro with recombinant tropoelastin and with peptides encoded by distinct exons of the human tropoelastin gene (EDPs). By immunocytochemistry, HS chains were identified as associated with the amorphous elastin component in the human dermis and remained associated with the residual elastin in the partially degenerated fibers of old subjects. HS appeared particularly concentrated in the mineralization front of elastic fibers in the dermis of patients affected by pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). In in vitro experiments, HS induced substantial changes in the coacervation temperature and in the aggregation properties of recombinant tropoelastin and of synthetic peptides (EDPs) corresponding to sequences encoded by exons 18, 20, 24 and 30 of the human tropoelastin gene. In particular, HS modified the coacervation temperature and favoured the aggregation into ordered structures of tropoelastin molecules and of EDPs 18, 20 and 24, but not of EDP30. These data strongly indicate that HS-elastin interactions may play a role in tissue elastin fibrogenesis as well as modulating elastin stability with time and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dealba Gheduzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41100-Modena, Italy
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Wardas M, Gierek T, Paluch J, Pawłowska-Góral K, Pilch J, Markowski J. The influence of environmental pollution on the amount of glycosoaminoglycans in the tissue of palatine tonsils. Pathol Res Pract 2003; 198:425-7. [PMID: 12166900 DOI: 10.1078/0344-0338-00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated persons exposed to high and low air pollution caused by metals. This investigation was done against the background of changes in the connective tissue of palatine tonsils. We evaluated the qualitative and quantitative composition of glycosoaminoglycans (GAG) isolated from palatine tonsils. GAGs were separated by column chromatography. We found that as the total amount of GAGs increased, the amount of heparin and chondroitin sulphate also increased, whereas the amount of hyaluronic acid, dermatane sulphate, heparane sulphate and keratane sulphate decreased. The changes observed in the amount of GAGs in the tissue of palatine tonsils can influence the incidence of infections of the upper airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wardas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Silesian Academy of Medicine, Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Rodriguez-Manzaneque JC, Milchanowski AB, Dufour EK, Leduc R, Iruela-Arispe ML. Characterization of METH-1/ADAMTS1 processing reveals two distinct active forms. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:33471-9. [PMID: 10944521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002599200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
METH-1/ADAMTS1 is a member of a newly described family of genes that contain metalloprotease, disintegrin, and thrombospondin-like motifs. We have recently shown that METH-1 protein is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that secreted human pro-METH-1 is processed in two consecutive steps to release both p87 and p65 active forms. The p87 form lacks the N-terminal prodomain and p65 results from an additional processing event in the C-terminal end. Generation of p87 was blocked with specific inhibitors of furin, and incubation of pro-METH-1 with purified furin released the p87 fragment but not p65. Generation of p65 required preformation of p87 and was suppressed by inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases. We demonstrate that matrix metalloproteases 2, 8, and 15 were able to release p65 when p87 was used as substrate. This second processing step removes two thrombospondin repeats from the carboxyl-terminal end of p87-METH-1 and alters the affinity of the protein to heparin and endothelial cultures. Furthermore, this deletion was associated with a reduced activity upon suppression of endothelial cell proliferation. We hypothesize that METH-1 processing is relevant for the modulation of the anti-angiogenic properties displayed by the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rodriguez-Manzaneque
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Thomas GJ, Yung S, Davies M. Bikunin present in human peritoneal fluid is in part derived from the interaction of serum with peritoneal mesothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1267-76. [PMID: 9777958 PMCID: PMC1853064 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that peritoneal fluid mainly contains two proteoglycans; one is the interstitial proteoglycan referred to as decorin, and the other an uncharacterized small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. In the present study, we have used a two-step process to isolate the small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan free of decorin. The purified molecule ran as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with apparent molecular mass 50 kd made up of a chondroitin-4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan chain and a 30-kd core protein. NH2-terminal analysis of the core protein showed significant sequence homology with bikunin, a component of the human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI) family. A Western blot analysis using anti-human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor confirmed the identity of the small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan as bikunin, and a trypsin inhibitor counterstain assay confirmed its anti-trypsin activity. Examination of serum from patients receiving continuous peritoneal dialysis suggests that free bikunin in peritoneal fluid may be the result of leakage of serum proteins into the peritoneum. Our findings further show that the interaction of serum with peritoneal mesothelial cells offers a new and novel explanation for the presence of bikunin in peritoneal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Thomas
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Jackson SM, Nakato H, Sugiura M, Jannuzi A, Oakes R, Kaluza V, Golden C, Selleck SB. dally, a Drosophila glypican, controls cellular responses to the TGF-beta-related morphogen, Dpp. Development 1997; 124:4113-20. [PMID: 9374407 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124.20.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Decapentaplegic (Dpp) is a Drosophila member of the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta)/Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) superfamily of growth factors. Dpp serves as a classical morphogen, where concentration gradients of this secreted factor control patterning over many cell dimensions. Regulating the level of Dpp signaling is therefore critical to its function during development. One type of molecule proposed to modulate growth factor signaling at the cell surface are integral membrane proteoglycans. We show here that division abnormally delayed (dally), a Drosophila member of the glypican family of integral membrane proteoglycans is required for normal Dpp signaling during development, affecting cellular responses to this morphogen. Ectopic expression of dally+ can alter the patterning activity of Dpp, suggesting a role for dally+ in modulating Dpp signaling strength. These findings support a role for members of the glypican family in controlling TGF-beta/BMP activity in vivo by affecting signaling at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jackson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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Meddahi A, Lemdjabar H, Caruelle JP, Barritault D, Hornebeck W. FGF protection and inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by carboxymethyl benzylamide sulfonate dextran derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 1996; 18:141-5. [PMID: 8852763 DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(95)01074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several derivatized dextrans (DxD) containing defined percentage of carboxymethyl, carboxymethyl benzylamide and carboxymethyl benzylamide sulfonate groups have been shown to stimulate tissue repair in various in vivo models including skin, bone, muscle and cornea. These selected DxD were also shown to mimic heparin or heparan sulfate by their ability to interact with, stabilise and protect the heparin-binding growth factor of the fibroblast growth factor family against trypsin digestion (Tardieu et al., J. Cell. Physiol. 1992; 150: 94). The wound healing action of these DxD was explained by postulating that the endogenously released heparin-binding growth factors could be protected within the wound. To further understand the action of these DxD on tissue repair, we have studied their effect on the human neutrophil elastase (HNE) activity, one of the proteases involved in wound repair. These DxD inhibited HNE in an hyperbolic non-competitive manner. Extent of HNE inhibition by DxD increased with their molecular weight and benzylamide sulfonate substitution levels. One DxD, RGT11, was the best inhibitor (Ki 40 pM) and efficiently inhibited FGF-2 proteolysis by HNE, restoring its growth-promoting activity towards human skin fibroblasts. The data contribute to a better understanding of the wound-healing property and anti-inflammatory activity of these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meddahi
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance et la Regénération Tissulaires, URA CNRS 1813, Université Paris XII-Val de Marne, Créteil, France
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