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Buccarelli M, Castellani G, Fiorentino V, Pizzimenti C, Beninati S, Ricci-Vitiani L, Scattoni ML, Mischiati C, Facchiano F, Tabolacci C. Biological Implications and Functional Significance of Transglutaminase Type 2 in Nervous System Tumors. Cells 2024; 13:667. [PMID: 38667282 PMCID: PMC11048792 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family. TG2 catalyzes the transamidation reaction leading to several protein post-translational modifications and it is also implicated in signal transduction thanks to its GTP binding/hydrolyzing activity. In the nervous system, TG2 regulates multiple physiological processes, such as development, neuronal cell death and differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. Given its different enzymatic activities, aberrant expression or activity of TG2 can contribute to tumorigenesis, including in peripheral and central nervous system tumors. Indeed, TG2 dysregulation has been reported in meningiomas, medulloblastomas, neuroblastomas, glioblastomas, and other adult-type diffuse gliomas. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the biological and functional relevance of TG2 in the pathogenesis of nervous system tumors, highlighting its involvement in survival, tumor inflammation, differentiation, and in the resistance to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Giorgia Castellani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Cristina Pizzimenti
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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Iervasi E, Strangio A, Greco L, Auricchio R, Saverino D. Circulating anti-hypothalamus antibodies in celiac patients: tissue transglutaminase friend or foe? Immunol Res 2023; 71:839-848. [PMID: 37221348 PMCID: PMC10667380 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease with inflammatory characteristics, having a condition of chronic malabsorption, affecting approximately 1% of the population at any age. In recent years, a concrete correlation between eating disorders and CD has emerged. Hypothalamus plays a central role in determining eating behaviour, regulating appetite and, consequently, food intake. One hundred and ten sera from celiac patients (40 active and 70 following a gluten-free diet) were tested for the presence of autoantibodies against primate hypothalamic periventricular neurons by immunofluorescence and by a home-made ELISA assay. In addition, ghrelin was measured by ELISA. As control, 45 blood serums from healthy age matched were analysed. Among active CD, all patients resulted positive for anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies and sera showed significantly higher levels of ghrelin. All of the free-gluten CD were negative for anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies and had low levels of ghrelin, as well as healthy controls. Of interest, anti-hypothalamic autoantibodies directly correlate with anti-tTG amounts and with mucosal damage. In addition, competition assays with recombinant tTG showed a drastically reduction of anti-hypothalamic serum reactivity. Finally, ghrelin levels are increased in CD patients and correlated with anti-tTG autoantibodies and anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies. This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of anti-hypothalamus antibodies and their correlation with the severity of the CD. It also allows us to hypothesize the role of tTG as a putative autoantigen expressed by hypothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iervasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Strangio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- European Laboratory for Food-Induced disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy.
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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3
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Infantino R, Boccella S, Scuteri D, Perrone M, Ricciardi F, Vitale R, Bonsale R, Parente A, Allocca I, Virtuoso A, De Luca C, Belardo C, Amodeo P, Gentile V, Cirillo G, Bagetta G, Luongo L, Maione S, Guida F. 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline prevents cognitive and social behaviour impairments in the Amyloid β-induced Alzheimer-like mice model: Bring the α2 adrenergic receptor back into play. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Korai SA, Cirillo R, Gargano F, Papa M, Cirillo G. Altered Spinal Homeostasis and Maladaptive Plasticity in GFAP Null Mice Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071224. [PMID: 35406788 PMCID: PMC8997460 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The maladaptive response of the central nervous system (CNS) following nerve injury is primarily linked to the activation of glial cells (reactive gliosis) that produce an inflammatory reaction and a wide cellular morpho-structural and functional/metabolic remodeling. Glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP), a major protein constituent of astrocyte intermediate filaments (IFs), is the hallmark of the reactive astrocytes, has pleiotropic functions and is significantly upregulated in the spinal cord after nerve injury. Here, we investigated the specific role of GFAP in glial reaction and maladaptive spinal cord plasticity following sciatic nerve spared nerve injury (SNI) in GFAP KO and wild-type (WT) animals. We evaluated the neuropathic behavior (thermal hyperalgesia, allodynia) and the expression of glial (vimentin, Iba1) and glutamate/GABA system markers (GLAST, GLT1, EAAC1, vGLUT, vGAT, GAD) in lumbar spinal cord sections of KO/WT animals. SNI induced neuropathic behavior in both GFAP KO and WT mice, paralleled by intense microglial reaction (Iba1 expression more pronounced in KO mice), reactive astrocytosis (vimentin increase) and expression remodeling of glial/neuronal glutamate/GABA transporters. In conclusion, it is conceivable that the lack of GFAP could be detrimental to the CNS as it lacks a critical sensor for neuroinflammation and morpho-functional–metabolic rewiring after nerve injury. Understanding the maladaptive morpho-functional changes of glial cells could represent the first step for a new glial-based targeted approach for mechanisms of disease in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Neural Network Morphology & Systems Biology Lab, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.); (S.A.K.); (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Neural Network Morphology & Systems Biology Lab, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.); (S.A.K.); (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Sohaib Ali Korai
- Neural Network Morphology & Systems Biology Lab, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.); (S.A.K.); (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Raffaella Cirillo
- Neural Network Morphology & Systems Biology Lab, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.); (S.A.K.); (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Francesca Gargano
- Unit of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Papa
- Neural Network Morphology & Systems Biology Lab, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.); (S.A.K.); (R.C.); (M.P.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE.ITALY, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Neural Network Morphology & Systems Biology Lab, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.); (S.A.K.); (R.C.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5666008
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5
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Cerasuolo M, Gargano F, Colangelo AM, Lavitrano M, Cirillo G, Papa M. Matrix metalloproteinases, purinergic signaling, and epigenetics: hubs in the spinal neuroglial network following peripheral nerve injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:557-567. [PMID: 35175413 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells (reactive gliosis) and the purinergic pathway, together with metalloproteinase (MMP)-induced remodeling of the neural extracellular matrix (nECM), drive maladaptive changes in the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). We evaluated the effects on spinal maladaptive plasticity through administration of oxidized ATP (oxATP), an antagonist of P2X receptors (P2XR), and/or GM6001, an inhibitor of MMPs, in rats following spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve. With morpho-molecular techniques, we demonstrated a reduction in spinal reactive gliosis and changes in the neuro-glial-nECM crosstalk via expression remodeling of P2XR, nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors (TrkA and p75), and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) after treatments with oxATP/GM6001. Altogether, our data suggest that MMPs and purinergic inhibition have a modulatory impact on key proteins in the neuro-glial-nECM network, acting at different levels from intracellular signaling to epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Michele Cerasuolo
- Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gargano
- Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Michele Papa
- Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Ji C, Tang M, Harrison J, Paciorkowski A, Johnson GVW. Nuclear transglutaminase 2 directly regulates expression of cathepsin S in rat cortical neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3043-3051. [PMID: 30239049 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a protein that modulates neuronal survival processes. Although TG2 is primarily cytosolic, data have suggested the nuclear localization of TG2 is strongly associated with neuronal viability. Depletion of TG2 in neurons results in neurite retraction and loss of viability, which is likely due to a dysregulation in gene expression. To begin to understand how TG2 regulates neuronal gene expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed in neurons with TG2 overexpression. The resulting genomic DNA was recovered and sequenced. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that a signature DNA motif was enriched in the TG2 immunoprecipitated genomic DNA. In particular, this motif strongly mapped to a region proximate to the gene Ctss (cathepsin S). Knockdown of TG2 resulted in a significant increase in cathepsin S expression, which preceded the loss of neuronal viability. This is the first demonstration that TG2 directly associates with genomic DNA and regulates gene expression in neurons. Given that expression of cathepsin S is increased in neurological disease states, our data suggest that TG2 may play a role in promoting neuron health in part by repressing the expression of cathepsin S. Overall these data provide new insights into the function of nuclear TG2 in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Maoping Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Jarreau Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Alex Paciorkowski
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Biomedical Genetics, and Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.,Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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7
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Wan L, Xu K, Chen Z, Tang B, Jiang H. Roles of Post-translational Modifications in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:290. [PMID: 30283301 PMCID: PMC6156280 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, etc., of proteins can modulate protein properties such as intracellular distribution, activity, stability, aggregation, and interactions. Therefore, PTMs are vital regulatory mechanisms for multiple cellular processes. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are hereditary, heterogeneous, neurodegenerative diseases for which the primary manifestation involves ataxia. Because the pathogenesis of most SCAs is correlated with mutant proteins directly or indirectly, the PTMs of disease-related proteins might functionally affect SCA development and represent potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we review multiple PTMs related to disease-causing proteins in SCAs pathogenesis and their effects. Furthermore, we discuss these PTMs as potential targets for treating SCAs and describe translational therapies targeting PTMs that have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Keqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Parkinson’s Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
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8
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Yunes-Medina L, Paciorkowski A, Nuzbrokh Y, Johnson GVW. Depletion of transglutaminase 2 in neurons alters expression of extracellular matrix and signal transduction genes and compromises cell viability. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 86:72-80. [PMID: 29197584 PMCID: PMC5736014 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been implicated as a modulator of neuronal viability. TG2's role in mediating cell survival processes has been suggested to involve its ability to alter transcriptional events. The goal of this study was to examine the role of TG2 in neuronal survival and to begin to delineate the pathways it regulates. We show that depletion of TG2 significantly compromises the viability of neurons in the absence of any stressors. RNA sequencing revealed that depletion of TG2 dysregulated the expression of 86 genes with 59 of these being upregulated. The genes that were upregulated by TG2 knockdown were primarily involved in extracellular matrix function, cell signaling and cytoskeleton integrity pathways. Finally, depletion of TG2 significantly reduced neurite length. These findings suggest for the first time that TG2 plays a crucial role in mediating neuronal survival through its regulation of genes involved in neurite length and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Yunes-Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Alex Paciorkowski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Yan Nuzbrokh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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9
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Hashimoto N, Sato T, Yajima T, Fujita M, Sato A, Shimizu Y, Shimada Y, Shoji N, Sasano T, Ichikawa H. SPARCL1-containing neurons in the human brainstem and sensory ganglion. Somatosens Mot Res 2016; 33:112-7. [PMID: 27357901 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2016.1197115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL1) is a member of the osteonectin family of proteins. In this study, immunohistochemistry for SPARCL1 was performed to obtain its distribution in the human brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and sensory ganglion. SPARCL1-immunoreactivity was detected in neuronal cell bodies including perikarya and proximal dendrites, and the neuropil. The motor nuclei of the IIIrd, Vth, VIth, VIIth, IXth, Xth, XIth, and XIIth cranial nerves and spinal nerves contained many SPARCL1-immunoreactive (-IR) neurons with medium-sized to large cell bodies. Small and medium-sized SPARCL1-IR neurons were distributed in sensory nuclei of the Vth, VIIth, VIIIth, IXth, and Xth cranial nerves. In the medulla oblongata, the dorsal column nuclei also had small to medium-sized SPARCL1-IR neurons. In addition, SPARCL1-IR neurons were detected in the nucleus of the trapezoid body and pontine nucleus within the pons and the arcuate nucleus in the medulla oblongata. In the cervical spinal cord, the ventral horn contained some SPARCL1-IR neurons with large cell bodies. These findings suggest that SPARCL1-containing neurons function to relay and regulate motor and sensory signals in the human brainstem. In the dorsal root (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG), primary sensory neurons contained SPARCL1-immunoreactivity. The proportion of SPARCL1-IR neurons in the TG (mean ± SD, 39.9 ± 2.4%) was higher than in the DRG (30.6 ± 2.1%). SPARCL1-IR neurons were mostly medium-sized to large (mean ± SD, 1494.5 ± 708.3 μm(2); range, 320.4-4353.4 μm(2)) in the DRG, whereas such neurons were of various cell body sizes in the TG (mean ± SD, 1291.2 ± 532.8 μm(2); range, 209.3-4326.4 μm(2)). There appears to be a SPARCL1-containing sensory pathway in the ganglion and brainstem of the spinal and trigeminal nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hashimoto
- a Division of Oral Diagnosis , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- b Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- c Division of Operative Dentistry , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- d Division of Dental Anesthesiology and Pain Management , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Ayumi Sato
- b Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Yoshinaka Shimizu
- b Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimada
- a Division of Oral Diagnosis , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Noriaki Shoji
- a Division of Oral Diagnosis , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Takashi Sasano
- a Division of Oral Diagnosis , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- b Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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Beyond the glutamine expansion: influence of posttranslational modifications of ataxin-1 in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:866-874. [PMID: 24752589 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are crucial mechanisms that modulate various cellular signaling pathways, and their dysregulation is associated with many human diseases. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive ataxia, mild cognitive impairments, difficulty with speaking and swallowing, and respiratory failure. It is caused by the expansion of an unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding a glutamine tract in Ataxin-1 (ATXN1). Although the expansion of the polyglutamine tract is the key determinant of the disease, protein domains outside of the polyglutamine tract and posttranslational modifications of ATXN1 significantly alter the neurotoxicity of SCA1. ATXN1 undergoes several posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and transglutamination. Such modifications can alter the stability of ATXN1 or its activity in the regulation of target gene expression and therefore contribute to SCA1 toxicity. This review outlines different types of posttranslational modifications in ATXN1 and discusses their potential regulatory mechanisms and effects on SCA1 pathogenesis. Finally, the manipulation of posttranslational modifications as a potential therapeutic approach will be discussed.
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11
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Oono M, Okado-Matsumoto A, Shodai A, Ido A, Ohta Y, Abe K, Ayaki T, Ito H, Takahashi R, Taniguchi N, Urushitani M. Transglutaminase 2 accelerates neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through interaction with misfolded superoxide dismutase 1. J Neurochem 2013; 128:403-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Oono
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga Japan
- Department of Neurology; Kyoto University Graduate school of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Akemi Shodai
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga Japan
| | - Akemi Ido
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- Department of Neurology; Kyoto University Graduate school of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Hidefumi Ito
- Department of Neurology; Wakayama Medical University; Graduate School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology; Kyoto University Graduate school of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Makoto Urushitani
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga Japan
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Singer K, Luo R, Jeong SJ, Piao X. GPR56 and the developing cerebral cortex: cells, matrix, and neuronal migration. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:186-96. [PMID: 23001883 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GPR56, a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, is integral to the development of the cortex, as mutations in GPR56 cause bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP). BFPP is a cobblestone-like cortical malformation, characterized by overmigrating neurons and the formation of neuronal ectopias on the surface of the brain. Since its original cloning a decade ago, GPR56 has emerged from an orphaned and uncharacterized protein to an increasingly well-understood receptor, both in terms of its signaling and function. Collagen III is the ligand of GPR56 in the developing brain. Upon binding to collagen III, GPR56 activates RhoA via coupling to Gα(12/13). This pathway appears to be particularly critical in the preplate neurons, which are the earliest born neurons in the cortex, as the expression pattern of GPR56 in these neurons mimics the anterior to posterior gradient of malformation associated with loss of GPR56 in both humans and mice. Further characterizing the role of GPR56 in the preplate will shed light on the mechanism of cortical development and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Singer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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13
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Suzuki T, Sato T, Ichikawa H. Osteocalcin- and Osteopontin-Containing Neurons in the Rat Hind Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Transglutaminase 2: a molecular Swiss army knife. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:406-19. [PMID: 22015769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the most widely distributed member of the transglutaminase family with almost all cell types in the body expressing TG2 to varying extents. In addition to being widely expressed, TG2 is an extremely versatile protein exhibiting transamidating, protein disulphide isomerase and guanine and adenine nucleotide binding and hydrolyzing activities. TG2 can also act as a protein scaffold or linker. This unique protein also undergoes extreme conformational changes and exhibits localization diversity. Being mainly a cytosolic protein; it is also found in the nucleus, associated with the cell membrane (inner and outer side) and with the mitochondria, and also in the extracellular matrix. These different activities, conformations and localization need to be carefully considered while assessing the role of TG2 in physiological and pathological processes. For example, it is becoming evident that the role of TG2 in cell death processes is dependent upon the cell type, stimuli, subcellular localization and conformational state of the protein. In this review we discuss in depth the conformational and functional diversity of TG2 in the context of its role in numerous cellular processes. In particular, we have highlighted how differential localization, conformation and activities of TG2 may distinctly mediate cell death processes.
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15
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Schmid AW, Condemi E, Tuchscherer G, Chiappe D, Mutter M, Vogel H, Moniatte M, Tsybin YO. Tissue transglutaminase-mediated glutamine deamidation of beta-amyloid peptide increases peptide solubility, whereas enzymatic cross-linking and peptide fragmentation may serve as molecular triggers for rapid peptide aggregation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12172-88. [PMID: 21300794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) has been implicated in a number of cellular processes and disease states, where the enzymatic actions of TGase may serve in both, cell survival and apoptosis. To date, the precise functional properties of TGase in cell survival or cell death mechanisms still remain elusive. TGase-mediated cross-linking has been reported to account for the formation of insoluble lesions in conformational diseases. We report here that TGase induces intramolecular cross-linking of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), resulting in structural changes of monomeric Aβ. Using high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) of cross-linked Aβ peptides, we observed a shift in mass, which is, presumably associated with the loss of NH3 due to enzymatic transamidation activity and hence intramolecular peptide cross-linking. We have observed that a large population of Aβ monomers contained an 0.984 Da increase in mass at a glutamine residue, indicating that glutamine 15 serves as an indispensable substrate in TGase-mediated deamidation to glutamate 15. We provide strong analytical evidence on TGase-mediated Aβ peptide dimerization, through covalent intermolecular cross-linking and hence the formation of Aβ1-40 dimers. Our in depth analyses indicate that TGase-induced post-translational modifications of Aβ peptide may serve as an important seed for aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien W Schmid
- Proteomics Core Facility, AI 0151, Station 15, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Popoff MR, Poulain B. Bacterial toxins and the nervous system: neurotoxins and multipotential toxins interacting with neuronal cells. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:683-737. [PMID: 22069606 PMCID: PMC3153206 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins are potent molecules used by various bacteria to interact with a host organism. Some of them specifically act on neuronal cells (clostridial neurotoxins) leading to characteristics neurological affections. But many other toxins are multifunctional and recognize a wider range of cell types including neuronal cells. Various enterotoxins interact with the enteric nervous system, for example by stimulating afferent neurons or inducing neurotransmitter release from enterochromaffin cells which result either in vomiting, in amplification of the diarrhea, or in intestinal inflammation process. Other toxins can pass the blood brain barrier and directly act on specific neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R. Popoff
- Neurotransmission et Sécrétion Neuroendocrine, CNRS UPR 2356 IFR 37 - Neurosciences, Centre de Neurochimie, 5, rue Blaise Pascal, F-67084 STRASBOURG cedex, France;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
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17
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Facchiano F, Deloye F, Doussau F, Innamorati G, Ashton AC, Dolly JO, Beninati S, Facchiano A, Luini A, Poulain B, Benfenati F. Transglutaminase participates in the blockade of neurotransmitter release by tetanus toxin: evidence for a novel biological function. Amino Acids 2010; 39:257-69. [PMID: 20084413 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of neuroexocytosis by tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) involves VAMP-2/synaptobrevin-2 cleavage. However, deletion of the TeNT activity does not completely abolish its inhibitory action. TeNT is a potent activator of the cross-linking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) in vitro. The role of the latter mechanism in TeNT poisoning was investigated in isolated nerve terminals and intact neurons. TeNT-induced inhibition of glutamate release from rat cortical synaptosomes was associated with a simultaneous activation of neuronal transglutaminase (TGase) activity. The TeNT-induced blockade of neuroexocytosis was strongly attenuated by pretreatment of either live Aplysia neurons or isolated nerve terminals with specific TGase inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies. The same treatments completely abolished the residual blockade of neuroexocytosis of a non-proteolytic mutant of TeNT light chain. Electrophysiological studies indicated that TGase activation occurs at an early step of TeNT poisoning and contributes to the inhibition of transmitter release. Bioinformatics and biochemical analyses identified synapsin I and SNAP-25 as potential presynaptic TGase substrates in isolated nerve terminals, which are potentially involved in the inhibitory action of TeNT. The results suggest that neuronal TGase activity plays an important role in the regulation of neuroexocytosis and is one of the intracellular targets of TeNT in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Hwang IK, Yoo KY, Yi SS, Kim IY, Hwang HS, Lee KY, Choi SM, Lee IS, Yoon YS, Kim SY, Won MH, Seong JK. Expression of tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) and the effect of tTG inhibitor on the hippocampal CA1 region after transient ischemia in gerbils. Brain Res 2009; 1263:134-42. [PMID: 19368835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronological changes of tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) were observed in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. In the sham-operated group, tTG immunoreactivity was weakly detected in blood vessels which were immunostained with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and tTG immunoreactivity in blood vessels was highest 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, tTG immunoreaction was expressed in microglia which were immunostained with Iba-1 at 4 days post-ischemia, and tTG immunoreactivity in the microglia was also highest at 5 days post-ischemia. In Western blot analysis, tTG protein levels in the CA1 region after ischemia/reperfusion began to increase 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion and peaked 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. The expression of tTG in PECAM-1-immunoreactive blood vessels may be associated with integrin regulation or transendothelial migration of leukocytes in the ischemic CA1 region. In this study, we also observed the effect of cystamine, a tTG inhibitor, against ischemic damage. Administration of cystamine protected in certain degree neuronal damage from ischemic damage in the CA1 region. These results suggest that tTG may be associated with neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Alehan F, Ozçay F, Erol I, Canan O, Cemil T. Increased risk for coeliac disease in paediatric patients with migraine. Cephalalgia 2008; 28:945-9. [PMID: 18624809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the prevalence of coeliac disease (CD) in paediatric patients with migraine. Serum tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTGA) antibodies and IgA concentrations were measured in 73 patients with migraine (age range 6-17 years) and the control group (n = 147). Patients having positive tTGA antibodies underwent duodenal biopsy. Four patients (5.5%) from the study group and one (0.6%) from the control group had positive tTGA antibody titres (P < 0.05). Three patients with migraine had normal duodenal histology and were considered as potential CD. One patient from the study group and one from the control group declined to have biopsy. tTGA antibody is considered as a reliable indicator for the presence of CD. However, some patients with positive antibodies may have normal biopsy initially and are classified as having potential CD. Our finding of a higher prevalance of tTGA antibodies in paediatric migraine patients suggests that an association between migraine and CD might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alehan
- Divisions of Child Neurology, Baskent University of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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20
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Okauchi M, Xi G, Keep RF, Hua Y. Tissue-type transglutaminase and the effects of cystamine on intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain edema and neurological deficits. Brain Res 2008; 1249:229-36. [PMID: 19007756 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration occurs after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) has a role in neurodegenerative disorders. The present study investigated tTG expression after ICH and the effects of a tTG inhibitor, cystamine, on ICH-induced brain edema and neurological deficits. This study has two parts. In the first, male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracaudate injection of 100 microL autologous whole blood or a needle insertion (sham). Rats were killed 3 days later and the brains used for immunohistochemistry, Western blots and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the second set, ICH rats were treated intraperitoneally with either a tTG inhibitor, cystamine, or vehicle. Rats underwent behavioral testing and were killed at day-3 for measurement of brain swelling. tTG positive cells were found in the ipsilateral basal ganglia after ICH and most of those cells were neuron-like. Western blot analysis showed a 3-fold increase in tTG in the ipsilateral basal ganglia (p<0.01 vs. sham) after ICH. tTG mRNA levels were also significantly higher (8.5-fold increase vs. sham). Cystamine treatment attenuated ICH-induced brain swelling (day 3: 14.4+/-3.2 vs. 21.4+/-4.0% in vehicle-treated rats, p<0.01), neuronal death and improved functional outcome (forelimb placing score: 47+/-23 vs. 17+/-16% in vehicle-treated rats, p<0.05). ICH induces perihematomal tTG upregulation and cystamine, a tTG inhibitor, reduces ICH-induced brain swelling and neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Okauchi
- R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
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21
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Vig PJS, Wei J, Shao Q, Hebert MD, Subramony SH, Sutton LT. Role of tissue transglutaminase type 2 in calbindin-D28k interaction with ataxin-1. Neurosci Lett 2007; 420:53-7. [PMID: 17442486 PMCID: PMC1949022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA1) is caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine repeats within the disease protein, ataxin-1. The mutant ataxin-1 precipitates as large intranuclear aggregates in the affected neurons. These aggregates may protect neurons from mutant protein and/or trigger neuronal degeneration by encouraging recruitment of other essential proteins. Our previous studies have shown that calcium binding protein calbindin-D28k (CaB) associated with SCAl pathogenesis is recruited to ataxin-l aggregates in Purkinje cells of SCAl mice. Since our recent findings suggest that tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) may be involved in crosslinking and aggregation of ataxin-l, the present study was initiated to determine if TG2 has any role in CaB-ataxin-l interaction. The guinea pig TG2 covalently crosslinked purified rat brain CaB. Time dependent progressive increase in aggregation produced large multimers, which stayed on top of the gel. CaB interaction with ataxin-l was studied using HeLa cell lysates expressing GFP and GFP tagged ataxin-l with normal and expanded polyglutamine repeats (Q2, Q30 and Q82). The reaction products were analyzed by Western blots using anti-polyglutamine, CaB or GFP antibodies. CaB interacted with ataxin-1 independent of TG2 as the protein-protein crosslinker DSS stabilized CaB-ataxin-l complex. TG2 crosslinked CaB preferentially with Q82 ataxin-1. The crosslinking was inhibited with EGTA or TG2 inhibitor cystamine. The present data indicate that CaB may be a TG2 substrate. In addition, aggregates of mutant ataxin-l may recruit CaB via TG2 mediated covalent crosslinking, further supporting the argument that ataxin-l aggregates may be toxic to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J S Vig
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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22
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Lundquist JJ, Dudek SM. Differential activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and a related complex in neuronal nuclei. BRAIN CELL BIOLOGY 2006; 35:267-81. [PMID: 18392730 PMCID: PMC3755592 DOI: 10.1007/s11068-008-9018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERKs 1/2) are known to participate in regulating transcription in response to moderate depolarization, such as synaptic stimulation, but how the same active enzyme can differentially regulate distinct transcriptional programs induced with abnormal depolarization (high potassium) is unknown. We hypothesized that ERK1 or 2 accomplishes this differential nuclear response through close association with other proteins in stable complexes. In support of this hypothesis, we have found that immunoreactivity for an apparent high molecular weight complex containing phospho-ERK1 increased in response to synaptic stimulation, but decreased in response to high potassium; p-ERK immunoreactivity at 44/42 kDa increased in both cases. Evidence supporting the conclusion that the band of interest contained ERK1 in a complex, as opposed to it being an unrelated protein crossreacting with antibodies against p-ERK, is that ERK1 (p44 MAPK) and 14-3-3 protein were electroeluted from the 160-kDa band cut from a gel. We also found the nuclear complexes to be exceptionally durable, suggesting a role for the crosslinking enzyme, transglutaminase, in its stabilization. In addition, we found other components of the ERK pathway, including MEK, ERK2, p90RSK, and Elk-1, migrating at higher-than-expected weights in brain nuclei. These results describe a novel stable complex of ERK1 in neuronal nuclei that responds differentially to synaptic and depolarizing stimulation, and thus may be capable of mediating gene transcription in a way distinct from the monomeric protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lundquist
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD F2-04, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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23
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D’Souza D, Wei J, Shao Q, Hebert M, Subramony S, Vig P. Tissue transglutaminase crosslinks ataxin-1: possible role in SCA1 pathogenesis. Neurosci Lett 2006; 409:5-9. [PMID: 17045396 PMCID: PMC2117902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) has recently been implicated in crosslinking of mutant huntingtin protein into aggregates. Here we show that TG2 also crosslinks spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA1) gene product ataxin-1. HeLa cell lysates expressing GFP tagged ataxin-1 with 2, 30 or 82 glutamines showed covalent crosslinking of ataxin-1 when incubated with exogenously added TG2. This crosslinking was inhibited by TG2 inhibitor cystamine. SCA1 transgenic mice which overexpress the mutant ataxin-1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells showed elevated nuclear TG2 in the absence of ataxin-1 nuclear aggregates. The addition of purified TG2 to the nuclear extracts or addition of SCA1 nuclear TG2 to GFP-Q82 HeLa cell lysates resulted in the formation of insoluble aggregates. These data indicate that ataxin-1 is a substrate of TG2. Further, in SCA1 TG2 may translocate to the nucleus in response to nuclear accumulation of mutant ataxin-1 at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - P.J.S. Vig
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 601 984 5513; fax: +1 601 984 6626. E-mail address: (P.J.S. Vig)
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24
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Tucholski J, Roth KA, Johnson GVW. Tissue transglutaminase overexpression in the brain potentiates calcium-induced hippocampal damage. J Neurochem 2006; 97:582-94. [PMID: 16539654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) post-translationally modifies proteins in a calcium-dependent manner by incorporation of polyamines, deamination or crosslinking. Moreover, tTG can also bind and hydrolyze GTP. tTG is the major transglutaminase in the mammalian nervous system, localizing predominantly in neurons. Although tTG has been clearly demonstrated to be elevated in neurodegenerative diseases and in response to acute CNS injury, its role in these pathogenic processes remains unclear. Transgenic mice that overexpress human tTG (htTG) primarily in CNS neurons were generated to explore the role of tTG in the nervous system and its contribution to neuropathological processes. tTG transgenic mice were phenotypically normal and were born with the expected Mendelian frequency. However, when challenged systemically with kainic acid, tTG transgenic mice, in comparison to wild-type (WT) mice, developed more extensive hippocampal neuronal damage. This was evidenced by a decreased number of healthy neurons, and increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) labeling as an indicator of neuronal cell death in the kainic acid-treated transgenic mice. Moreover, the duration and severity of seizures developed by htTG transgenics in response to kainic acid administration were significantly more pronounced than those observed in WT mice. These data indicate for the first time that tTG may play an active role in excitatory amino acid-induced neuronal cell death, which has been postulated to be an important component of acute CNS injury and chronic CNS neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Tucholski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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25
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Wakshlag JJ, Antonyak MA, Boehm JE, Boehm K, Cerione RA. Effects of Tissue Transglutaminase on β -Amyloid1-42-Induced Apoptosis. Protein J 2006; 25:83-94. [PMID: 16721663 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-0009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) has been implicated in both cell survival and apoptosis. Here we investigate the role of TGase in beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity using retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated, neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. We show that beta-amyloid-induced cell death was reduced in RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells treated with the TGase inhibitor monodansyl cadaverine. Expression of wild-type TGase enhanced beta-amyloid1-42-induced apoptosis, whereas transamidation-defective TGase did not. These effects were specific for beta-amyloid-treated cells, as TGase reversed the neurotoxic effects caused by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Enhancement of beta-amyloid1-42-induced cell death by TGase was accompanied by marked increases in TGase activity in the membrane fractions and translocation of TGase to the cell surface. Overall, these findings suggest that the ability of TGase to exhibit pro-survival versus pro-apoptotic activity is linked to its cellular localization, with beta-amyloid-induced recruitment of TGase to the cell surface accentuating neuronal toxicity and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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26
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Krasnikov BF, Kim SY, McConoughey SJ, Ryu H, Xu H, Stavrovskaya I, Iismaa SE, Mearns BM, Ratan RR, Blass JP, Gibson GE, Cooper AJL. Transglutaminase activity is present in highly purified nonsynaptosomal mouse brain and liver mitochondria. Biochemistry 2005; 44:7830-43. [PMID: 15909997 PMCID: PMC2597021 DOI: 10.1021/bi0500877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several active transglutaminase (TGase) isoforms are known to be present in human and rodent tissues, at least three of which, namely, TGase 1, TGase 2 (tissue transglutaminase), and TGase 3, are present in the brain. TGase activity is known to be present in the cytosolic, nuclear, and extracellular compartments of the brain. Here, we show that highly purified mouse brain nonsynaptosomal mitochondria and mouse liver mitochondria and mitoplast fractions derived from these preparations possess TGase activity. Western blotting and experiments with TGase 2 knock-out (KO) mice ruled out the possibility that most of the mitochondrial/mitoplast TGase activity is due to TGase 2, the TGase isoform responsible for the majority of the activity ([14C]putrescine-binding assay) in whole brain and liver homogenates. The identity of the mitochondrial/mitoplast TGase(s) is not yet known. Possibly, the activity may be due to one of the other TGase isoforms or perhaps to a protein that does not belong to the classical TGase family. This activity may play a role in regulation of mitochondrial function both in normal physiology and in disease. Its nature and regulation deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris F Krasnikov
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, and Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York City, New York 10021, USA
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27
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Engelberg H. Pathogenic factors in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Multiple actions of heparin that probably are beneficial. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 18:278-98. [PMID: 15286460 DOI: 10.1159/000080034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The following areas are discussed in this review: atherogenesis; cerebrovascular factors; hypoperfusion; beta-amyloid production; beta-amyloid fibril formation; beta-sheets; metal cations; reactive oxygen species/free radicals; chronic inflammatory factors; endogenous plasma heparin; lipoprotein lipase; polyamines; protein kinase C; casein kinases; phospholipase A2; serine proteases; myeloperoxidase; cyclooxygenase 2; cysteine proteases; caspases; proprotein convertases; aspartic proteases; cyclin proteinases; thrombin; tau hyperphosphorylation; advanced glycosylation end products; activator protein 1; calcium; apolipoprotein E epsilon4; histamine; blood-brain barrier; glutamate; transglutaminase; insulin-like growth factor 1.
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28
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Goodwin FC, Beattie RM, Millar J, Kirkham FJ. Celiac disease and childhood stroke. Pediatr Neurol 2004; 31:139-42. [PMID: 15301836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is associated with a diversity of central nervous system manifestations although an association with stroke has not been documented. This case report describes a child who presented with a recurrent transient hemiplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed infarction; transcranial Doppler studies and magnetic resonance angiography were abnormal. Although there were virtually no gastrointestinal symptoms and the child was thriving, celiac disease serology was strongly positive and a duodenal biopsy confirmed the disease. Tissue transglutaminase is the major autoantigen in celiac disease and is thought to maintain vascular endothelial integrity. Antiendomysial immunoglobulin A antibodies, demonstrated to be the same autoantibody as antitransglutaminase, react with cerebral vasculature, suggesting an autoimmune mechanism for celiac disease associated vasculopathy. Because celiac disease is a potentially treatable cause of cerebral vasculopathy, serology-specifically antitissue transglutaminase antibodies-should be included in the evaluation for cryptogenic stroke in childhood, even in the absence of typical gut symptoms.
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Bailey CDC, Graham RM, Nanda N, Davies PJA, Johnson GVW. Validity of mouse models for the study of tissue transglutaminase in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:493-503. [PMID: 15033177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes peptide cross-linking and polyamination reactions, and also is a signal-transducing GTPase. tTG protein content and enzymatic activity are upregulated in the brain in Huntington's disease and in other neurological diseases and conditions. Since mouse models are currently being used to study the role of tTG in Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, it is critical that the level of its expression in the mouse forebrain be determined. In contrast to human forebrain where tTG is abundant, tTG can only be detected in mouse forebrain by immunoblotting a GTP-binding-enriched protein fraction. tTG mRNA content and transamidating activity are approximately 70% lower in mouse than in human forebrain. However, tTG contributes to the majority of transglutaminase activity within mouse forebrain. Thus, although tTG is expressed at lower levels in mouse compared with human forebrain, it likely plays important roles in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D C Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
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Walther DJ, Peter JU, Winter S, Höltje M, Paulmann N, Grohmann M, Vowinckel J, Alamo-Bethencourt V, Wilhelm CS, Ahnert-Hilger G, Bader M. Serotonylation of small GTPases is a signal transduction pathway that triggers platelet alpha-granule release. Cell 2004; 115:851-62. [PMID: 14697203 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)01014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. In the periphery, serotonin functions as a ubiquitous hormone involved in vasoconstriction and platelet function. Serotonin is synthesized independently in peripheral tissues and neurons by two different rate-limiting tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) isoenzymes. Here, we show that mice selectively deficient in peripheral TPH and serotonin exhibit impaired hemostasis, resulting in a reduced risk of thrombosis and thromboembolism, although the ultrastructure of the platelets is not affected. While the aggregation of serotonin-deficient platelets in vitro is apparently normal, their adhesion in vivo is reduced due to a blunted secretion of adhesive alpha-granular proteins. In elucidating the mechanism further, we demonstrate that serotonin is transamidated to small GTPases by transglutaminases during activation and aggregation of platelets, rendering these GTPases constitutively active. Our data provides evidence for a receptor-independent signaling mechanism, termed herein as "serotonylation," which leads to alpha-granule exocytosis from platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J Walther
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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