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Agnese S, Chiara C, Radouil T, Iveta C, Francesco P, Gianmarco B, Marco S, Theresa Z, Giovanni R, Silvia R. Long-Term Follow-Up before and during Riluzole Treatment in Six Patients from Two Families with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01714-w. [PMID: 38976217 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently no curative treatment exists for spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Riluzole repurposing was proposed as a symptomatic treatment in different types of cerebellar ataxia. We report a long-term-follow up under riluzole treatment in SCA type 7. METHODS Six patients received Riluzole 50 mg twice daily on a compassionate use program for a mean of 4.8 years (range 3.5-9). We measured ataxia onset and progression through the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), and collected extensive ophthalmological data before and after Riluzole treatment. Electrocardiogram and laboratory profile for drug safety were performed every six months. RESULTS Riluzole treatment showed no effect on visual function in two patients with an advanced retinal damage. Improvements of visual function occurred in four patients followed by ophthalmologic stability up to 5 years after starting treatment. Two patients had a less steep deterioration of ataxia after treatment compared to pre-treatment, during the first 2,5 years of therapy. One showed soon after therapy an improvement of the SARA score, and then overall stability lasting 3,5 years, followed by ataxia worsening. One visually impaired patient without neurological impairment did not worse until the last visit after 3,5 years of follow-up. The remaining 2 patients showed an improvement of SARA scores soon after therapy, and an overall stability lasting respectively 5 and 3 years. No adverse event was registered during the observation period. DISCUSSION This study suggests a possible beneficial action of Riluzole in SCA7 and provides a detailed description of the ophthalmologic profile of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suppiej Agnese
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
- Robert Hollman Foundation, Padova, Italy.
- ERN-EYE Network - Center for Retinitis Pigmentosa of Veneto Region, Camposampiero Hospital, Camposampiero (Padova), Italy.
| | - Ceccato Chiara
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Robert Hollman Foundation, Padova, Italy
| | - Tzekov Radouil
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Parmeggiani Francesco
- ERN-EYE Network - Center for Retinitis Pigmentosa of Veneto Region, Camposampiero Hospital, Camposampiero (Padova), Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bellucci Gianmarco
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvetti Marco
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed (M.S.), Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Zesiewicz Theresa
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ristori Giovanni
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Romano Silvia
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Luo X, Zhang J, Tolö J, Kügler S, Michel U, Bähr M, Koch JC. Axonal autophagic vesicle transport in the rat optic nerve in vivo under normal conditions and during acute axonal degeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:82. [PMID: 38812004 PMCID: PMC11134632 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons pose a particular challenge to degradative processes like autophagy due to their long and thin processes. Autophagic vesicles (AVs) are formed at the tip of the axon and transported back to the soma. This transport is essential since the final degradation of the vesicular content occurs only close to or in the soma. Here, we established an in vivo live-imaging model in the rat optic nerve using viral vector mediated LC3-labeling and two-photon-microscopy to analyze axonal transport of AVs. Under basal conditions in vivo, 50% of the AVs are moving with a majority of 85% being transported in the retrograde direction. Transport velocity is higher in the retrograde than in the anterograde direction. A crush lesion of the optic nerve results in a rapid breakdown of retrograde axonal transport while the anterograde transport stays intact over several hours. Close to the lesion site, the formation of AVs is upregulated within the first 6 h after crush, but the clearance of AVs and the levels of lysosomal markers in the adjacent axon are reduced. Expression of p150Glued, an adaptor protein of dynein, is significantly reduced after crush lesion. In vitro, fusion and colocalization of the lysosomal marker cathepsin D with AVs are reduced after axotomy. Taken together, we present here the first in vivo analysis of axonal AV transport in the mammalian CNS using live-imaging. We find that axotomy leads to severe defects of retrograde motility and a decreased clearance of AVs via the lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Luo
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johan Tolö
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Di Pierdomenico J, Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Vidal-Villegas B, Bravo I, Boluda-Ruiz M, Bernal-Garro JM, Fernandez-Bueno I, Pastor-Jimeno JC, Villegas-Pérez MP, Avilés-Trigueros M, de Los Ríos C, Vidal-Sanz M. Evaluation of the neuroprotective efficacy of the gramine derivative ITH12657 against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in the rat retina. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1335176. [PMID: 38415017 PMCID: PMC10898249 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1335176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate, the neuroprotective effects of a new Gramine derivative named: ITH12657, in a model of retinal excitotoxicity induced by intravitreal injection of NMDA. Methods Adult Sprague Dawley rats received an intravitreal injection of 100 mM NMDA in their left eye and were treated daily with subcutaneous injections of ITH12657 or vehicle. The best dose-response, therapeutic window study, and optimal treatment duration of ITH12657 were studied. Based on the best survival of Brn3a + RGCs obtained from the above-mentioned studies, the protective effects of ITH12657 were studied in vivo (retinal thickness and full-field Electroretinography), and ex vivo by quantifying the surviving population of Brn3a + RGCs, αRGCs and their subtypes α-ONsRGCs, α-ONtRGCs, and α-OFFRGCs. Results Administration of 10 mg/kg ITH12657, starting 12 h before NMDA injection and dispensed for 3 days, resulted in the best significant protection of Brn3a + RGCs against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. In vivo, ITH12657-treated rats showed significant preservation of retinal thickness and functional protection against NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity. Ex vivo results showed that ITH12657 afforded a significant protection against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity for the populations of Brn3a + RGC, αRGC, and αONs-RGC, but not for the population of αOFF-RGC, while the population of α-ONtRGC was fully resistant to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Conclusion Subcutaneous administration of ITH12657 at 10 mg/kg, initiated 12 h before NMDA-induced retinal injury and continued for 3 days, resulted in the best protection of Brn3a + RGCs, αRGC, and αONs-RGC against excitotoxicity-induced RGC death. The population of αOFF-RGCs was extremely sensitive while α-ONtRGCs were fully resistant to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Isaac Bravo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - María Boluda-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Iván Fernandez-Bueno
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Retina Group, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Pastor-Jimeno
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Retina Group, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristobal de Los Ríos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Chatterjee J, Koleske JP, Chao A, Sauerbeck AD, Chen JK, Qi X, Ouyang M, Boggs LG, Idate R, Marco Y Marquez LI, Kummer TT, Gutmann DH. Brain injury drives optic glioma formation through neuron-glia signaling. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:21. [PMID: 38308315 PMCID: PMC10837936 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury and tumorigenesis share many cellular and molecular features, including immune cell (T cells, monocytes) infiltration and inflammatory factor (cytokines, chemokines) elaboration. Their common pathobiology raises the intriguing possibility that brain injury could create a tissue microenvironment permissive for tumor formation. Leveraging several murine models of the Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) cancer predisposition syndrome and two experimental methods of brain injury, we demonstrate that both optic nerve crush and diffuse traumatic brain injury induce optic glioma (OPG) formation in mice harboring Nf1-deficient preneoplastic progenitors. We further elucidate the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, whereby glutamate released from damaged neurons stimulates IL-1β release by oligodendrocytes to induce microglia expression of Ccl5, a growth factor critical for Nf1-OPG formation. Interruption of this cellular circuit using glutamate receptor, IL-1β or Ccl5 inhibitors abrogates injury-induced glioma progression, thus establishing a causative relationship between injury and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joshua P Koleske
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Astoria Chao
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Andrew D Sauerbeck
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ji-Kang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xuanhe Qi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Megan Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lucy G Boggs
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rujuta Idate
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lara Isabel Marco Y Marquez
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Terrence T Kummer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Boccaccini A, Cavaterra D, Carnevale C, Tanga L, Marini S, Bocedi A, Lacal PM, Manni G, Graziani G, Sbardella D, Tundo GR. Novel frontiers in neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma: Molecular and clinical aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101225. [PMID: 38000334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, neuroprotective therapies have attracted the researcher interests as modern and challenging approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, aimed at protecting the nervous system from injuries. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive excavation of the optic nerve head, retinal axonal injury and corresponding vision loss that affects millions of people on a global scale. The molecular basis of the pathology is largely uncharacterized yet, and the therapeutic approaches available do not change the natural course of the disease. Therefore, in accordance with the therapeutic regimens proposed for other neurodegenerative diseases, a modern strategy to treat glaucoma includes prescription of drugs with neuroprotective activities. With respect to this, several preclinical and clinical investigations on a plethora of different drugs are currently ongoing. In this review, first, the conceptualization of the rationale for the adoption of neuroprotective strategies for retina is summarized. Second, the molecular aspects highlighting glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease are reported. In conclusion, the molecular and pharmacological properties of most promising direct neuroprotective drugs used to delay glaucoma progression are examined, including: neurotrophic factors, NMDA receptor antagonists, the α2-adrenergic agonist, brimonidine, calcium channel blockers, antioxidant agents, nicotinamide and statins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Cavaterra
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Manni
- IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Grazia Raffaella Tundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
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6
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Zaidi SAH, Xu Z, Lemtalsi T, Sandow P, Athota S, Liu F, Haigh S, Huo Y, Narayanan SP, Fulton DJR, Rojas MA, Fouda AY, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Calbindin 2-specific deletion of arginase 2 preserves visual function after optic nerve crush. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:661. [PMID: 37816735 PMCID: PMC10564748 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that global deletion of the mitochondrial enzyme arginase 2 (A2) limits optic nerve crush (ONC)-induced neuronal death. Herein, we examined the cell-specific role of A2 in this pathology by studies using wild type (WT), neuronal-specific calbindin 2 A2 KO (Calb2cre/+ A2 f/f), myeloid-specific A2 KO (LysMcre/+ A2f/f), endothelial-specific A2 KO (Cdh5cre/+ A2f/f), and floxed controls. We also examined the impact of A2 overexpression on mitochondrial function in retinal neuronal R28 cells. Immunolabeling showed increased A2 expression in ganglion cell layer (GCL) neurons of WT mice within 6 h-post injury and inner retinal neurons after 7 days. Calb2 A2 KO mice showed improved neuronal survival, decreased TUNEL-positive neurons, and improved retinal function compared to floxed littermates. Neuronal loss was unchanged by A2 deletion in myeloid or endothelial cells. We also found increased expression of neurotrophins (BDNF, FGF2) and improved survival signaling (pAKT, pERK1/2) in Calb2 A2 KO retinas within 24-hour post-ONC along with suppression of inflammatory mediators (IL1β, TNFα, IL6, and iNOS) and apoptotic markers (cleavage of caspase3 and PARP). ONC increased GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining in floxed controls, and Calb2 A2 KO dampened this effect. Overexpression of A2 in R28 cells increased Drp1 expression, and decreased mitochondrial respiration, whereas ABH-induced inhibition of A2 decreased Drp1 expression and improved mitochondrial respiration. Finally, A2 overexpression or excitotoxic treatment with glutamate significantly impaired mitochondrial function in R28 cells as shown by significant reductions in basal respiration, maximal respiration, and ATP production. Further, glutamate treatment of A2 overexpressing cells did not induce further deterioration in their mitochondrial function, indicating that A2 overexpression or glutamate insult induce comparable alterations in mitochondrial function. Our data indicate that neuronal A2 expression is neurotoxic after injury, and A2 deletion in Calb2 expressing neurons limits ONC-induced retinal neurodegeneration and improves visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A H Zaidi
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tahira Lemtalsi
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Porsche Sandow
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sruthi Athota
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Modesto A Rojas
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Robert W Caldwell
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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7
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Lin S, Gao W, Zhu C, Lou Q, Ye C, Ren Y, Mehmood R, Huang B, Nan K. Efficiently suppress of ferroptosis using deferoxamine nanoparticles as a new method for retinal ganglion cell protection after traumatic optic neuropathy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212936. [PMID: 35913229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is the major contributor to optic nerve damage, where the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are substantially lost. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms for these conditions remain largely elusive. Present work conducted a study on TON rat model, where the iron-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression and lipid peroxidation were observed in RGCs, suggesting ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death, is involved in TON-induced death of RGCs. Hence, the newly formulated hyaluronic acid (HA)-based deferoxamine (DFO) nanoparticles (DFO-NPs) were intravitreally administrated in the rat model. It was hypothesized that the effective delivery of DFO, iron chelator, to the RGCs might rescue RGC ferroptosis from TON-induced injury. Also, since DFO is poor in bioavailability and of very short half-life in vivo, its safe and efficient intravitreal delivery is critical. Therefore, DFO-NPs were prepared by chemical grafting DFO onto HA molecules, and then crosslinking them in microemulsion bubbles for nanoparticles formulation. The nanoparticles were highly accumulated around the ganglionic cells and DFO uptake was increased in RGCs, accompanied by the significantly inhibited the overexpression of COX-2 and inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). These results indicate that DFO-NPs acted as an effective ferroptosis inhibitor, for the prevention of TON-induced RGC death. The current study provides new insights into the underlying mechanism of TON-induced RGC death, which may help to explore a novel strategy for the treatment of TON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Biomedical and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Wa Gao
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Institute, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qi Lou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Cong Ye
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Biomedical and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yueping Ren
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Building E10, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Corner Botany & High Streets, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Baoshan Huang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Biomedical and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Kaihui Nan
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Biomedical and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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8
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Akaishi T, Himori N, Takeshita T, Fujihara K, Misu T, Takahashi T, Fujimori J, Ishii T, Aoki M, Nakazawa T, Nakashima I. Optic neuritis after ocular trauma in anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02083. [PMID: 33591639 PMCID: PMC8119803 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to report the possible association between minor trauma to the eyes and the subsequent occurrence of optic neuritis in patients with serum anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). METHODS Herein, we present three patients who developed acute optic neuritis with visual disturbances after accidental minor trauma to their eyes, without any fundus abnormality or orbital floor fractures present. RESULTS Two of the three patients had a preceding history of neurological disturbances compatible with NMOSD (e.g., myelitis, area postrema syndrome) before the occurrence of trauma. One patient was rapidly treated with steroid pulse therapy and plasmapheresis, and he fully recovered visual acuity. The other two, who were left untreated in the acute phase, had sequelae of severe visual disturbances in the affected eyes. CONCLUSIONS These cases suggest possible association between minor trauma to the eyes and the subsequent occurrence of optic neuritis in patients with serum anti-AQP4 antibodies. Avoiding ocular trauma and early administration of steroid pulse therapy in response to optic neuritis after trauma are desired in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Akaishi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takeshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Juichi Fujimori
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakashima
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Melanopsin +RGCs Are fully Resistant to NMDA-Induced Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123012. [PMID: 31226772 PMCID: PMC6627747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied short- and long-term effects of intravitreal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) on melanopsin-containing (m+) and non-melanopsin-containing (Brn3a+) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In adult SD-rats, the left eye received a single intravitreal injection of 5µL of 100nM NMDA. At 3 and 15 months, retinal thickness was measured in vivo using Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Ex vivo analyses were done at 3, 7, or 14 days or 15 months after damage. Whole-mounted retinas were immunolabelled for brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A (Brn3a) and melanopsin (m), the total number of Brn3a+RGCs and m+RGCs were quantified, and their topography represented. In control retinas, the mean total numbers of Brn3a+RGCs and m+RGCs were 78,903 ± 3572 and 2358 ± 144 (mean ± SD; n = 10), respectively. In the NMDA injected retinas, Brn3a+RGCs numbers diminished to 49%, 28%, 24%, and 19%, at 3, 7, 14 days, and 15 months, respectively. There was no further loss between 7 days and 15 months. The number of immunoidentified m+RGCs decreased significantly at 3 days, recovered between 3 and 7 days, and were back to normal thereafter. OCT measurements revealed a significant thinning of the left retinas at 3 and 15 months. Intravitreal injections of NMDA induced within a week a rapid loss of 72% of Brn3a+RGCs, a transient downregulation of melanopsin expression (but not m+RGC death), and a thinning of the inner retinal layers.
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10
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Huang ZR, Chen HY, Hu ZZ, Xie P, Liu QH. PTEN knockdown with the Y444F mutant AAV2 vector promotes axonal regeneration in the adult optic nerve. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:135-144. [PMID: 29451218 PMCID: PMC5840979 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.224381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of axonal regeneration is the major cause of vision loss after optic nerve injury in adult mammals. Activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway has been shown to enhance the intrinsic growth capacity of neurons and to facilitate axonal regeneration in the central nervous system after injury. The deletion of the mTOR negative regulator phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) enhances regeneration of adult corticospinal neurons and ganglion cells. In the present study, we used a tyrosine-mutated (Y444F) AAV2 vector to efficiently express a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for silencing PTEN expression in retinal ganglion cells. We evaluated cell survival and axonal regeneration in a rat model of optic nerve axotomy. The rats received an intravitreal injection of wildtype AAV2 or Y444F mutant AAV2 (both carrying shRNA to PTEN) 4 weeks before optic nerve axotomy. Compared with the wildtype AAV2 vector, the Y444F mutant AAV2 vector enhanced retinal ganglia cell survival and stimulated axonal regeneration to a greater extent 6 weeks after axotomy. Moreover, post-axotomy injection of the Y444F AAV2 vector expressing the shRNA to PTEN rescued ~19% of retinal ganglion cells and induced axons to regenerate near to the optic chiasm. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PTEN knockdown with the Y444F AAV2 vector promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and stimulates long-distance axonal regeneration after optic nerve axotomy. Therefore, the Y444F AAV2 vector might be a promising gene therapy tool for treating optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ru Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing; Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Ying Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Zhong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing-Huai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Huang Z, Hu Z, Xie P, Liu Q. Tyrosine-mutated AAV2-mediated shRNA silencing of PTEN promotes axon regeneration of adult optic nerve. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174096. [PMID: 28323869 PMCID: PMC5360277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway via deleting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has been confirmed to enhance intrinsic growth capacity of neurons to facilitate the axons regeneration of central nervous system after injury. Considering conditional gene deletion is currently not available in clinical practice, we exploited capsid residue tyrosine 444 to phenylalanine mutated single-stranded adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) as a vector delivering short hairpin RNA to silence PTEN to promote retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survival and axons regeneration in adult rat optic nerve axotomy paradigm. We found that mutant AAV2 displayed higher infection efficiency to RGCs and Müller cells by intravitreal injection, mediated PTEN suppression, resulted in much more RGCs survival and more robust axons regeneration compared with wild type AAV2, due to the different extent of the mTOR complex-1 activation and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) regulation. These results suggest that high efficiency AAV2-mediated PTEN knockdown represents a practicable therapeutic strategy for optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengRu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People´s Hospital of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - ZiZhong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - QingHuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Negative impact of AQP-4 channel inhibition on survival of retinal ganglion cells and glutamate metabolism after crushing optic nerve. Exp Eye Res 2016; 146:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Binda NS, Carayon CPP, Agostini RM, Pinheiro ACDN, Cordeiro MN, Silva MAR, Silva JF, Pereira EMR, da Silva Junior CA, de Castro Junior CJ, Guimarães ALS, Gomez MV. PhTx3-4, a Spider Toxin Calcium Channel Blocker, Reduces NMDA-Induced Injury of the Retina. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030070. [PMID: 26978403 PMCID: PMC4810215 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo neuroprotective effect of PhTx3-4, a spider toxin N-P/Q calcium channel blocker, was studied in a rat model of NMDA-induced injury of the retina. NMDA (N-Methyl-d-Aspartate)-induced retinal injury in rats reduced the b-wave amplitude by 62% ± 3.6%, indicating the severity of the insult. PhTx3-4 treatment increased the amplitude of the b-wave, which was almost equivalent to the control retinas that were not submitted to injury. The PhTx3-4 functional protection of the retinas recorded on the ERG also was observed in the neuroprotection of retinal cells. NMDA-induced injury reduced live cells in the retina layers and the highest reduction, 84%, was in the ganglion cell layer. Notably, PhTx3-4 treatment caused a remarkable reduction of dead cells in the retina layers, and the highest neuroprotective effect was in the ganglion cells layer. NMDA-induced cytotoxicity of the retina increased the release of glutamate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress. PhTx3-4 treatment reduced glutamate release, ROS production and oxidative stress measured by malondialdehyde. Thus, we presented for the first time evidence of in vivo neuroprotection from NMDA-induced retinal injury by PhTx3-4 (-ctenitoxin-Pn3a), a spider toxin that blocks N-P/Q calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Scardua Binda
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Charles Porto Petruceli Carayon
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Mourão Agostini
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina do Nascimento Pinheiro
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Marta Nascimento Cordeiro
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30510-010, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Minas Gerais Federal University, Neuroscience Laboratory, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Figueira Silva
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Elizete Maria Rita Pereira
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Antonio da Silva Junior
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Célio José de Castro Junior
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Andre Luiz Sena Guimarães
- Department of Dentistry, Montes Claros State University, University Hospital, Health Laboratory Research, Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39401-001, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinicius Gomez
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
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14
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Schuld NJ, Hussong SA, Kapphahn RJ, Lehmann U, Roehrich H, Rageh AA, Heuss ND, Bratten W, Gregerson DS, Ferrington DA. Immunoproteasome deficiency protects in the retina after optic nerve crush. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126768. [PMID: 25978061 PMCID: PMC4433222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is upregulated by disease, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting an expanded role for the immunoproteasome in stress signaling that goes beyond its canonical role in generating peptides for antigen presentation. The signaling pathways that are regulated by the immunoproteasome remain elusive. However, previous studies suggest a role for the immunoproteasome in the regulation of PTEN and NF-κB signaling. One well-known pathway upstream of NF-κB and downstream of PTEN is the Akt signaling pathway, which is responsible for mediating cellular survival and is modulated after optic nerve crush (ONC). This study investigated the role of retinal immunoproteasome after injury induced by ONC, focusing on the Akt cell survival pathway. Retinas or retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice lacking either one (LMP2) or two (LMP7 and MECL-1) catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome were utilized in this study. We show that mRNA and protein levels of the immunoproteasome subunits are significantly upregulated in WT retinas following ONC. Mice lacking the immunoproteasome subunits show either a delayed or dampened apoptotic response as well as altered Akt signaling, compared to WT mice after ONC. Treatment of the RPE cells with insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to stimulate Akt signaling confirmed that the immunoproteasome modulates this pathway, and most likely modulates parallel pathways as well. This study links the inducible expression of the immunoproteasome following retinal injury to Akt signaling, which is important in many disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Schuld
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stacy A. Hussong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ute Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abrar A. Rageh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Heuss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wendy Bratten
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Challenor M, O'Hare Doig R, Fuller P, Giacci M, Bartlett C, Wale CH, Cozens GS, Hool L, Dunlop S, Swaminathan Iyer K, Rodger J, Fitzgerald M. Prolonged glutamate excitotoxicity increases GluR1 immunoreactivity but decreases mRNA of GluR1 and associated regulatory proteins in dissociated rat retinae in vitro. Biochimie 2015; 112:160-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Pirhan D, Yüksel N, Emre E, Cengiz A, Kürşat Yıldız D. Riluzole- and Resveratrol-Induced Delay of Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in an Experimental Model of Glaucoma. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:59-69. [PMID: 25658983 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1004719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of the neuroprotective agents riluzole and resveratrol on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) when administered alone or in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental glaucoma was induced by injecting hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber of Wistar albino rats weekly for a six-week period. Intraocular pressure was measured before and immediately after glaucoma induction. The neuroprotective effects of daily intraperitoneal injections of riluzole (8 mg/kg) and resveratrol (10 mg/kg) were evaluated and compared. After the six-week period, dextran tetramethylrhodamine was applied into the optic nerve and the density of surviving RGCs was evaluated by counting the labeled RGCs in whole mount retinas for retrograde labeling of RGCs. RESULTS The mean numbers of RGCs were significantly preserved in all treatment groups compared to the vehicle-treated glaucoma group (G). The mean number of RGCs in mm(2) were 1207 ± 56 in the control group (C), 404 ± 65 in G group, 965 ± 56 in riluzole-treated group in the early phase of glaucoma (E-Ri), 714 ± 25 in riluzole-treated group in the late phase of glaucoma (L-Ri), 735 ± 29 in resveratrol-treated group in the early phase of glaucoma (E-Re), 667 ± 20 in resveratrol-treated group in the late phase of glaucoma (L-Re), and 1071 ± 49 in riluzole and resveratrol combined-treated group in the early phase of glaucoma (E-RiRe group). CONCLUSIONS When used either alone or in combination, both riluzole and resveratrol, two agents with different mechanisms of action in glaucoma, significantly delayed RGC loss in this study's experimental glaucoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esra Emre
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine
| | - Abdulkadir Cengiz
- b Department of Technical Education , Technical Education Faculty , and
| | - Demir Kürşat Yıldız
- c Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, University of Kocaeli , Kocaeli , Turkey
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17
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Miller NR, Arnold AC. Current concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis and management of nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:65-79. [PMID: 24993324 PMCID: PMC4289822 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common acute optic neuropathy in patients over the age of 50 and is the second most common cause of permanent optic nerve-related visual loss in adults after glaucoma. Patients typically present with acute, painless, unilateral loss of vision associated with a variable visual field defect, a relative afferent pupillary defect, a swollen, hyperaemic optic disc, and one or more flame-shaped peripapillary retinal haemorrhages. The pathogenesis of this condition is unknown, but it occurs primarily in patients with structurally small optic discs that have little or no cup and a variety of underlying vascular disorders that may or may not be known at the time of visual loss. There is no consistently beneficial medical or surgical treatment for the condition, but there are now animal models that allow testing of various potential therapies. About 40% of patients experience spontaneous improvement in visual acuity. Patients in whom NAION occurs in one eye have a 15-19% risk of developing a similar event in the opposite eye over the subsequent 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A C Arnold
- UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, The Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Taylor L, Arnér K, Ghosh F. First Responders: Dynamics of Pre-Gliotic Müller Cell Responses in The Isolated Adult Rat Retina. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1245-60. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.988360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Sun JC, Xu T, Zuo Q, Wang RB, Qi AQ, Cao WL, Sun AJ, Sun XJ, Xu J. Hydrogen-rich saline promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of optic nerve crush. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99299. [PMID: 24915536 PMCID: PMC4051757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of molecular hydrogen (H2) in a rat model subjected to optic nerve crush (ONC). METHODS We tested the hypothesis that after optic nerve crush (ONC), retinal ganglion cell (RGC) could be protected by H₂. Rats in different groups received saline or hydrogen-rich saline every day for 14 days after ONC. Retinas from animals in each group underwent measurements of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, cholera toxin beta (CTB) tracing, gamma synuclein staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining 2 weeks post operation. Flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and pupillary light reflex (PLR) were then tested to evaluate the function of optic nerve. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level in retina was evaluated. RESULTS H&E, gamma synuclein staining and CTB tracing showed that the survival rate of RGCs in hydrogen saline-treated group was significantly higher than that in saline-treated group. Apoptosis of RGCs assessed by TUNEL staining were less observed in hydrogen saline-treated group. The MDA level in retina of H₂ group was much lower than that in placebo group. Furthermore, animals treated with hydrogen saline showed better function of optic nerve in assessments of FVEP and PLR. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that H₂ protects RGCs and helps preserve the visual function after ONC and had a neuroprotective effect in a rat model subjected to ONC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-chuan Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
- Graduates Management Unit, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
- Graduates Management Unit, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiao Zuo
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
- Graduates Management Unit, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruo-bing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ai-qing Qi
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wen-luo Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ai-jun Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xue-jun Sun
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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20
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Nicholson KJ, Zhang S, Gilliland TM, Winkelstein BA. Riluzole effects on behavioral sensitivity and the development of axonal damage and spinal modifications that occur after painful nerve root compression. J Neurosurg Spine 2014; 20:751-62. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.2.spine13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Cervical radiculopathy is often attributed to cervical nerve root injury, which induces extensive degeneration and reduced axonal flow in primary afferents. Riluzole inhibits neuro-excitotoxicity in animal models of neural injury. The authors undertook this study to evaluate the antinociceptive and neuroprotective properties of riluzole in a rat model of painful nerve root compression.
Methods
A single dose of riluzole (3 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally at Day 1 after a painful nerve root injury. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated for 7 days after injury. At Day 7, the spinal cord at the C-7 level and the adjacent nerve roots were harvested from a subgroup of rats for immunohistochemical evaluation. Nerve roots were labeled for NF200, CGRP, and IB4 to assess the morphology of myelinated, peptidergic, and nonpeptidergic axons, respectively. Spinal cord sections were labeled for the neuropeptide CGRP and the glutamate transporter GLT-1 to evaluate their expression in the dorsal horn. In a separate group of rats, electrophysiological recordings were made in the dorsal horn. Evoked action potentials were identified by recording extracellular potentials while applying mechanical stimuli to the forepaw.
Results
Even though riluzole was administered after the onset of behavioral sensitivity at Day 1, its administration resulted in immediate resolution of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia (p < 0.045), and these effects were maintained for the study duration. At Day 7, axons labeled for NF200, CGRP, and IB4 in the compressed roots of animals that received riluzole treatment exhibited fewer axonal swellings than those from untreated animals. Riluzole also mitigated changes in the spinal distribution of CGRP and GLT-1 expression that is induced by a painful root compression, returning the spinal expression of both to sham levels. Riluzole also reduced neuronal excitability in the dorsal horn that normally develops by Day 7. The frequency of neuronal firing significantly increased (p < 0.045) after painful root compression, but riluzole treatment maintained neuronal firing at sham levels.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that early administration of riluzole is sufficient to mitigate nerve root–mediated pain by preventing development of neuronal dysfunction in the nerve root and the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- 1Departments of Bioengineering and
- 2Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Chua B, Goldberg I. Neuroprotective agents in glaucoma therapy: recent developments and future directions. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Samardzic K, Samardzic J, Janjetovic Z, Samardzic I, Sekelj S, Latic-Hodzic L. Traumatic optic neuropathy - to treat or to observe? Acta Inform Med 2013; 20:131-2. [PMID: 23322966 PMCID: PMC3544324 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2012.20.131-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of acute traumatic optic neuropathy in 54 year old male patient. The patient presented with acute loss of vision in the right eye due to a blunt trauma to the eye. Lid haematoma and subconjunctival hemorrhage were present. Fluorescein staining was negative, anterior chamber and lens was clear. Intraocular pressure was normal. Retina and optic nerve head appeared normal on fundoscopy. The vision was “counting fingers at 1 meter” in the right eye. Color test indicated color perception dysfunction of the right eye. Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) was positive. Ocular ultrasound, orbital X ray and CT scan was normal, but visual evoked potentials test was pathologic. The consideration was made whether to treat a patient or not since there are no consensus on the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy. We decided to treat the patient immediately with the megadoses of steroids following the protocol suggested by Cerovski. The patient responded well to the treatment and recovered vision to normal.
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Yamada J, Jinno S. Upregulation of calcium binding protein, S100A6, in activated astrocytes is linked to glutamate toxicity. Neuroscience 2012; 226:119-29. [PMID: 22982625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
S100A6 (calcyclin), an EF-hand calcium binding protein, is considered to exert various functions, e.g., cell proliferation and differentiation, calcium homeostasis, and neuronal degeneration. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether S100A6 might be linked to glutamate toxicity using three animal models and pharmacological interventions. We first examined the age-related changes in S100A6 immunoreactivity in the mouse hippocampus, considering that an important negative aspect of brain aging is linked to increased extracellular glutamate. The surface area of S100A6-positive (+) astrocytes was significantly larger in aged mice than in young mice, while the numbers of S100β+ astrocytes did not change with age. In the second experiment, we examined the alterations in S100A6 immunoreactivity in the injured hypoglossal nucleus, because glutamate toxicity is considered to contribute to neuronal death after axotomy. There was no apparent S100A6 immunoreactivity in the hypoglossal nucleus of sham control animals. However, intense labeling for S100A6 in activated astrocytes was observed in the axotomized hypoglossal nucleus of mice. Administration of ceftriaxone, an astrocyte glutamate transporter enhancer, to axotomized mice significantly decreased the immunoreactivity for S100A6. In the third experiment, we tested an animal model of epilepsy using kainic acid (KA), a glutamate analog. In the mouse hippocampus after KA injection, S100A6 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in astrocytes, and pyknotic changes were observed in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Treatment of MK-801, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, counteracted the KA-induced increase in S100A6 immunoreactivity, and reduced the numbers of pyknotic neurons. Our results indicate that upregulation of astrocytic S100A6 in response to extracellular glutamate may be involved in neuronal damage under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yamada
- Department of Developmental Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist D-serine is important in a number of different processes in the CNS, ranging from synaptic plasticity to disease states, including schizophrenia. D-serine appears to be the major co-agonist acting on retinal ganglion cell NMDA receptors, but the cell type from which it originates and whether its release can be modulated by activity are unknown. In this study, we utilized a mutant mouse line with elevated d-serine to investigate this question. Direct measurements of extracellular D-serine using capillary electrophoresis demonstrate that D-serine can be released from the intact mouse retina through an α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor (AMPAR) dependent mechanism. α-Amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate-evoked D-serine release persisted in the presence of a cocktail of neural inhibitors but was abolished after administration of a glial toxin. These findings provide the first evidence that extracellular D-serine levels in the retina can be modulated, and that such modulation is contingent upon glial cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve J Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Rammes G, Danysz W, Parsons CG. Pharmacodynamics of memantine: an update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 6:55-78. [PMID: 19305788 PMCID: PMC2645549 DOI: 10.2174/157015908783769671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Memantine received marketing authorization from the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) for the treatment of moderately severe to severe Alzheimer s disease (AD) in Europe on 17(th) May 2002 and shortly thereafter was also approved by the FDA for use in the same indication in the USA. Memantine is a moderate affinity, uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with strong voltage-dependency and fast kinetics. Due to this mechanism of action (MOA), there is a wealth of other possible therapeutic indications for memantine and numerous preclinical data in animal models support this assumption. This review is intended to provide an update on preclinical studies on the pharmacodynamics of memantine, with an additional focus on animal models of diseases aside from the approved indication. For most studies prior to 1999, the reader is referred to a previous review [196].In general, since 1999, considerable additional preclinical evidence has accumulated supporting the use of memantine in AD (both symptomatic and neuroprotective). In addition, there has been further confirmation of the MOA of memantine as an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist and essentially no data contradicting our understanding of the benign side effect profile of memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rammes
- Clinical Neuropharmacology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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Bessero AC, Chiodini F, Rungger-Brändle E, Bonny C, Clarke PGH. Role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in retinal excitotoxicity, and neuroprotection by its inhibition. J Neurochem 2010; 113:1307-18. [PMID: 20345748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinal excitotoxicity is associated with retinal ischemia, and with glaucomatous and traumatic optic neuropathy. The present study investigates the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in NMDA-mediated retinal excitotoxicity and determines whether neuroprotection can be obtained with the JNK pathway inhibitor, D-form of JNK-inhibitor 1 (D-JNKI-1). Young adult rats received intravitreal injections of 20 nmol NMDA, which caused extensive neuronal death in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. This excitotoxicity was associated with strong activation of calpain, as revealed by fodrin cleavage, and of JNK. The cell-permeable peptide D-JNKI-1 was used to inhibit JNK. Within 40 min of its intravitreal injection, FITC-labeled D-JNKI-1 spread through the retinal ganglion cell layer into the inner nuclear layer and interfered with the NMDA-induced phosphorylation of JNK. Injections of unlabeled D-JNKI-1 gave unprecedentedly strong neuroprotection against cell death in both layers, lasting for at least 10 days. The NMDA-induced calpain-specific fodrin cleavage was likewise strongly inhibited by D-JNKI-1. Moreover the electroretinogram was partially preserved by D-JNKI-1. Thus, the JNK pathway is involved in NMDA-mediated retinal excitotoxicity and JNK inhibition by D-JNKI-1 provides strong neuroprotection as shown morphologically, biochemically and physiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Bessero
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie (DBCM), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Oono S, Kurimoto T, Nakazawa T, Miyoshi T, Okamoto N, Kashimoto R, Tagami Y, Ito Y, Mimura O. Pyroglutamic Acid Promotes Survival of Retinal Ganglion Cells after Optic Nerve Injury. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:598-605. [DOI: 10.1080/02713680902981292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chloride-dependent acute excitotoxicity in adult rat retinal ganglion cells. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:677-86. [PMID: 18586043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of excitotoxic degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) remain controversial, due to the lack of suitable in vitro experimental systems for evaluation of RGC death. In this study, we investigated acute excitotoxicity in RGCs using eyecup preparations obtained from adult rats, with special reference to ionic dependence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate toxicity. Retrograde labeling of RGCs with a fluorescent tracer diamidino yellow, combined with labeling of dead cells by propidium iodide, enabled us to discriminate dead RGCs from other cells in the ganglion cell layer. Exposure of eyecups to NMDA or kainate for 30min followed by 6h post-incubation caused cell death in a subpopulation of RGCs as well as other (presumably displaced amacrine) cells. RGCs in the peripheral area of the retina were less sensitive to NMDA toxicity than those in the central area. Death of RGCs and other retinal cells by NMDA or kainate was largely abolished by substitution of extracellular Cl(-), whereas chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) did not inhibit NMDA or kainate toxicity in RGCs. Strychnine but not bicuculline partially inhibited NMDA-induced RGC death, although these drugs were not effective against kainate-induced RGC death. On the other hand, niflumic acid, a Cl(-) channel blocker, markedly inhibited RGC death induced by kainate as well as by NMDA. These results underscore the important role of Cl(-) in acute excitotoxicity in adult rat RGCs.
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Maier K, Merkler D, Gerber J, Taheri N, Kuhnert AV, Williams SK, Neusch C, Bähr M, Diem R. Multiple neuroprotective mechanisms of minocycline in autoimmune CNS inflammation. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 25:514-25. [PMID: 17239606 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 10/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal destruction and neuronal loss occur early during multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune inflammatory CNS disease that frequently manifests with acute optic neuritis. Available therapies mainly target the inflammatory component of the disease but fail to prevent neurodegeneration. To investigate the effect of minocycline on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that form the axons of the optic nerve, we used a rat model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Optic neuritis in this model was diagnosed by recording visual evoked potentials and RGC function was monitored by measuring electroretinograms. Functional and histopathological data of RGCs and optic nerves revealed neuronal and axonal protection when minocycline treatment was started on the day of immunization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that minocycline-induced neuroprotection is related to a direct antagonism of multiple mechanisms leading to neuronal cell death such as the induction of anti-apoptotic intracellular signalling pathways and a decrease in glutamate excitotoxicity. From these observations, we conclude that minocycline exerts neuroprotective effects independent of its anti-inflammatory properties. This hypothesis was confirmed in a non-inflammatory disease model leading to degeneration of RGCs, the surgical transection of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Maier
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Dunlop SA, Tee LBG, Goossens MAL, Stirling RV, Hool L, Rodger J, Beazley LD. Regenerating optic axons restore topography after incomplete optic nerve injury. J Comp Neurol 2007; 505:46-57. [PMID: 17729282 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Following complete optic nerve injury in a lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons regenerate but fail to restore retinotectal topography unless animals are trained on a visual task (Beazley et al. [ 1997] J Comp Neurol 370:105-120, [2003] J Neurotrauma 20:1263-1270). Here we show that incomplete injury, which leaves some RGC axons intact, restores normal topography. Strict RGC axon topography allowed us to preserve RGC axons on one side of the nerve (projecting to medial tectum) while lesioning those on the other side (projecting to lateral tectum). Topography and response properties for both RGC axon populations were assessed electrophysiologically. The majority of intact RGC axons retained appropriate topography in medial tectum and had normal, consistently brisk, reliable responses. Regenerate RGC axons fell into two classes: those that projected topographically to lateral tectum with responses that tended to habituate and those that lacked topography, responded weakly, and habituated rapidly. Axon tracing by localized retinal application of carbocyanine dyes supported the electrophysiological data. RGC soma counts were normal in both intact and axotomized RGC populations, contrasting with the 30% RGC loss after complete injury. Unlike incomplete optic nerve injury in mammals, where RGC axon regeneration fails and secondary cell death removes many intact RGC somata, lizards experience a "win-win" situation: intact RGC axons favorably influence the functional outcome for regenerating ones and RGCs do not succumb to either primary or secondary cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
Increased levels of extracellular l-glutamate have been suggested to play a role in retinal damage in a number of blinding diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Although glutamate can cause retinal damage in part by hyperstimulating its receptors ("excitotoxicity"), the downstream events that lead to retinal damage are poorly understood. In this study, we injected kainic acid (KA), a glutamate receptor agonist that specifically hyperstimulates non-NMDA-type receptors, into the vitreous humor of CD-1 mice and have investigated the role of plasminogen activators (PAs) [tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)] in excitotoxicity-induced retinal damage. Injection of KA into the vitreous humor led to an up-regulation in tPA and an induction in uPA activity in the retina and this was associated with activation of zymogen plasminogen to active plasmin. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), constitutively express tPA and release it into the extracellular space upon KA injection. Immunocytochemical analysis also indicated an increase in uPA in the nerve fiber layer after KA injection that was absent in the control retinas. These events were associated with apoptotic death of cells initially in the ganglion cell layer and subsequently in the inner and outer nuclear layer, associated with loss of RGCs and amacrine cells. These phenomena were inhibited when recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor (rPAI-1) or tPA-STOP were injected into the vitreous humor with KA, whereas a plasmin inhibitor, alpha-2-antiplasmin, failed to attenuate KA-induced retinal damage. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of plasminogen activators might attenuate retinal damage in blinding retinal diseases in which hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors is implicated as a causative factor to retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shravan K. Chintala
- *Corresponding Author: Shravan K. Chintala, Ph.D., Eye Research Institute, 409 Dodge Hall, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, Phone: (248) 370-2532; FAX: (248) 370-2006,
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Chintala SK. The emerging role of proteases in retinal ganglion cell death. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:5-12. [PMID: 16185688 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 07/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is an important issue in Primary Open Angle-Glaucoma (POAG) in terms of both vision loss and health care costs. Yet, the pathophysiology underlying RGC death in glaucoma is unclear. A growing body of evidence indicates that proteases that modulate the extracellular matrix (ECM) milieu in the retina, either directly or indirectly, play an important role in dictating the fate of RGCs. Recent evidence indicates that proteases, in addition to ECM-remodeling, have broader functional roles in glutamate receptor processing and predisposing RGCs to secondary damage. This review is focused on discussing the role of two groups of proteases, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the plasminogen activators (PAs), in RGC death. In a long-run, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of proteases may lead to the development of adjunctive treatment options to attenuate RGC death and improve vision loss in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan K Chintala
- Eye Research Institute of Oakland University, 409 Dodge Hall, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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