1
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Nielsen DA, Walker R, Graham DP, Nielsen EM, Hamon SC, Hillhouse M, Shmueli-Blumberg D, Lawson WB, Shores-Wilson K, Settles-Reaves BD, Rotrosen J, Trivedi MH, Saxon AJ, Ling W, Kosten TR. Moderation of buprenorphine therapy for cocaine dependence efficacy by variation of the Prodynorphin gene. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 78:965-973. [PMID: 35218405 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this secondary analysis was to identify prodynorphin (PDYN) genetic markers moderating the therapeutic response to treatment of cocaine dependence with buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone®; BUP). METHODS Cocaine-dependent participants (N = 302) were randomly assigned to a platform of injectable, extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) and one of three daily medication arms: 4 mg BUP (BUP4), 16 mg BUP (BUP16), or placebo (PLB) for 8 weeks (Parent Trial Registration: Protocol ID: NIDA-CTN-0048, Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT01402492). DNA was obtained from 277 participants. Treatment response was determined from weeks 3 to 7 over each 1-week period by the number of cocaine-positive urines per total possible urines. RESULTS In the cross-ancestry group, the PLB group had more cocaine-positive urines than the BUP16 group (P = 0.0021). The interactions of genetic variant × treatment were observed in the rs1022563 A-allele carrier group where the BUP16 group (N = 35) had fewer cocaine-positive urines (P = 0.0006) than did the PLB group (N = 26) and in the rs1997794 A-allele carrier group where the BUP16 group (N = 49) had fewer cocaine-positive urines (P = 0.0003) than did the PLB group (N = 58). No difference was observed in the rs1022563 GG or rs1997794 GG genotype groups between the BUP16 and PLB groups. In the African American-ancestry subgroup, only the rs1022563 A-allele carrier group was associated with treatment response. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PDYN variants may identify patients who are best suited to treatment with XR-NTX plus buprenorphine for cocaine use disorder pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nielsen
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Robrina Walker
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David P Graham
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ellen M Nielsen
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sara C Hamon
- Statistical and Genetic Consulting LLC, Daren, CT, USA
| | | | | | - William B Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | | | | | - John Rotrosen
- New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saxon
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Walter Ling
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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2
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Jaschke N, Pählig S, Pan YX, Hofbauer LC, Göbel A, Rachner TD. From Pharmacology to Physiology: Endocrine Functions of μ-Opioid Receptor Networks. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:306-319. [PMID: 33676828 PMCID: PMC8035298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The steady rise in opioid users and abusers has uncovered multiple detrimental health consequences of perturbed opioid receptor signaling, thereby creating the need to better understand the biology of these systems. Among endogenous opioid networks, μ-receptors have received special attention due to their unprecedented biological complexity and broad implications in homeostatic functions. Here, we review the origin, molecular biology, and physiology of endogenous opioids with a special focus on μ-opioid receptor networks within the endocrine system. Moreover, we summarize the current evidence supporting an involvement of the latter in regulating distinct endocrine functions. Finally, we combine these insights to present an integrated perspective on μ-opioid receptor biology and provide an outlook on future studies and unresolved questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Jaschke
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sophie Pählig
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andy Göbel
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman D Rachner
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Gibula-Tarlowska E, Kotlinska JH. Crosstalk between Opioid and Anti-Opioid Systems: An Overview and Its Possible Therapeutic Significance. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1376. [PMID: 32998249 PMCID: PMC7599993 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid peptides and receptors are broadly expressed throughout peripheral and central nervous systems and have been the subject of intense long-term investigations. Such studies indicate that some endogenous neuropeptides, called anti-opioids, participate in a homeostatic system that tends to reduce the effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids. Anti-opioid properties have been attributed to various peptides, including melanocyte inhibiting factor (MIF)-related peptides, cholecystokinin (CCK), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), and neuropeptide FF (NPFF). These peptides counteract some of the acute effects of opioids, and therefore, they are involved in the development of opioid tolerance and addiction. In this work, the anti-opioid profile of endogenous peptides was described, mainly taking into account their inhibitory influence on opioid-induced effects. However, the anti-opioid peptides demonstrated complex properties and could show opioid-like as well as anti-opioid effects. The aim of this review is to detail the phenomenon of crosstalk taking place between opioid and anti-opioid systems at the in vivo pharmacological level and to propose a cellular and molecular basis for these interactions. A better knowledge of these mechanisms has potential therapeutic interest for the control of opioid functions, notably for alleviating pain and/or for the treatment of opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Gibula-Tarlowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
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4
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Machelska H, Celik MÖ. Immune cell-mediated opioid analgesia. Immunol Lett 2020; 227:48-59. [PMID: 32814155 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathological pain is regulated by a balance between pro-algesic and analgesic mechanisms. Interactions between opioid peptide-producing immune cells and peripheral sensory neurons expressing opioid receptors represent a powerful intrinsic pain control in animal models and in humans. Therefore, treatments based on general suppression of immune responses have been mostly unsuccessful. It is highly desirable to develop strategies that specifically promote neuro-immune communication mediated by opioids. Promising examples include vaccination-based recruitment of opioid-containing leukocytes to painful tissue and the local reprogramming of pro-algesic immune cells into analgesic cells producing and secreting high amounts of opioid peptides. Such approaches have the potential to inhibit pain at its origin and be devoid of central and systemic side effects of classical analgesics. In support of these concepts, in this article, we describe the functioning of peripheral opioid receptors, migration of opioid-producing immune cells to inflamed tissue, opioid peptide release, and the consequent pain relief. Conclusively, we provide clinical evidence and discuss therapeutic opportunities and challenges associated with immune cell-mediated peripheral opioid analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Melih Ö Celik
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Meyrath M, Szpakowska M, Zeiner J, Massotte L, Merz MP, Benkel T, Simon K, Ohnmacht J, Turner JD, Krüger R, Seutin V, Ollert M, Kostenis E, Chevigné A. The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3/CXCR7 is a broad-spectrum scavenger for opioid peptides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3033. [PMID: 32561830 PMCID: PMC7305236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous opioid peptides and prescription opioid drugs modulate pain, anxiety and stress by activating opioid receptors, currently classified into four subtypes. Here we demonstrate that ACKR3/CXCR7, hitherto known as an atypical scavenger receptor for chemokines, is a broad-spectrum scavenger of opioid peptides. Phylogenetically, ACKR3 is intermediate between chemokine and opioid receptors and is present in various brain regions together with classical opioid receptors. Functionally, ACKR3 is a scavenger receptor for a wide variety of opioid peptides, especially enkephalins and dynorphins, reducing their availability for the classical opioid receptors. ACKR3 is not modulated by prescription opioids, but we show that an ACKR3-selective subnanomolar competitor peptide, LIH383, can restrain ACKR3’s negative regulatory function on opioid peptides in rat brain and potentiate their activity towards classical receptors, which may open alternative therapeutic avenues for opioid-related disorders. Altogether, our results reveal that ACKR3 is an atypical opioid receptor with cross-family ligand selectivity. Opioids modulate pain, anxiety and stress by activating four subtypes of opioid receptors. The authors show that atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is a scavenger for various endogenous opioid peptides regulating their availability without activating downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Meyrath
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), rue Henri Koch 29, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), rue Henri Koch 29, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Julian Zeiner
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurent Massotte
- Neurophysiology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, avenue de l'hopital, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam P Merz
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), rue Henri Koch 29, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Tobias Benkel
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Simon
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Ohnmacht
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, avenue du Swing 6, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, avenue du Swing 6, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), rue Henri Koch 29, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, avenue du Swing 6, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), rue Thomas Edison 1A-B, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Seutin
- Neurophysiology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, avenue de l'hopital, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), rue Henri Koch 29, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), rue Henri Koch 29, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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6
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Machelska H, Celik MÖ. Opioid Receptors in Immune and Glial Cells-Implications for Pain Control. Front Immunol 2020; 11:300. [PMID: 32194554 PMCID: PMC7064637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors comprise μ (MOP), δ (DOP), κ (KOP), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptors. Opioids are agonists of MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, whereas nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an agonist of NOP receptors. Activation of all four opioid receptors in neurons can induce analgesia in animal models, but the most clinically relevant are MOP receptor agonists (e.g., morphine, fentanyl). Opioids can also affect the function of immune cells, and their actions in relation to immunosuppression and infections have been widely discussed. Here, we analyze the expression and the role of opioid receptors in peripheral immune cells and glia in the modulation of pain. All four opioid receptors have been identified at the mRNA and protein levels in immune cells (lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages) in humans, rhesus monkeys, rats or mice. Activation of leukocyte MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors was recently reported to attenuate pain after nerve injury in mice. This involved intracellular Ca2+-regulated release of opioid peptides from immune cells, which subsequently activated MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors on peripheral neurons. There is no evidence of pain modulation by leukocyte NOP receptors. More good quality studies are needed to verify the presence of DOP, KOP, and NOP receptors in native glia. Although still questioned, MOP receptors might be expressed in brain or spinal cord microglia and astrocytes in humans, mice, and rats. Morphine acting at spinal cord microglia is often reported to induce hyperalgesia in rodents. However, most studies used animals without pathological pain and/or unconventional paradigms (e.g., high or ultra-low doses, pain assessment after abrupt discontinuation of chronic morphine treatment). Therefore, the opioid-induced hyperalgesia can be viewed in the context of dependence/withdrawal rather than pain management, in line with clinical reports. There is convincing evidence of analgesic effects mediated by immune cell-derived opioid peptides in animal models and in humans. Together, MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, and opioid peptides in immune cells can ameliorate pathological pain. The relevance of NOP receptors and N/OFQ in leukocytes, and of all opioid receptors, opioid peptides and N/OFQ in native glia for pain control is yet to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melih Ö Celik
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Cassell RJ, Sharma KK, Su H, Cummins BR, Cui H, Mores KL, Blaine AT, Altman RA, van Rijn RM. The Meta-Position of Phe 4 in Leu-Enkephalin Regulates Potency, Selectivity, Functional Activity, and Signaling Bias at the Delta and Mu Opioid Receptors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244542. [PMID: 31842282 PMCID: PMC6943441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As tool compounds to study cardiac ischemia, the endogenous δ-opioid receptors (δOR) agonist Leu5-enkephalin and the more metabolically stable synthetic peptide (d-Ala2, d-Leu5)-enkephalin are frequently employed. However, both peptides have similar pharmacological profiles that restrict detailed investigation of the cellular mechanism of the δOR’s protective role during ischemic events. Thus, a need remains for δOR peptides with improved selectivity and unique signaling properties for investigating the specific roles for δOR signaling in cardiac ischemia. To this end, we explored substitution at the Phe4 position of Leu5-enkephalin for its ability to modulate receptor function and selectivity. Peptides were assessed for their affinity to bind to δORs and µ-opioid receptors (µORs) and potency to inhibit cAMP signaling and to recruit β-arrestin 2. Additionally, peptide stability was measured in rat plasma. Substitution of the meta-position of Phe4 of Leu5-enkephalin provided high-affinity ligands with varying levels of selectivity and bias at both the δOR and µOR and improved peptide stability, while substitution with picoline derivatives produced lower-affinity ligands with G protein biases at both receptors. Overall, these favorable substitutions at the meta-position of Phe4 may be combined with other modifications to Leu5-enkephalin to deliver improved agonists with finely tuned potency, selectivity, bias and drug-like properties.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Enkephalin, Leucine/genetics
- Enkephalin, Leucine/pharmacology
- Humans
- Phenylalanine
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Cassell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.J.C.); (H.S.); (K.L.M.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Krishna K. Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - Hongyu Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.J.C.); (H.S.); (K.L.M.); (A.T.B.)
| | | | - Haoyue Cui
- College of Wuya, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Kendall L. Mores
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.J.C.); (H.S.); (K.L.M.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Arryn T. Blaine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.J.C.); (H.S.); (K.L.M.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Ryan A. Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.A.A.); (R.M.v.R.)
| | - Richard M. van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.J.C.); (H.S.); (K.L.M.); (A.T.B.)
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (R.A.A.); (R.M.v.R.)
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8
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Social status and demographic effects of the kappa opioid receptor: a PET imaging study with a novel agonist radiotracer in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1714-1719. [PMID: 30928993 PMCID: PMC6785144 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) have been characterized as an aversive system in the brain and implicated in social behavior in preclinical models. This work investigated the effect of social status on the KOR system in humans using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the novel KOR agonist radiotracer [11C]EKAP. Eighteen healthy participants (mean age 41.2 ± 9.3) completed the Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status (BSMSS), an MRI and an [11C]EKAP PET scan on the High Resolution Research Tomograph. Arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis were conducted to obtain the input function. Regions of interest were based upon an MR template and included the reward/aversion areas of the brain. The multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) method was applied to the regional time-activity curves (TACs) to calculate [11C]EKAP regional volume of distribution (VT). Mixed models and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for body mass index (BMI), gender and age, with age being dropped in subsequent analyses because of nonsignificance. An overall effect of primary ROIs (F7, 112 7.43, p < 0.0001), BSMSS score (F1, 13 7.45, p = 0.02), BMI (F1, 13 23.5, p < 0.001), and gender (F1, 13 23.75, p < 0.001), but not age (F1, 13 1.12, p = 0.35) was observed. Regional [11C]EKAP VT and BSMSS were found to be negatively correlated in the amygdala (r = -0.69, p < 0.01), anterior cingulate cortex (r = -0.56, p = 0.02), caudate (r = -0.66, p < 0.01), frontal cortex (r = -0.52, p = 0.04), hippocampus (r = -0.60, p = 0.01), pallidum (r = -0.59, p = 0.02), putamen (r = -0.62, p = 0.01), and ventral striatum (r = -0.66, p < 0.01). In secondary (non-reward) regions, correlations of [11C]EKAP VT and BSMSS were nonsignificant with the exception of the insula. There was an inverse correlation between social status and KOR levels that was largely specific to the reward/aversion (e.g., saliency) areas of the brain. This finding suggests the KOR system may act as a mediator for the negative effects of social behaviors in humans.
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Tobin SJ, Wakefield DL, Terenius L, Vukojević V, Jovanović-Talisman T. Ethanol and Naltrexone Have Distinct Effects on the Lateral Nano-organization of Mu and Kappa Opioid Receptors in the Plasma Membrane. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:667-676. [PMID: 30418735 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex spatiotemporal organization of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane is an important determinant of receptor function. Certain substances, such as ethanol, can penetrate into the hydrophobic regions of the plasma membrane. By altering protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions, these substances can modify the dynamic lateral organization and the function of plasma membrane receptors. To assess changes in plasma membrane receptor organization, we used photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). This single molecule localization microscopy technique was employed to quantitatively characterize the effects of pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol and naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist and medication used to treat alcohol use disorders) on the lateral nano-organization of mu and kappa opioid receptors (MOR and KOR, respectively). Ethanol affected the lateral organization of MOR and KOR similarly: It reduced the size and occupancy of opioid receptor nanodomains and increased the fraction of opioid receptors residing outside of nanodomains. In contrast, naltrexone affected MOR and KOR lateral organization differently. It significantly increased KOR surface density, nanodomain size, and the occupancy of KOR nanodomains. However, naltrexone marginally affected these parameters for MOR. Pretreatment with naltrexone largely protected against ethanol-induced changes in MOR and KOR lateral organization. Based on these data, we propose a putative mechanism of naltrexone action that operates in addition to its canonical antagonistic effect on MOR- and KOR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Devin L. Wakefield
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Lars Terenius
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tijana Jovanović-Talisman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
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10
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Liu Z, Udenigwe CC. Role of food-derived opioid peptides in the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12629. [PMID: 31353498 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are widely distributed in central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Endogenous opioid receptor ligands are involved in many physiological processes. Exogenous peptides, derived from food proteins with gastrointestinal proteases, also exert opioid-like activities, and they include gluten exorphins (wheat), casomorphins (milk), rubiscolins (spinach), and soymorphins (soybean). Milk-derived opioid peptides play both agonistic and antagonistic roles, and most of the opioid peptides exert regulatory functions in the central nervous system, related to nociception, emotion and memory after oral, intracerebroventricular, or intraperitoneal administration. This indicates that the peptides may have crossed the blood-brain barrier or acted peripherally. Furthermore, some food-derived opioid peptides influence gastrointestinal functions such as gut motility, hormone release, appetite, mucus production, and local immunity. In healthy states, food-derived opioid peptides could benefit both the nervous and digestive systems, whereas in pathological conditions, the gastrointestinal permeability change and opioid excess may contribute to pathogenesis of some disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Opioid receptors are important biological targets for the treatment of multiple diseases. Traditional opiate compounds, such as alkaloids, are demonstrated to exert numerous side effects, thereby limiting their clinical effectiveness. It is thought that food-derived opioid peptides may be safer than the alkaloids, and therefore can be applied in functional food development. In this review, we summarized the already discovered food opioid peptides from different sources, and elaborated their physiological functions on the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. These effects support further exploration of the opioid peptides as therapeutic agents or as functional food ingredient for human health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Iacopetta K, Collins-Praino LE, Buisman-Pijlman FTA, Hutchinson MR. Can neuroimmune mechanisms explain the link between ultraviolet light (UV) exposure and addictive behavior? Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:125-132. [PMID: 30009997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High ultraviolet (UV) light exposure on the skin acts as a reinforcing stimulus, increasing sun-seeking behavior and even addiction-like sun seeking behavior. However, the physiological mechanisms that underlie this process remain to be defined. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis that neuroimmune signaling, arising from inflammatory responses in UV-damaged skin cells, causes potentiated signaling within the cortico-mesolimbic pathway, leading to increased sun-seeking behaviors. This hypothesized UV-induced, skin-to-brain signaling depends upon cell stress signals, termed alarmins, reaching the circulation, thereby triggering the activation of innate immune receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs). This innate immune response is hypothesized to occur both peripherally and centrally, with the downstream signaling from TLR activation affecting both the endogenous opioid system and the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. As both neurotransmitter systems play a key role in the development of addiction behaviors through their actions at key brain regions, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), we hypothesize a novel connection between UV-induced inflammation and the activation of pathways that contribute to the development of addiction. This paper is a review of the existing literature to examine the evidence which suggests that chronic sun tanning resembles a behavioral addiction and proposes a novel pathway by which persistent sun-seeking behavior could affect brain neurochemistry in a manner similar to that of repeated drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Iacopetta
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Femke T A Buisman-Pijlman
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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12
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Kamarudin N, Hisamuddin N, Ong HM, Ahmad Azmi AF, Leong SW, Abas F, Sulaiman MR, Shaik Mossadeq WM. Analgesic Effect of 5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one in Experimental Animal Models of Nociception. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092099. [PMID: 30134576 PMCID: PMC6225497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcuminoids derived from turmeric rhizome have been reported to exhibit antinociceptive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We evaluated the peripheral and central antinociceptive activities of 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one (DHHPD), a novel synthetic curcuminoid analogue at 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), through chemical and thermal models of nociception. The effects of DHHPD on the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems were evaluated through the capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests. Results showed that DHHPD significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the writhing response produced by the 0.8% acetic acid injection. In addition, 1 and 3 mg/kg of DHHPD significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the licking time spent by each mouse in both phases of the 2.5% formalin test and increased the response latency of mice on the hot-plate. However, the effect produced in the latter was not reversed by naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist. Despite this, DHHPD decreased the licking latency of mice in the capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests in a dose response manner. In conclusion, DHHPD showed excellent peripheral and central antinociceptive activities possibly by attenuation of the synthesis and/or release of pro-inflammatory mediators in addition to modulation of the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems without an apparent effect on the opioidergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhirah Kamarudin
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nadia Hisamuddin
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hui Ming Ong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Farhan Ahmad Azmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sze Wei Leong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Mastura Shaik Mossadeq
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Kościukiewicz K, Wylot B, Czelejewska W, Gilun P, Okrasa S. The effects of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor activation on in vitro prolactin secretion by anterior pituitary cells of cyclic gilts. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/91395/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Jaschke N, Lunger F, Wildt L, Seeber B. Beta endorphin in serum and follicular fluid of PCOS- and non-PCOS women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298:217-222. [PMID: 29808249 PMCID: PMC5995977 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the concentrations of beta endorphin in serum and follicular fluid (FF) of PCOS- and non-PCOS women. Secondarily, to investigate associations between beta endorphin and other parameters. METHODS Fifty-nine women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) were included in the study. Sixteen were stratified to the PCOS group using the Rotterdam criteria. The remaining 43 women served as controls. Follicular fluid was collected during oocyte retrieval and peripheral blood sampling was performed on the same day. Beta endorphin concentrations in serum and follicular fluid, serum levels of insulin, glucose, LH, estradiol and progesterone were measured. Additionally, testosterone was measured before starting the stimulation protocol. RESULTS There was no difference in beta endorphin levels between PCOS- and non-PCOS women. The concentration of the peptide was higher in serum than in FF, likely due to collection of FF after ovulation induction and corresponding to the early luteal phase. We found a significant correlation between the number of mature Metaphase II (MII) oocytes retrieved and beta endorphin concentration in FF. In women with biochemical hyperandrogenemia, beta endorphin levels in FF correlated with testosterone levels. CONCLUSION Beta Endorphin concentrations in serum and FF do not differ between PCOS- and non PCOS-women undergoing IVF. However, together with sex hormones, beta endorphin might play a key role in oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Jaschke
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Lunger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Wildt
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beata Seeber
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Nowadays, the delta opioid receptor (DOPr) represents a promising target for the treatment of chronic pain and emotional disorders. Despite the fact that they produce limited antinociceptive effects in healthy animals and in most acute pain models, DOPr agonists have shown efficacy in various chronic pain models. In this chapter, we review the progresses that have been made over the last decades in understanding the role played by DOPr in the control of pain. More specifically, the distribution of DOPr within the central nervous system and along pain pathways is presented. We also summarize the literature supporting a role for DOPr in acute, tonic, and chronic pain models, as well as the mechanisms regulating its activity under specific conditions. Finally, novel compounds that have make their way to clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdallah
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Département d'anesthésiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Quebec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Granholm L, Segerström L, Nylander I. Episodic Ethanol Exposure in Adolescent Rats Causes Residual Alterations in Endogenous Opioid Peptides. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:425. [PMID: 30250435 PMCID: PMC6139348 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent binge drinking is associated with an increased risk of substance use disorder, but how ethanol affects the central levels of endogenous opioid peptides is still not thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of repeated episodic ethanol exposure during adolescence on the tissue levels of three different endogenous opioid peptides in rats. Outbred Wistar rats received orogastric (i.e., gavage) ethanol for three consecutive days per week between 4 and 9 weeks of age. At 2 h and 3 weeks, respectively, after the last exposure, beta-endorphin, dynorphin B and Met-enkephalin-Arg6Phe7 (MEAP) were analyzed with radioimmunoassay. Beta-endorphin levels were low in the nucleus accumbens during ethanol intoxication. Remaining effects of adolescent ethanol exposure were found especially for MEAP, with low levels in the amygdala, and high in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area three weeks after the last exposure. In the hypothalamus and pituitary, the effects of ethanol on beta-endorphin were dependent on time from the last exposure. An interaction effect was also found in the accumbal levels of MEAP and nigral dynorphin B. These results demonstrate that repeated episodic exposure to ethanol during adolescence affected opioid peptide levels in regions involved in reward and reinforcement as well as stress response. These alterations in opioid networks after adolescent ethanol exposure could explain, in part, the increased risk for high ethanol consumption later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Granholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lova Segerström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Peripheral Antinociception Induced by Aripiprazole Is Mediated by the Opioid System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8109205. [PMID: 28758123 PMCID: PMC5512022 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia and related disorders. Our previous study showed that this compound also induces antinociceptive effects. The present study aimed to assess the participation of the opioid system in this effect. Methods Male Swiss mice were submitted to paw pressure test and hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 2 μg). Aripiprazole was injected 10 min before the measurement. Naloxone, clocinnamox, naltrindole, nor-binaltorphimine, and bestatin were given 30 min before aripiprazole. Nociceptive thresholds were measured in the 3rd hour after PGE2 injection. Results Aripiprazole (100 μg/paw) injected locally into the right hind paw induced an antinociceptive effect that was blocked by naloxone (50 μg/paw), a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist. The role of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors was investigated using the selective antagonists, clocinnamox (40 μg/paw), naltrindole (15, 30, and 60 μg/paw), and nor-binaltorphimine (200 μg/paw), respectively. The data indicated that only the δ-opioid receptor antagonist inhibited the peripheral antinociception induced by aripiprazole. Bestatin (400 μg), an aminopeptidase-N inhibitor, significantly enhanced low-dose (25 μg/paw) aripiprazole-induced peripheral antinociception. Conclusion The results suggest the participation of the opioid system via δ-opioid receptor in the peripheral antinociceptive effect induced by aripiprazole.
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Spahn V, Stein C. Targeting delta opioid receptors for pain treatment: drugs in phase I and II clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:155-160. [PMID: 28001096 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1275562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opioids are widely used to treat severe pain. Most clinically used opioids activate µ-opioid receptors (MOR). Their ligands induce potent analgesia but also adverse effects. The δ-opioid receptor (DOR) is another member of the opioid receptor family that has been under intense investigation with the aim to avoid MOR-induced side effects. Areas covered: This article reviews DOR ligands which appeared to be promising after preclinical evaluation. A literature search using Pubmed, Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov, EudraCT, AdisInsight database and EBSCO Online Library was conducted. Out of numerous newly synthesized molecules, only few candidates entered phase I and/or II clinical investigation. The publicly accessible results are presented here. Expert opinion: Many compounds showed potent DOR-specific pain inhibition in preclinical studies. ADL5859 and ADL5747 entered clinical trials and successfully passed phase I. However, in phase II studies the primary endpoint (pain reduction) was not met and further investigation was terminated. A third compound, NP2, is in phase II clinical evaluation and results are pending. These findings suggest a potential of DOR ligands according to preclinical studies. Further clinical research and secondary analysis of unpublished data is needed to identify molecules which are useful in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Spahn
- a Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin , Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christoph Stein
- a Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin , Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,b Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine , Helmholtz Virtual Institute , Teltow , Germany
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Opioid subtype- and cell-type-dependent regulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rat insular cortex. Neuroscience 2016; 339:478-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yokota E, Koyanagi Y, Nakamura H, Horinuki E, Oi Y, Kobayashi M. Opposite effects of mu and delta opioid receptor agonists on excitatory propagation induced in rat somatosensory and insular cortices by dental pulp stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Segerström L, Gustavsson J, Nylander I. Minimizing Postsampling Degradation of Peptides by a Thermal Benchtop Tissue Stabilization Method. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:172-9. [PMID: 27007059 PMCID: PMC4834486 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation is a major concern in peptide analysis. Postmortem metabolism in biological samples entails considerable risk for measurements misrepresentative of true in vivo concentrations. It is therefore vital to find reliable, reproducible, and easy-to-use procedures to inhibit enzymatic activity in fresh tissues before subjecting them to qualitative and quantitative analyses. The aim of this study was to test a benchtop thermal stabilization method to optimize measurement of endogenous opioids in brain tissue. Endogenous opioid peptides are generated from precursor proteins through multiple enzymatic steps that include conversion of one bioactive peptide to another, often with a different function. Ex vivo metabolism may, therefore, lead to erroneous functional interpretations. The efficacy of heat stabilization was systematically evaluated in a number of postmortem handling procedures. Dynorphin B (DYNB), Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 (LARG), and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (MEAP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in rat hypothalamus, striatum (STR), and cingulate cortex (CCX). Also, simplified extraction protocols for stabilized tissue were tested. Stabilization affected all peptide levels to varying degrees compared to those prepared by standard dissection and tissue handling procedures. Stabilization increased DYNB in hypothalamus, but not STR or CCX, whereas LARG generally decreased. MEAP increased in hypothalamus after all stabilization procedures, whereas for STR and CCX, the effect was dependent on the time point for stabilization. The efficacy of stabilization allowed samples to be left for 2 hours in room temperature (20°C) without changes in peptide levels. This study shows that conductive heat transfer is an easy-to-use and efficient procedure for the preservation of the molecular composition in biological samples. Region- and peptide-specific critical steps were identified and stabilization enabled the optimization of tissue handling and opioid peptide analysis. The result is improved diagnostic and research value of the samples with great benefits for basic research and clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lova Segerström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behavior, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Gustavsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behavior, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction & Behavior, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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Kawakami SE, Quadros IMH, Suchecki D. Naltrexone Prevents in Males and Attenuates in Females the Expression of Behavioral Sensitization to Ethanol Regardless of Maternal Separation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:135. [PMID: 27803689 PMCID: PMC5067536 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal separation alters the activity of the opioid system, which modulates ethanol-induced stimulation and behavioral sensitization. This study examined the effects of an opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX), on the expression of behavioral sensitization to ethanol in adult male and female mice submitted to maternal separation from postnatal days (PNDs) 2 to 14. Whole litters of Swiss mice were either not separated [animal facility rearing (AFR)] or separated from their mothers for 3 h [long maternal separation (LMS)]. Starting on PND 90, male and female AFR and LMS mice received daily i.p. injections of saline (SAL) or ethanol (EtOH, 2.2 g/kg) for 21 days. Locomotor activity was assessed in cages containing photoelectric beams, once a week, to examine the development of behavioral sensitization. Five days after the end of the chronic treatment, animals were submitted to four locomotor activity tests spaced by 48 h, to assess the expression of behavioral sensitization. In all tests, animals received two i.p. injections with a 30-min interval and were then assessed for locomotor response to different treatment challenges, which were: SAL/SAL, SAL/EtOH (2.2 g/kg), NTX 2.0 mg/kg (NTX2)/EtOH, and NTX 4.0 mg/kg (NTX4)/EtOH. Regardless of maternal separation, EtOH-treated male and female mice displayed increased locomotor responses to EtOH during the 21-day treatment, indicating the development of behavioral sensitization. In the SAL/EtOH challenge, EtOH-treated LMS and AFR male and female mice exhibited higher locomotor activity than their SAL-treated counterparts, indicating the expression of sensitization. The coadministration of either dose of NTX blocked the expression of locomotor sensitization in both AFR and LMS male mice with a history of EtOH sensitization. In females, a significant attenuation of EtOH sensitization was promoted by both NTX doses, while still maintaining an augmented stimulant response to EtOH. Importantly, maternal separation did not interfere in this phenomenon. These results indicate that expression of behavioral sensitization was importantly modulated by opioidergic mechanisms both in male and female mice and that maternal separation did not play a major role in either development or expression of this EtOH sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzi E. Kawakami
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina – Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel M. H. Quadros
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina – Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Isabel M. H. Quadros,
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina – Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lopes DM, McMahon SB. Ultraviolet Radiation on the Skin: A Painful Experience? CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 22:118-26. [PMID: 26331607 PMCID: PMC4833175 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure of skin to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has dramatic clinical effects in humans, and it is a significant public health concern. Discomfort and sensory changes caused by skin sunburn are the main common features experienced by many of us, a phenomena triggered by the combination of long and short wavelengths radiation (UVA and UVB, respectively). Although the biological processes underlying UVR exposure are not fully understood, in the last few years many studies have made significant progress in characterizing sunburn at the cellular and molecular levels, making use of both humans and laboratory animal models. Here we review and reason that UVR can be used as an excellent model of sensitization and inflammation for pain research. UVR, particularly UVB, produces a controllable and sterile inflammation that causes a robust dose‐dependent hypersensitivity with minimal confounding effects. Importantly, we show that UVR animal models precisely recapitulate the sensory, cellular, and molecular changes observed in human skin, giving it great confidence as a translational model. Furthermore, in this article, we give an overview of the pharmacology underlying UVB inflammation, the latest advances in the field, and potential new targets for inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Lopes
- Neurorestoration group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Neurorestoration group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Morita K, Motoyama N, Kitayama T, Shiraishi S, Dohi T. [Pain relieving effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists in a bone cancer pain model]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 146:87-92. [PMID: 26256746 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.146.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Cheong MC, Artyukhin AB, You YJ, Avery L. An opioid-like system regulating feeding behavior in C. elegans. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25898004 PMCID: PMC4427864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are essential for the regulation of appetite. Here we show that neuropeptides could regulate feeding in mutants that lack neurotransmission from the motor neurons that stimulate feeding muscles. We identified nlp-24 by an RNAi screen of 115 neuropeptide genes, testing whether they affected growth. NLP-24 peptides have a conserved YGGXX sequence, similar to mammalian opioid neuropeptides. In addition, morphine and naloxone respectively stimulated and inhibited feeding in starved worms, but not in worms lacking NPR-17, which encodes a protein with sequence similarity to opioid receptors. Opioid agonists activated heterologously expressed NPR-17, as did at least one NLP-24 peptide. Worms lacking the ASI neurons, which express npr-17, did not response to naloxone. Thus, we suggest that Caenorhabditis elegans has an endogenous opioid system that acts through NPR-17, and that opioids regulate feeding via ASI neurons. Together, these results suggest C. elegans may be the first genetically tractable invertebrate opioid model. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06683.001 When and how much an animal eats is controlled by a complex web of signals that are produced by the animal's body and brain. Molecules called opioid neuropeptides are among these signals, and act to control eating in mammals by binding to receptors in the brain and body. These receptors can also bind to similar molecules called opiates (such as morphine); opiates are amongst the oldest drugs used by humans and have diverse effects ranging from pain relief to addiction. While the activities of opiates and opioid neuropeptides have been studied in mammals, relatively little is known about opioid signaling in simpler animals. The mechanisms behind many biological processes have been investigated using a worm called C. elegans as a model system because it has a simple body plan and its genes can be altered easily. The feeding behavior of C. elegans is no exception. This worm feeds by contracting and relaxing its pharyngeal muscle to move food into its gut. When the worms sense that food is available, this ‘pharyngeal pumping’ is regulated by one type of nerve cell. Slow pharyngeal pumping also continues in starved worms when food is not available, possibly to encourage them to eat new potential sources of food. However, this slow pumping does not require the same type of nerve cell. Cheong et al. hypothesized that the slow pumping in starved worms might depend on neuropeptide signaling instead, and have now tested this idea using engineered worms that made lower levels of a number of these molecules. The experiments uncovered a molecule called NLP-24 that promotes the slow pharyngeal pumping. This molecule is similar to opioid neuropeptides found in mammals. Worms that made less NLP-24 than normal grew more slowly; this suggests that they had problems feeding. Moreover, the levels of NLP-24 were found to increase in normal worms soon after they were deprived of food. Further experiments revealed the identity of the receptor for this molecule, which is also similar to mammalian opioid receptors. The discovery that opioid signaling is involved in C. elegans' feeding behavior may well, in future, also help to identify new molecular players involved in opioid signaling. Further studies might also help the search for ways to reduce the problematic side-effects that limit the usefulness of opiate drugs as medicines. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06683.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Cheong Cheong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
| | - Alexander B Artyukhin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
| | - Young-Jai You
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
| | - Leon Avery
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
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Ceredig RA, Massotte D. Fluorescent knock-in mice to decipher the physiopathological role of G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 5:289. [PMID: 25610398 PMCID: PMC4284998 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate most physiological functions but are also critically involved in numerous pathological states. Approximately a third of marketed drugs target GPCRs, which places this family of receptors in the main arena of pharmacological pre-clinical and clinical research. The complexity of GPCR function demands comprehensive appraisal in native environment to collect in-depth knowledge of receptor physiopathological roles and assess the potential of therapeutic molecules. Identifying neurons expressing endogenous GPCRs is therefore essential to locate them within functional circuits whereas GPCR visualization with subcellular resolution is required to get insight into agonist-induced trafficking. Both remain frequently poorly investigated because direct visualization of endogenous receptors is often hampered by the lack of appropriate tools. Also, monitoring intracellular trafficking requires real-time visualization to gather in-depth knowledge. In this context, knock-in mice expressing a fluorescent protein or a fluorescent version of a GPCR under the control of the endogenous promoter not only help to decipher neuroanatomical circuits but also enable real-time monitoring with subcellular resolution thus providing invaluable information on their trafficking in response to a physiological or a pharmacological challenge. This review will present the animal models and discuss their contribution to the understanding of the physiopathological role of GPCRs. We will also address the drawbacks associated with this methodological approach and browse future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian A Ceredig
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR 3212 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Massotte
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR 3212 Strasbourg, France
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Bissonnette S, Muratot S, Vernoux N, Bezeau F, Calon F, Hébert SS, Samadi P. The effect of striatal pre-enkephalin overexpression in the basal ganglia of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2406-16. [PMID: 24750443 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain dopamine (DA) cell death underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with upregulation of pre-enkephalin (pENK) in striatopallidal neurons. Our previous results obtained with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) parkinsonian monkeys suggest that increased striatal expression of pENK mRNA is a compensatory mechanism to alleviate PD-related motor symptoms. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increased pENK expression in the striatum protects against the neurotoxic insults of MPTP in mice. To this end, recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 also containing green fluorescent protein was used to overexpress pENK prior to DA depletion. Our results showed that overexpression of pENK in the striatum of MPTP mice induced: (i) increased levels of the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK) in the striatum; (ii) higher densities of ENK-positive fibers in both the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra; (iii) higher locomotor activity; and (iv) a higher density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers in the striatum. In addition, striatal overexpression of pENK in MPTP -treated mice led to 52 and 43% higher DA concentrations and DA turnover, respectively, in the GP compared to sham-treated MPTP mice. These observations are in agreement with the idea that increased expression of pENK at an early stage of disease can improve PD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bissonnette
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705, boul. Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Morita K, Shiraishi S, Motoyama N, Kitayama T, Kanematsu T, Uezono Y, Dohi T. Palliation of bone cancer pain by antagonists of platelet-activating factor receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91746. [PMID: 24637403 PMCID: PMC3956712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain is the most severe among cancer pain and is often resistant to current analgesics. Thus, the development of novel analgesics effective at treating bone cancer pain are desired. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists were recently demonstrated to have effective pain relieving effects on neuropathic pain in several animal models. The present study examined the pain relieving effect of PAF receptor antagonists on bone cancer pain using the femur bone cancer (FBC) model in mice. Animals were injected with osteolytic NCTC2472 cells into the tibia, and subsequently the effects of PAF receptor antagonists on pain behaviors were evaluated. Chemical structurally different type of antagonists, TCV-309, BN 50739 and WEB 2086 ameliorated the allodynia and improved pain behaviors such as guarding behavior and limb-use abnormalities in FBC model mice. The pain relieving effects of these antagonists were achieved with low doses and were long lasting. Blockade of spinal PAF receptors by intrathecal injection of TCV-309 and WEB 2086 or knockdown of the expression of spinal PAF receptor protein by intrathecal transfer of PAF receptor siRNA also produced a pain relieving effect. The amount of an inducible PAF synthesis enzyme, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) protein significantly increased in the spinal cord after transplantation of NCTC 2472 tumor cells into mouse tibia. The combination of morphine with PAF receptor antagonists develops marked enhancement of the analgesic effect against bone cancer pain without affecting morphine-induced constipation. Repeated administration of TCV-309 suppressed the appearance of pain behaviors and prolonged survival of FBC mice. The present results suggest that PAF receptor antagonists in combination with, or without, opioids may represent a new strategy for the treatment of persistent bone cancer pain and improve the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Nursing, Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiji Shiraishi
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyo Motoyama
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Division of Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitayama
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Dohi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gu WW, Ao GZ, Zhu YM, Sun SC, Zhou Q, Fan JH, Nobuhiko K, Ishidoh K, Zhang HL, Gao XM. Autophagy and cathepsin L are involved in the antinociceptive effect of DMBC in a mouse acetic acid-writhing model. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1007-12. [PMID: 23912553 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM 2-(3',5'-Dimethoxybenzylidene) cyclopentanone (DMBC) is a novel synthetic compound with antinociceptive activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway in the antinociceptive effect of DMBC in a mouse acetic acid-writhing model. METHODS Mouse acetic acid-writhing test and hotplate test were used to assess the antinociceptive effects of DMBC, 3-MA (autophagy inhibitor) and Clik148 (cathepsin L inhibitor). The drugs were administered peripherally (ip) or centrally (icv). RESULTS Peripheral administration of 3-MA (7.5-30 mg/kg) or Clik148 (10-80 mg/kg) produced potent antinociceptive effect in acetic acid-writhing test. Central administration of 3-MA or Clik148 (12.5-50 nmol/L) produced comparable antinociceptive effect in acetic acid-writhing test. Peripheral administration of DMBC (25-50 mg/kg) produced potent antinociceptive effects in both acetic acid-writhing and hotplate tests. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effect produced by peripheral administration of DMBC (50 mg/kg) in acetic acid-writhing test was antagonized by low doses of 3-MA (3.75 mg/kg) or Clik148 (20 mg/kg) peripherally administered, but was not affected by 3-MA or Clik148 (25 nmol/L) centrally administered. CONCLUSION Activation of central autophagy and cathepsin L is involved in nociception in mice, whereas peripheral autophagy and cathepsin L contributes, at least in part, to the antinociceptive effect of DMBC in mice.
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Font L, Luján MÁ, Pastor R. Involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the psychopharmacological actions of ethanol: the role of acetaldehyde. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:93. [PMID: 23914161 PMCID: PMC3728478 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant evidence implicates the endogenous opioid system (EOS) (opioid peptides and receptors) in the mechanisms underlying the psychopharmacological effects of ethanol. Ethanol modulates opioidergic signaling and function at different levels, including biosynthesis, release, and degradation of opioid peptides, as well as binding of endogenous ligands to opioid receptors. The role of β-endorphin and µ-opioid receptors (OR) have been suggested to be of particular importance in mediating some of the behavioral effects of ethanol, including psychomotor stimulation and sensitization, consumption and conditioned place preference (CPP). Ethanol increases the release of β-endorphin from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (NArc), which can modulate activity of other neurotransmitter systems such as mesolimbic dopamine (DA). The precise mechanism by which ethanol induces a release of β-endorphin, thereby inducing behavioral responses, remains to be elucidated. The present review summarizes accumulative data suggesting that the first metabolite of ethanol, the psychoactive compound acetaldehyde, could participate in such mechanism. Two lines of research involving acetaldehyde are reviewed: (1) implications of the formation of acetaldehyde in brain areas such as the NArc, with high expression of ethanol metabolizing enzymes and presence of cell bodies of endorphinic neurons and (2) the formation of condensation products between DA and acetaldehyde such as salsolinol, which exerts its actions via OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Font
- Area de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I Castellón, Spain
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Petruzziello F, Falasca S, Andren PE, Rainer G, Zhang X. Chronic nicotine treatment impacts the regulation of opioid and non-opioid peptides in the rat dorsal striatum. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1553-62. [PMID: 23436905 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic use of nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco smoking, alters diverse physiological processes and consequently generates physical dependence. To understand the impact of chronic nicotine on neuropeptides, which are potential molecules associated with dependence, we conducted qualitative and quantitative neuropeptidomics on the rat dorsal striatum, an important brain region implicated in the preoccupation/craving phase of drug dependence. We used extensive LC-FT-MS/MS analyses for neuropeptide identification and LC-FT-MS in conjunction with stable isotope addition for relative quantification. The treatment with chronic nicotine for 3 months led to moderate changes in the levels of endogenous dorsal striatum peptides. Five enkephalin opioid peptides were up-regulated, although no change was observed for dynorphin peptides. Specially, nicotine altered levels of nine non-opioid peptides derived from precursors, including somatostatin and cerebellin, which potentially modulate neurotransmitter release and energy metabolism. This broad but selective impact on the multiple peptidergic systems suggests that apart from the opioid peptides, several other peptidergic systems are involved in the preoccupation/craving phase of drug dependence. Our finding permits future evaluation of the neurochemical circuits modulated by chronic nicotine exposure and provides a number of novel molecules that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for treating drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Petruzziello
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musee 5, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
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Weinhofer I, Kunze M, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. Involvement of human peroxisomes in biosynthesis and signaling of steroid and peptide hormones. Subcell Biochem 2013; 69:101-110. [PMID: 23821145 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6889-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although peroxisomes exert essential biological functions, cell type-specific features of this important organelle are still only superficially characterized. An intriguing new aspect of peroxisomal function was recently uncovered by the observation that the peptide hormones β-lipotropin (β-LPH) and β-endorphin are localized to peroxisomes in various human tissues. This suggests a functional link between peptide hormone metabolism and peroxisomes. In addition, because endocrine manifestations that affect steroid hormones are often found in patients suffering from inherited peroxisomal disorders, the question has been raised whether peroxisomes are also involved in steroidogenesis. With this chapter, we will review several crucial aspects concerning peroxisomes and hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Weinhofer
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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Schreiter A, Gore C, Labuz D, Fournie‐Zaluski M, Roques BP, Stein C, Machelska H. Pain inhibition by blocking leukocytic and neuronal opioid peptidases in peripheral inflamed tissue. FASEB J 2012; 26:5161-71. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schreiter
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | - Carmen Gore
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | - Dominika Labuz
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Christoph Stein
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | - Halina Machelska
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
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Nylander I, Roman E. Neuropeptides as mediators of the early-life impact on the brain; implications for alcohol use disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:77. [PMID: 22783165 PMCID: PMC3389713 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is constantly exposed to external and internal input and to function in an ever-changing environment we are dependent on processes that enable the brain to adapt to new stimuli. Exposure to postnatal environmental stimuli can interfere with vital adaption processes and cause long-term changes in physiological function and behavior. Early-life alterations in brain function may result in impaired ability to adapt to new situations, in altered sensitivity to challenges later in life and thereby mediate risk or protection for psychopathology such as alcohol use disorders (AUD). In clinical research the studies of mechanisms, mediators, and causal relation between early environmental factors and vulnerability to AUD are restricted and attempts are made to find valid animal models for studies of the early-life influence on the brain. This review focuses on rodent models and the effects of adverse and naturalistic conditions on peptide networks within the brain and pituitary gland. Importantly, the consequences of alcohol addiction are not discussed but rather neurobiological alterations that can cause risk consumption and vulnerability to addiction. The article reviews earlier results and includes new data and multivariate data analysis with emphasis on endogenous opioid peptides but also oxytocin and vasopressin. These peptides are vital for developmental processes and it is hypothesized that early-life changes in peptide networks may interfere with neuronal processes and thereby contribute the individual vulnerability for AUD. The summarized results indicate a link between early-life rearing conditions, opioids, and ethanol consumption and that the ethanol-induced effects and the treatment with opioid antagonists later in life are dependent on early-life experiences. Endogenous opioids are therefore of interest to further study in the early-life impact on individual differences in vulnerability to AUD and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
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Funkelstein L, Lu WD, Koch B, Mosier C, Toneff T, Taupenot L, O'Connor DT, Reinheckel T, Peters C, Hook V. Human cathepsin V protease participates in production of enkephalin and NPY neuropeptide neurotransmitters. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15232-41. [PMID: 22393040 PMCID: PMC3346103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are required for processing precursors into active neuropeptides that function as neurotransmitters for cell-cell communication. This study demonstrates the novel function of human cathepsin V protease for producing the neuropeptides enkephalin and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Cathepsin V is a human-specific cysteine protease gene. Findings here show that expression of cathepsin V in neuroendocrine PC12 cells and human neuronal SK-N-MC cells results in production of (Met)enkephalin from proenkephalin. Gene silencing of cathepsin V by siRNA in human SK-N-MC cells results in reduction of (Met)enkephalin by more than 80%, illustrating the prominent role of cathepsin V for neuropeptide production. In vitro processing of proenkephalin by cathepsin V occurs at dibasic residue sites to generate enkephalin-containing peptides and an ∼24-kDa intermediate present in human brain. Cathepsin V is present in human brain cortex and hippocampus where enkephalin and NPY are produced and is present in purified human neuropeptide secretory vesicles. Colocalization of cathepsin V with enkephalin and NPY in secretory vesicles of human neuroblastoma cells was illustrated by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, expression of cathepsin V with proNPY results in NPY production. These findings indicate the unique function of human cathepsin V for producing enkephalin and NPY neuropeptides required for neurotransmission in health and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydiane Funkelstein
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - W. Douglas Lu
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Britta Koch
- the Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat, Freiburg, Germany D-79104 Freiburg
| | - Charles Mosier
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Thomas Toneff
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Laurent Taupenot
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Daniel T. O'Connor
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- the Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat, Freiburg, Germany D-79104 Freiburg
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Christoph Peters
- the Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat, Freiburg, Germany D-79104 Freiburg
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Vivian Hook
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
- the Departments of of Neurosciences, Pharmacology, and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Michelsen MM, Støttrup NB, Schmidt MR, Løfgren B, Jensen RV, Tropak M, St-Michel EJ, Redington AN, Bøtker HE. Exercise-induced cardioprotection is mediated by a bloodborne, transferable factor. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:260. [PMID: 22426795 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury but the mechanism remains unclear. Protection can be transferred from a remotely preconditioned human donor to an isolated perfused rabbit heart using a dialysate of plasma. We hypothesized that physical exercise preconditioning also confers cardioprotection through a humorally mediated effector dependent on opioid receptor activation. Thirteen male volunteers performed vigorous exercise (four 2-minute bouts of high-intensity exercise) and 1 week later they underwent remote ischemic preconditioning (four cycles of 5 min upper limb ischemia and reperfusion). Dialysates were prepared from blood collected before (control) and after the two interventions. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused with the dialysates without and with co-administration of naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) prior to 40 min regional ischemia and 2 h reperfusion. Exercise and remote ischemic preconditioning (rIPC) reduced infarct size from 60 ± 5 to 35 ± 5 % and from 57 ± 7 to 27 ± 3 % of the area at risk, respectively (p < 0.05 and < 0.01). Furthermore, post-ischemic left ventricular developed pressure was improved compared with controls (p = 0.08 for exercise and p = 0.04 for rIPC). Co-perfusion with naloxone abrogated the protective effects of exercise and remote ischemic preconditioned dialysates. In conclusion, high-intensity exercise preconditioning elicits cardioprotection through a humorally mediated dependent on opioid receptor activation, similar to rIPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Michelsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Wang L, Angley MT, Gerber JP, Sorich MJ. A review of candidate urinary biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. Biomarkers 2012; 16:537-52. [PMID: 22022826 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.598564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Autism is a complex, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic component potentially impacted by various environmental factors influencing susceptibility. There are no reliable laboratory tests available to confirm an autism diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To examine the published literature and identify putative urinary biomarkers of autism. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic bibliographic databases. RESULTS Putative autism biomarkers were identified that could be categorized according to the key theories that exist regarding the etiology of autism: gastrointestinal factors, immune dysregulation, heavy metal toxicity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION There is scope for specific urinary biomarkers to be useful for identification of autistic metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Wang
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide
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Fechir M, Breimhorst M, Kritzmann S, Geber C, Schlereth T, Baier B, Birklein F. Naloxone inhibits not only stress-induced analgesia but also sympathetic activation and baroreceptor-reflex sensitivity. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fechir
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1; D-55101; Mainz; Germany
| | - M. Breimhorst
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1; D-55101; Mainz; Germany
| | - S. Kritzmann
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1; D-55101; Mainz; Germany
| | - C. Geber
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1; D-55101; Mainz; Germany
| | - T. Schlereth
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1; D-55101; Mainz; Germany
| | - B. Baier
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1; D-55101; Mainz; Germany
| | - F. Birklein
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1; D-55101; Mainz; Germany
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40
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Delta opioid receptor analgesia: recent contributions from pharmacology and molecular approaches. Behav Pharmacol 2011; 22:405-14. [PMID: 21836459 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32834a1f2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Delta opioid receptors represent a promising target for the development of novel analgesics. A number of tools have been developed recently that have significantly improved our knowledge of δ receptor function in pain control. These include several novel δ agonists with potent analgesic properties, and genetic mouse models with targeted mutations in the δ opioid receptor gene. Also, recent findings have further documented the regulation of δ receptor function at cellular level, which impacts on the pain-reducing activity of the receptor. These regulatory mechanisms occur at transcriptional and post-translational levels, along agonist-induced receptor activation, signaling and trafficking, or in interaction with other receptors and neuromodulatory systems. All these tools for in-vivo research, and proposed mechanisms at molecular level, have tremendously increased our understanding of δ receptor physiology, and contribute to designing innovative strategies for the treatment of chronic pain and other diseases such as mood disorders.
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Hook V, Funkelstein L, Wegrzyn J, Bark S, Kindy M, Hook G. Cysteine Cathepsins in the secretory vesicle produce active peptides: Cathepsin L generates peptide neurotransmitters and cathepsin B produces beta-amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:89-104. [PMID: 21925292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent new findings indicate significant biological roles of cysteine cathepsin proteases in secretory vesicles for production of biologically active peptides. Notably, cathepsin L in secretory vesicles functions as a key protease for proteolytic processing of proneuropeptides (and prohormones) into active neuropeptides that are released to mediate cell-cell communication in the nervous system for neurotransmission. Moreover, cathepsin B in secretory vesicles has been recently identified as a β-secretase for production of neurotoxic β- amyloid (Aβ) peptides that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), participating as a notable factor in the severe memory loss in AD. These secretory vesicle functions of cathepsins L and B for production of biologically active peptides contrast with the well-known role of cathepsin proteases in lysosomes for the degradation of proteins to result in their inactivation. The unique secretory vesicle proteome indicates proteins of distinct functional categories that provide the intravesicular environment for support of cysteine cathepsin functions. Features of the secretory vesicle protein systems insure optimized intravesicular conditions that support the proteolytic activity of cathepsins. These new findings of recently discovered biological roles of cathepsins L and B indicate their significance in human health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dept. of Neurosciences, Univ. of Calif., San Diego, USA.
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42
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Femenía T, Pérez-Rial S, Urigüen L, Manzanares J. Prodynorphin gene deletion increased anxiety-like behaviours, impaired the anxiolytic effect of bromazepam and altered GABAA receptor subunits gene expression in the amygdala. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:87-96. [PMID: 20530587 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110367724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the role of prodynorphin gene in the regulation of anxiety and associated molecular mechanisms. Emotional responses were assessed using the light-dark test, elevated plus maze and social interaction tests in prodynorphin knockout and wild-type mice. Corticotrophin releasing factor and proopiomelanocortin gene expressions in the hypothalamus were evaluated after restraint stress using in situ hybridization. The anxiolytic efficacy of bromazepam and GABA(A) receptor subunits gene expression in the amygdala were also assessed in both genotypes. The deletion of prodynorphin increased anxiety-like behaviours and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the arcuate nucleus (two-fold). Moreover, the anxiolytic action of bromazepam was significantly attenuated in the mutant mice. Decreased GABA(A)γ(2) and increased GABA(A)β(2) gene expression receptor subunits were found in the amygdala of prodynorphin knockout mice. These results indicate that deletion of prodynorphin gene is associated with increased anxiety-like behaviours, enhanced sensibility response to stress stimuli, reduced anxiolytic efficacy of bromazepam and altered expression of the GABA(A) receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Femenía
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
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43
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Funkelstein L, Hook V. The novel role of cathepsin L for neuropeptide production illustrated by research strategies in chemical biology with protease gene knockout and expression. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 768:107-125. [PMID: 21805239 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-204-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are essential for cell-cell communication in the nervous and endocrine systems. Production of active neuropeptides requires proteolytic processing of proneuropeptide precursors in secretory vesicles that produce, store, and release neuropeptides that regulate physiological functions. This review describes research strategies utilizing chemical biology combined with protease gene knockout and expression to demonstrate the key role of cathepsin L for production of neuropeptides in secretory vesicles. Cathepsin L was discovered using activity-based probes and mass spectrometry to identify proenkephalin cleaving activity as cathepsin L. Significantly, in vivo protease gene knockout and expression approaches illustrate the key role of cathepsin L for neuropeptide production. Notably, cathepsin L is colocalized with neuropeptide secretory vesicles, the major site of proteolytic processing of proneuropeptides to generate active neuropeptides. Cathepsin L participates in producing opioid neuropeptides consisting of enkephalin, β-endorphin, and dynorphin, as well as in generating the POMC-derived peptide hormones ACTH and α-MSH. In addition, NPY, CCK, and catestatin neuropeptides utilize cathepsin L for their biosynthesis. The role of cathepsin L for neuropeptide production indicates its unique biological role in secretory vesicles, which contrasts with its role in lysosomes for protein degradation. Interesting evaluations of protease gene knockout studies in mice that lack cathepsin L compared to the PC1/3 and PC2 (PC, prohormone convertase) indicate the significant role of cathepsin L in neuropeptide production. Thus, dual cathepsin L and prohormone convertase protease pathways participate in neuropeptide production. These recent new findings indicate cathepsin L as a novel 'proprotein convertase' for production of neuropeptides that mediate cell-cell communication in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydiane Funkelstein
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 93093, USA.
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44
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Funkelstein L, Beinfeld M, Minokadeh A, Zadina J, Hook V. Unique biological function of cathepsin L in secretory vesicles for biosynthesis of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:457-66. [PMID: 21047684 PMCID: PMC3058267 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are essential for cell-cell communication in the nervous and neuroendocrine systems. Production of active neuropeptides requires proteolytic processing of proneuropeptide precursors in secretory vesicles that produce, store, and release neuropeptides that regulate physiological functions. This review describes recent findings indicating the prominent role of cathepsin L in secretory vesicles for production of neuropeptides from their protein precursors. The role of cathepsin L in neuropeptide production was discovered using the strategy of activity-based probes for proenkephalin-cleaving activity for identification of the enzyme protein by mass spectrometry. The novel role of cathepsin L in secretory vesicles for neuropeptide production has been demonstrated in vivo by cathepsin L gene knockout studies, cathepsin L gene expression in neuroendocrine cells, and notably, cathepsin L localization in neuropeptide-containing secretory vesicles. Cathepsin L is involved in producing opioid neuropeptides consisting of enkephalin, β-endorphin, and dynorphin, as well as in generating the POMC-derived peptide hormones ACTH and α-MSH. In addition, NPY, CCK, and catestatin neuropeptides utilize cathepsin L for their biosynthesis. The neuropeptide-synthesizing functions of cathepsin L represent its unique activity in secretory vesicles, which contrasts with its role in lysosomes. Interesting evaluations of protease gene knockout studies in mice that lack cathepsin L compared to those lacking PC1/3 and PC2 (PC, prohormone convertase) indicate the key role of cathepsin L in neuropeptide production. Therefore, dual cathepsin L and prohormone convertase protease pathways participate in neuropeptide production. Significantly, the recent new findings indicate cathepsin L as a novel 'proprotein convertase' for production of neuropeptides that mediate cell-cell communication in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydiane Funkelstein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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45
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Greenwood BN, Foley TE, Le TV, Strong PV, Loughridge AB, Day HEW, Fleshner M. Long-term voluntary wheel running is rewarding and produces plasticity in the mesolimbic reward pathway. Behav Brain Res 2010; 217:354-62. [PMID: 21070820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mesolimbic reward pathway is implicated in stress-related psychiatric disorders and is a potential target of plasticity underlying the stress resistance produced by repeated voluntary exercise. It is unknown, however, whether rats find long-term access to running wheels rewarding, or if repeated voluntary exercise reward produces plastic changes in mesolimbic reward neurocircuitry. In the current studies, young adult, male Fischer 344 rats allowed voluntary access to running wheels for 6 weeks, but not 2 weeks, found wheel running rewarding, as measured by conditioned place preference (CPP). Consistent with prior reports and the behavioral data, 6 weeks of wheel running increased ΔFosB/FosB immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens (Acb). In addition, semi quantitative in situ hybridization revealed that 6 weeks of wheel running, compared to sedentary housing, increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), increased delta opioid receptor (DOR) mRNA levels in the Acb shell, and reduced levels of dopamine receptor (DR)-D2 mRNA in the Acb core. Results indicate that repeated voluntary exercise is rewarding and alters gene transcription in mesolimbic reward neurocircuitry. The duration-dependent effects of wheel running on CPP suggest that as the weeks of wheel running progress, the rewarding effects of a night of voluntary wheel running might linger longer into the inactive cycle thus providing stronger support for CPP. The observed plasticity could contribute to the mechanisms by which exercise reduces the incidence and severity of substance abuse disorders, changes the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, and facilitates successful coping with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Greenwood
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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46
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Höftberger R, Kunze M, Voigtländer T, Unterberger U, Regelsberger G, Bauer J, Aboul-Enein F, Garzuly F, Forss-Petter S, Bernheimer H, Berger J, Budka H. Peroxisomal localization of the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4801-10. [PMID: 20810565 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormones ACTH, MSHs, β-lipotropin (β-LPH), and β-endorphin are all derived from the precursor molecule proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Using confocal laser microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy in human pituitary gland, we demonstrate a peroxisomal localization of β-endorphin and β-LPH in cells expressing the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette-transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). The peroxisomal localization of β-LPH and β-endorphin was not restricted to the pituitary gland but was additionally found in other human tissues that express high levels of ALDP, such as dorsal root ganglia, adrenal cortex, distal tubules of kidney, and skin. In contrast to the peptide hormones β-LPH and β-endorphin, which are derived from the C terminus of POMC, the N-terminal peptides ACTH, α-MSH, and γ-MSH were never detected in peroxisomes. This novel peroxisomal localization of β-endorphin and β-LPH in ALDP-positive cells was confirmed by costaining with ALDP and the peroxisomal marker catalase. Moreover, peroxisomal sorting of β-LPH could be modeled in HeLa cells by ectopic expression of a POMC variant, modified to allow cleavage and release of β-LPH within the secretory pathway. Although β-LPH and β-endorphin were only associated with peroxisomes in cells that normally express ALDP, the transporter activity of ALDP is not necessary for the peroxisomal localization, as demonstrated in tissues of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients lacking functional ALDP. It remains to be elucidated whether and how the peroxisomal localization of POMC-derived hormones has a role in the endocrine dysfunction of peroxisomal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, and Department of Neurology, SMZ-Ost Danube Hospital, AKH 4J, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, P.O. Box 48, A-1097 Vienna, Austria.
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47
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Condamine E, Courchay K, Rego JCD, Leprince J, Mayer C, Davoust D, Costentin J, Vaudry H. Structural and pharmacological characteristics of chimeric peptides derived from peptide E and beta-endorphin reveal the crucial role of the C-terminal YGGFL and YKKGE motifs in their analgesic properties. Peptides 2010; 31:962-72. [PMID: 20138196 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptide E (a 25-amino acid peptide derived from proenkephalin A) and beta-endorphin (a 31-amino acid peptide derived from proopiomelanocortin) bind with high affinity to opioid receptors and share structural similarities but induce analgesic effects of very different intensity. Indeed, whereas they possess the same N-terminus Met-enkephalin message sequence linked to a helix by a flexible spacer and a C-terminal part in random coil conformation, in contrast with peptide E, beta-endorphin produces a profound analgesia. To determine the key structural elements explaining this very divergent opioid activity, we have compared the structural and pharmacological characteristics of several chimeric peptides derived from peptide E and beta-endorphin. Structures were obtained under the same experimental conditions using circular dichroism, computational estimation of helical content and/or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and NMR-restrained molecular modeling. The hot-plate and writhing tests were used in mice to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of the peptides. Our results indicate that neither the length nor the physicochemical profile of the spacer plays a fundamental role in analgesia. On the other hand, while the functional importance of the helix cannot be excluded, the last 5 residues in the C-terminal part seem to be crucial for the expression or absence of the analgesic activity of these peptides. These data raise the question of the true function of peptides E in opioidergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Condamine
- European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, France.
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48
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Yuferov V, Levran O, Proudnikov D, Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Search for genetic markers and functional variants involved in the development of opiate and cocaine addiction and treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:184-207. [PMID: 20201854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Addiction to opiates and illicit use of psychostimulants is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that, if left untreated, can cause major medical, social, and economic problems. This article reviews recent progress in studies of association of gene variants with vulnerability to develop opiate and cocaine addictions, focusing primarily on genes of the opioid and monoaminergic systems. In addition, we provide the first evidence of a cis-acting polymorphism and a functional haplotype in the PDYN gene, of significantly higher DNA methylation rate of the OPRM1 gene in the lymphocytes of heroin addicts, and significant differences in genotype frequencies of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the P-glycoprotein gene (ABCB1) between "higher" and "lower" methadone doses in methadone-maintained patients. In genomewide and multigene association studies, we found association of several new genes and new variants of known genes with heroin addiction. Finally, we describe the development and application of a novel technique: molecular haplotyping for studies in genetics of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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49
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Schwandt ML, Lindell SG, Chen S, Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Heilig M, Barr CS. Alcohol response and consumption in adolescent rhesus macaques: life history and genetic influences. Alcohol 2010; 44:67-80. [PMID: 20113875 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of alcohol by adolescents is a growing problem and has become an important research topic in the etiology of the alcohol use disorders. A key component of this research has been the development of animal models of adolescent alcohol consumption and alcohol response. Because of their extended period of adolescence, rhesus macaques are especially well suited for modeling alcohol-related phenotypes that contribute to the adolescent propensity for alcohol consumption. In this review, we discuss studies from our laboratory that have investigated both the initial response to acute alcohol administration and the consumption of alcohol in voluntary self-administration paradigms in adolescent rhesus macaques. These studies confirm that adolescence is a time of dynamic change both behaviorally and physiologically, and that alcohol response and alcohol consumption are influenced by life history variables, such as age, sex, and adverse early experience in the form of peer-rearing. Furthermore, genetic variants that alter functioning of the serotonin, endogenous opioid, and corticotropin-releasing hormone systems are shown to influence both physiological and behavioral outcomes, in some cases interacting with early experience to indicate gene by environment interactions. These findings highlight several of the pathways involved in alcohol response and consumption, namely reward, behavioral dyscontrol, and vulnerability to stress, and demonstrate a role for these pathways during the early stages of alcohol exposure in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Schwandt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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50
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Le Merrer J, Becker JAJ, Befort K, Kieffer BL. Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1379-412. [PMID: 19789384 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by endogenous opioid peptides processed from three protein precursors, proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. Opioid receptors are recruited in response to natural rewarding stimuli and drugs of abuse, and both endogenous opioids and their receptors are modified as addiction develops. Mechanisms whereby aberrant activation and modifications of the opioid system contribute to drug craving and relapse remain to be clarified. This review summarizes our present knowledge on brain sites where the endogenous opioid system controls hedonic responses and is modified in response to drugs of abuse in the rodent brain. We review 1) the latest data on the anatomy of the opioid system, 2) the consequences of local intracerebral pharmacological manipulation of the opioid system on reinforced behaviors, 3) the consequences of gene knockout on reinforced behaviors and drug dependence, and 4) the consequences of chronic exposure to drugs of abuse on expression levels of opioid system genes. Future studies will establish key molecular actors of the system and neural sites where opioid peptides and receptors contribute to the onset of addictive disorders. Combined with data from human and nonhuman primate (not reviewed here), research in this extremely active field has implications both for our understanding of the biology of addiction and for therapeutic interventions to treat the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Merrer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département Neurobiologie et Génétique, Illkirch, France
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