1
|
Titze N, Chi YP, Haese E, Hartung J, Rodehutscord M. Linkage of in situ ruminal degradation of crude protein with ruminal degradation of amino acids and phytate from different soybean meals in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2011-2025. [PMID: 37944804 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the range in ruminal degradability of crude protein (CP) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein in commercial soybean meal (SBM) and to investigate the range in in situ ruminal AA and phytate (InsP6) degradation and their relationship to CP degradation. An in situ study was conducted using 3 lactating Jersey cows with permanent rumen cannulas. Seventeen SBM variants from Europe, Brazil, Argentina, North America, and India were tested for ruminal CP and AA degradation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein. Nine variants were used to investigate the ruminal degradation of InsP6. The estimated rapidly degradable fraction (a) of CP showed an average value of 4.5% (range: 0.0%-9.0%), the slowly degradable fraction (b) averaged 95% (91%-100%), and the potential degradation was complete for all 17 SBM variants. The degradation of fraction b started after a mean lag phase of 1.7 h (1.1-2.0 h) at an average rate (c) of 10% per hour, but with a high range from 4.5% to 14% per hour. Differences in the degradation parameters induced a considerable range in CP effective degradation at a rumen passage rate of 6% per hour (CPED6) from 38% to 67%; hence, the concentration of rumen undegradable protein varied widely from 33% to 62%. The range in AA degradation between the SBM variants was high, with Ser showing the widest range, from 28% to 96%, and similar for the other AA. The regression equations showed close relationships between CP and AA degradation after 16 h of in situ incubation. However, the slopes of the linear regressions were significantly different between AA, suggesting that degradation among individual AA differs upon a change in CP degradation. The concentrations of InsP6 and myo-inositol pentakisphosphate in bag residues in the in situ study decreased constantly with longer ruminal incubation times. The ruminal degradation parameters of InsP6 ranged from 11% to 37% for fraction a, 63% to 89% for fraction b, and from 7.7% to 21% per hour for degradation rate c, with average values of 21%, 79%, and 16% per hour, respectively. The calculated InsP6 effective degradation at a rumen passage rate of 6% per hour (InsP6ED6) varied from 61% to 84% among the SBM variants. Significant correlations were detected between InsP6ED6 and CPED6 and between InsP6ED6 and chemical protein fractions A, B1, B2, B3, and C. Linear regression equations were developed to predict ruminal InsP6 degradation using CPED6 and chemical protein fractions B3 and C chosen by a stepwise selection procedure. We concluded that a high range in CP, AA, and InsP6 degradation exists among commercial SBM, suggesting that general degradability values may not be precise enough for diet formulation for dairy cows. Degradation of CP in SBM may be used to predict rumen degradation of AA and InsP6 using linear regression equations. Degradation of CP and InsP6 could also be predicted from the chemical protein fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Titze
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Y-P Chi
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Haese
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Hartung
- Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruminal Microbial Degradation of Individual Amino Acids from Heat-Treated Soyabean Meal and Corn Gluten Meal in Continuous Culture. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060688. [PMID: 35327085 PMCID: PMC8944657 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in three periods to study the effects of diets containing heat-treated soyabean meal (HSBM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) on ruminal microbial fermentation and the degradation of individual amino acids (AA). Treatments were a mix of non-protein nitrogen (N; urea and tryptone) that were progressively substituted (0, 33, 67 and 100%) for HSBM or CGM. Ruminal escape of AA was calculated with the slope ratio technique. Total volatile fatty acids (95.0 mM) and molar proportions (mol/100 mol) of acetate (59.3), propionate (21.8) and butyrate (10.5) were not affected by the treatments. As the level of HSBM or CGM increased, the concentration of ammonia-N and the degradation of protein decreased (p < 0.01), and the flows of nonammonia and dietary N increased (p < 0.01) quadratically. Compared with HSBM, CGM provided the highest flow (g/d) of total (20.6 vs. 18.3, p < 0.01), essential (9.04 vs. 8.25, p < 0.04) and nonessential (11.5 vs. 10.0, p < 0.01) AA, and increased linearly (p < 0.01) as the level of supplemental protein increased. Ruminal degradation of essential AA was higher (p < 0.04) than nonessential AA in CGM, but not in HSBM. Degradation of lysine was higher (p < 0.01) in both proteins, and degradation of methionine was higher in CGM. Ruminal degradation of individual AAs differ within and between protein sources and needs to be considered in precision feeding models.
Collapse
|
3
|
Garnsworthy PC, Saunders N, Goodman JR, Marsden M. Evaluation of rumen protected rapeseed expeller (NovaPro) as an alternative to soya bean meal in dairy cow diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Kand D, Dickhoefer U. The effects of rumen nitrogen balance on nutrient intake, nitrogen partitioning, and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows offered different dietary protein sources. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4223-4235. [PMID: 33485679 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the effects of rumen N balance (RNB), dietary protein source, and their interaction on feed intake, N partitioning, and rumen microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were included in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design comprising four 20-d periods, each with 12 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 8 d of sampling. The dietary treatments followed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (i.e., 4 treatments) with 2 main protein sources [faba bean grain (FB) and SoyPass (SP; Beweka Kraftfutterwerk GmbH, Heilbronn, Germany)] offered at 2 dietary RNB levels each [0 g/kg of dry matter, DM (RNB0) and -3.2 g/kg of DM (RNB-)]. The RNB was calculated as the difference between dietary crude protein (CP) intake and the rumen outflow of undegraded feed CP and MCP and divided by 6.25. Composition of concentrate mixtures was adjusted to create diets with desired RNB levels. Each of these protein sources supplied ≥35% of total dietary CP. Both diets for each protein source were isoenergetic but differed in CP concentrations. The DM intake (kg/d) was lower for RNB- than for RNB0 in diets containing FB, whereas no differences were seen between the RNB levels for SP diets. The RNB- decreased N intake and urinary N excretion but increased milk N use efficiency in both FB and SP diets, with greater differences between the RNB levels for FB diets than for SP diets. Similarly, duodenal MCP synthesis (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake) estimated from purine derivatives in the urine was lower for RNB- than for RNB0 in FB diets but similar between the RNB levels in diets containing SP. Low RNB of approximately -65 g/d (approximately -3.2 g/kg of DM) in diets reduced feed intake, N balance, and performance in high-yielding dairy cows with possibly more pronounced effects in diets containing rapidly degradable protein sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Kand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - U Dickhoefer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pormalekshahi A, Fatahnia F, Jafari H, Azarfar A, Varmaghany S, Taasoli G. Interaction of dietary rumen undegradable protein level and supplemental rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid on performance of growing goat kids. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Reyes DC, Annis SL, Rivera SA, Leon-Tinoco AY, Wu C, Perkins LB, Perry JJ, Ma ZX, Knight CW, Castillo MS, Romero JJ. In vitro screening of technical lignins to determine their potential as hay preservatives. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6114-6134. [PMID: 32418699 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate technical lignins for their antifungal properties against 3 molds and 1 yeast causing hay spoilage, and their ability to preserve ground high-moisture alfalfa hay nutritive value in vitro. In experiment 1, 8 technical lignins and propionic acid (PRP; positive control) were tested at a dose of 40 mg/mL. The experiment had a randomized complete block design (RCBD, 4 runs) and a factorial arrangement of 3 molds × 10 additives (ADV). The effects of the ADV on yeast were evaluated separately with a RCBD. Sodium lignosulfonate (NaL) and PRP were the only treatments with 100 ± 2.8% inhibition of fungi. In experiment 2, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for selected lignins and PRP were determined. At pH 4, NaL had the lowest MIC across the molds (20-33.3 mg/mL) and magnesium lignosulfonate (MgL) for the yeast (26.7) among the lignins. However, PRP had MIC values that were several-fold lower across all fungi (1.25-3.33). In experiment 3, a RCBD (5 blocks) with a 3 (ADV; NaL, MgL, and PRP) × 4 (doses: 0, 0.5, 1, and 3% wt/wt fresh basis) factorial arrangement of treatments was used to evaluate the preservative effects of ADV in ground high-moisture alfalfa hay inoculated with a mixture of the fungi previously tested and incubated under aerobic conditions in vitro. After 15 d, relative to untreated hay (14.9), dry matter (DM) losses were lessened by doses as low as 1% for NaL (3.39) and 0.5% for PRP (0.81 ± 0.77%). The mold count was reduced in both NaL at 3% (3.92) and PRP as low as 0.5% (3.94) relative to untreated hay (7.76 ± 0.55 log cfu/fresh g). Consequently, sugars were best preserved by NaL at 3% (10.1) and PRP as low as 0.5% (10.5) versus untreated (7.99 ± 0.283% DM), while keeping neutral detergent fiber values lower in NaL (45.9) and PRP-treated (45.1) hays at the same doses, respectively, relative to untreated (49.7 ± 0.66% DM). Hay DM digestibility was increased by doses as low as 3% for NaL (67.5), 1% MgL (67.0), and 0.5% PRP (68.5) versus untreated hay (61.8 ± 0.77%). The lowest doses increasing neutral detergent fiber digestibility relative to untreated hay (23.3) were 0.5% for MgL and PRP (30.5 and 30.1, respectively) and 1% for NaL (30.7 ± 1.09% DM). Across technical lignins, NaL showed the most promise as a potential hay preservative. However, its effects were limited compared with PRP at equivalent doses. Despite not having an effect on preservation, MgL improved DM digestibility by stimulating neutral detergent fiber digestibility. This study warrants further development of NaL under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Reyes
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - S L Annis
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - S A Rivera
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - A Y Leon-Tinoco
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - C Wu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - L B Perkins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - J J Perry
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - Z X Ma
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C W Knight
- University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono 04469
| | - M S Castillo
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - J J Romero
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono 04469.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Interaction effect of ruminal undegradable protein level and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inclusion in the diet of growing goat kids on meat CLA content and quality traits. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:745-754. [PMID: 31006392 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) level and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (rpCLA) on meat fatty acid (FA) profile, chemical compositions and colour parameters of growing kids. Thirty-two Kurdish goat kids (13·06 ± 1·08 kg body weight) were fed diets differing in RUP level (low = 250 v. high = 350 g/kg of dietary crude protein) supplemented either with 15 g/kg of rpCLA or 12 g/kg of hydrogenated soyabean oil (HSO) for 80 d. Interaction of dietary rpCLA and RUP level had no effect on hot carcass weight, dressing and cut percentage, and meat chemical composition and colour parameters. Meat total SFA, MUFA and PUFA concentrations were not influenced by experimental diets, whereas kids fed diets supplemented with rpCLA had lower meat total SFA and higher PUFA concentrations compared with those fed diets supplemented with HSO. The concentration of meat trans-11-8 : 1 was not influenced by rpCLA supplementation, RUP level and their interaction. Kids fed diets containing rpCLA supplementation had higher meat total CLA and cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomers compared with those fed diets containing HSO supplementation. Desaturase indexes of C14, C16 and C18 were not influenced by rpCLA supplementation, RUP level and their interaction. It is concluded that supplementing growing kids' diets with RUP and 15 g/kg of rpCLA not only decreased meat fat content but also increased some FA considered to be of potential benefit to human health.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sahraei Belverdy M, Alamouti AA, Khadem AA, González J, Carro MD, Kianmehr MH, Azizi MH. Encapsulation of soybean meal with fats enriched in palmitic and stearic acids: effects on rumen-undegraded protein and in vitro intestinal digestibility. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:158-169. [PMID: 30777461 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1575657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fat coating of soybean meal (SBM) can reduce its protein degradability in the rumen, but the encapsulation of SBM with palmitic (PA) and stearic acids (SA) has not yet been investigated, despite both fatty acids are common energy sources in dairy cow diets. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of applying a novel method, using either 400 or 500 g fat/kg (treatments FL40 and FL50, respectively), which was enriched in PA and SA at different ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100), on physical and chemical characteristics, ruminal degradability, solubility and in vitro intestinal protein digestibility (IVIPD) of the obtained products. Encapsulation of SBM in fat resulted in greater mean particle size and lower bulk density and protein solubility than unprotected SBM (USBM). Treatment FL50 resulted in increased (p < 0.01) rumen-undegraded protein (RUP) compared to USBM. There were no differences in RUP of SBM when different PA: SA ratios were used. The mean RUP content of treatments FL40 and FL50 (306 and 349 g/kg, respectively) was greater compared to USBM (262 g/kg, p < 0.05), but lower than that for a standard heat-treated SBM (431 g/kg). Values of IVIPD did not differ among SBM, heat-treated SBM and FL40 and FL50 samples, all being greater than 97.8%. In conclusion, encapsulation of SBM with fats enriched in PA and SA proved to be effective in reducing protein solubility and increasing RUP without depressing protein digestibility in the intestine. For validation of the method, in vivo research to investigate the effects of these products on the production of dairy cows is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sahraei Belverdy
- a Department of Animal and Poultry Science , College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali A Alamouti
- a Department of Animal and Poultry Science , College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Khadem
- a Department of Animal and Poultry Science , College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht , Tehran , Iran
| | - Javier González
- b Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Carro
- b Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Azizi
- d Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture , Tarbait Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liebe D, Firkins J, Tran H, Kononoff P, White R. Technical note: Methodological and feed factors affecting measurement of protein A, B, and C fractions, degradation rate, and intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegraded protein. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8046-8053. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Mahesh MS, Thakur SS, Kumar R, Malik TA, Gami R. Nitrogen fractionation of certain conventional- and lesser-known by-products for ruminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:186-190. [PMID: 29767085 PMCID: PMC5941111 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary proteins for ruminants are fractionated according to solubility, degradability and digestibility. In the present experiment, 11 vegetable protein meals and cakes used in ruminant nutrition were included with a main focus on determining various nitrogen (N) fractions in vitro. Total N (N × 6.25) content varied from 22.98% (mahua cake) to 65.16% (maize gluten meal), respectively. Guar meal korma contained the lowest and rice gluten meal had the highest acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN; N × 6.25). Borate-phosphate insoluble N (BIN, N × 6.25) and Streptomyces griseus protease insoluble N (PIN; N × 6.25) were higher (P < 0.01) in maize gluten meal than in other feeds, whereas groundnut cake and sunflower cake had lower (P < 0.01) BIN, and PIN, respectively. Available N, calculated with the assumption that ADIN is indigestible, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. Furthermore, rapid and slowly degradable N (N × 6.25) was found to be higher (P < 0.01) in groundnut cake and coconut cake, respectively. Intestinal digestion of rumen undegradable protein, expressed as percent of PIN, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. It was concluded that vegetable protein meals differed considerably in N fractions, and therefore, a selective inclusion of particular ingredient is needed to achieve desired level of N fractions to aid precision N rationing for an improved production performance of ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Mahesh
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Sudarshan S Thakur
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Tariq A Malik
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Rajkumar Gami
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
White RR, Kononoff PJ, Firkins JL. Technical note: Methodological and feed factors affecting prediction of ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of essential amino acids. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1946-1950. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Malekjahani F, Mesgaran MD, Vakili A, Sadeghi M, Yu P. A novel approach to determine synchronization index of lactating dairy cow diets with minimal sensitivity to random variations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Effect of type of supplement offered out of parlour on grazing behaviour and performance by lactating dairy cows grazing continuously stocked grass swards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800052930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTwo 4-week experiments were conducted to examine the effect of type of supplement, offered through automatic feeders at pasture, on supplement intake and grazing behaviour by multiparous spring-calving Holstein-Friesian cows grazing continuously stocked grass pastures. Four supplement formulations were used: a dairy concentrate containing 180 g crude protein per kg fresh weight (treatment DC), a high digestible undegraded protein supplement (treatment HP), a high starch, low protein supplement (treatment HS) and a high fibre supplement (treatment HF). In experiment 1, groups of eight cows were provided with access to one of diets DC, HP or HS, with a maximum of 4 kg being available during each of two periods, between 16:00 and 03:30 h and between 03:30 and 14:30 h. During experiment 2, groups of eight cows were provided access to diet DC, HP, HS or HF, up to a maximum of 8 kg between 16:00 and 14:30 h the following day. Detailed measurements of grazing, ruminating and supplement eating behaviour were made using jaw movement recorders and the transponder-controlled out-of-parlour feeder software. Treatment had no effect on intake rate per min or daily intake of supplement in either experiment, but did affect the temporal pattern of concentrate meals. Treatment did not affect grazing bite mass, bite rate or intake rate in either experiment. During experiment 1, compared with treatment DC, treatment HS reduced total eating time, total grazing jaw movements and daily herbage intake and increased ruminative mastications per bolus and ruminative mastications per kg grass OM intake. In experiment 2, compared with treatment DC, only treatment HS reduced total eating time, total grazing jaw movements and daily herbage intake. Treatments HS and HF both increased ruminative mastications per bolus. The results indicate that when supplements are available at pasture there is a conflict between the time required to consume supplements and herbage and that supplement type can affect both the temporal pattern of supplement intake and subsequent grazing activity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hulshof TG, Bikker P, van der Poel AFB, Hendriks WH. Assessment of protein quality of soybean meal and 00-rapeseed meal toasted in the presence of lignosulfonate by amino acid digestibility in growing pigs and Maillard reaction products. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1020-30. [PMID: 27065264 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine protein quality in processed protein sources using the content of AA, -methylisourea (OMIU)-reactive Lys, Maillard reaction products (MRP), and cross-link products; the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA; and growth performance in growing pigs as criteria. Differences in protein quality were created by secondary toasting (at 95°C for 30 min) of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) in the presence of lignosulfonate resulting in processed SBM (pSBM) and processed RSM (pRSM). The processing treatment was used as a model for overprocessed protein sources. Ten growing pigs were each fed 1 of the 4 diets containing SBM, pSBM, RSM, or pRSM in each of 3 periods. Ileal chyme was collected at the end of each period and analyzed for CP, AA, and OMIU-reactive Lys. Diets were analyzed for furosine and carboxymethyllysine (CML) as an indicator for MRP and lysinoalanine (LAL), which is a cross-link product. The SBM and RSM diets contained furosine, CML, and LAL, indicating that the Maillard reaction and cross-linking had taken place in SBM and RSM, presumably during the oil extraction/desolventizing process. The amounts of furosine, CML, and LAL were elevated in pSBM and pRSM due to further processing. Processing resulted in a reduction in total and OMIU-reactive Lys contents and a decrease in G:F from 0.52 to 0.42 for SBM and 0.46 to 0.39 for RSM ( = 0.006), SID of CP from 83.9 to 71.6% for SBM and 74.9 to 64.6% for RSM ( < 0.001), and SID of AA ( < 0.001), with the largest effects for total and OMIU-reactive Lys. The effects of processing could be substantial and should be taken into account when using processed protein sources in diets for growing pigs. The extent of protein damage may be assessed by additional analyses of MRP and cross-link products.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Zhang YG, Liu X, Kopparapu NK, Xin H, Liu J, Guo J. Measurement of the Intestinal Digestibility of Rumen Undegraded Protein Using Different Methods and Correlation Analysis. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1454-64. [PMID: 26323402 PMCID: PMC4554853 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four methods were adopted, including the mobile nylon bag (MNB) method, modified three-step in vitro (MTS) method, original three-step in vitro (OTS) method, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) estimating method, to evaluate the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (DRUP) of 10 types of concentrates and 7 types of roughages. After correlation analysis to determine the DRUP values using the MNB, MTS, OTS, and ADIN methods, the study aimed to find out appropriate methods to replace the MNB method due to its disadvantages such as high price, long time period, and use of a duodenal T-fistula. Three dairy cows with a permanent ruminal fistula and duodenal T-fistula were used in a single-factor experimental design. The results showed that the determined DRUP values using the MNB method for soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, corn germ meal, corn, rice bran, barley, wheat bran, corn fiber feed, Alfalfa (Zhao dong), Alfalfa (Long mu 801), Alfalfa (Long mu 803), grass (North), Grass (Inner Mongolia), corn silage and corn straw were 98.13%, 87.37%, 88.47%, 82.60%, 75.40%, 93.23%, 69.27%, 91.27%, 72.37%, 79.03%, 66.72%, 68.64%, 73.57%, 50.47%, 51.52%, 54.05%, and 43.84%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.964) of the results between the MTS method and the MNB method was higher than that (R2 = 0.942) between the OTS method and the MNB method. The coefficient of determination of the DRUP values of the concentrates among the in vitro method (including the MTS and OTS methods) and the MNB method was higher than that of the roughage. There was a weak correlation between the determined DRUP values in concentrates obtained from the ADIN method and those from the MNB method, and there was a significant correlation (p<0.01) between the determined DRUP values of the roughage obtained from the MNB method and those obtained from ADIN method. The DRUP values were significantly correlated with the nutritional ingredients of the feeds. The regression equation was DRUP =100.5566+0.4169CP − 0.4344SP − 0.7102NDF − 0.7950EE (R2 = 0.8668, p<0.01; CP, crude protein; SP, soluble protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; EE, ether extract). It was concluded that both the MTS method and the OTS may suitable to replace the MNB method for determining the DRUP values and the former method was more effective. Only the ADIN method could be used to predict the values of the roughages but conventional nutritional ingredients were available for all of the samples’ DRUP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China ; Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Y G Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - N K Kopparapu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Hangshu Xin
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prediction of rumen degradability parameters of a wide range of forages and non-forages by NIRS. Animal 2015; 9:1163-71. [PMID: 25692809 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetics of nutrient degradation in the rumen is an important component of feed evaluation systems for ruminants. The in situ technique is commonly used to obtain such dynamic parameters, but it requires cannulated animals and incubations last several days limiting its application in practice. On the other hand, feed industry relies strongly on NIRS to predict chemical composition of feeds and it has been used to predict nutrient degradability parameters. However, most of these studies were feedstuff specific, predicting degradability parameters of a particular feedstuff or category of feedstuffs, mainly forages or compound feeds and not grains and byproducts. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of NIRS to predict degradability parameters and effective degradation utilizing a wide range of feedstuffs commonly used in ruminant nutrition. A database of 809 feedstuffs was created. Feedstuffs were grouped as forages (FF; n=256), non-forages (NF; n=539) and of animal origin (n=14). In situ degradability data for dry matter (DM; n=665), CP (n=682) and NDF (n=100) were collected. Degradability was described in terms of washable fraction (a), slowly degradable fraction (b) and its rate of degradation (c). All samples were scanned from 1100 to 2500 nm using an NIRSystems 5000 scanning in reflectance mode. Calibrations were developed for all samples (ALL), FF and NF. Equations were validated with an external validation set of 20% of total samples. NIRS equations to predict the effective degradability and fractions a and b of DM, CP and NDF could be evaluated from being adequate for screening (r(2)>0.77; ratio of performance to deviation (RPD)=2.0 to 2.9) to suitable for quantitative purposes (r(2)>0.84; RPD=3.1 to 4.7), and some predictions were improved by group separation reducing the standard error of prediction. Similarly, the rate of degradation of CP (CP(c)) and DM (DM(c)) was predicted for screening purposes (RPD⩾2 and 2.5 for CP(c) and DM(c), respectively). However, the rate of degradation of NDF was not predicted accurately (NDF(c) : r(2)<0.75; RDP<2).
Collapse
|
17
|
Akbarian A, Khorvash M, Ghorbani GR, Ghasemi E, Dehghan-Banadaky M, Shawrang P, Hosseini Ghaffari M. Effects of roasting and electron beam irradiating on protein characteristics, ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of soybean and the performance of dairy cows. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
Lorenz MM, Alkhafadji L, Stringano E, Nilsson S, Mueller-Harvey I, Udén P. Relationship between condensed tannin structures and their ability to precipitate feed proteins in the rumen. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:963-968. [PMID: 23934572 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tannins can bind to and precipitate protein by forming insoluble complexes resistant to fermentation and with a positive effect on protein utilisation by ruminants. Three protein types, Rubisco, rapeseed protein and bovine serum albumin (a single high-molecular weight protein), were used to test the effects of increasing concentrations of structurally different condensed tannins on protein solubility/precipitation. RESULTS Protein type (PT) influenced solubility after addition of condensed tannins (P < 0.001) in the order: Rubisco < rapeseed < BSA (P < 0.05). The type of condensed tannin (CT) affected protein solubility (P = 0.001) with a CT × PT interaction (P = 0.001). Mean degree of polymerisation, proportions of cis- versus trans-flavanol subunits or prodelphinidins versus procyanidins among CTs could not explain precipitation capacities. Increasing tannin concentration decreased protein solubility (P < 0.001) with a PT × CT concentration interaction. The proportion of low-molecular weight rapeseed proteins remaining in solution increased with CT concentration but not with Rubisco. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that PT and CT type are both of importance for protein precipitation but that the CT structures investigated did not allow identification of parameters that contribute most to precipitation. It is possible that the three-dimensional structures of tannins and proteins may be more important factors in tannin-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Lorenz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Kungsängen Research Centre, 753 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maxin G, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Ruminal degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids in soybean meal, canola meal, corn, and wheat dried distillers grains. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5151-60. [PMID: 23769369 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Different protein sources, such as canola meal (CM) or dried distillers grains (DDG), are currently used in dairy rations to replace soybean meal (SBM). However, little data exists comparing their rumen degradation in a single study. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and AA of SBM, CM, high-protein corn DDG (HPDDG), and wheat DDG plus solubles (WDDGS). In situ studies were conducted with 4 rumen-fistulated lactating Holstein cows fed a diet containing 38% grass hay and 62% corn-based concentrate. Each protein source was incubated in the rumen of each cow in nylon bags for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h to determine DM and CP rumen degradation kinetics, whereas additional bags were also incubated for 16 h to evaluate AA ruminal disappearance. Rumen DM and CP degradability was calculated from rumen-undegraded residues corrected or not for small particle loss. Data were fitted to an exponential model to estimate degradation parameters and effective degradability (ED) was calculated with a passage rate of 0.074 h(-1). The WDDGS and SBM had higher uncorrected ED (DM=75.0 and 72.6%; CP=84.8 and 66.0%, respectively) than CM and HPDDG (DM=57.2 and 55.5%; CP=59.3 and 48.2%, respectively), due to higher soluble fraction in WDDGS and a combination of higher potentially degradable fraction and rate of degradation in SBM. Correction for small particle loss from bags, higher for WDDGS than for the other protein sources, decreased estimated ED but did not alter feed ranking. The ruminal disappearance of AA after 16 h of incubation reflected the overall pattern of CP degradation between protein supplements, but the ruminal disappearance of individual AA differed between protein supplements. Overall, these results indicate that, in the current study, (1) SBM and WDDGS were more degradable in the rumen than CM and HPDDG, and (2) that small particle loss correction is relevant but does not alter this ranking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Maxin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huhtanen P, Hetta M, Swensson C. Evaluation of canola meal as a protein supplement for dairy cows: A review and a meta-analysis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Huhtanen, P., Hetta, M. and Swensson, C. 2011. Evaluation of canola meal as a protein supplement for dairy cows: A review and a meta-analysis. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 529–543. A review and a meta-analysis were conducted to compare the feeding value of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) in dairy cows and to evaluate the effects of heat-treatment of CM (TCM) on the performance of dairy cows. The dataset included in total 292 treatment means from 122 studies, in which dietary crude protein (CP) concentration was increased by replacing energy supplements with protein supplements. A mixed model regression analysis with random study effect was used to estimate the marginal production responses to different protein sources. The differences between the slopes were compared by t-test. All protein sources increased dry matter intake, but the responses were greater (P<0.01) for CM and TCM compared with SBM. Feeding CM or TCM produced greater (P<0.01) daily milk yield responses than SBM (3.4±0.19 and 3.7±0.25 vs. 2.1±0.25) kg kg−1 increase in CP intake. Marginal milk protein yield responses (g kg−1 increase in CP intake) were greater (P<0.01) for CM (136±5.4) and TCM (133±8.5) compared with SBM (98±8.0). Smaller response to incremental CP intake can partly be related to the higher average dietary CP concentration in SBM studies. Literature data on rumen ammonia N concentration and omasal protein flow did not support the higher ruminal tabulated ruminal CP degradability of CM compared with SBM. It is concluded that CM can successfully be substituted for SBM on isonitrogenous basis and that most feed evaluation systems overestimate metabolizable protein concentration of SBM relative to CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Huhtanen
- Department of Agriculture for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - M. Hetta
- Department of Agriculture for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - C. Swensson
- Department of Rural Buildings and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden and Swedish Dairy Association, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prestløkken E, Rise O. Protein and Amino Acid Digestibility in Dairy Cows Measured with Mobile Nylon Bags Recovered in Ileum or in Faeces. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700310001991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egil Prestløkken
- a Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling, c/o Department of Animal Science , Agricultural University of Norway , Boks 5025, NO-1432 , Ås
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Larsen M, Lund P, Weisbjerg M, Hvelplund T. Digestion site of starch from cereals and legumes in lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
González J, Ouarti M, Rodríguez CA, Centeno C. A simplified management of thein situevaluation of feedstuffs in ruminants: Application to the study of the digestive availability of protein and amino acids corrected for the ruminal microbial contamination. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:304-20. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Rumen and post-abomasal disappearance in lactating cows of amino acids and other components of barley grain treated with sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde or urea. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Nasri MF, France J, Danesh Mesgaran M, Kebreab E. Effect of heat processing on ruminal degradability and intestinal disappearance of nitrogen and amino acids in Iranian whole soybean. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Sadeghi A, Shawrang P. Effect of ethanol concentration on the kinetics of ruminal degradation of soybean meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
27
|
Dehghan-Banadaky M, Nikkhah A, Amanlo H, Mesgaran MD, Mansori H. Rumen and post abomasal disappearance of amino acids and some nutrients of barley grain treated with sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde or urea in lactating cows. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:1525-31. [PMID: 19069969 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.1525.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four rumen and duodenum cannulated, Holstein lactating cows were used in a change-over design to determine the effects of NaOH, Formaldehyde or Urea treated barley on disappearance of Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Amino Acids (AA), NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses and starch in rumen, Post Abomasal Tract (PAT) and total tract by mobile nylon bag technique. Experimental treatments were coarse milled barley, barley treated with 3.5% NaOH, barley treated with 0.4% formaldehyde and barley treated with 3.5% urea that all chemical treated barley milled coarse before feeding. NaOH Treatment reduced concentrations of Lysine and Cystine in the barley grain. All chemical treatments decreased rumen disappearances of barley CP but only NaOH and Formaldehyde treatments also decrease total AA and some of the AA disappearances in the rumen. All chemical treatments increased DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose disappearance of barley in the PAT. But only NaOH and Formaldehyde treatments increased total AA and most of AA disappearances in the PAT. Effect of chemical treatments on increase of disappearance of starch, Met and Gly in the total tract was significant (p < 0.05). Rumen disappearance of TAA was lower than CP but PAT disappearance of TAA was more than CP and finally total tract disappearance of TAA was more than CP. Individual AA in barley disappeared at different rates in the rumen and PAT. Consequently, the proportion of digesta CP and AA entering the intestine must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dehghan-Banadaky
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Borucki Castro SI, Phillip LE, Lapierre H, Jardon PW, Berthiaume R. Ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in treated soybean meal products. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:810-22. [PMID: 17235158 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four lactating dairy cows equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to determine the impact of different methods of treating soybean meal (SBM) on the ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of crude protein and AA. Solvent-extracted SBM (SE), expeller SBM (EP), lignosulfonate SBM (LS), and heat and soyhulls SBM (HS) were incubated in the rumen in nylon bags for 48, 24, 16, 8, 4, 2, and 0 h according to National Research Council (2001) guidelines. Additional samples of each SBM product were also incubated for 16 h in the rumen; the residues from these bags were transferred to mobile bags, soaked in pepsin HCl, and then used for determination of intestinal digestibility in situ or in vitro. Treatment of SBM (EP, LS, HS) protected the crude protein and AA from ruminal degradation, increasing rumen undegradable protein from 42% in SE to 68% in EP. Kinetic analysis of crude protein and AA degradation in the rumen revealed that, compared with LS and HS, EP exhibited slower rates of degradation but a shorter lag phase and a higher proportion of soluble protein. For all SBM products, the pattern of ruminal degradation, at 16 h of incubation, was characterized by extensive degradation of Lys and His, whereas Met and the branched-chain AA were degraded to the least extent. Estimates of intestinal digestibility of AA and crude protein were lower when measured in vitro than in situ; the magnitude of the difference between the 2 methods was greater (25%) with treated SBM products than with SE (10%). The availability of essential and nonessential AA was consistently greater (30%) with treated SBM than with SE. Among the treated SBM products, 4 essential AA (Ile, Leu, Phe, and Val) showed differences in availability, with values consistently lower for HS than for LS. This study showed that, based on in situ measures, heat and chemical treatment of SBM enhanced AA availability, and that compared with HS, EP and LS had a higher potential to enhance the AA supply to the small intestine of high-producing dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Borucki Castro
- McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sadeghi A, Nikkhah A, Shawrang P, Shahrebabak M. Protein degradation kinetics of untreated and treated soybean meal using SDS-PAGE. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Sinclair L, Cooper S, Huntington J, Wilkinson R, Hallett K, Enser M, Wood J. In vitro biohydrogenation of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protected against ruminal microbial metabolism. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
31
|
Ipharraguerre IR, Clark JH, Freeman DE. Rumen Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients in Dairy Cows Fed Rumen-Protected Soy Products. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:2879-92. [PMID: 16027203 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four multiparous lactating Holstein cows that were fistulated in the rumen and duodenum and that averaged 205 d in milk were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate the practical replacement of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) with soy protein products of reduced ruminal degradability. On a dry matter (DM) basis, diets contained 15% alfalfa silage, 25% corn silage, 34.3 to 36.9% corn grain, 19.4% soy products, 18.2% crude protein, 25.5% neutral detergent fiber, and 35.3% starch. In the experimental diets, SSBM was replaced with expeller soybean meal (ESBM); heated, xylose-treated soybean meal (NSBM); or whole roasted soybeans (WRSB) to supply 10.2% of the dietary DM. Intakes of DM (mean = 20.4 kg/d), organic matter, and starch were unaffected by the source of soy protein. Similarly, true ruminal fermentation of organic matter and apparent digestion of starch in the rumen and total tract were not altered by treatments. Intake of N ranged from 567 (WRSB) to 622 g/d (ESBM), but differences among soy protein supplements were not significant. Compared with SSBM, the ruminal outflow of nonammonia N was higher for NSBM, tended to be higher for ESBM, and was similar for WRSB. The intestinal supply of nonammonia nonmicrobial N was higher for NSBM and WRSB and tended to be higher for ESBM than for SSBM. However, no differences were detected among treatments when the flow to the duodenum of nonammonia nonmicrobial N was expressed as a percentage of N intake or nonammonia N flow. The ruminal outflow of microbial N, Met, and Lys was not altered by the source of soy protein. Data suggest that partially replacing SSBM with ESBM, NSBM, or WRSB may increase the quantity of feed protein that reaches the small intestines of dairy cows. However, significant improvements in the supply of previously reported limiting amino acids for milk production, particularly of Met, should not be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Ipharraguerre
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tuncer S, Sacakli P. Rumen degradability characteristics of xylose treated canola and soybean meals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
In situ digestibility of protein in barley grain (Hordeum vulgare) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) in dairy cows: influence of heat treatment and glucose addition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
34
|
Loe E, Bauer M, Lardy G, Caton J. Effect of dietary inclusion of concentrated separator by-product and weaning management on performance of newly received feedlot steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Harstad O, Prestløkken E. Rumen degradability and intestinal indigestibility of individual amino acids in corn gluten meal, canola meal and fish meal determined in situ. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
36
|
Effect of heat treatment of soybean meal and fish meal on amino acid digestibility in mink and dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|