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Rosales-García RA, Rautsaw RM, Hofmann EP, Grünwald CI, Franz-Chavez H, Ahumada-Carrillo IT, Ramirez-Chaparro R, de la Torre-Loranca MA, Strickland JL, Mason AJ, Holding ML, Borja M, Castañeda-Gaytan G, Myers EA, Sasa M, Rokyta DR, Parkinson CL. Sequence Divergence in Venom Genes Within and Between Montane Pitviper (Viperidae: Crotalinae: Cerrophidion) Species is Driven by Mutation-Drift Equilibrium. J Mol Evol 2023; 91:514-535. [PMID: 37269364 PMCID: PMC10995822 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom can vary both among and within species. While some groups of New World pitvipers-such as rattlesnakes-have been well studied, very little is known about the venom of montane pitvipers (Cerrophidion) found across the Mesoamerican highlands. Compared to most well-studied rattlesnakes, which are widely distributed, the isolated montane populations of Cerrophidion may facilitate unique evolutionary trajectories and venom differentiation. Here, we describe the venom gland transcriptomes for populations of C. petlalcalensis, C. tzotzilorum, and C. godmani from Mexico, and a single individual of C. sasai from Costa Rica. We explore gene expression variation in Cerrophidion and sequence evolution of toxins within C. godmani specifically. Cerrophidion venom gland transcriptomes are composed primarily of snake venom metalloproteinases, phospholipase A[Formula: see text]s (PLA[Formula: see text]s), and snake venom serine proteases. Cerrophidion petlalcalensis shows little intraspecific variation; however, C. godmani and C. tzotzilorum differ significantly between geographically isolated populations. Interestingly, intraspecific variation was mostly attributed to expression variation as we did not detect signals of selection within C. godmani toxins. Additionally, we found PLA[Formula: see text]-like myotoxins in all species except C. petlalcalensis, and crotoxin-like PLA[Formula: see text]s in the southern population of C. godmani. Our results demonstrate significant intraspecific venom variation within C. godmani and C. tzotzilorum. The toxins of C. godmani show little evidence of directional selection where variation in toxin sequence is consistent with evolution under a model of mutation-drift equilibrium. Cerrophidion godmani individuals from the southern population may exhibit neurotoxic venom activity given the presence of crotoxin-like PLA[Formula: see text]s; however, further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhett M Rautsaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Erich P Hofmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Science Department, Cape Fear Community College, Wilmington, NC, 28401, USA
| | | | - Hector Franz-Chavez
- Herp.mx A.C., Colima, Mexico
- Biodiversa A. C., Chapala, Jalisco, 45900, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jason L Strickland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Andrew J Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew L Holding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Miguel Borja
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universdad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, 35010, Mexico
| | - Gamaliel Castañeda-Gaytan
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universdad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, 35010, Mexico
| | - Edward A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Centro Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical and Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Darin R Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Christopher L Parkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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2
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Lian Q, Zhong L, Fu K, Ji Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Huang C. Hepatic inhibitors expression profiling of venom-challenged Sinonatrix annularis and antidotal activities. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Delgado A, Benedict C, Macrander J, Daly M. Never, Ever Make an Enemy… Out of an Anemone: Transcriptomic Comparison of Clownfish Hosting Sea Anemone Venoms. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120730. [PMID: 36547877 PMCID: PMC9782873 DOI: 10.3390/md20120730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea anemones are predatory marine invertebrates and have diverse venom arsenals. Venom is integral to their biology, and is used in competition, defense, and feeding. Three lineages of sea anemones are known to have independently evolved symbiotic relationships with clownfish, however the evolutionary impact of this relationship on the venom composition of the host is still unknown. Here, we investigate the potential of this symbiotic relationship to shape the venom profiles of the sea anemones that host clownfish. We use transcriptomic data to identify differences and similarities in venom profiles of six sea anemone species, representing the three known clades of clownfish-hosting sea anemones. We recovered 1121 transcripts matching verified toxins across all species, and show that hemolytic and hemorrhagic toxins are consistently the most dominant and diverse toxins across all species examined. These results are consistent with the known biology of sea anemones, provide foundational data on venom diversity of these species, and allow for a review of existing hierarchical structures in venomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Delgado
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Charlotte Benedict
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason Macrander
- Department of Biology, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL 33815, USA
| | - Marymegan Daly
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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4
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Bibliometric Analysis of Literature in Snake Venom-Related Research Worldwide (1933–2022). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162058. [PMID: 36009648 PMCID: PMC9405337 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Around the world, snake envenomation poses a serious health risk. Proteins with pharmacological effects are present in snake venom. Recent studies elaborate snake venom and its potential application, including as a cancer drug and antibacterial substances. Our study aimed to analyze the global profile of the literature in snake venom research from documents indexed in the Scopus database between 1933 and 2022. In total, 2999 documents were published with Brazil showing the highest productivity. Antivenom, proteomics, and transcriptomics are emerging as hot topics on a global scale. The present study offers a distinctive overview of snake venom research conducted worldwide. Abstract Snake envenomation is a severe economic and health concern affecting countries worldwide. Snake venom carries a wide variety of small peptides and proteins with various immunological and pharmacological properties. A few key research areas related to snake venom, including its applications in treating cancer and eradicating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, have been gaining significant attention in recent years. The goal of the current study was to analyze the global profile of literature in snake venom research. This study presents a bibliometric review of snake venom-related research documents indexed in the Scopus database between 1933 and 2022. The overall number of documents published on a global scale was 2999, with an average annual production of 34 documents. Brazil produced the highest number of documents (n = 729), followed by the United States (n = 548), Australia (n = 240), and Costa Rica (n = 235). Since 1963, the number of publications has been steadily increasing globally. At a worldwide level, antivenom, proteomics, and transcriptomics are growing hot issues for research in this field. The current research provides a unique overview of snake venom research at global level from 1933 through 2022, and it may be beneficial in guiding future research.
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Gopalan SS, Perry BW, Schield DR, Smith CF, Mackessy SP, Castoe TA. Origins, genomic structure and copy number variation of snake venom myotoxins. Toxicon 2022; 216:92-106. [PMID: 35820472 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine, myotoxin a and homologs are short peptides that often comprise major fractions of rattlesnake venoms and have been extensively studied for their bioactive properties. These toxins are thought to be important for rapidly immobilizing mammalian prey and are implicated in serious, and sometimes fatal, responses to envenomation in humans. While high quality reference genomes for multiple venomous snakes are available, the loci that encode myotoxins have not been successfully assembled in any existing genome assembly. Here, we integrate new and existing genomic and transcriptomic data from the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) to reconstruct, characterize, and infer the chromosomal locations of myotoxin-encoding loci. We integrate long-read transcriptomics (Pacific Bioscience's Iso-Seq) and short-read RNA-seq to infer gene sequence diversity and characterize patterns of myotoxin and paralogous β-defensin expression across multiple tissues. We also identify two long non-coding RNA sequences which both encode functional myotoxins, demonstrating a newly discovered source of venom coding sequence diversity. We also integrate long-range mate-pair chromatin contact data and linked-read sequencing to infer the structure and chromosomal locations of the three myotoxin-like loci. Further, we conclude that the venom-associated myotoxin is located on chromosome 1 and is adjacent to non-venom paralogs. Consistent with this locus contributing to venom composition, we find evidence that the promoter of this gene is selectively open in venom gland tissue and contains transcription factor binding sites implicated in broad trans-regulatory pathways that regulate snake venoms. This study provides the best genomic reconstruction of myotoxin loci to date and raises questions about the physiological roles and interplay between myotoxin and related genes, as well as the genomic origins of snake venom variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth S Gopalan
- Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Blair W Perry
- Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Drew R Schield
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Cara F Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, 501 20th Street, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 12801 East 17th Avenue, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, 501 20th Street, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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Yin X, Guo S, Gao J, Luo L, Liao X, Li M, Su H, Huang Z, Xu J, Pei J, Chen S. Kinetic analysis of effects of temperature and time on the regulation of venom expression in Bungarus multicinctus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14142. [PMID: 32839510 PMCID: PMC7445180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Venom gland is a highly efficient venom production system to maintain their predatory arsenal. Venom toxins mRNA has been shown to increase abruptly in snake after venom expenditure, while the dynamics of venom accumulation during synthesis are poorly understood. Here, PacBio long-read sequencing, Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and label-free proteome quantification were used to investigate the composition landscape and time- and temperature-dependent dynamics changes of the Bungarus multicinctus venom gland system. Transcriptome data (19.5223 Gb) from six adult B. multicinctus tissues were sequenced using PacBio RS II to generate a reference assembly, and average 7.28 Gb of clean RNA-seq data was obtained from venom glands by Illumina sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly were protein processing rather than venom toxins. Post-translational modifications provided the evidence of the significantly different proportions of toxins in the venom proteome with the changing of replenishment time and temperature, but constant of venom toxins mRNA in the venom gland transcriptome. Dynamic of toxins and genes involved in venom gland contraction suggesting the formation of the mature venom gland system would take at least 9 days. In addition, 59 toxin processing genes were identified, peptidylprolyl isomerase B of which underwent positive selection in Toxicofera. These results provide a reference for determining the extraction time of venom, production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibody for precise treatment plans of venomous snakebites, and construction of an in vitro synthesis system for snake venom protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xuejiao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Su
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jin Pei
- Key Laboratory of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Rodrigues CR, Molina DAM, Silva de Assis TC, Liberato C, Melo-Braga MN, Ferreyra CB, Cárdenas J, Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Proteomic and toxinological characterization of Peruvian pitviper Bothrops brazili ("jergón shushupe"), venom. Toxicon 2020; 184:19-27. [PMID: 32479836 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops brazili is a pitviper from Amazonian region, responsible for many accidents in Peru. Despite its relevance, its venom has not been extensively characterized. In the present work, Bothrops brazili venom (BbV) components were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Approximately 37 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) were the most abundant proteins of the venom (33.05%), followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 26.11%), phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 25.57%), snake C-type lectins (CTLs, 9.61%), L-aminoacid oxidase (LAAO, 3.80%), cystein-rich secretory proteins (CRISP, 1.67%) and Bradykinin-potentiating peptide (BPP, 0.20%). In vitro enzymatic activities of BbV showed high levels of SVMP activity and reduced Hyal activity in comparison with other bothropic venoms. Furthermore, BbV reduced VERO cells viability. ELISA and Western Blotting showed that both Peruvian and Brazilian bothropic antivenoms were able to recognize BbV components. This work provides an overview of BbV venom content and indicates a potential efficiency of Peruvian and Brazilian antivenoms to treat accidents with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis Alexis Molina Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thamyres C Silva de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Liberato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcella N Melo-Braga
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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First report on BaltCRP, a cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) from Bothrops alternatus venom: Effects on potassium channels and inflammatory processes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:556-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Oliveira LS, Estevão-Costa MI, Alvarenga VG, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Yarleque A, Lima AM, Cavaco A, Eble JA, Sanchez EF. Atroxlysin-III, A Metalloproteinase from the Venom of the Peruvian Pit Viper Snake Bothrops atrox (Jergón) Induces Glycoprotein VI Shedding and Impairs Platelet Function. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193489. [PMID: 31561469 PMCID: PMC6803841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atroxlysin-III (Atr-III) was purified from the venom of Bothrops atrox. This 56-kDa protein bears N-linked glycoconjugates and is a P-III hemorrhagic metalloproteinase. Its cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence reveals a multidomain structure including a proprotein, a metalloproteinase, a disintegrin-like and a cysteine-rich domain. Its identity with bothropasin and jararhagin from Bothrops jararaca is 97% and 95%, respectively. Its enzymatic activity is metal ion-dependent. The divalent cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+, enhance its activity, whereas excess Zn2+ inhibits it. Chemical modification of the Zn2+-complexing histidine residues within the active site by using diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) inactivates it. Atr-III degrades plasma fibronectin, type I-collagen, and mainly the α-chains of fibrinogen and fibrin. The von Willebrand factor (vWF) A1-domain, which harbors the binding site for GPIb, is not hydrolyzed. Platelets interact with collagen via receptors for collagen, glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and α2β1 integrin. Neither the α2β1 integrin nor its collagen-binding A-domain is fragmented by Atr-III. In contrast, Atr-III cleaves glycoprotein VI (GPVI) into a soluble ~55-kDa fragment (sGPVI). Thereby, it inhibits aggregation of platelets which had been stimulated by convulxin, a GPVI agonist. Selectively, Atr-III targets GPVI antagonistically and thus contributes to the antithrombotic effect of envenomation by Bothrops atrox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Oliveira
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Inácia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Valéria G Alvarenga
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima 14-0576, Peru.
| | - Armando Yarleque
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima 14-0576, Peru.
| | - Augusto Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Cavaco
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Eladio F Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Jia Y, Olvera P, Rangel F, Mendez B, Reddy S. Rapid Identification of Phospholipase A₂ Transcripts from Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E69. [PMID: 30691065 PMCID: PMC6409593 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) is a major component in snake venoms and it is found in many different isoforms. To identify transcripts encoding different PLA₂ isoforms, we developed a simple, rapid procedure. Total RNA was extracted from the venoms of three cottonmouth snakes and two diamondback rattlesnakes, and further reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA). Using one pair of cottonmouth PLA₂-specific primers and a Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique, we identified 27 unique full-length PLA₂ transcripts, including nine sequences identical to the previously documented ones in the database and one novel GIII-like PLA₂. Two common transcripts respectively encoding Asp49 and Lys49 PLA₂ isoforms were identified in all three cottonmouth venoms, that contain more PLA₂ transcripts than the diamondback rattlesnake venoms. The placement of cloned PLA₂ transcripts in snake venom PLA₂s was further discussed by phylogenetic analysis. The procedure developed in this study paves the way for accelerated acquisition of transcriptome data on any other venom toxin families. The results obtained are crucial for insight into the structure and function of PLA₂ isoforms for scientific and potential therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jia
- Biology Department, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Pablo Olvera
- Biology Department, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Frida Rangel
- Mathematics and Science Academy, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Bianca Mendez
- Mathematics and Science Academy, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Samir Reddy
- Mathematics and Science Academy, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
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11
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Coimbra FCP, Dobson J, Zdenek CN, Op den Brouw B, Hamilton B, Debono J, Masci P, Frank N, Ge L, Kwok HF, Fry BG. Does size matter? Venom proteomic and functional comparison between night adder species (Viperidae: Causus) with short and long venom glands. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 211:7-14. [PMID: 29758383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Night adders (Causus species within the Viperidae family) are amphibian specialists and a common source of snakebite in Africa. Some species are unique in that they have the longest venom glands of any viper, extending approximately 10% of the body length. Despite their potential medical importance and evolutionary novelty, their venom has received almost no research attention. In this study, venoms from a short-glanded species (C. lichtensteinii) and from a long-glanded species (C. rhombeatus) were compared using a series of proteomic and bioactivity testing techniques to investigate and compare the toxin composition and functioning of the venoms of these two species. Both C. rhombeatus and C. lichtensteinii were similar in overall venom composition and inhibition of blood coagulation through non-clotting proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen. While the 1D gel profiles were very similar to each other in the toxin types present, 2D gel analyses revealed isoformic differences within each toxin classes. This variation was congruent with differential efficacy of South African Institute for Medical Research snake polyvalent antivenom, with C. lichtensteinii unaffected at the dose tested while C. rhombeatus was moderately but significantly neutralized. Despite the variation within toxin classes, the similarity in overall venom biochemistry suggests that the selection pressure for the evolution of long glands served to increase venom yield in order to subjugate proportionally large anurans as a unique form of niche partitioning, and is not linked to significant changes in venom function. These results not only contribute to the body of venom evolution knowledge but also highlight the limited clinical management outcomes for Causus envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C P Coimbra
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bianca Op den Brouw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brett Hamilton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging & Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Masci
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Lilin Ge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 215400, China
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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12
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Rodrigues CR, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Vargas FFR, Guerra-Duarte C, Costal-Oliveira F, Stransky S, Lopes-de-Souza L, Dutra AAA, Yarlequé A, Bonilla C, Sanchez EF, Perales J, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Proteomic profile, biological activities and antigenic analysis of the venom from Bothriopsis bilineata smaragdina ("loro machaco"), a pitviper snake from Peru. J Proteomics 2018; 187:171-181. [PMID: 30048773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine Bothriopsis bilineata smaragdina venom (BbsV) composition, proteomic approaches were performed. Venom components were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SDS- PAGE and nano LC on line with LTQ Orbitrap XL. Results showed a total of 189 identified proteins, grouped into 11 different subgroups, which include snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs, 54.67%), snake C-type lectins (Snaclecs, 15.78%), snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 14.69%), cystein-rich secretory proteins (CRISP, 2.61%), phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 1.14%), phosphodiesterase (PDE, 1.17%), venom endothelial growth factor (VEGF, 1.06%) 5'nucleotidases (0.33%), L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs, 0.28%) and other proteins. In vitro enzymatic activities (SVMP, SVSP, LAAO, Hyal and PLA2) of BbsV were also analyzed. BbsV showed high SVSP activity but low PLA2 activity, when compared to other Bothrops venoms. In vivo, BbsV induced hemorrhage and edema in mice and showed intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) of 92.74 (± 0.15) μg/20 g of mice. Furthermore, BbsV reduced cell viability when incubated with VERO cells. Peruvian and Brazilian bothropic antivenoms recognize BbsV proteins, as detected by ELISA and Western Blotting. Both antivenoms were able to neutralize in vivo edema and hemorrhage. SIGNIFICANCE In Peru, snakebite is a public health problem, especially in the rain forest, as a result of progressive colonization of this geographical area. This country is the second in Latin America, after Brazil, to exhibit the largest variety of venomous snakes. B. atrox and B. b. smaragdina snakes are sympatric species in Peruvian Amazon region and are responsible for approximately 95% of the envenomings reported in this region. B. b. smaragdina may cause a smaller share (3 to 38%) of those accidents, due to its arboreal habits, that make human encounters with these snakes less likely to happen. Despite B. b. smaragdina recognized medical importance, its venom composition and biological activities have been poorly studied. Furthermore, BbsV is not a component of the antigenic pool used to produce the corresponding Peruvian bothropic antivenom (P-BAV). Our results not only provide new insights on BbsV composition and biological activity, but also demonstrate that both P-BAV and B-BAV polyvalent antivenoms have a considerable recognition of proteins from BbsV and, more importantly, neutralized hemorrhage and edema, the main local effects of bothropic envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Letícia Lopes-de-Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Augusto Assis Dutra
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39803-371, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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13
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Valente RH, Luna MS, de Oliveira UC, Nishiyama-Junior MY, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IDL, Portes-Junior JA, Clissa PB, Viana LG, Sanches L, Moura-da-Silva AM, Perales J, Yamanouye N. Bothrops jararaca accessory venom gland is an ancillary source of toxins to the snake. J Proteomics 2018; 177:137-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Xiong S, Huang C. Synergistic strategies of predominant toxins in snake venoms. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:142-154. [PMID: 29428543 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synergism is a significant phenomenon present in snake venoms that may be an evolving strategy to potentiate toxicities. Synergism exists between different toxins or toxin complexes in various snake venoms, with phospholipaseA2s (PLA2s) (toxins or subunits) the main enablers. The predominant toxins, snake venom PLA2s, metalloproteases (SVMPs), serine proteases (SVSPs) and three-finger toxins (3FTxs), play essential roles in synergistic processes. The hypothetical mechanisms of synergistic effect can be generalized under the effects of amplification and chaperoning. The Toxicity Score is among the few quantitative methods to assess synergism. Selection of toxins involved in synergistically enhanced toxicity as the targets are important for development of novel antivenoms or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Xiong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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15
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New findings from the first transcriptome of the Bothrops moojeni snake venom gland. Toxicon 2017; 140:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Calderón-Celis F, Cid-Barrio L, Encinar JR, Sanz-Medel A, Calvete JJ. Absolute venomics: Absolute quantification of intact venom proteins through elemental mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2017; 164:33-42. [PMID: 28579478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the application of a hybrid element and molecular MS configuration for the parallel absolute quantification of μHPLC-separated intact sulfur-containing venom proteins, via ICP triple quadrupole MS and 32S/34S isotope dilution analysis, and identification by ESI-QToF-MS of the toxins of the medically important African black-necked spitting cobra, Naja nigricollis (Tanzania); New Guinea small-eyed snake, Micropechis ikaheka; and Papuan black snake, Pseudechis papuanus. The main advantage of this approach is that only one generic sulfur-containing standard is required to quantify each and all intact Cys- and/or Met-containing toxins of the venom proteome. The results of absolute quantification are in reasonably good agreement with previously reported relative quantification of the most abundant protein families. However, both datasets depart in the quantification of the minor ones, showing a tendency for this set of proteins to be underestimated in standard peptide-centric venomics approaches. The molecular identity, specific toxic activity, and concentration in the venom, are the pillars on which the toxicovenomics-aimed discovery of the most medically-relevant venom toxins, e.g. those that need to be neutralized by an effective therapeutic antivenom, should be based. The pioneering venom proteome-wide absolute quantification shown in this paper represents thus a significant advance towards this goal. The potential of ICP triple quadrupole MS in proteomics in general, and venomics in particular, is critically discussed. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Animal venoms provide excellent model systems for investigating interactions between predators and prey, and the molecular mechanisms that contribute to adaptive protein evolution. On the other hand, numerous cases of snake bites occur yearly by encounters of humans and snakes in their shared natural environment. Snakebite envenoming is a serious global public health issue that affects the most impoverished and geopolitically disadvantaged rural communities in many tropical and subtropical countries. Unveiling the temporal and spatial patterns of venom variability is of fundamental importance to understand the molecular basis of envenoming, a prerequisite for developing therapeutic strategies against snakebite envenoming. Research on venoms has been continuously enhanced by advances in technology. The combined application of next-generation transcriptomic and venomic workflows has demonstrated unparalleled capabilities for venom characterization in unprecedented detail. However, mass spectrometry is not inherently quantitative, and this analytical limitation has sparked the development of methods to determine absolute abundance of proteins in biological samples. Here we show the potential of a hybrid element and molecular MS configuration for the parallel ESI-QToF-MS and ICP-QQQ detection and absolute quantification of intact sulfur-containing venom proteins via 32S/34S isotope dilution analysis. This configuration has been applied to quantify the toxins of the medically important African snake Naja nigricollis (Tanzania), and the Papuan species Micropechis ikaheka and Pseudechis papuanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Calderón-Celis
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Cid-Barrio
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Ruiz Encinar
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Sanz-Medel
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Boldrini-França J, Cologna CT, Pucca MB, Bordon KDCF, Amorim FG, Anjolette FAP, Cordeiro FA, Wiezel GA, Cerni FA, Pinheiro-Junior EL, Shibao PYT, Ferreira IG, de Oliveira IS, Cardoso IA, Arantes EC. Minor snake venom proteins: Structure, function and potential applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:824-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Lodovicho ME, Costa TR, Bernardes CP, Menaldo DL, Zoccal KF, Carone SE, Rosa JC, Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Arantes EC, Tytgat J, Faccioli LH, Pereira-Crott LS, Sampaio SV. Investigating possible biological targets of Bj-CRP, the first cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:156-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Rocha SL, Neves-Ferreira AG, Trugilho MR, Angulo Y, Lomonte B, Valente RH, Domont GB, Perales J. Screening for target toxins of the antiophidic protein DM64 through a gel-based interactomics approach. J Proteomics 2017; 151:204-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Campos PF, Andrade-Silva D, Zelanis A, Paes Leme AF, Rocha MMT, Menezes MC, Serrano SMT, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IDLM. Trends in the Evolution of Snake Toxins Underscored by an Integrative Omics Approach to Profile the Venom of the Colubrid Phalotris mertensi. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:2266-87. [PMID: 27412610 PMCID: PMC5010889 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Only few studies on snake venoms were dedicated to deeply characterize the toxin secretion of animals from the Colubridae family, despite the fact that they represent the majority of snake diversity. As a consequence, some evolutionary trends observed in venom proteins that underpinned the evolutionary histories of snake toxins were based on data from a minor parcel of the clade. Here, we investigated the proteins of the totally unknown venom from Phalotris mertensi (Dipsadinae subfamily), in order to obtain a detailed profile of its toxins and to appreciate evolutionary tendencies occurring in colubrid venoms. By means of integrated omics and functional approaches, including RNAseq, Sanger sequencing, high-resolution proteomics, recombinant protein production, and enzymatic tests, we verified an active toxic secretion containing up to 21 types of proteins. A high content of Kunitz-type proteins and C-type lectins were observed, although several enzymatic components such as metalloproteinases and an L-amino acid oxidase were also present in the venom. Interestingly, an arguable venom component of other species was demonstrated as a true venom protein and named svLIPA (snake venom acid lipase). This finding indicates the importance of checking the actual protein occurrence across species before rejecting genes suggested to code for toxins, which are relevant for the discussion about the early evolution of reptile venoms. Moreover, trends in the evolution of some toxin classes, such as simplification of metalloproteinases and rearrangements of Kunitz and Wap domains, parallel similar phenomena observed in other venomous snake families and provide a broader picture of toxin evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna Fernandes Campos
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Departamento de Ciência E Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José Dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milene Cristina Menezes
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Campos PF, Ching ATC, Mackessy SP. Colubrid Venom Composition: An -Omics Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E230. [PMID: 27455326 PMCID: PMC4999846 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms have been subjected to increasingly sensitive analyses for well over 100 years, but most research has been restricted to front-fanged snakes, which actually represent a relatively small proportion of extant species of advanced snakes. Because rear-fanged snakes are a diverse and distinct radiation of the advanced snakes, understanding venom composition among "colubrids" is critical to understanding the evolution of venom among snakes. Here we review the state of knowledge concerning rear-fanged snake venom composition, emphasizing those toxins for which protein or transcript sequences are available. We have also added new transcriptome-based data on venoms of three species of rear-fanged snakes. Based on this compilation, it is apparent that several components, including cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRiSPs), C-type lectins (CTLs), CTLs-like proteins and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), are broadly distributed among "colubrid" venoms, while others, notably three-finger toxins (3FTxs), appear nearly restricted to the Colubridae (sensu stricto). Some putative new toxins, such as snake venom matrix metalloproteinases, are in fact present in several colubrid venoms, while others are only transcribed, at lower levels. This work provides insights into the evolution of these toxin classes, but because only a small number of species have been explored, generalizations are still rather limited. It is likely that new venom protein families await discovery, particularly among those species with highly specialized diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inácio L M Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Pollyanna F Campos
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana T C Ching
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA.
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22
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Andrade-Silva D, Zelanis A, Kitano ES, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Reis MS, Lopes AS, Serrano SMT. Proteomic and Glycoproteomic Profilings Reveal That Post-translational Modifications of Toxins Contribute to Venom Phenotype in Snakes. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2658-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência
e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (ICT-UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S. Kitano
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Inácio L. M. Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S. Reis
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Aline S. Lopes
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
- Departamento
de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Solange M. T. Serrano
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
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23
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Expression and partial biochemical characterization of a recombinant serine protease from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Toxicon 2016; 115:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Suntravat M, Uzcategui NL, Atphaisit C, Helmke TJ, Lucena SE, Sánchez EE, Acosta AR. Gene expression profiling of the venom gland from the Venezuelan mapanare (Bothrops colombiensis) using expressed sequence tags (ESTs). BMC Mol Biol 2016; 17:7. [PMID: 26944950 PMCID: PMC4779267 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-016-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bothrops colombiensis is a highly dangerous pit viper and responsible for over 70% of snakebites in Venezuela. Although the composition in B. colombiensis venom has been identified using a proteome analysis, the venom gland transcriptome is currently lacking. RESULTS We constructed a cDNA library from the venom gland of B. colombiensis, and a set of 729 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was identified. A total number of 344 ESTs (47.2% of total ESTs) was related to toxins. The most abundant toxin transcripts were metalloproteinases (37.5%), phospholipases A2s (PLA2, 29.7%), and serine proteinases (11.9%). Minor toxin transcripts were linked to waprins (5.5%), C-type lectins (4.1%), ATPases (2.9%), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP, 2.3%), snake venom vascular endothelium growth factors (svVEGF, 2.3%), L-amino acid oxidases (2%), and other putative toxins (1.7%). While 160 ESTs (22% of total ESTs) coded for translation proteins, regulatory proteins, ribosomal proteins, elongation factors, release factors, metabolic proteins, and immune response proteins. Other proteins detected in the transcriptome (87 ESTs, 11.9% of total ESTs) were undescribed proteins with unknown functions. The remaining 138 (18.9%) cDNAs had no match with known GenBank accessions. CONCLUSION This study represents the analysis of transcript expressions and provides a physical resource of unique genes for further study of gene function and the development of novel molecules for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Néstor L Uzcategui
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Chairat Atphaisit
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Thomas J Helmke
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Sara E Lucena
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Elda E Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Alexis Rodríguez Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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25
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Isolation and characterization of Bradykinin potentiating peptides from Agkistrodon bilineatus venom. Proteome Sci 2016; 14:1. [PMID: 26770072 PMCID: PMC4712559 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-016-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snake venom is a source of many pharmacologically important molecules. Agkistrodon bilineatus commonly known as Cantil, is spread over Central America particularly in Mexico and Costa Rica. From the venom of Agkistrodon bilineatus we have isolated and characterised six hypotensive peptides, and two bradykinin inhibitor peptides. The IC-50 value of four synthesized peptides was studied, towards angiotensin converting enzyme, in order to study the structure-function relationship of these peptides. Results The purification of the peptides was carried out by size exclusion chromatography, followed by reverse phase chromatography. Sequences of all peptides were determined applying MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. These hypotensive peptides bear homology to bradykinin potentiating peptides and venom vasodilator peptide. The peptide with m/z 1355.53 (M + H)+1, and the corresponding sequence ZQWAQGRAPHPP, we identified for the first time. A precursor protein containing a fragment of this peptide was reported at genome level, (Uniprot ID P68515), in Bothrops insularis venom gland. These proline rich hypotensive peptides or bradykinin potentiating peptides are usually present in the venom of Crotalinae, and exhibit specificity in binding to the C domain of somatic angiotensin converting enzyme. Four of these hypotensive peptides, were selected and synthesized to obtain the required quantity to study their IC50 values in complex with the angiotensin converting enzyme. The peptide with the sequence ZLWPRPQIPP displayed the lowest IC50 value of 0.64 μM. The IC50 value of the peptide ZQWAQGRAPHPP was 3.63 μM. Conclusion The canonical snake venom BPPs classically display the IPP motif at the C-terminus. Our data suggest that the replacement of the highly conserved hydrophobic isoleucine by histidine does not affect the inhibitory activity, indicating that isoleucine is not mandatory to inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme. The evaluation of IC 50 values show that the peptide with basic pI value exhibits a lower IC 50 value.
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Ferraz CR, Calixto-Campos C, Manchope MF, Casagrande R, Clissa PB, Baldo C, Verri WA. Jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia depends on TNF-α, IL-1β and NFκB in mice. Toxicon 2015; 103:119-28. [PMID: 26140746 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a hemorrhagic metalloprotease from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. The hyperalgesic mechanisms of jararhagin were investigated focusing on the role of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and the transcription factor NFκB. Intraplantar administration of jararhagin (1, 10, 100 and 1000 ng/paw) induced mechanical hyperalgesia, and increased TNF-α levels at 1, 3 and 5 h, and IL-1β levels at 0.5, 1 and 3 h after its injection in the paw tissue. Pre-treatment with morphine (2, 6, 12 μg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperagesia. The systemic or local pre-treatment with etanercept (10 mg/kg and 100 μg/paw) and IL-1ra (30 mg/kg and 100 pg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Co-administration of jararhagin (0.1 ng/paw) and TNF-α (0.1 pg/paw) or jararhagin (0.1 ng/paw) and IL-1β (1 pg/paw) enhanced the mechanical hyperalgesia. The systemic or local pre-treatment with PDTC (NFκB inhibitor; 100 mg/kg and 100 μg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia as well as PDTC decreased the jararhagin-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Thus, these data demonstrate the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and nuclear transcription factor NFκB in jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia indicating that targeting these mechanisms might contribute to reduce the pain induced by B. jararaca snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Cássia Calixto-Campos
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marília F Manchope
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, CEP 86039-440, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia B Clissa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Saúde, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiani Baldo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Lee YC, Chen WC, Liang MH, Lee CH, Tsai KC, Chiang JR, Chiang LC, Chen CC, Chang CY, Lee CH, Leu SJ, Yang YY. Single chain antibody fragment with serine protease inhibitory property capable of neutralizing toxicity of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:170-6. [PMID: 25769957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus (TM) is one of majorities of snake envenomation with necrotic and hemorrhagic toxin in Taiwan. In this study, chickens were used as an alternative animal model for immunization with TM venom. Using phage display technology to process four rounds of panning, selected single chain variable fragments (scFv) could specifically recognize TM venom proteins, which were later identified as a group of homogeneous venom serine protease. The specific scFv antibodies showed various inhibitory effects on sheep RBC lysis induced by TM venom using an indirect hemolytic assay in vitro. In addition, the survival times of mice were extended to certain degrees when treated with these scFv antibodies individually or in a combination. To elucidate the inhibitory mechanism, we used molecular modeling to build up the serine protease structure to simulate the possible interactions with scFv antibodies. The results suggested that the CDR-loop of the scFv antibodies (3S10 or 4S1) might bind at the 99-loop of venom serine protease so as to affect substrate access due to the partial collapse of the subsite S2 and the partial movement of the subsite S4. It is hoped these chicken-derived antibodies could be applied to develop diagnostic and therapeutic agents against snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lee
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Antibody and Hybridoma Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Chuan Chen
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Huei Liang
- Antibody and Hybridoma Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
| | - Liao-Chun Chiang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Chang
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiao Lee
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jye Leu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yuan Yang
- Antibody and Hybridoma Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Bastos CMV, Ho PL, Luna MS, Yamanouye N, Casewell NR. Venom-related transcripts from Bothrops jararaca tissues provide novel molecular insights into the production and evolution of snake venom. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:754-66. [PMID: 25502939 PMCID: PMC4327157 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary history of snake toxins in the context of their co-option to the venom gland rarely account for nonvenom snake genes that are paralogous to toxins, and which therefore represent important connectors to ancestral genes. In order to reevaluate this process, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic survey on body tissues from a venomous snake. A nonredundant set of 33,000 unigenes (assembled transcripts of reference genes) was independently assembled from six organs of the medically important viperid snake Bothrops jararaca, providing a reference list of 82 full-length toxins from the venom gland and specific products from other tissues, such as pancreatic digestive enzymes. Unigenes were then screened for nontoxin transcripts paralogous to toxins revealing 1) low level coexpression of approximately 20% of toxin genes (e.g., bradykinin-potentiating peptide, C-type lectin, snake venom metalloproteinase, snake venom nerve growth factor) in body tissues, 2) the identity of the closest paralogs to toxin genes in eight classes of toxins, 3) the location and level of paralog expression, indicating that, in general, co-expression occurs in a higher number of tissues and at lower levels than observed for toxin genes, and 4) strong evidence of a toxin gene reverting back to selective expression in a body tissue. In addition, our differential gene expression analyses identify specific cellular processes that make the venom gland a highly specialized secretory tissue. Our results demonstrate that the evolution and production of venom in snakes is a complex process that can only be understood in the context of comparative data from other snake tissues, including the identification of genes paralogous to venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inácio L M Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Mancini Val Bastos
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Norma Yamanouye
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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29
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de Paula FFP, Ribeiro JU, Santos LM, de Souza DHF, Leonardecz E, Henrique-Silva F, Selistre-de-Araújo HS. Molecular characterization of metalloproteases from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2014; 12:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Brahma RK, McCleary RJR, Kini RM, Doley R. Venom gland transcriptomics for identifying, cataloging, and characterizing venom proteins in snakes. Toxicon 2014; 93:1-10. [PMID: 25448392 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms are cocktails of protein toxins that play important roles in capture and digestion of prey. Significant qualitative and quantitative variation in snake venom composition has been observed among and within species. Understanding these variations in protein components is instrumental in interpreting clinical symptoms during human envenomation and in searching for novel venom proteins with potential therapeutic applications. In the last decade, transcriptomic analyses of venom glands have helped in understanding the composition of various snake venoms in great detail. Here we review transcriptomic analysis as a powerful tool for understanding venom profile, variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kungur Brahma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India
| | - Ryan J R McCleary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Robin Doley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India.
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31
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Reyes-Velasco J, Card DC, Andrew AL, Shaney KJ, Adams RH, Schield DR, Casewell NR, Mackessy SP, Castoe TA. Expression of venom gene homologs in diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake venom. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:173-83. [PMID: 25338510 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom gene evolution has been studied intensively over the past several decades, yet most previous studies have lacked the context of complete snake genomes and the full context of gene expression across diverse snake tissues. We took a novel approach to studying snake venom evolution by leveraging the complete genome of the Burmese python, including information from tissue-specific patterns of gene expression. We identified the orthologs of snake venom genes in the python genome, and conducted detailed analysis of gene expression of these venom homologs to identify patterns that differ between snake venom gene families and all other genes. We found that venom gene homologs in the python are expressed in many different tissues outside of oral glands, which illustrates the pitfalls of using transcriptomic data alone to define "venom toxins." We hypothesize that the python may represent an ancestral state prior to major venom development, which is supported by our finding that the expansion of venom gene families is largely restricted to highly venomous caenophidian snakes. Therefore, the python provides insight into biases in which genes were recruited for snake venom systems. Python venom homologs are generally expressed at lower levels, have higher variance among tissues, and are expressed in fewer organs compared with all other python genes. We propose a model for the evolution of snake venoms in which venom genes are recruited preferentially from genes with particular expression profile characteristics, which facilitate a nearly neutral transition toward specialized venom system expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daren C Card
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington
| | | | - Kyle J Shaney
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington
| | | | | | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington
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32
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Gomes MSR, Naves de Souza DL, Guimarães DO, Lopes DS, Mamede CCN, Gimenes SNC, Achê DC, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, Borges MH, de Oliveira F, Rodrigues VM. Biochemical and functional characterization of Bothropoidin: the first haemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. J Biochem 2014; 157:137-49. [PMID: 25261583 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the biochemical and functional characterization of Bothropoidin, the first haemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. This protein was purified after three chromatographic steps on cation exchange CM-Sepharose fast flow, size-exclusion column Sephacryl S-300 and anion exchange Capto Q. Bothropoidin was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions, and comprised a single chain of 49,558 Da according to MALDI TOF analysis. The protein presented an isoelectric point of 3.76, and the sequence of six fragments obtained by MS (MALDI TOF\TOF) showed a significant score when compared with other PIII Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). Bothropoidin showed proteolytic activity on azocasein, Aα-chain of fibrinogen, fibrin, collagen and fibronectin. The enzyme was stable at pH 6-9 and at lower temperatures when assayed on azocasein. Moreover, its activity was inhibited by EDTA, 1.10-phenanthroline and β-mercaptoethanol. Bothropoidin induced haemorrhage [minimum haemorrhagic dose (MHD) = 0.75 µg], inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen and ADP, and interfered with viability and cell adhesion when incubated with endothelial cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Our results showed that Bothropoidin is a haemorrhagic metalloproteinase that can play an important role in the toxicity of B. pauloensis envenomation and might be used as a tool for studying the effects of SVMPs on haemostatic disorders and tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sérgio R Gomes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Dayane L Naves de Souza
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Denise O Guimarães
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana S Lopes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Carla C N Mamede
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Sarah Natalie C Gimenes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - David C Achê
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Renata S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly A G Yoneyama
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia H Borges
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BA, Brazil, INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, FUNED, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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33
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Portes-Junior JA, Yamanouye N, Carneiro SM, Knittel PS, Sant’Anna SS, Nogueira FCS, Junqueira M, Magalhães GS, Domont GB, Moura-da-Silva AM. Unraveling the Processing and Activation of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3338-48. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio C. S. Nogueira
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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34
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Molecular Evolution and Functional Divergence of the Metallothionein Gene Family in Vertebrates. J Mol Evol 2014; 78:217-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-014-9612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Calvete JJ. Proteomic tools against the neglected pathology of snake bite envenoming. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:739-58. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Snake venomics: From the inventory of toxins to biology. Toxicon 2013; 75:44-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Aird SD, Watanabe Y, Villar-Briones A, Roy MC, Terada K, Mikheyev AS. Quantitative high-throughput profiling of snake venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes (Ovophis okinavensis and Protobothrops flavoviridis). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:790. [PMID: 24224955 PMCID: PMC3840601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in DNA sequencing and proteomics have facilitated quantitative comparisons of snake venom composition. Most studies have employed one approach or the other. Here, both Illumina cDNA sequencing and LC/MS were used to compare the transcriptomes and proteomes of two pit vipers, Protobothrops flavoviridis and Ovophis okinavensis, which differ greatly in their biology. Results Sequencing of venom gland cDNA produced 104,830 transcripts. The Protobothrops transcriptome contained transcripts for 103 venom-related proteins, while the Ovophis transcriptome contained 95. In both, transcript abundances spanned six orders of magnitude. Mass spectrometry identified peptides from 100% of transcripts that occurred at higher than contaminant (e.g. human keratin) levels, including a number of proteins never before sequenced from snakes. These transcriptomes reveal fundamentally different envenomation strategies. Adult Protobothrops venom promotes hemorrhage, hypotension, incoagulable blood, and prey digestion, consistent with mammalian predation. Ovophis venom composition is less readily interpreted, owing to insufficient pharmacological data for venom serine and metalloproteases, which comprise more than 97.3% of Ovophis transcripts, but only 38.0% of Protobothrops transcripts. Ovophis venom apparently represents a hybrid strategy optimized for frogs and small mammals. Conclusions This study illustrates the power of cDNA sequencing combined with MS profiling. The former quantifies transcript composition, allowing detection of novel proteins, but cannot indicate which proteins are actually secreted, as does MS. We show, for the first time, that transcript and peptide abundances are correlated. This means that MS can be used for quantitative, non-invasive venom profiling, which will be beneficial for studies of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0412, Japan.
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Abdel-Rahman MA, Quintero-Hernandez V, Possani LD. Venom proteomic and venomous glands transcriptomic analysis of the Egyptian scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Arachnida: Scorpionidae). Toxicon 2013; 74:193-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Martínez-Ibeas A, Perteguer M, González-Lanza C, Gárate T, Manga-González M. Analysis of an expressed sequence tag library from Dicrocoelium dentriticum. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:287-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pomaznoy M, Tatkov S, Katokhin A, Afonnikov D, Babenko V, Furman D, Brusentsov I, Belavin P, Najakshin A, Guselnikov S, Vasiliev G, Sivkov A, Prokhortchouk E, Skryabin K, Mordvinov V. Adult Opisthorchis felineus major protein fractions deduced from transcripts: comparison with liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:297-306. [PMID: 23891942 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiologically important liver flukes Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis are of interest to health professionals, epidemiologists, pharmacologists, and molecular biologists. Recently the transcriptomes of the latter two species were intensively investigated. However our knowledge on molecular biology of O. felineus is scarce. We report the first results of the O. felineus transcriptome analysis. We isolated and annotated a total of 2560 expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences from adult O. felineus (deposited within the database of expressed sequence tags (dbEST), under accession numbers GenBank: JK624271-JK626790, JK006511-JK006547, JK649790-JK649792). Clustering and analysis resulted in the detection of 267 contigs. Of the protein sequences deduced from these, 82% had homologs in the NCBI (nr) protein database and 63% contained conserved domains, allowing the functions to be interpreted using the Gene Ontology terms. Comprehensive analysis of Opisthorchiidae- and Trematoda-specific substitutions within amino acid sequences deduced for the proteins myoglobin, vitelline precursor protein, cathepsin F, and 28kDa glutathione transferase was carried out. The gene set of the 32 ribosomal proteins for the three Opisthorchiidae species with the addition of available Schistosoma and Fasciola orthologs was created and is provided in the supplementary. The orthologous gene set created was used for inferring phylogeny within the Trematoda with special attention to interrelations within the Opisthorchiidae. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer relationship between C. sinensis and O. viverrini and some divergence of O. felineus from either O. viverrini or C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pomaznoy
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Malhotra A, Creer S, Harris JB, Stöcklin R, Favreau P, Thorpe RS. Predicting function from sequence in a large multifunctional toxin family. Toxicon 2013; 72:113-25. [PMID: 23831284 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Venoms contain active substances with highly specific physiological effects and are increasingly being used as sources of novel diagnostic, research and treatment tools for human disease. Experimental characterisation of individual toxin activities is a severe rate-limiting step in the discovery process, and in-silico tools which allow function to be predicted from sequence information are essential. Toxins are typically members of large multifunctional families of structurally similar proteins that can have different biological activities, and minor sequence divergence can have significant consequences. Thus, existing predictive tools tend to have low accuracy. We investigated a classification model based on physico-chemical attributes that can easily be calculated from amino-acid sequences, using over 250 (mostly novel) viperid phospholipase A₂ toxins. We also clustered proteins by sequence profiles, and carried out in-vitro tests for four major activities on a selection of isolated novel toxins, or crude venoms known to contain them. The majority of detected activities were consistent with predictions, in contrast to poor performance of a number of tested existing predictive methods. Our results provide a framework for comparison of active sites among different functional sub-groups of toxins that will allow a more targeted approach for identification of potential drug leads in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Malhotra
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
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The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:394. [PMID: 23758969 PMCID: PMC3701607 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Snake venoms generally show sequence and quantitative variation within and between species, but some rattlesnakes have undergone exceptionally rapid, dramatic shifts in the composition, lethality, and pharmacological effects of their venoms. Such shifts have occurred within species, most notably in Mojave (Crotalus scutulatus), South American (C. durissus), and timber (C. horridus) rattlesnakes, resulting in some populations with extremely potent, neurotoxic venoms without the hemorrhagic effects typical of rattlesnake bites. Results To better understand the evolutionary changes that resulted in the potent venom of a population of C. horridus from northern Florida, we sequenced the venom-gland transcriptome of an animal from this population for comparison with the previously described transcriptome of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (C. adamanteus), a congener with a more typical rattlesnake venom. Relative to the toxin transcription of C. adamanteus, which consisted primarily of snake-venom metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, snake-venom serine proteinases, and myotoxin-A, the toxin transcription of C. horridus was far simpler in composition and consisted almost entirely of snake-venom serine proteinases, phospholipases A2, and bradykinin-potentiating and C-type natriuretic peptides. Crotalus horridus lacked significant expression of the hemorrhagic snake-venom metalloproteinases and C-type lectins. Evolution of shared toxin families involved differential expansion and loss of toxin clades within each species and pronounced differences in the highly expressed toxin paralogs. Toxin genes showed significantly higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution than nontoxin genes. The expression patterns of nontoxin genes were conserved between species, despite the vast differences in toxin expression. Conclusions Our results represent the first complete, sequence-based comparison between the venoms of closely related snake species and reveal in unprecedented detail the rapid evolution of snake venoms. We found that the difference in venom properties resulted from major changes in expression levels of toxin gene families, differential gene-family expansion and loss, changes in which paralogs within gene families were expressed at high levels, and higher nonsynonymous substitution rates in the toxin genes relative to nontoxins. These massive alterations in the genetics of the venom phenotype emphasize the evolutionary lability and flexibility of this ecologically critical trait.
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Durban J, Pérez A, Sanz L, Gómez A, Bonilla F, Rodríguez S, Chacón D, Sasa M, Angulo Y, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ. Integrated "omics" profiling indicates that miRNAs are modulators of the ontogenetic venom composition shift in the Central American rattlesnake, Crotalus simus simus. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:234. [PMID: 23575160 PMCID: PMC3660174 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the processes that drive the evolution of snake venom is a topic of great research interest in molecular and evolutionary toxinology. Recent studies suggest that ontogenetic changes in venom composition are genetically controlled rather than environmentally induced. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain elusive. Here we have explored the basis and level of regulation of the ontogenetic shift in the venom composition of the Central American rattlesnake, Crotalus s. simus using a combined proteomics and transcriptomics approach. RESULTS Proteomic analysis showed that the ontogenetic shift in the venom composition of C. s. simus is essentially characterized by a gradual reduction in the expression of serine proteinases and PLA2 molecules, particularly crotoxin, a β-neurotoxic heterodimeric PLA2, concominantly with an increment of PI and PIII metalloproteinases at age 9-18 months. Comparison of the transcriptional activity of the venom glands of neonate and adult C. s. simus specimens indicated that their transcriptomes exhibit indistinguisable toxin family profiles, suggesting that the elusive mechanism by which shared transcriptomes generate divergent venom phenotypes may operate post-transcriptionally. Specifically, miRNAs with frequency count of 1000 or greater exhibited an uneven distribution between the newborn and adult datasets. Of note, 590 copies of a miRNA targeting crotoxin B-subunit was exclusively found in the transcriptome of the adult snake, whereas 1185 copies of a miRNA complementary to a PIII-SVMP mRNA was uniquely present in the newborn dataset. These results support the view that age-dependent changes in the concentration of miRNA modulating the transition from a crotoxin-rich to a SVMP-rich venom from birth through adulthood can potentially explain what is observed in the proteomic analysis of the ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of C. s. simus. CONCLUSIONS Existing snake venom toxins are the result of early recruitment events in the Toxicofera clade of reptiles by which ordinary genes were duplicated, and the new genes selectively expressed in the venom gland and amplified to multigene families with extensive neofunctionalization throughout the approximately 112-125 million years of ophidian evolution. Our findings support the view that understanding the phenotypic diversity of snake venoms requires a deep knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the transcriptional and translational activity of the venom gland. Our results suggest a functional role for miRNAs. The impact of specific miRNAs in the modulation of venom composition, and the integration of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of these miRNAs in the evolutionary landscape of the snake's venom gland, are further challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Durban
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Isolation and biochemical, functional and structural characterization of a novel l-amino acid oxidase from Lachesis muta snake venom. Toxicon 2012; 60:1263-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gene expression analysis by ESTs sequencing of the Brazilian frog Phyllomedusa nordestina skin glands. Toxicon 2012; 61:139-50. [PMID: 23159791 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The subfamily Phyllomedusinae has attracted a great interest of many researchers mainly due to the high diversity of these frog species and plethora of pharmacological activities frequently observed for their skin secretions. Despite of this fact, mainly for new species, limited information is available regarding the molecular composition of these skin secretions and the cellular components involved in their production. Phyllomedusa nordestina is a recently described Brazilian frog species also popularly known as 'tree-frogs'. Aiming at contributing to the biological knowledge of this species, we show here the gene expression profile of this frog skin secretion using a global ESTs analysis of a cDNA library. The marked aspect of this analysis revealed a significant higher transcriptional level of the opioid peptide dermorphins in P. nordestina skin secretion than in Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis, which is its closest related species, belonging both to the same phylogenetic group. Precursors of bioactive peptides as dermaseptins, phylloseptins, tryptophyllins, and bradykinin-like peptideswere also found in this library. Transcripts encoding proteins related to ordinary cellular functions and pathways were also described. Some of them are chiefly involved in the production of the skin secretion. Taken together, the data reported here constitute a contribution to the characterization of the molecular diversity of gene-encoded polypeptides with potential possibility of pharmacological exploitation. The transcriptional composition of the skin secretion may also help to give the necessary support for the definition of P. nordestina as a new species, which actually relies basically on frog morphological characteristics and geographical distribution.
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On the ancestral recruitment of metalloproteinases into the venom of snakes. Toxicon 2012; 60:449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tashima AK, Zelanis A, Kitano ES, Ianzer D, Melo RL, Rioli V, Sant'anna SS, Schenberg ACG, Camargo ACM, Serrano SMT. Peptidomics of three Bothrops snake venoms: insights into the molecular diversification of proteomes and peptidomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1245-62. [PMID: 22869554 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom proteomes/peptidomes are highly complex and maintenance of their integrity within the gland lumen is crucial for the expression of toxin activities. There has been considerable progress in the field of venom proteomics, however, peptidomics does not progress as fast, because of the lack of comprehensive venom sequence databases for analysis of MS data. Therefore, in many cases venom peptides have to be sequenced manually by MS/MS analysis or Edman degradation. This is critical for rare snake species, as is the case of Bothrops cotiara (BC) and B. fonsecai (BF), which are regarded as near threatened with extinction. In this study we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the venom peptidomes of BC, BF, and B. jararaca (BJ) using a combination of solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase HPLC to fractionate the peptides, followed by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) or direct infusion electrospray ionization-(ESI)-MS/MS or MALDI-MS/MS analyses. We detected marked differences in the venom peptidomes and identified peptides ranging from 7 to 39 residues in length by de novo sequencing. Forty-four unique sequences were manually identified, out of which 30 are new peptides, including 17 bradykinin-potentiating peptides, three poly-histidine-poly-glycine peptides and interestingly, 10 L-amino acid oxidase fragments. Some of the new bradykinin-potentiating peptides display significant bradykinin potentiating activity. Automated database search revealed fragments from several toxins in the peptidomes, mainly from l-amino acid oxidase, and allowed the determination of the peptide bond specificity of proteinases and amino acid occurrences for the P4-P4' sites. We also demonstrate that the venom lyophilization/resolubilization process greatly increases the complexity of the peptidome because of the imbalance caused to the venom proteome and the consequent activity of proteinases on venom components. The use of proteinase inhibitors clearly showed different outcomes in the peptidome characterization and suggested that degradomic-peptidomic analysis of snake venoms is highly sensitive to the conditions of sampling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre K Tashima
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, CAT-cepid, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Profiling the resting venom gland of the scorpion Tityus stigmurus through a transcriptomic survey. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:362. [PMID: 22853446 PMCID: PMC3444934 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scorpion Tityus stigmurus is widely distributed in Northeastern Brazil and known to cause severe human envenoming, inducing pain, hyposthesia, edema, erythema, paresthesia, headaches and vomiting. The present study uses a transcriptomic approach to characterize the gene expression profile from the non-stimulated venom gland of Tityus stigmurus scorpion. RESULTS A cDNA library was constructed and 540 clones were sequenced and grouped into 153 clusters, with one or more ESTs (expressed sequence tags). Forty-one percent of ESTs belong to recognized toxin-coding sequences, with transcripts encoding antimicrobial toxins (AMP-like) being the most abundant, followed by alfa KTx- like, beta KTx-like, beta NaTx-like and alfa NaTx-like. Our analysis indicated that 34% of the transcripts encode "other possible venom molecules", which correspond to anionic peptides, hypothetical secreted peptides, metalloproteinases, cystein-rich peptides and lectins. Fifteen percent of ESTs are similar to cellular transcripts. Sequences without good matches corresponded to 11%. CONCLUSIONS This investigation provides the first global view of gene expression of the venom gland from Tityus stigmurus under resting conditions. This approach enables characterization of a large number of venom gland component molecules, which belong either to known or non yet described types of venom peptides and proteins from the Buthidae family.
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Fry BG, Scheib H, Junqueira de Azevedo IDL, Silva DA, Casewell NR. Novel transcripts in the maxillary venom glands of advanced snakes. Toxicon 2012; 59:696-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rodrigues RS, Boldrini-França J, Fonseca FPP, de la Torre P, Henrique-Silva F, Sanz L, Calvete JJ, Rodrigues VM. Combined snake venomics and venom gland transcriptomic analysis of Bothropoides pauloensis. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2707-20. [PMID: 22480909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the repertoire of venom toxins of Bothropoides pauloensis was assessed by snake venomics and venom gland transcriptomic surveys. Both approaches yielded converging overall figures, pointing to metalloproteinases (~37%), PLA(2)s (26-32%), and vasoactive (bradykinin-potentiating) peptides (12-17%) as the major toxin classes. The high occurrence of SVMPs, PLA(2) molecules, vasoactive peptides, along with serine proteinases, explains the local and systemic effects observed in envenomations by B. pauloensis. Minor (<3%) C-type lectin, serine proteinase, L-amino acid oxidase, nerve growth factor, and CRISP molecules were also identified in the transcriptome and the proteome. Low abundance (0.3%) EST singletons coding for vascular endothelial growth factor (svVEGF), ohanin, hyaluronidase, and 5' nucleotidase were found only in the venom gland cDNA library. At the molecular level, the transcriptomic and proteomic datasets display low compositional concordance. In particular, although there is good agreement between transcriptome and proteome in the identity of BPPs, PLA(2) molecules and L-amino acid oxidase, both datasets strongly depart in their C-type lectin and SVMP complements. These data support the view that venom composition is influenced by transcriptional and translational mechanisms and emphasize the value of combining proteomic and transcriptomic approaches to acquire a more complete understanding of the toxinological profile and natural history of the snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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