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Wainwright SH, Cunha CW, Webb B, McGregor B, Drolet B, Welch JB. Reemerging/Notifiable Diseases to Watch. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:317-335. [PMID: 38453550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison continue to pose potential risks to their health and lives and affecting production and the livelihoods of producers. It is essential to understand the clinical presentation of these diseases to watch for possible incursions and infections and to immediately report your suspicions to your State and Federal Animal Health Officials. Three of these reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue virus, and New World screwworm, are presented in this article for increased awareness to consider as a differential if examinations present suggestive clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrilyn H Wainwright
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Brett Webb
- North Dakota State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 4035 19th Avenue North, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Bethany McGregor
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Barbara Drolet
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - John B Welch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, International Services, Action Programs, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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2
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Mananguit IR, Bartolome NDF, Tubalinal GAS, Mingala CN. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in sheep in the Philippines. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Salar S, Adıgüzel E, Demirden C, Ülgenalp O. Detection and characterisation of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever infection from ruminants by using tegument and gB gene sequences of OvHV-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 87:e1-e4. [PMID: 33179949 PMCID: PMC7670032 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, positive blood and organ samples were obtained from different mixed herds of sheep and cattle against ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) infection. Target-positive DNA was sequenced and compared with worldwide distributed OvHV-2 sequences. Tegument gene (422 base pairs) and glycoprotein B (gB) gene (2800 base pairs) amplicons of OvHV-2 genome were used for understanding of epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) infection in Turkey. The results of nucleotide sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products indicated presence of sheep-associated form for MCF infection in Turkey. Although the obtained sequences were genetically different from each other, it was found that genetic variations were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Ç Oğuzoğlu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara.
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4
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Headley SA, de Oliveira TES, Cunha CW. A review of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1405-1432. [PMID: 32542424 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), the form of MCF that occurs in Brazil, is a severe, frequently fatal, infectious disease caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), in which sheep are the asymptomatic hosts and cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals are the accidental hosts. This review provides a critical analysis of the historical, epidemiological aspects and the estimated economic impacts associated with SA-MCF in Brazil. Moreover, the clinical manifestations and pathological lesions associated with SA-MCF in cattle are reviewed and discussed and the phylogenetic distribution of OvHV-2 in Brazil is presented. OvHV-2 is the only MCF virus identified in animals from Brazil. It is recommended that a histopathologic diagnosis of SA-MCF be based on all aspects of vascular disease in the affected animal and not only lymphocytic/necrotizing vasculitis and/or fibrinoid change. Conformation of the intralesional participation of OvHV-2 in these alterations can be achieved by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization assays. Additionally, it is proposed that OvHV-2 should be considered as a possible infectious disease agent associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. Furthermore, the possible role of the small intestine in the dissemination of OvHV-2 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wetzel Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, USA
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5
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Pinheiro de Oliveira TF, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Xavier FG, do Amaral Pinto C, Ferreira LR, de Castro Campos de Souza I, Hammerschmitt ME, Bianchi RM, Wronski JG, Etges RN, Rigon GM, Camargos MF, Júnior AVR, Fonseca Junior AA. Quantification of ovine herpesvirus 2 by digital PCR in an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever. Arch Virol 2019; 164:3045-3050. [PMID: 31520217 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection with ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is generally asymptomatic in sheep; however, when it crosses the species barrier, it causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle. In the present study, we developed a real-time PCR assay and a droplet digital PCR assay and use both methods to study an outbreak caused by OvHV-2. Both PCR methods showed high sensitivity and specificity and were able to detect low copy numbers of OvHV-2 in sheep and cattle. The present study describes the first digital PCR quantification of OvHV-2 genome copies in samples collected from sheep and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Laguardia-Nascimento
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Galtarossa Xavier
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Carla do Amaral Pinto
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rabello Ferreira
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Nestor Etges
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Grazziane Maciel Rigon
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
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Ochirkhuu N, Konnai S, Odbileg R, Murata S, Ohashi K. Molecular epidemiological survey and genetic characterization of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 in Mongolian livestock. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:2040-2042. [PMID: 29046495 PMCID: PMC5745187 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), caused by
ovinegammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), is a fatal disease
in all ruminants. The epidemiological survey and molecular characterization of OvHV-2 in
Mongolian livestock were performed. Of 928 blood samples, 14 were positive for OvHV-2 in
sheep and native cattle from Tsenkher County and in sheep from Lun County. Phylogenetic
analyses revealed that the tegument gene of OvHV-2 sequences from Mongolian animals is
identical to that in animals from Egypt, India, and Turkey, and is 98.0% similar to that
in animals from Germany and Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report
of OvHV-2 in Mongolian livestock, and could provide useful information for controlling
SA-MCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamsuren Ochirkhuu
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Raadan Odbileg
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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7
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Mason KL, Gonzalez MV, Chung C, Mousel MR, White SN, Taylor JB, Scoles GA. Validation of an improved Anaplasma antibody competitive ELISA for detection of Anaplasma ovis antibody in domestic sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:763-766. [PMID: 28480803 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717709494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate and simple-to-perform new version of a competitive ELISA (cELISA) kit that became commercially available in 2015 for testing of cattle for antibody to Anaplasma marginale was validated for detection of Anaplasma ovis antibody in domestic sheep. True positives and negatives were identified using nested PCR (nPCR) as the gold standard. Negative bovine control sera supplied with the kit were used to calculate % inhibition (%I), designated bovine control ELISA (BcELISA), and this was compared to %I calculated from negative ovine sera derived from hand-raised, pathogen-free sheep, designated ovine control ELISA (OcELISA). The receiver operating characteristics area under the curve was 1.0 with a p value <0.001 regardless of the source of the control sera. The cutoff values for negative BcELISA and OcELISA were <30%I and <27%I, respectively. Our work confirmed that this Anaplasma antibody cELISA kit version 2 can be used with the serum controls supplied in the kit to test for A. ovis antibody in domestic sheep. Furthermore, this work confirmed the historically high infection prevalence (>93%) at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (Dubois, Idaho), in spite of efforts to reduce the possibility for iatrogenic transmission there, suggesting high levels of tick-borne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Mason
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Michael V Gonzalez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA
| | - Chungwon Chung
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA
| | - Michelle R Mousel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Stephen N White
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | | | - Glen A Scoles
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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HUSSAIN I, KASHOO ZA, WANI AH, HASIN D, PAMPORI ZA, WANI SA. Malignant catarrhal fever: recent update. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a serious, usually fatal disease affecting many species of ungulates of the subfamily Bovinae and family Cervidae including pigs and caused by a herpesvirus under the genus Macavirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. Ten Macaviruses have been identified to date and 6 were found to be associated with clinical MCF. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), which causes inapparent infection in wildebeest and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), which is associated with subclinical infections in sheep are the two most important herpes viruses that cause clinical wildebeest associated MCF (WA-MCF) and sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF), respectively. The disease is characterized by accumulation of lymphocytes (predominantly CD8+ T cells) in a variety of organs, often associated with tissue necrosis. AIHV-1 can be recovered from animals, while OvHV-2 has never been recovered from affected animals, only OvHV-2 specific DNA is detected in cultured lymphoblastoid cells from infected animals. Diagnosis is normally achieved by observing the clinical signs, characteristic histopathological changes, ELISA and detection of viral DNA in the infected animals. Detection of viral DNA by PCR is becoming the method of choice for diagnosing the SA-MCF. Currently, there is no effective disease control measure. Attenuated AlHV-1 virus vaccine has been developed with varying degree of success for control of WAMCF in Africa. Separation of reservoir host from susceptible host or raising of OvHV-2 free sheep is the only solution for control of SA-MCF. In India, our group first confirmed SA-MCF in Kashmir. The present article updates current epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control of MCF with special reference to India.
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Premkrishnan GN, Sood R, Hemadri D, Chanu KV, Khandia R, Bhat S, Dimri U, Bhatia S. Cross-sectional study indicates nearly a quarter of sheep population in Karnataka state of India is infected with ovine herpesvirus 2. Virusdisease 2015; 26:180-8. [PMID: 26396985 PMCID: PMC4571589 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, prevalence of ovine herpesvirus 2 (family: Herpesviridae, subfamily: Gammaherpesvirinae, genus Macavirus and species: Ovine herpesvirus 2) infection was estimated in sheep population of Karnataka state in India. Based on the three stage cluster sampling method, whole blood samples (356) of sheep were collected from 11 sheep-dense districts of the state. The samples were tested for presence of OvHV-2 genome by recommended hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The true prevalence of OvHV-2 infection in sheep population of Karnataka was 24.44 %. Of the 11 district surveyed, highest true prevalence of 42.42 % (CI 25.56-59.29) was found in Raichur followed by Tumkur (39.02 %, CI 24.09-53.96). Inverse distance weighted interpolation of prevalence indicated that OvHV-2 prevalence within a given district is not uniform and there are areas of varied prevalence. The nucleotide sequence of the 422 bp DNA fragment, amplified in PCR, matched 99 % with OvHV-2 reference sequence and other sequences reported from India. Grouping of OvHV-2 sequences obtained from Karnataka with those from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir in the neighbour joining tree indicated a close relationship among the OvHV-2s circulating in India. This is the first study in the country where systematic screening of sheep population of a state for the presence of OvHV-2 infection has been carried out, which indicated a widespread prevalence calling for an urgent need for policy measures to prevent economic losses due to the disease in susceptible cattle and buffalo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. N. Premkrishnan
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - R. Sood
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - D. Hemadri
- />ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Kh Victoria Chanu
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - R. Khandia
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - S. Bhat
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - U. Dimri
- />Division of Veterinary Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - S. Bhatia
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
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Frontoso R, Autorino GL, Friedrich KG, Li H, Eleni C, Cocumelli C, Di Cerbo P, Manna G, Scicluna MT. An Acute Multispecies Episode of Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Captive Wild Animals in an Italian Zoo. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:621-627. [PMID: 25598396 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In July 2011, in a zoological garden in Rome, Italy, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a fatal, systemic disease of Artiodactyla, was suspected on the basis of neurological signs and gross lesions observed in a banteng, the first animal to die of this infection. An MCF type-specific PCR with subsequent sequencing of the PCR amplicon confirmed the aetiological agent as ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Biological samples were collected from the dead animals for gross, histological, bacteriological, virological and serological examinations. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the source of the outbreak, as further deaths due to OvHV-2 still occurred after the removal of the acknowledged reservoirs, domestic sheep and goats. For this purpose, samples from other susceptible species and reservoir hosts were collected for virological and serological analysis. In conjunction, a retrospective sero-investigation was conducted on sera collected between 1999 and 2010 from some of the species involved in the present episode. In total, 11 animals belonging to four different species (banteng, Himalayan tahr, Nile lechwe and sika deer) died between July 2011 and October 2012. The severe gross and histological lesions were consistent with the disease, namely haemorrhages and congestion of several organs as well as lymphoid cell infiltrates and vasculitis of varying severity. The virological tests confirmed that all animals had died of sheep-associated MCF. The investigation indicated that the OvHV-2 infection could have been due to the arrival of sheep in the petting zoo, with cases commencing after first lambing and subsequent shedding of virus. This was also supported by the serological retrospective study that indicated limited previous MCF virus circulation. Further MCF cases that occurred even after the removal of the domestic sheep and goats were attributed to the mouflon. This episode confirms the importance of biosecurity measures in zoos, which house MCF susceptible species, especially those endangered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frontoso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy.
| | - G L Autorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - K G Friedrich
- Fondazione Bioparco, Viale del Giardino Zoologico, Rome, Italy
| | - H Li
- USDA-ARS-ADRU, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - C Eleni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - P Di Cerbo
- Fondazione Bioparco, Viale del Giardino Zoologico, Rome, Italy
| | - G Manna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
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Li H, Taus NS, Oaks JL. Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus: prospects for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:133-41. [PMID: 16451115 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever is emerging as a significant problem for several ruminant species worldwide. The inability to propagate the causative agent, ovine herpesvirus 2, in vitro has seriously hindered research efforts in the development of effective programs for control of the disease in clinically susceptible hosts. Recent molecular technologic advances have provided powerful tools for investigating this difficult-to-study virus. Identification of the infectious virus source, establishment of experimental animal models and completion of sequencing the genome for ovine herpesvirus 2 have put us in a position to pursue the development of vaccines for control of the disease. In this review, the authors briefly describe the current understanding of ovine herpesvirus 2 and prospectively discuss vaccine development against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an often lethal infection of many species in the order Artiodactyla. It is caused by members of the MCF virus group within Gammaherpesvirinae. MCF is a worldwide problem and has a significant economic impact on highly disease-susceptible hosts, such as cattle, bison, and deer. Several epidemiologic forms of MCF, defined by the reservoir ruminant species from which the causative virus arises, are recognized. Wildebeest-associated MCF (WA-MCF) and sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) are the most prevalent and well-studied forms of the disease. Historical understanding of MCF is largely based on WA-MCF, in which the causative virus can be propagated in vitro. Characterization of SA-MCF has been constrained because the causative agent has never been successfully propagated in vitro. Development of molecular tools has enabled more definitive studies on SA-MCF. The current understanding of MCF, including its etiological agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention, is the subject of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, and
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13
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Giangaspero M, Savini G, Osawa T, Harasawa R. Serological survey to determine the occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever infection in the Japanese small ruminant population from northern districts. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:815-8. [PMID: 23358513 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) causes sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), and is responsible for economic losses in cattle and other susceptible species around the world. A survey of 154 serum samples from 14 flocks in 3 Japanese prefectures (Hokkaido, Aomori and Iwate) was undertaken between 2007 and 2008 to test for antibodies to OvHV-2. OvHV-2 was present in 56 sheep and 2 goats, with 37.66% of samples having a positive reaction using a serum neutralization test. The immune reaction reported in goats could result from Caprine herpesvirus-2. These results indicate that sheep are reservoirs for OvHV-2 in the field in Japan, and they might transmit the virus to susceptible cattle and wild fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Giangaspero
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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14
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Li H, Cunha CW, Taus NS. Malignant catarrhal fever: understanding molecular diagnostics in context of epidemiology. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6881-93. [PMID: 22072925 PMCID: PMC3211016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal disease, primarily of ruminants, caused by a group of gammaherpesviruses. Due to complexities of pathogenesis and epidemiology in various species, which are either clinically-susceptible or reservoir hosts, veterinary clinicians face significant challenges in laboratory diagnostics. The recent development of specific assays for viral DNA and antibodies has expanded and improved the inventory of laboratory tests and opened new opportunities for use of MCF diagnostics. Issues related to understanding and implementing appropriate assays for specific diagnostic needs must be addressed in order to take advantage of molecular diagnostics in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; E-Mails: (C.W.C.); (N.S.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Cristina W. Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; E-Mails: (C.W.C.); (N.S.T.)
| | - Naomi S. Taus
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; E-Mails: (C.W.C.); (N.S.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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15
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Moore DA, Kohrs P, Baszler T, Faux C, Sathre P, Wenz JR, Eldridge L, Li H. Outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever among cattle associated with a state livestock exhibition. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:87-92. [PMID: 20590500 DOI: 10.2460/javma.237.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION Severe disease and death were identified in cattle exhibited at a state fair that were naturally infected with ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2). CLINICAL FINDINGS Most affected cattle had anorexia, signs of depression, diarrhea, fever, and respiratory distress ultimately leading to death. Mean duration of clinical signs prior to death was 6 days (range, 1 to 26 days). Mean number of days between apparent exposure and death was 71 days (range, 46 to 139 days). TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES 19 of 132 cattle cohoused in 1 barn died of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). The diagnosis of sheep-associated MCF was confirmed on the basis of results of an OvHV-2-specific PCR assay performed on tissue samples obtained from affected cattle. The disease was associated but not significantly with distance from the center of the barn and was not associated with distance from the center of the sheep pens. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Outbreaks of MCF in cattle are unusual, particularly in association with livestock exhibitions. Because the clinical signs may be similar to those of some transboundary diseases, cases of MCF should be reported and investigated. Findings for this outbreak provided evidence to suggest that fair boards and veterinarians should reexamine biosecurity recommendations for livestock exhibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Moore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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16
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Meier-Trummer CS, Ryf B, Ackermann M. Identification of peripheral blood mononuclear cells targeted by Ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2010; 141:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Development of a management program for a mixed species wildlife park following an occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever. J Zoo Wildl Med 2008; 39:380-5. [PMID: 18817000 DOI: 10.1638/2007-0181.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During late 2001 and early 2002, a mixed species wildlife park in North Carolina experienced an acute outbreak of morbidity and mortality in Pere David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), axis deer (Axis axis), blackbuck antelope (Antelope cervicapra), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus). Clinical signs varied from fulminant disease, progressing from depression to bloody scours to death in fewer than 4 days in Pere David's deer, to a more protracted form of disease, ranging from 2 wk to 3 mo, in axis deer. In moribund axis deer, high levels of anti-malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus antibody by competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were detected. Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) DNA was detected in peripheral blood leukocytes of the affected axis deer. No other MCF viruses were detected. Retrospective examination of frozen tissue samples from the affected Pere David's deer and blackbuck antelope also confirmed the presence of OvHV-2 DNA. Initial control efforts were directed at preventing further deaths of clinically susceptible animals by removing MCF virus reservoir species, particularly ovine species. The most prevalent ovine species in the wildlife park was mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon). All sheep were removed from the park by June 2002, and the last MCF death occurred in October 2002. Since mouflon sheep had been a prominent attraction in the wildlife park, the owner wanted a means to reintroduce this species to the park. Derivation of OvHV-2-uninfected mouflon lambs was undertaken using the previously described program for production of OvHV-2-free sheep (Ovis ovis). The rederived MCF virus-negative mouflon sheep were introduced into the park in approximately January 2004. As of December 2007, no further cases of MCF have occurred since the removal of OvHV-2-positive mouflon sheep and reintroduction of the virus-free lambs. This paper describes the successful management and control of MCF in a densely populated mixed species animal park.
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18
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Li H, Cunha CW, Davies CJ, Gailbreath KL, Knowles DP, Oaks JL, Taus NS. Ovine herpesvirus 2 replicates initially in the lung of experimentally infected sheep. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1699-1708. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/000554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), a rhadinovirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a frequently fatal lymphoproliferative disease primarily of ruminants worldwide. Inability to propagate the virus in vitro has made it difficult to study OvHV-2 replication. Aerosol inoculation of sheep with OvHV-2 from nasal secretions collected from naturally infected sheep during shedding episodes results in infection of naive sheep, providing an excellent system to study OvHV-2 initial replication in the natural host. In this study, we showed that OvHV-2 delivered through the nasal route by nebulization resulted in infection in all lambs, but no infection was established in any lambs after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. In nebulized lambs, while it was not detected initially in any other tissues, OvHV-2 DNA became detectable in the lung at 3 days post-infection (p.i.), increased to about 900 copies per 50 ng DNA at 5 days p.i., reached peak levels (∼7500 copies) at 7 days p.i., and then declined to an average of 800 copies at 9 days p.i. Transcripts of OvHV-2 open reading frame 25 (coding for the capsid protein), an indicator of virus replication, were only detected in lung tissues, and were positively correlated with OvHV-2 DNA levels in the lungs. In addition, selected immune response genes were also highly expressed in the lung at 5 and 7 days p.i. The data indicate that lung is the primary replication site for OvHV-2 during initial infection in sheep and suggest that viral replication is promptly controlled by a host defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Washington Sate University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Cristina W. Cunha
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Washington Sate University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Christopher J. Davies
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Katherine L. Gailbreath
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Washington Sate University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Washington Sate University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - J. Lindsay Oaks
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Naomi S. Taus
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Washington Sate University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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19
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Traul DL, Taus NS, Lindsay Oaks J, O'Toole D, Rurangirwa FR, Baszler TV, Li H. Validation of nonnested and real-time PCR for diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in clinical samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:405-8. [PMID: 17609352 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a frequently fatal disease primarily of certain ruminants, is caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). Molecular diagnosis of SA-MCF in affected animals has relied on detection of OvHV-2 DNA using a nested PCR, which has significant potential for amplicon contamination as a routine method in diagnostic laboratories. In this report, a nonnested and a previously developed real-time PCR were validated for detection of OvHV-2 DNA in samples from clinically affected animals. Three sets of blood or tissue samples were collected: 1) 97 samples from 97 naturally affected animals with evidence of clinical SA-MCF; 2) 200 samples from 8 animals with experimentally induced SA-MCF; and 3) 100 samples from 100 animals without any evidence of clinical SA-MCF. Among 97 positive samples defined by nested PCR from clinically affected animals, 95 (98%) were positive by nonnested PCR and 93 (96%) were positive by real-time PCR, respectively. One hundred percent of the samples from the animals with experimentally induced MCF were positive by real-time PCR, while 99% were positive by nonnested PCR. Neither nonnested PCR nor real-time PCR yielded a positive result on any of the 100 nested PCR-negative samples from animals without evidence of clinical MCF. The data confirmed that both nonnested and real-time PCR maintained high specificity and sensitivity for the detection of OvHV-2 DNA in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Traul
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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20
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Li H, Taus NS, Jones C, Murphy B, Evermann JF, Crawford TB. A devastating outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a bison feedlot. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 18:119-23. [PMID: 16566270 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In early 2003, an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) occurred in a bison feedlot in southern Idaho. The outbreak resulted in a 51.2% (n = 825) mortality rate among bison, which had been exposed to sheep for 19 days. Diagnosis was made by detection of ovine herpesvirus 2 (sheep-associated MCF virus) DNA in tissues or peripheral blood by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and by histological examination of tissue lesions. Peak losses occurred between 41 and 55 days postmean exposure time (PME), and reached a maximum of 41 head per day. No known cases of MCF were observed among the 177 head of bison that arrived in the lot 3 1/2 weeks after the departure of the sheep. Of the several thousand head of beef cattle in the lot during the outbreak, only a single case of MCF was identified. This outbreak illustrates the devastating impact the MCF virus can have on bison under certain exposure conditions, the high threat posed by adolescent lambs to susceptible species, the significantly greater susceptibility of bison than beef cattle to MCF, and the lack of horizontal transmission from clinically affected bison to herdmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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21
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Li H, Keller J, Knowles DP, Taus NS, Oaks JL, Crawford TB. Transmission of caprine herpesvirus 2 in domestic goats. Vet Microbiol 2005; 107:23-9. [PMID: 15795075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV-2) is a recently recognized gammaherpesvirus that is endemic in domestic goats and has been observed to cause clinical malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in certain species of deer. In this study, transmission of CpHV-2 in goats was examined. A total of 30 kids born to a CpHV-2 positive goat herd were selected and divided into two groups: group 1 (n=16) remained in the positive herd; group 2 (n=14) was separated from the herd at 1 week of age after obtaining colostrum. Peripheral blood samples from each kid were examined regularly by competitive ELISA for MCF viral antibody and by PCR for CpHV-2 DNA. Fifteen out of 16 goats (94%) that remained with the positive herd seroconverted and became PCR-positive for CpHV-2 by 10 months of age. In contrast, all kids (100%) that were separated from the positive herd at 1 week of age remained negative until termination of the experiment at 1 year of age. Additional transmission experiments revealed that all CpHV-2-free adult goats were susceptible to CpHV-2 or ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) infection. The data indicate that the transmission pattern of CpHV-2 in goats is similar to the pattern of OvHV-2 in sheep and that CpHV-2-free goats can be established by early separation of kids from positive herds, which has significant implications for MCF control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-Agriculture Research Service, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA.
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22
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Li H, Taus NS, Lewis GS, Kim O, Traul DL, Crawford TB. Shedding of ovine herpesvirus 2 in sheep nasal secretions: the predominant mode for transmission. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5558-64. [PMID: 15583281 PMCID: PMC535255 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.12.5558-5564.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), the major causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever in ruminant species worldwide, has never been propagated in vitro. Using real-time PCR, a striking, short-lived, peak of viral DNA, ranging from 10(5) to over 10(8) copies/2 microg of DNA, was detected in nasal secretions from over 60.7% of adolescent sheep (n = 56) at some point during the period from 6 to 9 months of age. In contrast, only about 18% of adult sheep (n = 33) experienced a shedding episode during the study period. The general pattern of the appearance of viral DNA in nasal secretions was a dramatic rise and subsequent fall within 24 to 36 h, implying a single cycle of viral replication. These episodes occurred sporadically and infrequently, but over the 3-month period most of the 56 lambs (33, or 60.7%) experienced at least one episode. No corresponding fluctuations in DNA levels were found in either peripheral blood leukocytes or plasma. In a DNase protection assay, complete, enveloped OvHV-2 virions were demonstrated in the nasal secretions of all sheep examined during the time when they were experiencing an intense shedding episode. OvHV-2 infectivity in nasal secretions was also demonstrated by aerosolization of the secretions into OvHV-2-negative sheep. The data herein show that nasal shedding is the major mode of OvHV-2 transmission among domestic sheep and that adolescents represent the highest risk group for transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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23
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Nishimori T, Ishihara R, Kanno T, Jayawardane GL, Nishimori K, Uchida I, Imai K. Experimental transmission of ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 66:1171-6. [PMID: 15528844 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in sheep via natural contact and nasal secretions was examined. OvHV-2-free lambs were produced by separating newborn lambs from their mothers within 5 days of birth and raising them in an isolation facility. Transmission experiments via natural contact were conducted by keeping OvHV-2-free lambs with OvHV-2-infected sheep of different ages. Six of the infected ewes in this experiment were pregnant and gave birth during the experimental period. OvHV-2 was not transmitted from the adult sheep, though viral DNA was consistently detected in their peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). On the other hand, OvHV-2 was transmitted from recently infected lambs to sheep at 10 or 12 weeks after the onset of contact. In addition, we attempted the experimental transmission of OvHV-2 via nasal secretions, by transferring nasal washings from infected sheep to the nostrils of uninfected sheep. Sheep receiving the nasal washings from infected adult sheep maintained their negative status for 15 months, whereas sheep receiving nasal washings from recently infected lambs acquired OvHV-2 by 8 months. The results of these experiments support that OvHV-2 is more easily transmitted to negative sheep by recently infected lambs than by adult sheep. Further, it is supposed that the nasal cavity is a portal for entry and shedding of infectious OvHV-2 in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nishimori
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Japan
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Callan RJ, Van Metre DC. Viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:327-62, vii. [PMID: 15203229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features,and diagnosis of the primary viral neurologic diseases observed in ruminants. In general, these viral neurologic diseases are uncommon but often fatal. Rabies virus is perhaps the most important cause of encephalitis in cattle because of the public health implications. Other viral encephalitis diseases in ruminants include bovine herpesvirus encephalomyelitis, pseudorabies, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine and caprine lentiviral encephalitis, West Nile virus encephalitis, Borna disease, paramyxoviral sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis,and ovine encephalomyelitis (louping-ill).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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25
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Li H, Snowder GD, Crawford TB. Effect of passive transfer of maternal immune components on infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 in lambs. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:631-3. [PMID: 12013459 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the role of passively tranferred immunity in protection against early infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) in lambs. ANIMALS 15 adult sheep and 34 lambs. PROCEDURES 2 groups of animals were used, including 15 lambs born to OvHV-2-free ewes and 19 lambs born to OvHV-2-positive ewes. After nursing colostrum, all lambs and their dams were introduced into a flock positive for OvHV-2. Blood was obtained from the lambs every 2 weeks and examined by PCR assay and competitive inhibition ELISA. RESULTS None of the animals had positive results by PCR analysis for samples obtained approximately 2 weeks after introduction into the flock. In the group of lambs from OvHV-2-infected ewes, 5 of 19 had positive results at 1 month of age and 17 of 19 by 5 months of age. In the group of offspring from OvHV-2-negative ewes, only 1 of 15 had positive results at 1 month of age, and the number reached 12 of 15 by 5 months of age. All lambs in both groups had positive results by 6 months. An active antibody response to the virus was detected in animals within 3 weeks after viral DNA became detectable in the blood. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis suggests that passively transferred immunity does not play an important role in the delay of infection with OvHV-2 in lambs. Age also does not seem to influence susceptibility. The rate of infection in young lambs may simply be a reflection of the intensity of viral exposure in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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26
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Li H, Hua Y, Snowder G, Crawford TB. Levels of ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA in nasal secretions and blood of sheep: implications for transmission. Vet Microbiol 2001; 79:301-10. [PMID: 11267790 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed competitive PCR for ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) was used to examine the levels of viral DNA in nasal secretions and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of lambs and adult sheep. Viral DNA first appeared in the PBL of most lambs after about 3 months of age and the levels remained relatively constant thereafter. In most of the lambs (83%, n=12), viral DNA was undetectable by PCR in nasal secretions prior to 5 months of age. A dramatic rise of OvHV-2 DNA levels in the nasal secretions occurred starting at 5-6 months of age, which peaked at approximately 7 months. The highest level recorded in lamb nasal secretions was 7.5x10(8)copies/2microg DNA which were 75,000-100,000-fold higher than the levels in PBL of the same lambs. In adult sheep (n=10), the viral DNA levels in both PBL and nasal secretions were relatively stable over the 13-month period of the study, which included a lambing season. The data strongly suggest that neonatal lambs are not an important source for the transmission of OvHV-2 to clinically susceptible species, and that the nasal cavity is an important portal for shedding of infectious OvHV-2 in sheep. Furthermore, this study failed to identify a seasonal pattern in levels of viral DNA in nasal secretions or PBL of adult sheep that would provide a basis for the traditionally held belief that clinical cases of malignant catarrhal fever are significantly associated with lambing ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Li H, Keller J, Knowles DP, Crawford TB. Recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: an endemic gammaherpesvirus in domestic goats. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:227-232. [PMID: 11125175 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel gammaherpesvirus in goats that is herein tentatively designated as caprine herpesvirus-2 was identified based on the sequence of a fragment from the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene. Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the virus sequence isolated from goats was 67% identical to the homologous sequence from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1, 71% identical to ovine herpesvirus-2 and 73% identical to a recently recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer. Combined serological and PCR-survey data demonstrated that this virus is endemic in goats and its transmission pattern may be similar to that of ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Janice Keller
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Timothy B Crawford
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
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Abstract
Previous studies from this laboratory have defined the pattern of acquisition of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV-2) in lambs under natural flock conditions. This study examined the question of whether OHV-2 could be transmitted between adult sheep. Two potential routes of transmission were examined: (1) direct inoculation of either viable leukocytes or whole blood from OHV-2 positive sheep, and (2) horizontal transmission through natural contact with OHV-2 positive sheep. Two groups of OHV-2 negative adult sheep were inoculated with material from infected sheep, one with 5x10(8) viable peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), and the other with 100 ml of whole peripheral blood. No PCR signals were detected in any of the three sheep inoculated with the PBL during the 20 weeks following inoculation. In the group of five sheep inoculated with whole blood, two became PCR-positive at 7 and 8 weeks post-inoculation, respectively, and the remaining three sheep maintained their negative status until termination of the experiment at 20 weeks post-inoculation. In two experiments conducted in different flocks, a total of 20 adult sheep were used to examine horizontal transmission by contact; all animals became PCR-positive within 12 months of mixing the uninfected and infected animals. The results of these experiments support two conclusions. First, the susceptibility to OHV-2 is not limited to young lambs; adult sheep remain fully susceptible. Second, the fact that whole blood, but not PBL, from infected sheep was able to transmit the infection to only two of five inoculated sheep suggests that the infection in peripheral blood cells may be largely non-productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
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