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Sun XL, Phuc HD, Okamoto R, Kido T, Oanh NTP, Manh HD, Anh LT, Ichimori A, Nogawa K, Suwazono Y, Nakagawa H. A 30-year follow-up study in a former cadmium-polluted area of Japan: the relationship between cadmium exposure and β 2-microglobulin in the urine of Japanese people. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23079-23085. [PMID: 36316551 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant. Long-term exposure to Cd may lead to adverse health effects in humans. Our epidemiological studies showed that urinary Cd (U-Cd) concentrations increased from 2008 through 2014, although they decreased from 1986 through 2008. The aim of this study was to elucidate the long-term effects of the changing trend of cadmium exposure levels (U-Cd) on residents' renal function within 30 years after Cd exposure ceased. In 2016, urine samples were collected from each subject by visiting 20 elderly Japanese people (9 females and 11 males) living in the Kakehashi River basin, a previously Cd-polluted area in Ishikawa, Japan. The geometric means of the β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and urinary Cd (U-Cd) continued to increase from 2014 until 2016. Furthermore, Cd concentration and β2-MG in urine were still higher than those in the non-polluted areas in Japan. Multivariate linear regression was performed to associate β2-MG (dependent variable) and U-Cd with sex and age (independent variables). Significant correlations were found among age, U-Cd, and β2-MG, and these were clearer in females than in males. In summary, we propose that three decades after Cd exposure ceased, age is associated with β2-MG more strongly than Cd for bodily impact. Moreover, renal tubular dysfunction is irreversible and worsens after exposure to Cd, with females being more sensitive to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liang Sun
- School of Medicine, and The First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, 759 2nd Ring East Road, Huzhou, 313000, China
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing, 314001, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Hoang Duc Phuc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan
- Hanoi Center for Control Disease, No. 70 Nguyen Chi Thanh, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Rie Okamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan.
| | - Nguyen Thi Phuong Oanh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Ho Dung Manh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, No. 10, Huynh Van Nghe, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, Vietnam
| | - Le Thai Anh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Akie Ichimori
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Rodent hair is a Poor biomarker for internal manganese exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112555. [PMID: 34534608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hair is used as a biomarker of manganese (Mn) exposure, yet there is limited evidence to support its utility to quantify internal vs external Mn exposure. C57BL/6 J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in two blocks of 3 subcutaneous injections every 3 days starting on day 0 or 20. The control group received two blocks of saline (vehicle); Treatment A received the first block as Mn (50 mg/kg MnCl2 tetrahydrate), with the second block as either methylmercury (MeHg at 2.6 or 1.3 mg/kg) for mice or vehicle for rats; and Treatment B received Mn for both blocks. Hair was collected on days 0 and 60 from all treatment groups and Mn quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and total Hg by Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). No correlation between internal Mn dose and hair Mn was observed, whereas hair Hg was significantly elevated in MeHg exposed vs non-exposed mice. Whole body Mn content at day 60 was quantified postmortem by neutron activation analysis, which detected significantly elevated Mn for Treatment B in mice and rats. Overall, we find no evidence to support the use of hair as a valid biomarker for internal exposure to Mn at a neurotoxic level.
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Lundh T, Axmon A, Skerfving S, Broberg K. Cadmium and mercury exposure over time in Swedish children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:600-605. [PMID: 26922260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowledge about changes in exposure to toxic metals over time remains very sparse, in particular for children, the most vulnerable group. Here, we assessed whether a reduction in environmental pollution with cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) caused a change in exposure over time. In total, 1257 children (age 4-9) in two towns in Sweden were sampled once in 1986-2013. Blood concentrations of Cd (b-Cd; n=1120) and Hg (b-Hg; n=560) were determined. RESULTS The median b-Cd was 0.10 (geometric mean 0.10; range 0.010-0.61) μg/L and b-Hg was 0.91 (geometric mean 0.83; range 0.021-8.2) μg/L. Children living close to a smelter had higher b-Cd and b-Hg than those in urban and rural areas. There was no sex difference in b-Cd or b-Hg, and b-Cd and b-Hg showed no significant accumulation by age. b-Cd decreased only slightly (0.7% per year, p<0.001) over the study period. In contrast, b-Hg did show a clear decrease over the study period (3% per year, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The exposure to Cd was very low but still might increase the risk of disease later in life. Moreover, b-Cd only showed a minor decrease, indicating that Cd pollution should be further restricted. b-Hg was relatively low and decreasing, probably because of reduced use of dental amalgam and lower Hg intake from fish. The b-Cd and b-Hg levels decreased much less than the levels of lead in the blood as previously found in the same children.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lundh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - A Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - S Skerfving
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - K Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden; Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dakeshita S, Kawai T, Uemura H, Hiyoshi M, Oguma E, Horiguchi H, Kayama F, Aoshima K, Shirahama S, Rokutan K, Arisawa K. Gene expression signatures in peripheral blood cells from Japanese women exposed to environmental cadmium. Toxicology 2009; 257:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Esteban M, Castaño A. Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:438-49. [PMID: 18951632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans and other living organisms are exposed to a variety of chemical pollutants that are released into the environment as a consequence of anthropogenic activities. Environmental pollutants are incorporated into the organism by different routes and can then be stored and distributed in different tissues, which leads to an internal concentration that can induce different alterations, adverse effects and/or diseases. Control measures should be taken to avoid these effects and human biomonitoring is a very useful tool that can contribute to this aim. Human biomonitoring uses different matrices to measure the target chemicals depending on the chemical, the amount of matrix necessary for the analysis and the detection limit (LOD) of the analytical technique. Blood is the ideal matrix for most chemicals due to its contact with the whole organism and its equilibrium with organs and tissues where chemicals are stored. However, it has an important disadvantage of being an invasive matrix. The development of new methodology and modern analytical techniques has allowed the use of other matrices that are less or non-invasive, such as saliva, urine, meconium, nails, hair, and semen or breast milk. The presence of a chemical in these matrices reflects an exposure, but correlations between levels in non-invasive matrices and blood must be established to ensure that these levels are related to the total body burden. The development of new biomarkers that are measurable in these matrices will improve non-invasive biomonitoring. This paper reviews studies that measure Cd, Pb, Hg, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides and phthalates in non-invasive matrices, the most used techniques for measurements and what alternative techniques are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, National Centre of Environmental Health (CNSA), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Ozden TA, Gökçay G, Ertem HV, Süoğlu OD, Kiliç A, Sökücü S, Saner G. Elevated hair levels of cadmium and lead in school children exposed to smoking and in highways near schools. Clin Biochem 2006; 40:52-6. [PMID: 16962089 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heavy metal pollution has become a serious health concern in recent years. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are toxic heavy metals. This study was aimed to determine the risk factors for high cadmium and lead levels in school children. DESIGN AND METHODS The scalp hair samples were obtained from 760 children at 13 schools in Istanbul. A questionnaire was prepared to gather information about demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the children. Hair cadmium and lead concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS Household exposure to smoking and attending a school near to Main Streets were found to be the most important risk factors for the high hair cadmium and lead levels in our study. CONCLUSION These findings support the public health recommendations that children should not have household exposure to smoking, schools should not be near to the main streets and unleaded gasoline use should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülin Ayşe Ozden
- Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Capa 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
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