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Ibsen S, Su Y, Norton J, Zahavy E, Hayashi T, Adams S, Wrasidlo W, Esener S. Extraction protocol and mass spectrometry method for quantification of doxorubicin released locally from prodrugs in tumor tissue. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:768-73. [PMID: 23832932 PMCID: PMC4110111 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The localized conversion of inactive doxorubicin prodrug chemotherapeutics to pharmacalogically active forms is difficult to quantify in mouse tumor models because it occurs only in small regions of tissue. The tumor tissue extraction protocol and LC-MS/MS analysis method described here were optimized to obtain a detection limit of 7.8 pg for the activated doxorubicin and 0.36 ng for the doxorubicin prodrug. This method can be useful for determining the biodistribution and activation efficiency for many different doxorubicin prodrugs. It can also be used for quantification of doxorubicin from tumor models that have poor vascularization resulting in low tissue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Ibsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Dr. # 0815, La Jolla, CA 92093-0815, USA.
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Hasanzadeh H, Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Bathaie SZ, Hassan ZM. Effect of local dual frequency sonication on drug distribution from polymeric nanomicelles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:1165-71. [PMID: 21489850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the side effects caused by systemic administration of doxorubicin, nanosized polymeric micelles were used in combination with dual frequency ultrasonic irradiation. These micelles release the drug due to acoustic cavitation, which is enhanced in dual frequency ultrasonic fields. To form the drug-loaded micelles, Pluronic P-105 copolymer was used, and doxorubicin was physically loaded into stabilized micelles with an average size of 14 nm. In this study, adult female Balb/C mice were transplanted with spontaneous breast adenocarcinoma tumors and were injected with a dose of 1.3 mg/kg doxorubicin in one of three forms: free doxorubicin, micellar doxorubicin without sonication and micellar doxorubicin with sonication. To increase cavitation yield, the tumor region was sonicated for 2.5 min at simultaneous frequencies of 3 MHz (I(SATA)=2 W/cm(2)) and 28 kHz (I(SATA)=0.04 W/cm(2)). The animals were sacrificed 24h after injection, and their tumor, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys and plasma were separated and homogenized. The drug content in the tissues was determined using tissue fluorimetry (350 nm excitation and 560 nm emission), and standard drug dose curves were obtained for each tissue. The results show that in the group that received micellar doxorubicin with sonication, the drug concentration in the tumor tissue was significantly higher than in the free doxorubicin injection group (8.69 times) and the micellar doxorubicin without sonication group (2.60 times). The drug concentration in other tissues was significantly lower in the micellar doxorubicin with sonication group relative to the free doxorubicin (3.35 times) and the micellar drug without sonication (2.48 times) groups (p<0.05). We conclude that dual frequency sonication improves drug release from micelles and increases the drug uptake by tumors due to sonoporation. The proposed drug delivery system creates an improved treatment capability while reducing systemic side effects caused by drug uptake in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Butt RH, Coorssen JR. Pre-extraction sample handling by automated frozen disruption significantly improves subsequent proteomic analyses. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:437-48. [PMID: 16457611 DOI: 10.1021/pr0503634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we quantitatively characterize two common homogenization strategies in the analysis of tissue proteomes: classical manual homogenization (MH) and an automated frozen disruption (AFD) technique. In a variety of tissues, many proteins were more efficiently extracted, resolved and detected, with high reproducibility after AFD, amounting to as much as 2% of the total resolved proteome. The benefits of AFD over MH are 2-fold: (1) AFD yields a much more thorough homogenate than MH; and (2) as a deep frozen alternative, AFD maintains a level of biological complexity that is not retained during MH. Thus, AFD coupled with refined 2DE protocols and Sypro Ruby staining yields quantitative proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hussain Butt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Gao ZG, Lee DH, Kim DI, Bae YH. Doxorubicin loaded pH-sensitive micelle targeting acidic extracellular pH of human ovarian A2780 tumor in mice. J Drug Target 2006; 13:391-7. [PMID: 16308207 PMCID: PMC3108254 DOI: 10.1080/10611860500376741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), loaded in pH-sensitive micelles poly(l-histidine) (M(n):5K)-b-PEG (M(n):5K) micelles. The micelles were designed to target the acidic extracellular pH of solid tumors. Studies of pH-dependent cytotoxicity, growth rate of the tumor, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were conducted. In vitro DOX uptake upon A2780 cells by incubating the cells in a pH 6.8 complete medium at a concentration of 20 microg DOX/ml in the micelle formulation was more than five times that of pH 7.4 condition for initial 20 min. In vivo pharmacokinetic data showed that AUC (area under concentration curve) and half life time (t(1/2)) (plasma half life) of DOX in the pH sensitive micelles increased about 5.8- and 5.2-fold of free DOX in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. It appeared that DOX in the pH-sensitive micelles preferentially accumulated in the tumor site. The distributions at 12 h post injection in other organs including liver, kidney, spleen, lung and heart were not significantly different from those of DOX in PBS at a 6 mg DOX/kg dose. The in vivo test of anti-tumor activity was performed with human ovarian carcinoma A2780 which was subcutaneously xenografted in female nu/nu athymic mice. The pH-sensitive micelle formulation significantly retarded tumor growth rate without serious body weight loss. The triggered drug release by the reduced tumor pH is believed to be a major mechanism of the observed efficacy after passive accumulation of the micelles by EPR effect. This may have resulted in a local high dose of drug in the tested solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Gao
- University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Pereira de Oliveira M, Venisse N, Couet W, Olivier JC. LC–MS/MS determination of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir in brain and testis of mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:353-9. [PMID: 16112534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of indinavir in mice brain and testis is described and validation data are provided. Indinavir and the internal standard (IS) amprenavir were isolated from homogenized tissue matrices using a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure and were then analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The mass spectrometer in the positive-ion multiple reaction monitoring mode used pairs of ions at m/z of 614.1/421.3 for indinavir and of 506.1/245.3 for IS. The calibration curves were linear over the range 0.0012-0.0390 micromol/kg for brain and 0.39-12.50 micromol/kg for testis. Linearity, repeatability and accuracy were validated. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by assessing indinavir in brain and testis of three mice dosed with intravenous bolus administration of indinavir (16.3 micromol/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pereira de Oliveira
- Pharmacologie des Médicaments Anti-Infectieux, Pôle Biologie-Santé, Faculté de Médecine & Pharmacie, 40 av. du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Mudigonda K, Jukanti R, Apte SS, Ajjala DR, Shrivastava W, Kandikere VN, Nirogi RVS. HPLC quantification of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir in brain and testis of mice. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:1028-32. [PMID: 16506264 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable HPLC method with UV detection (240 nm) was developed and validated for quantitation of saquinavir in mice brain and testis. Saquinavir and the internal standard were isolated from homogenized tissue matrices using liquid-liquid extraction procedure and were then analyzed using an isocratic mobile phase by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The lower limit of quantification was 50 ng/g for both brain and testis. A linear dynamic range of 50-5000 ng/g for both brain and testis was established. This HPLC method was validated with between-batch precision of 0.5-4.4 and 1.5-5.5% for brain and testis, respectively. The between-batch accuracy was 94.7-105.9% and 97.5-105.0% for brain and testis, respectively. The present method was applied for tissue distribution studies of the novel drug delivery systems of saquinavir in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteshwara Mudigonda
- Nanotechnology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506009, India.
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Henry de Hassonville S, Chiap P, Liégeois JF, Evrard B, Delattre L, Crommen J, Piel G, Hubert P. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cyproterone acetate in human skin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:133-43. [PMID: 15351057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of a preliminary study on the transdermal penetration of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a simple and rapid procedure involving an extraction step coupled to a HPLC-UV determination has been developed for the separation and quantification of CPA in the two main skin layers-epidermis and dermis-after local application. The separation of epidermis and dermis layers was carefully carried out by means of a sharp spatula after skin immersion in heated water at 65 degrees C. The two skin layers were then treated separately according to the same process: (1) sample homogenization by vibration after freezing with liquid nitrogen in a Mikro-Dismembrator; (2) CPA extraction with methanol after addition of the internal standard (betamethasone dipropionate); (3) centrifugation; (4) evaporation of a supernatant aliquot; (5) dissolution of the dry residue in methanol and addition of water; (6) centrifugation; (7) injection of a supernatant aliquot into the HPLC system. The separation was achieved on octadecylsilica stationary phase using a mobile phase consisting in a mixture of acetonitrile and water (40:60 (v/v)). The method was then validated using a new approach based on accuracy profiles over a CPA concentration range from 33 to 667 ng/ml for each skin layer. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of CPA to several skin samples after topical application of different gel formulations containing CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Henry de Hassonville
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, B36, Liège B-4000, Belgium
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James CA, Breda M, Baratt� S, Casati M, Grassi S, Pellegatta B, Sarati S, Frigerio E. Analysis of Drugs and Metabolites in Tissues and Other Solid Matrices. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kümmerle A, Krueger T, Dusmet M, Vallet C, Pan Y, Ris HB, Decosterd LA. A validated assay for measuring doxorubicin in biological fluids and tissues in an isolated lung perfusion model: matrix effect and heparin interference strongly influence doxorubicin measurements. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:475-94. [PMID: 14550866 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is an antineoplasic agent active against sarcoma pulmonary metastasis, but its clinical use is hampered by its myelotoxicity and its cumulative cardiotoxicity, when administered systemically. This limitation may be circumvented using the isolated lung perfusion (ILP) approach, wherein a therapeutic agent is infused locoregionally after vascular isolation of the lung. The influence of the mode of infusion (anterograde (AG): through the pulmonary artery (PA); retrograde (RG): through the pulmonary vein (PV)) on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics and lung distribution was unknown. Therefore, a simple, rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed to quantify doxorubicin in four different biological matrices (infusion effluent, serum, tissues with low or high levels of doxorubicin). The related compound daunorubicin was used as internal standard (I.S.). Following a single-step protein precipitation of 500 microl samples with 250 microl acetone and 50 microl zinc sulfate 70% aqueous solution, the obtained supernatant was evaporated to dryness at 60 degrees C for exactly 45 min under a stream of nitrogen and the solid residue was solubilized in 200 microl of purified water. A 100 microl-volume was subjected to HPLC analysis onto a Nucleosil 100-5 microm C18 AB column equipped with a guard column (Nucleosil 100-5 microm C(6)H(5) (phenyl) end-capped) using a gradient elution of acetonitrile and 1-heptanesulfonic acid 0.2% pH 4: 15/85 at 0 min-->50/50 at 20 min-->100/0 at 22 min-->15/85 at 24 min-->15/85 at 26 min, delivered at 1 ml/min. The analytes were detected by fluorescence detection with excitation and emission wavelength set at 480 and 550 nm, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 2-1000 ng/ml for effluent and plasma matrices, and 0.1 microg/g-750 microg/g for tissues matrices. The method is precise with inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviation within 0.5 and 6.7% and accurate with inter-day and intra-day deviations between -5.4 and +7.7%. The in vitro stability in all matrices and in processed samples has been studied at -80 degrees C for 1 month, and at 4 degrees C for 48 h, respectively. During initial studies, heparin used as anticoagulant was found to profoundly influence the measurements of doxorubicin in effluents collected from animals under ILP. Moreover, the strong matrix effect observed with tissues samples indicate that it is mandatory to prepare doxorubicin calibration standard samples in biological matrices which would reflect at best the composition of samples to be analyzed. This method was successfully applied in animal studies for the analysis of effluent, serum and tissue samples collected from pigs and rats undergoing ILP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kümmerle
- Division de Pharmacalogie clinique, Laboratoire BH 18-218, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mürdter TE, Friedel G, Backman JT, McClellan M, Schick M, Gerken M, Bosslet K, Fritz P, Toomes H, Kroemer HK, Sperker B. Dose optimization of a doxorubicin prodrug (HMR 1826) in isolated perfused human lungs: low tumor pH promotes prodrug activation by beta-glucuronidase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301:223-8. [PMID: 11907177 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.301.1.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HMR 1826 (N-[4-beta-Glucuronyl-3-nitrobenzyl-oxycarbonyl]doxorubicin) is a nontoxic glucuronide prodrug from which active doxorubicin is released by beta-glucuronidase. Preclinical studies aimed at dose optimization of HMR 1826, based on intratumoral pharmacokinetics, are important to design clinical studies. Using an isolated perfused human lung model, the uptake of doxorubicin into normal tissue and tumors after perfusion with 133 microg/ml (n = 6), 400 microg/ml (n = 10), and 1200 microg/ml (n = 6) HMR 1826 was compared. Extracellular tissue pH was measured, and enzyme kinetic studies were performed in vitro to investigate the effect of pH on the formation of doxorubicin. Extracellular pH was lower in tumors than in healthy tissue (6.46 +/- 0.35, n = 8 versus 7.30 +/- 0.33, n = 10; p < 0.001). In vitro, beta-glucuronidase activity was 10 times higher at pH 6.0 than at neutral pH. After perfusion with HMR 1826, there was a linear relationship between HMR 1826 concentrations in perfusate and normal lung tissue. After perfusion with 133, 400, and 1200 microg/ml HMR 1826, the final doxorubicin concentrations in normal and tumor tissue were 2.7 +/- 0.9, 11.1 +/- 5.4, and 21.8 +/- 8.4 microg/g (p < 0.05 for all comparisons), and 0.7 +/- 0.3, 8.6 +/- 2.0 microg/g (p < 0.01 versus 133 microg/g), and 8.7 +/- 4.9 microg/g, respectively. This agrees with the enzyme kinetic observations of saturation of beta-glucuronidase at 400 microg/ml HMR 1826 in the acidic environment of the tumor. Therefore, the escalation of the HMR 1826 dose most likely results in higher circulating concentrations than 400 microg/ml but does not increase the uptake of doxorubicin into tumors and, subsequently, antitumor efficacy. The isolated perfused human lung is an excellent model for preclinical investigations aimed at optimization of tissue pharmacokinetics of tumor-selective prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Mürdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Chen CL, Thoen KK, Uckun FM. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of topoisomerase II inhibitors. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:81-119. [PMID: 11817045 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various methods for separating eleven different types of topoisomerase II (TOPO-2) inhibitors, including epipodophyllotoxins, anthracyclines, anthracenediones, anthrapyrazoles, anthracenebishydrazones, indole derivatives, aminoacridines, benzisoquinolinediones, isoflavones, bisdioxopiperazines and thiobarbituric acids, are summarized. Proper sample preparation and storage is critical to the successful analysis of some TOPO-2 inhibitors due to difficulties associated with adsorption, instability and complex biological components. Solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions are widely used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors from biological samples, although simple deproteinization followed by direct analysis of the supernatant is preferable to extraction based on its speed and simplicity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the favored method for the bioanalysis of TOPO-2 inhibitors. UV or diode array detection is generally employed for early pharmacokinetic studies, while fluorescence or electrochemical detection is used more frequently for analytes with fluorescent or oxidative-reductive properties. For analyses requiring highly sensitive and/or specific detection, electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS or ESI-MS-MS) provides a suitable alternative. A comprehensive compilation of the HPLC techniques currently used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors will aid the future development of analytical methods for new TOPO-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parker Hughes Cancer Center, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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Zagotto G, Gatto B, Moro S, Sissi C, Palumbo M. Anthracyclines: recent developments in their separation and quantitation. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:161-71. [PMID: 11817026 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are among the most widely used anticancer agents. Notwithstanding the large efforts to develop new drugs with a better pharmaceutical profile, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin and idarubicin are still the most used in clinical practice. Many efforts are now ongoing to reduce the side effects by using pharmaceutical formulations able to release the drug in the most appropriate way and monitoring the quantity of anthracyclines and their metabolites in the body fluids or tissues frequently and in every patient to maintain the drug concentration within the expected range. This review describes the most recent developments in the separation and quantitation of the above clinically useful drugs, together with their principal metabolites. Some less widely used derivatives will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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Loadman PM, Calabrese CR. Separation methods for anthraquinone related anti-cancer drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:193-206. [PMID: 11817028 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The quinoid anthracycline-related anti-cancer agents represent an important group of anti-tumour drugs with a wide spectrum of activity. We review here some of the separation techniques used for the analysis of anthracyclines and related compounds. In this review we have covered a range of compounds from the early anthracycline antibiotics such as doxorubicin to the more recent anthracenediones and anthrapyrazoles such as mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, respectively. We also include novel compounds such as AQ4N and C1311, both awaiting clinical trial. Separations of the anthraquinone related anti-cancer agents are predominantly by HPLC. These separation techniques have been used for a variety of applications including drug stability, protein binding and therapeutic drug monitoring as well as detailed pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies. Pharmacokinetics, and therefore drug analysis, plays a central role in both the development of new agents and also leads to a better understanding of clinically established agents in this class. Sample preparation and extraction methods including solid-phase and liquid-liquid extraction have also been highlighted. Many anthraquinone related compounds are highly coloured and fluoresce. They are suitable for a range of detection methods including UV-Vis, electrochemical and fluorescence. The methods described are used for sometimes complex separations that are needed for the evaluation of such compounds in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loadman
- Cancer Research Unit, University of Bradford, UK.
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Unorthodox temperature conditions: Opinions and supplementary observations from bioanalytical forum participants. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02493124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Analysis of doxorubicin in cell culture media and human plasma using solid phase extraction and HPLC. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02467759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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