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Shafiei F, Afarinesh MR, Golshan F, Haghpanah T, Sabzalizadeh M, Zangiabadi I, Sheibani V. Comparison of pre-pulse inhibition, tactile discrimination learning and barrel cortical neural response in adult male rats following chronic exposure to morphine, methadone and buprenorphine. Physiol Behav 2019; 212:112694. [PMID: 31622612 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to opioids is the most common treatment plan to reduce the pain. In this study, the stereotyped behaviors and cognitive functions related to different types of tactile and auditory inputs were investigated in the rats following chronic exposure to the morphine, methadone, and buprenorphine. Here, three addicted groups received morphine, methadone, and buprenorphine while the control rats received saline for 21 days. Our results demonstrated that the opioid-treated groups showed stereotyped behaviors including grooming and rearing. In the behavioral level, prepulse inhibition and preference indices were not changed significantly in the opioids-treated groups compared to those of the saline group as two criteria for acoustic startle reflex and tactile discrimination, respectively. In the neuronal level, chronic morphine and methadone treatment changed the response properties of the barrel cortical neurons to the whisker deflections in the experimental groups compared to the saline group. Thus, it was concluded that the excitatory receptive fields of neurons in the barrel cortex can be changed as a result of chronic exposure to morphine and methadone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shafiei
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Kerman Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Kerman Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Golshan
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Haghpanah
- Department of Anatomy, School of Afzalipour Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Sabzalizadeh
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iman Zangiabadi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Afzalipour Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Kerman Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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2
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Frontal cortex dysfunction as a target for remediation in opiate use disorder: Role in cognitive dysfunction and disordered reward systems. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 239:179-227. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Wang Y, Wang H, Li W, Zhu J, Gold MS, Zhang D, Wang L, Li Y, Yan X, Cheng J, Li Q, Wang W. Reduced responses to heroin-cue-induced craving in the dorsal striatum: effects of long-term methadone maintenance treatment. Neurosci Lett 2014; 581:120-4. [PMID: 25157798 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is safe and effective for heroin addiction, but the neural basis of the length effects of long-term MMT on brain activity during craving in former heroin addicts is unclear. This study explored it by comparing the brain activations of heroin addicts with different length of MMT during pictorial presentation of heroin-related cue. Fifteen male former heroin addicts successfully treated by MMT less than 1 year (Group A), 15 matched patients with 2-3 year MMT (Group B) and 17 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while heroin-related and neutral stimuli were present to them. Subjective cue-elicited craving was measured with visual analog scale before and after imaging. Then, partial correlation analysis to reveal the relationship between drug-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal intensity and heroin or methadone use history. Finally, self-reported craving was not different between Group A and B before and after scanning. Compared with Group A, Group B had a significant reduced brain activity to heroin-related minus neural cues in the bilateral caudate. After controlling for the variable heroin use history, the drug-related BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral caudate was negatively correlated with MMT duration and total methadone consumption. When MMT history was controlled, the drug-related activity intensity in right caudate had a positive correlation with heroin daily dosage. Long-term MMT may improve heroin-craving response by modulating the impaired function in the bilateral dorsal striatum caused by former heroin use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Hanyue Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yongbin Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xuejiao Yan
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Jiajie Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an 710038, China.
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Shiraishi K, Takeda Y, Masui K, Taninishi H, Sasaki T, Danura T, Morita K. Effect of fentanyl on ischemic depolarization and ischemic neuronal damage of hippocampal CA1 in the gerbil. J Anesth 2011; 25:540-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-011-1143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Gender-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of opiates. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 194:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mu and delta opioid receptors oppositely regulate motor impulsivity in the signaled nose poke task. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4410. [PMID: 19198656 PMCID: PMC2635474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a primary feature of many psychiatric disorders, most notably attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction. Impulsivity includes a number of processes such as the inability to delay gratification, the inability to withhold a motor response, or acting before all of the relevant information is available. These processes are mediated by neural systems that include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate and cannabinoids. We examine, for the first time, the role of opioid systems in impulsivity by testing whether inactivation of the mu- (Oprm1) or delta- (Oprd1) opioid receptor gene alters motor impulsivity in mice. Wild-type and knockout mice were examined on either a pure C57BL6/J (BL6) or a hybrid 50% C57Bl/6J–50% 129Sv/pas (HYB) background. Mice were trained to respond for sucrose in a signaled nose poke task that provides independent measures of associative learning (responses to the reward-paired cue) and motor impulsivity (premature responses). Oprm1 knockout mice displayed a remarkable decrease in motor impulsivity. This was observed on the two genetic backgrounds and did not result from impaired associative learning, as responses to the cue signaling reward did not differ across genotypes. Furthermore, mutant mice were insensitive to the effects of ethanol, which increased disinhibition and decreased conditioned responding in wild-type mice. In sharp contrast, mice lacking the Oprd1 gene were more impulsive than controls. Again, mutant animals showed no deficit in associative learning. Ethanol completely disrupted performance in these animals. Together, our results suggest that mu-opioid receptors enhance, whereas delta-opioid receptors inhibit, motor impulsivity. This reveals an unanticipated contribution of endogenous opioid receptor activity to disinhibition. In a broader context, these data suggest that alterations in mu- or delta-opioid receptor function may contribute to impulse control disorders.
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Afarinesh MR, Sheibani V, Arabzadeh S, Shamsizadeh A. Effect of chronic morphine exposure on response properties of rat barrel cortex neurons. Addict Biol 2008; 13:31-9. [PMID: 18201293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to morphine can impair performance in tasks which need sensory processing. Using single unit recordings we investigate the effect of chronic morphine exposure on the firing properties of neurons in layers IV and V of the whisker-related area of rat primary somatosensory cortex. In urethane-anesthetized animals, neuronal activity was recorded in response to principal and adjacent whisker deflections either stimulated independently or in a conditioning test paradigm. A condition test ratio (CTR) was calculated for assessing the inhibitory receptive field. In layer IV, chronic morphine treatment did not change the spontaneous discharge activity. On responses to principal and adjacent whisker deflections did not show any significant changes following chronic morphine exposure. The magnitude Off responses to adjacent whisker deflection decreased while its response latency increased. In addition, there was a significant increase in the latency of Off responses to principal whisker deflection. CTR did not change significantly following morphine exposure. Layer V neurons, on the other hand, did not show any significant changes in their spontaneous activity or their evoked responses following morphine exposure. Our results suggest that chronic morphine exposure has a subtle modulatory effect on response properties of neurons in barrel cortex.
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Witkowski G, Szulczyk P. Opioid mu receptor activation inhibits sodium currents in prefrontal cortical neurons via a protein kinase A- and C-dependent mechanism. Brain Res 2006; 1094:92-106. [PMID: 16733049 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioid transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex is involved in mood regulation and is altered by drug dependency. However, the mechanism by which ionic channels in cortical neurons are controlled by mu opioid receptors has not been elucidated. In this study, the effect of mu opioid receptor activation on voltage-dependent Na(+) currents was assessed in medial prefrontal cortical neurons. In 66 out of 98 nonpyramidal neurons, the application of 1 microM of DAMGO ([D-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-OL]-enkephalin), a specific mu receptor agonist, caused a decrease in the Na(+) current amplitude to approximately 79% of that observed in controls (half blocking concentration = 0.094 microM). Moreover, DAMGO decreased the maximum current activation rate, prolonged its time-dependent inactivation, and shifted the half inactivation voltage from -63.4 mV to -71.5 mV. DAMGO prolonged the time constant of recovery from inactivation from 5.4 ms to 7.4 ms. The DAMGO-evoked inhibition of Na(+) current was attenuated when GDP-beta-S (0.4 mM, Guanosine 5-[beta-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt) was included in the intracellular solution. Inhibitors of kinase A and C greatly attenuated the DAMGO-induced inhibition, while adenylyl cyclase and kinase C activators mirrored the DAMGO inhibitory effect. Na(+) currents in pyramidal neurons were insensitive to DAMGO. We conclude that the activation of mu opioid receptors inhibits the voltage-dependent Na(+) currents expressed in nonpyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex, and that kinases A and C are involved in this inhibitory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Witkowski
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Pasteura 3, Warsaw 02 093, Poland
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9
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Commiskey S, Fan LW, Ho IK, Rockhold RW. Butorphanol: effects of a prototypical agonist-antagonist analgesic on kappa-opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 98:109-16. [PMID: 15942128 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.crj05001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid analgesic, butorphanol (17-cyclobutylmethyl-3,14-dihydroxymorphinan) tartrate is a prototypical agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic agent whose potential for abuse has been the cause of litigation in the United States. With a published affinity for opioid receptors in vitro of 1:4:25 (mu:delta:kappa), the relative contribution of actions at each of these receptors to the in vivo actions of the drug are an issue of active investigation. A body of evidence has been developed which indicates that a substantial selective action of butorphanol on the kappa-opioid receptor mediates the development of tolerance to butorphanol and cross-tolerance to other opioid agonists; to the production of dependence upon butorphanol, particularly in the rodent; and to compensatory alterations in brain opioid receptor-effector systems. This perspective will identify the current state of understanding of the effects produced by butorphanol on brain opioid receptors, particularly on the kappa-opioid receptor subtype, and on the expression of phosphotyrosyl proteins following chronic treatment with butorphanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Commiskey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
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10
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Schmidt PH, Oscilowski Z, Schmolke C, Padosch SA, Mu�hoff F, Madea B. Zur Zelldichte �-Opiatrezeptor-exprimierender hippocampaler Neuronen Drogentoter. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-004-0302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Ferrer-Alcón M, La Harpe R, García-Sevilla JA. Decreased immunodensities of micro-opioid receptors, receptor kinases GRK 2/6 and beta-arrestin-2 in postmortem brains of opiate addicts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 121:114-22. [PMID: 14969742 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The homologous regulation of opioid receptors, through G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and beta-arrestins, is an initial step in the complex molecular mechanisms leading to opiate tolerance and dependence. This study was designed to evaluate in parallel the contents of immunolabeled micro-opioid receptors (glycosylated proteins), two representative GRKs (GRK 2 and GRK 6) and beta-arrestin-2 in brains of opiate addicts who had died of an opiate overdose (heroin or methadone). The immunodensities of micro-opioid receptors were decreased (66 kDa protein: 24%, n=24, P<0.0001; 85 kDa protein: 16%, n=24, P<0.05) in the prefrontal cortex of opiate addicts compared with sex-, age-, and PMD-matched controls. This down-regulation of brain micro-opioid receptors was more pronounced in opiate addicts dying of a heroin overdose (27-30%, n=13) than in those who died of a methadone overdose (5-16%, n=11). In the same brains, significant decreases in the immunodensities of GRK 2 (19%, n=24, P<0.05), GRK 6 (25%, n=24, P<0.002) and beta-arrestin-2 (22%, n=24, P< 0.0005) were also quantitated. In contrast, the content of alpha-internexin (a neuronal marker used as a negative control) was not changed in brains of opiate addicts. In these subjects, there was a significant correlation between the densities of GRK 6 and beta-arrestin-2 (r=0.63, n=24, P=0.001), suggesting that both proteins are regulated in a coordinated manner by opiate drugs in the brain. The results indicate that opiate addiction in humans (tolerant state) is associated with down-regulation of brain micro-opioid receptors and regulatory GRK 2/6 and beta-arrestin-2 proteins. These molecular adaptations may be relevant mechanisms for the induction of opiate tolerance in brains of opiate addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ferrer-Alcón
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, H.U.G., Belle-Idée (Les Voirons), CH-1225 Chêne-Bourg, Geneva Switzerland
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Becker J, Schmidt P, Musshoff F, Fitzenreiter M, Madea B. MOR1 receptor mRNA expression in human brains of drug-related fatalities—a real-time PCR quantification. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 140:13-20. [PMID: 15013161 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2002] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the human micro-opiate receptor (MOR1) in post mortem human brain tissue was examined using real-time PCR technology. Tissue samples from 11 fatalities due to opiate overdose and five normal subjects with different causes of death were analysed in order to elucidate whether chronic opiate abuse is followed by a regulation of MOR1 expression. In each case nine selected brain regions (thalamus, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, ventral tegmentum, hippocampus, amygdala, frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, putamen) were evaluated. The MOR1-mRNA level was determined relative to the housekeeping gene beta2-microglobulin. While in most regions the MOR mRNA levels in the brain of addicts were not different from the control group-with varying levels between 0 and 15% of housekeeping gene level-in the brains of three drug-related fatalities an enormous increase was encountered in the thalamus where the MOR-mRNA level amounted for up to 10,000% of the measured housekeeping gene level. The results obtained by toxicological hair analysis in the group of drug-related fatalities indicate that the enormous thalamic MOR1-expression is primarily found in individuals who died from acute heroin overdose but did not show signs of a substantial chronic administration of the drug. Further studies have to be performed to evaluate if the observed MOR1-mRNA up-regulation in the thalamus in a subpopulation of acute lethal intoxications mirrors a state of functional hypersensitivity associated with the occurrence of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Becker
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Büttner A, Weis S. Central Nervous System Alterations in Drug Abuse. FORENSIC PATHOLOGY REVIEWS 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-786-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Schmidt P, Schmolke C, Musshoff F, Menzen M, Prohaska C, Madea B. Area-specific increased density of mu-opioid receptor immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of drug-related fatalities. Forensic Sci Int 2003; 133:204-11. [PMID: 12787653 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In animal experiments and in cell culture, chronic morphine treatment has been followed by "up-regulation" as well as "down-regulation" of the mu-opioid receptor (OR) number. The present postmortem morphometric study of morphine-related fatalities of drug-addicts (n=13, 20-35 years old, with blood unconjugated morphine levels from 27.1 ng/ml to 458 ng/ml, m.v. 198.5 ng/ml) versus a non-addicted control group (n=13, 10-44 years old) was intended to examine, whether chronic opiate exposure affects the numerical density of mu-OR expressing neurons in the human neocortex (areas 11, 24 and 25 according to Brodmann). For the immunohistochemical procedure, vibratome sections (100 microm) were incubated with a monoclonal antibody against the mu-OR, diluted 1:100, and immunolabelled sites were visualized using an immunoperoxidase protocol. The numerical densities of OR immunoreactive neuronal profiles and Nissl-stained central profiles were assessed morphometrically (camera lucida-drawings). In both groups, the anti-mu-OR-immunoreactivity was mainly localized in pyramidal neurons of layers (L) II/III and V and in multiform neurons of L VI. In the areas 24 and 25, the density of the immunoreactive neuronal profiles did not display a significant difference between the two examined groups. In the area 11, however, the number of immunolabelled neuronal profiles amounted to 2777+/-206 mm(3) in the drug-related fatalities and to 2320+/-124 mm(3) in the control group and thus was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, FRG, Germany.
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Fan LW, Tanaka S, Park Y, Sasaki K, Ma T, Tien LT, Rockhold RW, Ho IK. Butorphanol dependence and withdrawal decrease hippocampal kappa 2-opioid receptor binding. Brain Res 2002; 958:277-90. [PMID: 12470863 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the degree and distribution of alterations in the expression of kappa-opioid receptor subtypes using a model of chronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of butorphanol. Autoradiographic characterization of binding for brain kappa(1) ([3H]CI-977)-, kappa(2) ([3H]bremazocine in the presence of DAMGO, DPDPE, and U-69,593)- and total kappa ([3H]bremazocine in the presence of only DAMGO and DPDPE)-opioid receptors was performed. Dependence was induced by a 72 h i.c.v. infusion with butorphanol (26 nmol/microl per hour) (butorphanol-dependent). Butorphanol withdrawal was produced by terminating the infusion of butorphanol in dependent animals. Responses were studied 7 h following termination (butorphanol-withdrawal). During both dependence and withdrawal phases, the binding signals for both kappa(1)- and kappa(2)-opioid receptors were significantly increased in certain regions, with especially marked increases in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, parietal cortex, dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus. In contrast, a highly specific decrease in kappa(2)-, but increase in kappa(1)-, opioid receptor binding was noted in the hippocampus of rats in both butorphanol-dependent and-withdrawal groups. Therefore, alterations in kappa(1)- and kappa(2)-opioid receptors in the hippocampus may be differently involved in both adaptation to and recovery from chronic exposure to a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid analgesic. These results further illustrate the regional distribution of changes in binding characteristics of rat brain kappa(1)- and kappa(2)-opioid receptor subtypes in an established model of butorphanol dependence and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fourth installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 2001 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists. The particular topics covered this year include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology(Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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