1
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Yi C, Lu L, Li Z, Guo Q, Ou L, Wang R, Tian X. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles for microRNA delivery in cancer treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01621-x. [PMID: 38758499 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) are natural nanocarriers and effective delivery systems for plant microRNAs (miRNAs). These PELN-carrying plant miRNAs can regulate mammalian genes across species, thereby increasing the diversity of miRNAs in mammals and exerting multi-target effects that play a crucial role in diseases, particularly cancer. PELNs demonstrate exceptional stability, biocompatibility, and targeting capabilities that protect and facilitate the up-take and cross-kingdom communication of plant miRNAs in mammals. Primarily ingested and absorbed within the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, PELNs preferentially act on the intestine to regulate intestinal homeostasis through functional miRNA activity. The oncogenesis and progression of cancer are closely associated with disruptions in intestinal barriers, ecological imbalances, as well as secondary changes, such as abnormal inflammatory reactions caused by them. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate whether PELNs exert their anticancer effects by regulating mammalian intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. This review aims to elucidate the intrinsic crosstalk relationships and mechanisms of PELNs-mediated miRNAs in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, regulating inflammation and cancer treatment. Furthermore, serving as exceptional drug delivery systems for miRNAs molecules, PELNs offer broad prospects for future applications, including new drug research and development along with drug carrier selection within targeted drug delivery approaches for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linzhu Lu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Longyun Ou
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 95 Shaoshan Rd, Hunan, 410208, Changsha, China.
| | - Xuefei Tian
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Tradional Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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2
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Wu G, Gu W, Chen G, Cheng H, Li D, Xie Z. Interactions of tea polysaccharides with gut microbiota and their health-promoting effects to host: Advances and perspectives. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
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3
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Association of antibiotic-consumption patterns with the prevalence of hematological malignancies in European countries. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7821. [PMID: 35550556 PMCID: PMC9098430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are considered the fifth most common cancer in the world. Several risk factors and probable etiological agents have been suspected in the pathomechanism of those malignancies as infections, chemicals, irradiation, etc., and recently, the contribution of the altered gut flora, dysbiosis, was identified also as a possible additional factor to the existing ones. Host, and external factors, like antibiotics, which were identified as a major disruptor of the "normal" gut flora, influence the composition of the microbiome. Considering the several-fold differences in antibiotic consumption patterns and the incidence of hematological malignancies in European countries, the hypothesis was raised that the dominant consumption of certain antibiotic classes might influence the incidence of different hematological malignancies through the modification of gut flora. Comparisons were performed between the average antibiotic consumption databases reported yearly by ECDC (2009–2019) and the incidence rate of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), and leukemia (LEU) estimated for 2020 in 30 European countries. Applying Spearman calculations, significant positive correlation has been found between the incidence of HL and tetracycline (J01A) consumption (r = 0.399, p = 0.029), NHL and narrow spectrum, beta-lactamase resistant penicillin (J01CF) (r = 0.580, p = 0.001), MM and tetracycline (r = 0.492, p = 0.006), penicillin (J01C) (r = 0.366, p = 0.047), narrow spectrum, beta-lactamase resistant penicillin (J01CF) (r = 0.574, p = 0.001), while strong, significant negative correlation has been recorded between NHL and cephalosporin (r = − 0.460, p = 0.011), and quinolone (r = − 0.380, p = 0.038). The incidence of LEU did not show any positive or negative association with any antibiotic classes using Spearman calculation. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression (OR) indicated increased risk between HL and the total consumption of systemic antibiotics (J01 p: 0.038), and tetracyclin (J01A p: 0.002). Similarly, increased risk has been detected between the MM and tetracyclin (J01A p: 0.02), and narrow spectrum, beta-lactamase resistant penicillin (J01CF p: 0.042) and decreased risk between cephalosporin and MM (J01D p:0.022). LEU showed increased risk with the consumption of macrolides (p: 0.047).
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4
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Khan I, Wei J, Li A, Liu Z, Yang P, Jing Y, Chen X, Zhao T, Bai Y, Zha L, Li C, Ullah N, Che T, Zhang C. Lactobacillus plantarum strains attenuated DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating the gut microbiota and immune response. Int Microbiol 2022; 25:587-603. [PMID: 35414032 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota has become a new therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Probiotics are known for their beneficial effects and have shown good efficacy in the clinical treatment of IBD and animal models of colitis. However, how these probiotics contribute to the amelioration of IBD is largely unknown. In the current study, the DSS-induced mouse colitis model was treated with oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strains to investigate their effects on colitis. The results indicated that the L. plantarum strains improved dysbiosis and enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria related to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Moreover, L. plantarum strains decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6, IL-22, and TNF-α and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., TGF-β, IL-10. Our result suggests that L. plantarum strains possess probiotic effects and can ameliorate DSS colitis in mice by modulating the resident gut microbiota and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junshu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Anping Li
- Gansu Institute of Drug Control, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Gansu Institute of Drug Control, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Pingrong Yang
- Gansu Institute of Drug Control, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yaping Jing
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinjun Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanrui Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lajia Zha
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Naeem Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tuanjie Che
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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5
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Merkley SD, Goodfellow SM, Guo Y, Wilton ZER, Byrum JR, Schwalm KC, Dinwiddie DL, Gullapalli RR, Deretic V, Jimenez Hernandez A, Bradfute SB, In JG, Castillo EF. Non-autophagy Role of Atg5 and NBR1 in Unconventional Secretion of IL-12 Prevents Gut Dysbiosis and Inflammation. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 16:259-274. [PMID: 34374750 PMCID: PMC8864635 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal myeloid cells play a critical role in balancing intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we report that expression of the autophagy-related 5 [Atg5] protein in myeloid cells prevents dysbiosis and excessive intestinal inflammation by limiting IL-12 production. Mice with a selective genetic deletion of Atg5 in myeloid cells [Atg5ΔMye] showed signs of dysbiosis preceding colitis, and exhibited severe intestinal inflammation upon colitis induction that was characterised by increased IFNγ production. The exacerbated colitis was linked to excess IL-12 secretion from Atg5-deficient myeloid cells and gut dysbiosis. Restoration of the intestinal microbiota or genetic deletion of IL-12 in Atg5ΔMye mice attenuated the intestinal inflammation in Atg5ΔMye mice. Additionally, Atg5 functions to limit IL-12 secretion through modulation of late endosome [LE] acidity. Last, the autophagy cargo receptor NBR1, which accumulates in Atg5-deficient cells, played a role by delivering IL-12 to LE. In summary, Atg5 expression in intestinal myeloid cells acts as an anti-inflammatory brake to regulate IL-12, thus preventing dysbiosis and uncontrolled IFNγ-driven intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Merkley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Samuel M Goodfellow
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zoe E R Wilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Janie R Byrum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kurt C Schwalm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Darrell L Dinwiddie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rama R Gullapalli
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anthony Jimenez Hernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Corresponding author: Eliseo F. Castillo, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, MSC 10 550, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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6
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Ma G, Du H, Hu Q, Yang W, Pei F, Xiao H. Health benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides and associated gut microbiota regulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6646-6663. [PMID: 33792430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1903385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms have been an important part of the human diet for thousands of years, and over 100 varieties have been cultivated for their potential human health benefits. In recent years, edible mushroom polysaccharides (EMPs) have been studied for their activities against obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer. Particularly, accumulating evidence on the exact causality between these health risks and specific gut microbiota species has been revealed and characterized, and most of the beneficial health effects of EMPs have been associated with its reversal impacts on gut microbiota dysbiosis. This demonstrates the key role of EMPs in decreasing health risks through gut microbiota modulation effects. This review article compiles and summarizes the latest studies that focus on the health benefits and underlying functional mechanisms of gut microbiota regulation via EMPs. We conclude that EMPs can be considered a dietary source for the improvement and prevention of several health risks, and this review provides the theoretical basis and technical guidance for the development of novel functional foods with the utilization of edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxing Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Oliver L, Ramió-Pujol S, Amoedo J, Malagón M, Serrano M, Bahí A, Lluansí A, Torrealba L, Busquets D, Pardo L, Serra-Pagès M, Aldeguer X, Garcia-Gil J. A Novel Grape-Derived Prebiotic Selectively Enhances Abundance and Metabolic Activity of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria in Faecal Samples. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639948. [PMID: 33833742 PMCID: PMC8021714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients have different faecal microbiota profiles compared to healthy controls. Prebiotics intake influences intestinal microbiota composition which in turn influence the growth of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) producing bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of Previpect, a new prebiotic obtained from grapes fibre, to balance the dysbiosis found in patients with intestinal disorders. This was achieved through the analysis of specific bacterial markers and SCFA production using an in vitro fermentation system and comparing the obtained results with those obtained with other commercial prebiotics. Fresh faecal samples from patients with IBD (N = 6), IBS (N = 3), and control subjects (N = 6) were used. Previpect showed high fermentative ability enabling the growth of butyrate producing bacteria and increasing SCFA concentration up to 2.5-fold. Previpect is a promising prebiotic which may be used as a therapeutic strategy towards promotion of intestinal microbiota restoration, microbial healing, and as a preventive supplement for healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Bahí
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona-IDIBGI, Salt, Spain
| | - Aleix Lluansí
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona-IDIBGI, Salt, Spain
| | | | - David Busquets
- Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Pardo
- Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Aldeguer
- GoodGut SL, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona-IDIBGI, Salt, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
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8
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Manandhar I, Alimadadi A, Aryal S, Munroe PB, Joe B, Cheng X. Gut microbiome-based supervised machine learning for clinical diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G328-G337. [PMID: 33439104 PMCID: PMC8828266 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of various diagnostic tests for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), misdiagnosis of IBD occurs frequently, and thus, there is a clinical need to further improve the diagnosis of IBD. As gut dysbiosis is reported in patients with IBD, we hypothesized that supervised machine learning (ML) could be used to analyze gut microbiome data for predictive diagnostics of IBD. To test our hypothesis, fecal 16S metagenomic data of 729 subjects with IBD and 700 subjects without IBD from the American Gut Project were analyzed using five different ML algorithms. Fifty differential bacterial taxa were identified [linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe): linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score > 3] between the IBD and non-IBD groups, and ML classifications trained with these taxonomic features using random forest (RF) achieved a testing area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of ∼0.80. Next, we tested if operational taxonomic units (OTUs), instead of bacterial taxa, could be used as ML features for diagnostic classification of IBD. Top 500 high-variance OTUs were used for ML training, and an improved testing AUC of ∼0.82 (RF) was achieved. Lastly, we tested if supervised ML could be used for differentiating Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Using 331 CD and 141 UC samples, 117 differential bacterial taxa (LEfSe: LDA score > 3) were identified, and the RF model trained with differential taxonomic features or high-variance OTU features achieved a testing AUC > 0.90. In summary, our study demonstrates the promising potential of artificial intelligence via supervised ML modeling for predictive diagnostics of IBD using gut microbiome data.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrates the promising potential of artificial intelligence via supervised machine learning modeling for predictive diagnostics of different types of inflammatory bowel diseases using fecal gut microbiome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Manandhar
- 1Bioinformatics & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Program in Physiological Genomics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ahmad Alimadadi
- 1Bioinformatics & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Program in Physiological Genomics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Sachin Aryal
- 1Bioinformatics & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Program in Physiological Genomics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- 2Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute &
National Institute of Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts
and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bina Joe
- 1Bioinformatics & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Program in Physiological Genomics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xi Cheng
- 1Bioinformatics & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Program in Physiological Genomics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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9
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Song Q, Wang Y, Huang L, Shen M, Yu Y, Yu Q, Chen Y, Xie J. Review of the relationships among polysaccharides, gut microbiota, and human health. Food Res Int 2021; 140:109858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Chaouch MA, Benvenuti S. The Role of Fruit by-Products as Bioactive Compounds for Intestinal Health. Foods 2020; 9:E1716. [PMID: 33266454 PMCID: PMC7700329 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit processing industry generates large amounts of wastes (pomace, seeds, peels) that causes negative environmental impact with considerable treatment expenses. Nevertheless, various studies demonstrated that these by-products are still rich in bioactive compounds, especially dietary fibres and phenolic compounds, thus leading to significant chemical, physical and biological properties. These characteristics make fruits by-products a good source for new supplements in food products having important effect on intestinal function. Thus, the aim of this review is to evaluate the different bioactive compounds isolated from fruit by-products and to analyse their application in various formulations for the food and nutraceutical industries. In consideration of the biological properties of these compounds, their role in the functioning and action on intestine and gut flora was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aymen Chaouch
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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11
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Tenailleau QM, Lanier C, Gower-Rousseau C, Cuny D, Deram A, Occelli F. Crohn's disease and environmental contamination: Current challenges and perspectives in exposure evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114599. [PMID: 32325248 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the incidence of Crohn's disease has increased worldwide over the past 30 years, the disorder's exact causes and physiological mechanisms have yet to be determined. Given that genetic determinants alone do not explain the development of Crohn's disease, there is growing interest in "environmental" determinants. In medical science, the term "environment" refers to both the ecological and social surroundings; however, most published studies have focused on the latter. In environmental and exposure sciences, the term "environment" mostly relates to contamination of the biotope. There are many unanswered questions on how environmental hazards might contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Which pollutants should be considered? Which mechanisms are involved? And how should environmental contamination and exposure be evaluated? The objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature on Crohn's disease and environmental contamination. We searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and Prospero databases. We considered all field studies previous to April 2019 conducted on human health indicators, and evaluating exposure to all type of physical, biological and chemical contamination of the environment. The lack of clear answers to date can be ascribed to the small total number of field studies (n = 16 of 39 publications, most of which were conducted by pioneering medical scientists), methodological differences, and the small number of contaminants evaluated. This make it impossible to conduct a coherent and efficient meta-analysis. Based on individual analysis of available studies, we formulated five recommendations on improving future research: (i) follow up the currently identified leads - especially metals and endocrine disruptors; (ii) explore soil contamination; (iii) gain a better knowledge of exposure mechanisms by developing transdisciplinary studies; (iv) identify the most plausible contaminants by developing approaches based on the source-to-target distance; and (v) develop registries and cohort-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Tenailleau
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Caroline Lanier
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Gower-Rousseau
- Public Health, Epidemiology and Economic Health Unit, EPIMAD Registry, Maison Régionale de la Recherche Clinique, University of Lille and Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; LIRIC UMR 995, Team, INSERM, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Damien Cuny
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Annabelle Deram
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Florent Occelli
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
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Nair S, Farzan A, Weese JS, Poljak Z, Friendship RM. Effect of flavophospholipol on fecal microbiota in weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32426155 PMCID: PMC7216395 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heightened prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium remains a public health and food safety concern. Studies have reported antibiotic, flavophospholipol, may have the ability to reduce Salmonella in swine, as well as alter the gut microbiota in favour of beneficial bacteria by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the fecal microbiota of weaned pigs receiving in-feed flavophospholipol and challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. RESULTS Twenty-one weaned pigs were fed either a diet containing 4 ppm of flavophospholipol (treatment group) or a non-medicated feed (control group) for 36 days post-weaning (Day 1 to Day 36). The pigs were orally challenged with a 2 mL dose of 108 CFU/mL of S. Typhimurium at Day 7 and Day 8. Community bacterial DNA extracted from fecal samples collected at Day 6 (before challenge) and Day 36 (28 days after challenge) were used to assess the fecal microbiota using the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene with Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing. Sequencing data were visualized using mothur and analyzed in JMP and R software. The fecal microbiota of pigs in the treatment group had differences in abundance of phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria) and genera (Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Treponema, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Blautia, Streptococcus, Megasphaera, Dorea, Sporobacter, Peptococcus, unclassified Firmicutes, Clostridium IV and Campylobacter) when compared to pigs that were controls, 28 days after challenge with Salmonella (P < 0.05). Specifically, results demonstrated a significant increase in phylum Proteobacteria (P = 0.001) and decrease in Firmicutes (P = 0.012) and genus Roseburia (P = 0.003) in the treated pigs suggestive of possible microbial dysbiosis. An increased abundance of genera Lactobacillus (P = 0.012) was also noted in the treated group in comparison to the control. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, it is difficult to conclude whether treatment with 4 ppm of flavophospholipol is promoting favorable indigenous bacteria in the pig microbiota as previous literature has suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Nair
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - Robert M. Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
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de Alencar Junior H, Paiotti APR, de Araújo Filho HB, Oshima CTF, Miszputen SJ, Ambrogini-Júnior O. The relationship between the commensal microbiota levels and Crohn's disease activity. JGH OPEN 2020; 4:784-789. [PMID: 33102745 PMCID: PMC7578322 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim Human gut microbiota play an important role in metabolism and host physiology. Perturbations of the gut microbial communities lead to the development of various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, allergic diseases, and metabolic diseases. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by periods of remission and relapse. Several studies suggest that intestinal inflammation arises due to an abnormal response of the intestinal immune system to the fecal microbiota. The goal of the study was to evaluate the relative amount of four bacterial groups in fecal samples of Crohn's disease patients and their relation to the inflammatory activity. Methods We studied stool samples of 105 individuals, 54 with Crohn's disease and 51 as a control group. The DNA extracted from the stool samples was subjected to real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for quantification of the Bacteroidetes phylum, class Bacilli, and Bifidobacteriaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families. Results We found a significant increase in Bacteroidetes in Crohn's disease samples when compared to the control group (14 650 and 2060 CFU/ng DNA, respectively) (P = 0.014). On the other hand, we observed a significant reduction in Bacilli and Bifidobacteriaceae (13 and 58 CFU/ng DNA, respectively) (P < 0.0001). In contrast, patients without any drug treatment presented an increase of Bacilli and Bifidobacteriaceae (102 521 and 6235 CFU/ng DNA, respectively) (P < 0.0001). Conclusion The commensal bacteria were decreased in fecal samples of participants with Crohn's disease when compared to the control group. There was no relation between the disease location and/or disease activity with the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Ribeiro Paiotti
- Division of Gastroenterology Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, UNIFESP São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Sender Jankiel Miszputen
- Division of Gastroenterology Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, UNIFESP São Paulo Brazil
| | - Orlando Ambrogini-Júnior
- Division of Gastroenterology Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, UNIFESP São Paulo Brazil
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Dai Z, Zhang J, Wu Q, Chen J, Liu J, Wang L, Chen C, Xu J, Zhang H, Shi C, Li Z, Fang H, Lin C, Tang D, Wang D. The role of microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2032-2041. [PMID: 30474116 PMCID: PMC6899977 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third largest cancer in worldwide and has been proven to be closely related to the intestinal microbiota. Many reports and clinical studies have shown that intestinal microbial behavior may lead to pathological changes in the host intestines. The changes can be divided into epigenetic changes and carcinogenic changes at the gene level, which ultimately promote the production and development of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the pathways of microbial signaling in the intestinal epithelial barrier, the role of microbiota in inflammatory colorectal tumors, and typical microbial carcinogenesis. Finally, by gaining a deeper understanding of the intestinal microbiota, we hope to achieve the goal of treating colorectal cancer using current microbiota technologies, such as fecal microbiological transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujiang Dai
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jingqiu Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Qi Wu
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Chaowu Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Jiaming Xu
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Chunfeng Shi
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zhen Li
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Huiwen Fang
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Chaobiao Lin
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
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15
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Li N, Shi R. Expression alteration of long non-coding RNAs and their target genes in the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 494:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Yu Y, Zhu S, Li P, Min L, Zhang S. Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a crosstalk between upper and lower digestive tract. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:961. [PMID: 30237392 PMCID: PMC6148320 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has coexisted with humans for approximately 60,000 years and greater than 50% of the global population is infected with H. pylori. H. pylori was successfully cultured in vitro in 1983 and studies of H. pylori have achieved substantial advances over the last 35 years. Since then, H. pylori has been characterized as the primary pathogenic factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric malignancy. Numerous patients have received H. pylori eradication treatment, but only 1-2% of H. pylori-infected individuals ultimately develop gastric cancer. Recently, numerous epidemiological and basic experimental studies suggested a role for chronic H. pylori infection in protecting against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by inducing systematic immune tolerance and suppressing inflammatory responses. Here we summarize the current research progress on the association between H. pylori and IBD, and further describe the detailed molecular mechanism underlying H. pylori-induced dendritic cells (DCs) with the tolerogenic phenotype and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Based on the potential protective role of H. pylori infection on IBD, we suggest that the interaction between H. pylori and the host is complicated, and H. pylori eradication treatment should be administered with caution, especially for children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Li N, Shi RH. Updated review on immune factors in pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:15-22. [PMID: 29358878 PMCID: PMC5757119 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of Crohn’s disease (CD) in China is not as high as that in European and American countries, there has been a clear increasing trend in recent years. Little is known about its pathogenesis, cause of deferment, and the range of complications associated with the disease. Local and international scholars have presented many hypotheses about CD pathogenesis based on experimental and clinical studies, including genetic susceptibility, immune function defects, intestinal microflora disorders, delayed hypersensitivity, and food antigen stimulation. However, the specific mechanism leading to this immune imbalance, which causes persistent intestinal mucosal damage, and the source of the inflammatory cascade reaction are still unclear. So far, the results of research studies differ locally and internationally. This paper presents the most current research on immune factors in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Clinical Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui-Hua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Shen ZH, Zhu CX, Quan YS, Yang ZY, Wu S, Luo WW, Tan B, Wang XY. Relationship between intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis: Mechanisms and clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5-14. [PMID: 29358877 PMCID: PMC5757125 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. However, studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC have been inconclusive. Studies have shown that probiotics improve intestinal mucosa barrier function and immune system function and promote secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can reduce bowel permeability and thus the severity of disease by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. FMT can also restore immune dysbiosis by inhibiting Th1 differentiation, activity of T cells, leukocyte adhesion, and production of inflammatory factors. Probiotics and FMT are being increasingly used to treat UC, but their use is controversial because of uncertain efficacy. Here, we briefly review the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chang-Xin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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Boye A, Zou YH, Yang Y. Metabolic derivatives of alcohol and the molecular culprits of fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis: Allies or enemies? World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:50-71. [PMID: 26755860 PMCID: PMC4698508 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic intake of alcohol undoubtedly overwhelms the structural and functional capacity of the liver by initiating complex pathological events characterized by steatosis, steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Subsequently, these initial pathological events are sustained and ushered into a more complex and progressive liver disease, increasing the risk of fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. These coordinated pathological events mainly result from buildup of toxic metabolic derivatives of alcohol including but not limited to acetaldehyde (AA), malondialdehyde (MDA), CYP2E1-generated reactive oxygen species, alcohol-induced gut-derived lipopolysaccharide, AA/MDA protein and DNA adducts. The metabolic derivatives of alcohol together with other comorbidity factors, including hepatitis B and C viral infections, dysregulated iron metabolism, abuse of antibiotics, schistosomiasis, toxic drug metabolites, autoimmune disease and other non-specific factors, have been shown to underlie liver diseases. In view of the multiple etiology of liver diseases, attempts to delineate the mechanism by which each etiological factor causes liver disease has always proved cumbersome if not impossible. In the case of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), it is even more cumbersome and complicated as a result of the many toxic metabolic derivatives of alcohol with their varying liver-specific toxicities. In spite of all these hurdles, researchers and experts in hepatology have strived to expand knowledge and scientific discourse, particularly on ALD and its associated complications through the medium of scientific research, reviews and commentaries. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underpinning ALD, particularly those underlying toxic effects of metabolic derivatives of alcohol on parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cells leading to increased risk of alcohol-induced fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis, are still incompletely elucidated. In this review, we examined published scientific findings on how alcohol and its metabolic derivatives mount cellular attack on each hepatic cell and the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to disruption of core hepatic homeostatic functions which probably set the stage for the initiation and progression of ALD to fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. We also brought to sharp focus, the complex and integrative role of transforming growth factor beta/small mothers against decapentaplegic/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling nexus as well as their cross-signaling with toll-like receptor-mediated gut-dependent signaling pathways implicated in ALD and fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. Looking into the future, it is hoped that these deliberations may stimulate new research directions on this topic and shape not only therapeutic approaches but also models for studying ALD and fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Landman C, Quévrain E. [Gut microbiota: Description, role and pathophysiologic implications]. Rev Med Interne 2015; 37:418-23. [PMID: 26749318 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut contains 10(14) bacteria and many other micro-organisms such as Archaea, viruses and fungi. Studying the gut microbiota showed how this entity participates to gut physiology and beyond this to human health, as a real "hidden organ". In this review, we aimed to bring information about gut microbiota, its structure, its roles and its implication in human pathology. After bacterial colonization in infant, intestinal microbial composition is unique for each individual although more than 95% can be assigned to four major phyla. The use of culture independent methods and more recently the development of high throughput sequencing allowed to depict precisely gut microbiota structure and diversity as well as its alteration in diseases. Gut microbiota is implicated in the maturation of the host immune system and in many fundamental metabolic pathways including sugars and proteins fermentation and metabolism of bile acids and xenobiotics. Imbalance of gut microbial populations or dysbiosis has important functional consequences and is implicated in many digestive diseases (inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, etc.) but also in obesity and autism. These observations have led to a surge of studies exploring therapeutics which aims to restore gut microbiota equilibrium such as probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation. But recent research also investigates biological activity of microbial products which could lead to interesting therapeutics leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Landman
- Inserm ERL 1157, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM and inflammation-immunopathology-biotherapy department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne universités - UPMC université Paris 06, 27, rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; Service de gastroentérologie et nutrition, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - E Quévrain
- Inserm ERL 1157, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM and inflammation-immunopathology-biotherapy department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne universités - UPMC université Paris 06, 27, rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France.
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Maukonen J, Kolho KL, Paasela M, Honkanen J, Klemetti P, Vaarala O, Saarela M. Altered Fecal Microbiota in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:1088-95. [PMID: 26351391 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several factors support the view of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] origin in the host responsiveness to intestinal bacteria, although no single bacterial species has been shown as a causative agent in the pathogenesis. Our aim was to analyse the fecal microbiota of paediatric IBD patients at different stages of the disease. In addition, the characteristics of immune response to the bacterial isolates showing very low abundance in IBD were studied. METHODS Fecal samples [1-3 samples/child] were collected from 10 paediatric patients with crohn's disease [CD], and 12 with ulcerative colitis [UC] and from 8 healthy children, for polyphasic microbiological analysis (culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR], and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). In addition, in vitro cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to the bacterial isolates, which showed very low abundance in IBD, were studied. RESULTS Although predominant bacterial diversity was higher in IBD, the numbers of Lachnospiraceae and Coriobacteriaceae bacteria were lower in IBD patients as compared with control children [p < 0.05]. In addition, Ruminococcaceae population diversity was lower in IBD [p < 0.05] and correlated negatively with fecal calprotectin levels. Both abundance and diversity of bifidobacterial populations were lower in children with IBD [p < 0.05], and particularly low numbers of certain bifidobacterial isolates were detected. In CD, we found enhanced up-regulation of interleukin-6 transcripts and impaired RAR-related orphan receptor C response to bifidobacteria, whereas decreased interferon-gamma response was observed in both CD and UC. CONCLUSION We demonstrate altered fecal microbiota in paediatric IBD, particularly low numbers and diversity of bifidobacterial populations. Interestingly, immunological response to bifidobacteria differed between paediatric CD patients and control children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaija-Leena Kolho
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Paasela
- National Institute for Health and Welfare [THL], Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Klemetti
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland National Institute for Health and Welfare [THL], Helsinki, Finland Respiratory, Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria Saarela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
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Yan FY, Ju J, Gao F, Wang XQ. Application of fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3406-3412. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i21.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the transplantation of the fecal microbiota from a healthy donor into the intestine of a patient via a special way, which can help regulate the intestinal flora and make the patient restore normal intestinal micro ecology system. FMT represents a novel treatment for intestinal flora imbalance caused by a variety of intestinal diseases, with the aim to restore the normal intestinal flora and improve the abnormal intestinal inflammation, immune status, energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter activation. FMT is a selective, rather than primary, treatment for patients after failed conventional treatment. Currently, FMT has been reported to be used for treatment of more and more diseases; however, there has been no unified standard for this promising treatment. Greater efforts should be taken to standardize FMT. This article reviews the application of FMT in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Varela E, Manichanh C, Gallart M, Torrejón A, Borruel N, Casellas F, Guarner F, Antolin M. Colonisation by Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and maintenance of clinical remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:151-61. [PMID: 23725320 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although incrimination of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD is widely accepted, few data are available about the role of specific bacteria. Potentially, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, bacteria with anti-inflammatory properties, might be deficient in ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM To quantify F. prausnitzii in the faecal microbiota of UC patients in remission and determine its relationship with relapse. METHODS A cross-sectional study included 116 UC patients in remission, 29 first-degree relatives and 31 healthy controls. A subset of eighteen patients, recruited during the first month of remission, underwent a 1-year follow-up. Total bacteria and F. prausnitzii were measured by quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR, copies/g). Calprotectin was determined as inflammatory index (μg/g). RESULTS We found that F. prausnitzii was reduced in patients (median, IQR: 1.4 × 10⁸ , 5.1 × 10⁷-4.5 × 10⁸) and relatives (1.7 × 10⁸, 9.3 × 10⁷-5.1 × 10⁸) vs. controls (6.5 × 10⁸, 3.7 × 10⁸-1.6 × 10⁹, P < 0.0001). Moreover, low counts of F. prausnitzii were associated with less than 12 months of remission (8.0 × 10⁷, 2.0 × 10⁷-3.5 × 10⁸ vs. 2.1 × 10⁸, 1.0 × 10⁸-7.9 × 10⁸, P < 0.001) and more than 1 relapse/year (8.0 × 10⁷, 3.2 × 10⁷-3.8 × 10⁸ vs. 1.9 × 10⁸, 6.8 × 10⁷-6.0 × 10⁸, P < 0.01). When patients were followed up, F. prausnitzii increased steadily until reaching similar levels to those of controls if remission persisted (2.9 × 10⁸, 9.3 × 10⁶-1.2 × 10⁹; calprotectin: 76, 19-212), whereas it remained low if patients relapsed (2.2 × 10⁸, 1.4 × 10⁶-3.3 × 10⁸; calprotectin: 1760, 844-3662 P < 0.05 vs. controls). CONCLUSIONS Defective gut colonisation by F. prausnitzii occurred in UC patients during remission and in their unaffected relatives. The recovery of the F. prausnitzii population after relapse is associated with maintenance of clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Varela
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ciberehd, Barcelona, Spain
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A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr 2013; 109 Suppl 1:S1-34. [PMID: 23343744 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To monitor inflammation in a meaningful way, the markers used must be valid: they must reflect the inflammatory process under study and they must be predictive of future health status. In 2009, the Nutrition and Immunity Task Force of the International Life Sciences Institute, European Branch, organized an expert group to attempt to identify robust and predictive markers, or patterns or clusters of markers, which can be used to assess inflammation in human nutrition studies in the general population. Inflammation is a normal process and there are a number of cells and mediators involved. These markers are involved in, or are produced as a result of, the inflammatory process irrespective of its trigger and its location and are common to all inflammatory situations. Currently, there is no consensus as to which markers of inflammation best represent low-grade inflammation or differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation or between the various phases of inflammatory responses. There are a number of modifying factors that affect the concentration of an inflammatory marker at a given time, including age, diet and body fatness, among others. Measuring the concentration of inflammatory markers in the bloodstream under basal conditions is probably less informative compared with data related to the concentration change in response to a challenge. A number of inflammatory challenges have been described. However, many of these challenges are poorly standardised. Patterns and clusters may be important as robust biomarkers of inflammation. Therefore, it is likely that a combination of multiple inflammatory markers and integrated readouts based upon kinetic analysis following defined challenges will be the most informative biomarker of inflammation.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbes have important roles in the nutritional, immunological, and physiologic processes of the host. Traditional cultivation techniques have revealed bacterial density ranges from 10(4) to 10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/g in the stomach, from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/g in the small intestine, and from 10(9) to 10(11) CFU/g in the colon of healthy dogs. As a small number of bacterial species can be grown and studied in culture, however, progress was limited until the recent emergence of DNA-based techniques. In recent years, DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics have allowed for better phylogenetic and functional/metabolic characterization of the canine gut microbiome. Predominant phyla include Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Studies using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene pyrosequencing have demonstrated spatial differences along the GI tract and among microbes adhered to the GI mucosa compared to those in intestinal contents or feces. Similar to humans, GI microbiome dysbiosis is common in canine GI diseases such as chronic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel diseases. DNA-based assays have also identified key pathogens contributing to such conditions, including various Clostridium, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia spp. Moreover, nutritionists have applied DNA-based techniques to study the effects of dietary interventions such as dietary fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics on the canine GI microbiome and associated health indices. Despite recent advances in the field, the canine GI microbiome is far from being fully characterized and a deeper characterization of the phylogenetic and functional/metabolic capacity of the GI microbiome in health and disease is needed. This paper provides an overview of recent studies performed to characterize the canine GI microbiome.
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