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Petzinna SM, Bauer CJ, Schäfer VS. Vascular-adhesion protein 1 in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1448157. [PMID: 39206172 PMCID: PMC11349539 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1448157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a type 2 transmembrane sialoglycoprotein with oxidative deamination functionality, encoded by the amine oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3) gene. VAP-1 is widely expressed across various tissues, particularly in highly vascularized tissues and organs essential for lymphocyte circulation. In the vascular system, VAP-1 is predominantly found in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, with higher expression levels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Under inflammatory conditions, VAP-1 rapidly translocates to the endothelial cell surface, facilitating leukocyte adhesion and migration through interactions with specific ligands, such as sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglec)-9 on neutrophils and monocytes, and Siglec-10 on B cells, monocytes, and eosinophils. This interaction is crucial for leukocyte transmigration into inflamed tissues. Furthermore, VAP-1's enzymatic activity generates hydrogen peroxide and advanced glycation end-products, contributing to cytotoxic damage and vascular inflammation. In this context, the soluble form of VAP-1 (sVAP-1), produced by matrix metalloproteinase cleavage from its membrane-bound counterpart, also significantly influences leukocyte migration. This review aims to elucidate the multifaceted pathophysiological roles of VAP-1 in vascular inflammation, particularly in giant cell arteritis (GCA) and associated polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). By exploring its involvement in immune cell adhesion, migration, and its enzymatic contributions to oxidative stress and tissue damage, we investigate the importance of VAP-1 in GCA. Additionally, we discuss recent advancements in imaging techniques targeting VAP-1, such as [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 PET/CT, which have provided new insights into VAP-1's role in GCA and PMR. Overall, understanding VAP-1's comprehensive roles could pave the way for improved strategies in managing these conditions.
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Zhang Y, Geng C, Zhou Y, Li F, Peng S, Guo X, Gu X, Li J, Li H. Association Between Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1) and MACE in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Cohort Study. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3603-3615. [PMID: 38855169 PMCID: PMC11162208 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s460605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), an inflammation-inducible endothelial cell molecule, was reported to be implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. However, the clinical significance of circulating VAP-1 levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) remains less studied. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 336 hospitalized patients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from May 2020 to September 2022, 174 of which were diagnosed with CHD. Serum VAP-1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at enrollment. The primary end point of this study was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The coronary stenosis and clinical manifestations of CHD were assessed and recorded from medical records or follow-up calls. The relevant results were obtained, and the reliability of the conclusions was verified through regression analysis, curve fitting, and survival curve. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, higher serum VAP-1 level was associated with increased risk of MACE in patients with CHD [(HR = 5.11, 95% CI = 1.02-25.59), (HR = 5.81, 95% CI = 1.16-29.11)]. The results of curve fitting and survival analysis were consistent with those of regression analysis. However, no significant association was observed between VAP-1 and MACE in the entire study population [(HR = 5.11, 95% CI = 0.41-1.93), (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.52-2.62)]. Furthermore, the level of VAP-1 did not show a significant correlation with coronary stenosis and the clinical manifestations of CHD. Conclusion These findings suggested that CHD patients with higher serum levels of VAP-1 are at a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Geng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siliang Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinru Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Terao R, Obata R, Okubo A, Aoki S, Azuma K, Ahmed T, Inoda S, Hashimoto Y, Takahashi R, Yoshida H, Misawa M, Takahashi H, Takahashi H. Cytokine profiles in the aqueous humor following brolucizumab administration for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2465-2476. [PMID: 37000271 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the inflammatory cytokine profile in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with intraocular inflammation (IOI) after intravitreal administration of brolucizumab (IVBr) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Eight eyes from seven patients with IOI after initial IVBr (IVBrIOI +) were enrolled. Sixteen eyes from 16 patients without IOI after IVBr (IVBrIOI -) and aflibercept (IVA) were used as controls. AH samples were analyzed using a multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL10, CXCL13, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin levels were significantly higher in IVBrIOI + than in IVBrIOI - and IVA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was significantly lower in IVBrIOI - compared to that in IVBrIOI + and IVA. In the IVBrIOI + group, there were significant correlations between CCL2, CXCL1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, G-CSF, GM-CSF, ICAM-1, and E-selectin, which also exhibited significant correlations in the IVBrIOI - group. CONCLUSION The number of inflammatory cytokines increases during IOI, which is associated with type IV hypersensitivity and vascular inflammation. Some cytokines exhibit correlations even in non-inflamed eyes, indicating a subclinical response to IVBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Terao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Okubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Aoki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tazbir Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoru Inoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryota Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hana Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manami Misawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Wang E, Zhou R, Li T, Hua Y, Zhou K, Li Y, Luo S, An Q. The Molecular Role of Immune Cells in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1246. [PMID: 37512058 PMCID: PMC10385992 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a rare and severe condition characterized by chamber dilation and impaired contraction of the left ventricle. It constitutes a fundamental etiology for profound heart failure and abrupt cardiac demise, rendering it a prominent clinical indication for heart transplantation (HTx) among both adult and pediatric populations. DCM arises from various etiologies, including genetic variants, epigenetic disorders, infectious insults, autoimmune diseases, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. The maintenance of cardiac function involves two distinct types of immune cells: resident immune cells and recruited immune cells. Resident immune cells play a crucial role in establishing a harmonious microenvironment within the cardiac tissue. Nevertheless, in response to injury, cardiomyocytes initiate a cytokine cascade that attracts peripheral immune cells, thus perturbing this intricate equilibrium and actively participating in the initiation and pathological remodeling of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), particularly during the progression of myocardial fibrosis. Additionally, immune cells assume a pivotal role in orchestrating the inflammatory processes, which are intimately linked to the prognosis of DCM. Consequently, understanding the molecular role of various immune cells and their regulation mechanisms would provide an emerging era for managing DCM. In this review, we provide a summary of the most recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune cells in DCM. Additionally, we evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of DCM, with the aim of optimizing future immunotherapeutic strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruofan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiange Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yimin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Danielli M, Thomas RC, Quinn LM, Tan BK. Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) in vascular inflammatory diseases. VASA 2022; 51:341-350. [DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Summary: Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) also known as amino oxidase copper containing 3 (AOC3) is a pro-inflammatory and versatile molecule with adhesive and enzymatic properties. VAP-1 is a primary amine oxidase belonging to the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) family, which catalyzes the oxidation of primary amines leading to the production of ammonium, formaldehyde, methylglyoxal, and hydrogen peroxide. VAP-1 is mainly expressed by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and pericytes. It is involved in a repertoire of biological functions, e.g., immune cell extravasation, angiogenesis, and vascularization. Research into VAP-1 has intensified within the last decade on its role as a novel clinical biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target of vascular inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, neurovascular disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s Disease), hepatic disease (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), and skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis). This is the most up-to-date and comprehensive review on VAP-1 focusing on the translational aspects of VAP-1. Compared to recent reviews, our review provides novel insights on VAP-1 and heart failure, stroke and frailty, diabetes, endometriosis, osteoarthritis, COVID-19, conjunctivitis associated systemic lupus erythematosus, hematopoietic stem cells, gliomas, treatment of colorectal cancer with a novel VAP-1 inhibitor (U-V269), promoting recovery of motor functions and habit learning with a novel VAP-1 inhibitor (PXS-4681A), and 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9, a labelled peptide of Siglec-9 (a VAP-1 ligand), which appears to be a safe PET tracer for inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, we present the emerging role of VAP-1 in pregnancy as a gatekeeper of immune cells, which are critical for spiral arterial remodeling, the deficiency of which could lead to vascular disorders of pregnancy such as preeclampsia. Future research should prioritize clinical trials on VAP-1 small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, thus, maximizing the potential of VAP-1 targeted therapy as well as research into sVAP-1 as a clinical biomarker of diseases and its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Danielli
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lauren Marie Quinn
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bee Kang Tan
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Fang C, Lv Z, Yu Z, Wang K, Xu C, Li Y, Wang Y. Exploration of dilated cardiomyopathy for biomarkers and immune microenvironment: evidence from RNA-seq. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:320. [PMID: 35850644 PMCID: PMC9290235 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic mechanism of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains to be defined. This study aimed to identify hub genes and immune cells that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for DCM. Methods We downloaded four datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database: GSE141910, GSE3585, GSE42955 and GSE79962. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential expression analysis were performed to identify gene panels related to DCM. Meanwhile, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to estimate the immune cells in DCM tissues. Multiple machine learning approaches were used to screen the hub genes and immune cells. Finally, the diagnostic value of the hub genes was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. An experimental mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy was used to validate the bioinformatics results. Results FRZB and EXT1 were identified as hub biomarkers, and the ROC curves suggested an excellent diagnostic ability of the above genes for DCM. In addition, naive B cells were upregulated in DCM tissues, while eosinophils, M2 macrophages, and memory CD4 T cells were downregulated in DCM tissues. The increase in two hub genes and naive B cells was validated in animal experiments. Conclusion These results indicated that FRZB and EXT1 could be used as promising biomarkers, and eosinophils, M2 macrophages, resting memory CD4 T cells and naive B cells may also affect the occurrence of DCM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-022-02759-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhan Lv
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhimin Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengkai Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanggan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. .,Medical Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Aspirin Reduces Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induced Endothelial Cell Damage of Arterial Grafts in a Rodent Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020177. [PMID: 35204060 PMCID: PMC8868254 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term graft patency determines the prognosis of revascularization after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the graft suffered during harvesting and after implantation might influence graft patency. Aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug improves the long-term patency of vein grafts. Whether aspirin has the same effect on arterial grafts is questionable. We aimed to characterize the beneficial effects of aspirin on arterial bypass grafts in a rodent revascularization model. We gave Lewis rats oral pretreatment of either aspirin (n = 8) or saline (n = 8) for 5 days, then aortic arches were explanted and stored in cold preservation solution. The third group (n = 8) was a non-ischemia-reperfusion control. Afterwards the aortic arches were implanted into the abdominal aorta of recipient rats followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was examined with organ bath experiments. Immunohistochemical staining were carried out. Endothelium-dependent maximal vasorelaxation improved, nitro-oxidative stress and cell apoptosis decreased, and significant endothelial protection was shown in the aspirin preconditioned group, compared to the transplanted control group. Significantly improved endothelial function and reduced I/R injury induced structural damage were observed in free arterial grafts after oral administration of aspirin. Aspirin preconditioning before elective CABG might be beneficial on free arterial graft patency.
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Li H, Du S, Niu P, Gu X, Wang J, Zhao Y. Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1)/Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase (SSAO): A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679707. [PMID: 34322017 PMCID: PMC8312380 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), whose enzymatic activity regulates the adhesion/exudation of leukocytes in/from blood vessels. Due to its abundant expressions in vascular systems and prominent roles in inflammations, increasing attentions have been paid to the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in atherosclerosis, a chronic vascular inflammation that eventually drives clinical cardiovascular events. Clinical studies have demonstrated a potential value of soluble VAP-1 (sVAP-1) for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Recent findings revealed that VAP-1 is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and treatment with VAP-1 inhibitors alleviates the progression of atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and therapeutic potentials of VAP-1 inhibitors for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Panpan Niu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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9
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Zhao Y, Ting KK, Coleman P, Qi Y, Chen J, Vadas M, Gamble J. The Tumour Vasculature as a Target to Modulate Leucocyte Trafficking. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071724. [PMID: 33917287 PMCID: PMC8038724 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumour blood vessels, characterised by abnormal morphology and function, create an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment via restricting the appropriate leucocyte subsets trafficking. Strategies to trigger phenotypic alteration in tumour vascular system to resemble normal vascular system, named vascular normalisation, promote effective trafficking of leucocytes into tumours through enhancing the interactions between leucocytes and endothelial cells. This review specifically demonstrates how targeting tumour blood vessels modulates the critical steps of leucocyte trafficking. Furthermore, selective regulation of leucocyte subsets trafficking in tumours can be achieved by vasculature-targeting strategies, contributing to improved immunotherapy and thereby delayed tumour progression. Abstract The effectiveness of immunotherapy against solid tumours is dependent on the appropriate leucocyte subsets trafficking and accumulating in the tumour microenvironment (TME) with recruitment occurring at the endothelium. Such recruitment involves interactions between the leucocytes and the endothelial cells (ECs) of the vessel and occurs through a series of steps including leucocyte capture, their rolling, adhesion, and intraluminal crawling, and finally leucocyte transendothelial migration across the endothelium. The tumour vasculature can curb the trafficking of leucocytes through influencing each step of the leucocyte recruitment process, ultimately producing an immunoresistant microenvironment. Modulation of the tumour vasculature by strategies such as vascular normalisation have proven to be efficient in facilitating leucocyte trafficking into tumours and enhancing immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of abnormal tumour vasculature and its impact on leucocyte trafficking, and potential strategies for overcoming the tumour vascular abnormalities to boost immunotherapy via increasing leucocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.G.); Tel.: +86-025-85811237 (Y.Z.); +61-02-95656225 (J.G.)
| | - Ka Ka Ting
- Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia; (K.K.T.); (P.C.); (Y.Q.); (M.V.)
| | - Paul Coleman
- Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia; (K.K.T.); (P.C.); (Y.Q.); (M.V.)
| | - Yanfei Qi
- Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia; (K.K.T.); (P.C.); (Y.Q.); (M.V.)
| | - Jinbiao Chen
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia;
| | - Mathew Vadas
- Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia; (K.K.T.); (P.C.); (Y.Q.); (M.V.)
| | - Jennifer Gamble
- Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia; (K.K.T.); (P.C.); (Y.Q.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.G.); Tel.: +86-025-85811237 (Y.Z.); +61-02-95656225 (J.G.)
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10
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Eosinophils improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6396. [PMID: 33328477 PMCID: PMC7745020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies reveal changes in blood eosinophil counts and eosinophil cationic proteins that may serve as risk factors for human coronary heart diseases. Here we report an increase of blood or heart eosinophil counts in humans and mice after myocardial infarction (MI), mostly in the infarct region. Genetic or inducible depletion of eosinophils exacerbates cardiac dysfunction, cell death, and fibrosis post-MI, with concurrent acute increase of heart and chronic increase of splenic neutrophils and monocytes. Mechanistic studies reveal roles of eosinophil IL4 and cationic protein mEar1 in blocking H2O2- and hypoxia-induced mouse and human cardiomyocyte death, TGF-β-induced cardiac fibroblast Smad2/3 activation, and TNF-α-induced neutrophil adhesion on the heart endothelial cell monolayer. In vitro-cultured eosinophils from WT mice or recombinant mEar1 protein, but not eosinophils from IL4-deficient mice, effectively correct exacerbated cardiac dysfunctions in eosinophil-deficient ∆dblGATA mice. This study establishes a cardioprotective role of eosinophils in post-MI hearts. Blood eosinophil (EOS) counts may serve as risk factors for human coronary heart diseases. Here the authors show that increased circulating and myocardial EOS after myocardial infarction play a cardioprotective role by reducing cardiomyocyte death, cardiac fibroblast activation and fibrosis, and endothelium activation-mediated inflammatory cell accumulation.
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11
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Murata M, Noda K, Ishida S. Pathological Role of Unsaturated Aldehyde Acrolein in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589531. [PMID: 33193419 PMCID: PMC7642371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing prevalence of diabetes and a progressively aging society, diabetic retinopathy is emerging as one of the global leading causes of blindness. Recent studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and anti-VEGF agents have become the first-line therapy for the vision-threatening disease. However, recent studies have also demonstrated that diabetic retinopathy is a multifactorial disease and that VEGF-independent mechanism(s) also underlie much of the pathological changes in diabetic retinopathy. Acrolein is a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde and is implicated in protein dysfunction. As acrolein is common in air pollutants, previous studies have focused on it as an exogenous causative factor, for instance, in the development of respiratory diseases. However, it has been discovered that acrolein is also endogenously produced and induces cell toxicity and oxidative stress in the body. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that acrolein and/or acrolein-conjugated proteins are associated with the molecular mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes the pathological roles and mechanisms of endogenous acrolein production in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Murata
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Pudil R, Pidrman V, Krejsek J, Gregor J, Tichý M, Andrýs C, Drahošová M, Bláha V. The Effect of Trimetazidine on C-Reactive Protein, Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in the Course of Acute Myocardial Infarction. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2019. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study was to assess the effect of trimetazidine (TMZ), a potent antiischaemic drug, on plasma C-reactive protein (C-RP), cytokine and adhesion molecule levels. The study population consists of 18 patients (16 males, 2 females, average age 56.45 ± 10.97 years) with acute myocardial infarction admitted within 6 hours after onset of symptoms and treated with streptokinase. Blood samples were taken at 3-hour intervals during the time of treatment. All patients were randomised blindly using a centralised randomisation process, between trimetazidine (40mg bolus iv. then 60mg per day for 48 hours intravenously in glucose infusion) or placebo group. Plasma C-RP level was significantly lower in TMZ group (39.5mg/ml ± 9.7 mg/ml) as compared to placebo (75.7 ± 29.4 mg/ml, p≤0.001) and peaked 28 hours later in TMZ group. Plasma interleukin 6 (IL 6) level showed a sharp peak 9 hours after the onset of the symptoms in TMZ group (116.9 ± 180.2 pg/ml vs. 45.4 ± 37.9 pg/ml) and was increased up to 30 hours after the onset of the symptoms. Plasma interleukin 1 beta (IL 1β) was also higher in TMZ group notably 21 hours after the onset of symptoms (26.4 ± 9.3 pg/ml vs. 16.2 ± 2.4 pg/ml). TMZ group showed lower plasma E-selectin levels. Plasma IL 8, TNF α and ICAM 1 levels were without statistical significant differences. The present study demonstrates a significant reduction of plasma C-reactive protein level in the course of acute myocardial infarction treated with streptokinase and intravenous trimetazidine infusion compared with the group of patients without trimetazidine treatment.
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Yu H, Kalogeris T, Korthuis RJ. Reactive species-induced microvascular dysfunction in ischemia/reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:182-197. [PMID: 30849489 PMCID: PMC6503659 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells line the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system as a single layer and are involved in an impressive array of functions, ranging from the regulation of vascular tone in resistance arteries and arterioles, modulation of microvascular barrier function in capillaries and postcapillary venules, and control of proinflammatory and prothrombotic processes, which occur in all segments of the vascular tree but can be especially prominent in postcapillary venules. When tissues are subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), the endothelium of resistance arteries and arterioles, capillaries, and postcapillary venules become dysfunctional, resulting in impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilator and enhanced endothelium-dependent vasoconstrictor responses along with increased vulnerability to thrombus formation, enhanced fluid filtration and protein extravasation, and increased blood-to-interstitium trafficking of leukocytes in these functionally distinct segments of the microcirculation. The number of capillaries open to flow upon reperfusion also declines as a result of I/R, which impairs nutritive perfusion. All of these pathologic microvascular events involve the formation of reactive species (RS) derived from molecular oxygen and/or nitric oxide. In addition to these effects, I/R-induced RS activate NLRP3 inflammasomes, alter connexin/pannexin signaling, provoke mitochondrial fission, and cause release of microvesicles in endothelial cells, resulting in deranged function in arterioles, capillaries, and venules. It is now apparent that this microvascular dysfunction is an important determinant of the severity of injury sustained by parenchymal cells in ischemic tissues, as well as being predictive of clinical outcome after reperfusion therapy. On the other hand, RS production at signaling levels promotes ischemic angiogenesis, mediates flow-induced dilation in patients with coronary artery disease, and instigates the activation of cell survival programs by conditioning stimuli that render tissues resistant to the deleterious effects of prolonged I/R. These topics will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ted Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Abstract
Significance: Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an ectoenzyme that oxidates primary amines in a reaction producing also hydrogen peroxide. VAP-1 on the blood vessel endothelium regulates leukocyte extravasation from the blood into tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. Recent Advances: Inhibition of VAP-1 by neutralizing antibodies and by several novel small-molecule enzyme inhibitors interferes with leukocyte trafficking and alleviates inflammation in many experimental models. Targeting of VAP-1 also shows beneficial effects in several other diseases, such as ischemia/reperfusion, fibrosis, and cancer. Moreover, soluble VAP-1 levels may serve as a new prognostic biomarker in selected diseases. Critical Issues: Understanding the contribution of the enzyme activity-independent and enzyme activity-dependent functions, which often appear to be mediated by the hydrogen peroxide production, in the VAP-1 biology will be crucial. Similarly, there is a pressing need to understand which of the VAP-1 functions are regulated through the modulation of leukocyte trafficking, and what is the role of VAP-1 synthesized in adipose and smooth muscle cells. Future Directions: The specificity and selectivity of new VAP-1 inhibitors, and their value in animal models under therapeutic settings need to be addressed. Results from several programs studying the therapeutic potential of VAP-1 inhibition, which now are in clinical trials, will reveal the relevance of this amine oxidase in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Salmi
- 1 MediCity , Turku, Finland .,2 Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- 1 MediCity , Turku, Finland .,2 Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Veres G, Schmidt H, Hegedűs P, Korkmaz-Icöz S, Radovits T, Loganathan S, Brlecic P, Li S, Karck M, Szabó G. Is internal thoracic artery resistant to reperfusion injury? Evaluation of the storage of free internal thoracic artery grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 156:1460-1469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Mukai S, Ogawa Y, Kawakami Y, Mashima Y, Tsubota K. Inhibition of Vascular Adhesion Protein‐1 for Treatment of Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease in Mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:4085-4095. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700176r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Mukai
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Division of Cellular SignalingInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular SignalingInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yukihiko Mashima
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, IncorporatedTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Aljakna A, Fracasso T, Sabatasso S. Molecular tissue changes in early myocardial ischemia: from pathophysiology to the identification of new diagnostic markers. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:425-438. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Leem J, Lee SMK, Park JH, Lee S, Chung H, Lee JM, Kim W, Lee S, Woo JS. Efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture in acute decompensated heart failure: a study protocol for a randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, sham controlled trial. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:361. [PMID: 28697773 PMCID: PMC5504710 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure compared with sham electroacupuncture. Methods This protocol is for a randomized, sham controlled, patient- and assessor-blinded, parallel group, single center clinical trial that can overcome the limitations of previous trials examining acupuncture and heart failure. Forty-four acute decompensated heart failure patients admitted to the cardiology ward will be randomly assigned into the electroacupuncture treatment group (n = 22) or the sham electroacupuncture control group (n = 22). Participants will receive electroacupuncture treatment for 5 days of their hospital stay. The primary outcome of this study is the difference in total diuretic dose between the two groups during hospitalization. On the day of discharge, follow-up heart rate variability, routine blood tests, cardiac biomarkers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) level will be assessed. Four weeks after discharge, hs-CRP, NT-pro BNP, heart failure symptoms, quality of life, and a pattern identification questionnaire will be used for follow-up analysis. Six months after discharge, major cardiac adverse events and cardiac function measured by echocardiography will be assessed. Adverse events will be recorded during every visit. Discussion The result of this clinical trial will offer evidence of the effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture for acute decompensated heart failure. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service: KCT0002249.
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Zhang Y, Yi W, Yao J, Yu X, Qian C, Hu Z. Hypoxia serves a key function in the upregulated expression of vascular adhesion protein‑1 in vitro and in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627649 PMCID: PMC5562078 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock following major trauma results in mortality, but the function of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), implicated in intracranial hemorrhage, remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether expression of the AOC3 gene and its encoded protein, VAP-1, is altered by hypoxia. Rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (RHSECs) and rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs) were transduced with a viral vector carrying AOC3, and AOC3 mRNA expression levels were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. VAP-1 protein expression levels were measured by western blot analysis and compared between normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Following this, AOC3 mRNA and VAP-1 protein expression levels in hepatic and intestinal tissues were assessed in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock with or without fluid resuscitation; and serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity was measured by fluorometric assays. The effects of 2-bromoethylamine (2-BEA) on AOC3/VAP-1 levels and 24 h survival were investigated. AOC3 mRNA and VAP-1 protein levels were increased in RHSECs and RIMECs by hypoxia, and in hepatic and intestinal tissues from rats following hemorrhagic shock. Hypoxia increased serum SSAO activity in these animals. 2-BEA reduced AOC3 mRNA and VAP-1 protein levels in hepatic and intestinal tissues from rats following hemorrhagic shock, and appeared to improve survival in animals not receiving resuscitation following hemorrhagic shock. In conclusion, hemorrhagic shock upregulates AOC3/VAP-1 expressions, and this potentially occurs via hypoxia. Therefore, inhibition of VAP-1 may be beneficial in the setting of hemorrhagic shock. Further studies are required to confirm these findings and to establish whether VAP-1 may be a valid target for the development of novel therapies for hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of General Surgery, China People's Liberation Army No. 94 Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Maternity & Child Care Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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Biological Effect of Licochalcone C on the Regulation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS and NF-κB/iNOS/NO Signaling Pathways in H9c2 Cells in Response to LPS Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040690. [PMID: 28333102 PMCID: PMC5412276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols compounds are a group molecules present in many plants. They have antioxidant properties and can also be helpful in the management of sepsis. Licochalcone C (LicoC), a constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has various biological and pharmacological properties. In saying this, the effect of LicoC on the inflammatory response that characterizes septic myocardial dysfunction is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether LicoC exhibits anti-inflammatory properties on H9c2 cells that are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Our results have shown that LicoC treatment represses nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation and several downstream molecules, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Moreover, LicoC has upregulated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway. Finally, 2-(4-Morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride (LY294002), a specific PI3K inhibitor, blocked the protective effects of LicoC. These findings indicate that LicoC plays a pivotal role in cardiac dysfunction in sepsis-induced inflammation.
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Ultrasound molecular imaging of transient acute myocardial ischemia with a clinically translatable P- and E-selectin targeted contrast agent: correlation with the expression of selectins. Invest Radiol 2014; 49:224-35. [PMID: 24442162 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome remains challenging especially in patients without clear symptoms or electrocardiographic and/or biomarker features. A hallmark of ischemia/reperfusion is activation of endothelial cells leading to altered expression of molecular markers, including selectins. In this context, we aimed to validate the value of ultrasound molecular imaging for detecting transient myocardial ischemia by using a clinically translatable dual P- and E-selectin-targeted ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) and microbubble (MB(selectin)). MATERIAL AND METHODS Transient (20 minutes) myocardial ischemia of rat heart was produced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation followed by 2-, 5-, or 24-hour reperfusion. Imaging of the transient ischemic event was achieved by the use of MB(selectin). Performance of this clinically translatable targeted UCA was compared with that of antibody-targeted streptavidin MBs. Finally, immunohistochemistry staining of rat myocardial ischemic tissue was performed to assess expression of selectins accessible to targeted UCA. RESULTS In rats subjected to myocardial ischemia (20 minutes) followed by reperfusion (2 hours), injection of MB(selectin) produced high late phase (ie, 10-minute postinjection) ultrasound molecular imaging enhancement in the myocardium, which colocalized with the ischemic area. Late phase enhancement persisted 5 and 24 hours after reperfusion. Similarly, the use of MBP and MBE, comprising antibodies specific for P- and E-selectin, respectively, showed high late-phase enhancement within the ischemic area compared with remote myocardial tissue. Two and 5 hours after ischemia has resolved, a persistent expression of these 2 selectins was detected. After 24 hours of reperfusion, only MBE produced late phase enhancement within the ischemic myocardium. Immunohistochemical findings revealed that both P- and E-selectin were expressed and accessible on the surface of the activated endothelium 2 and 5 hours after the acute ischemic event, whereas only E-selectin remained accessible after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound molecular imaging of transient myocardial ischemia using dual selectin-targeted UCA is able to monitor the time course of expression of selectins after resolution of the ischemic event, paving the way for a large clinical diagnostic window.
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Vascular adhesion protein 1 in the eye. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013:925267. [PMID: 23840939 PMCID: PMC3687510 DOI: 10.1155/2013/925267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1), a dual-function molecule with adhesive and enzymatic properties, is expressed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells of mammals. It also exists as a soluble form (sVAP-1), which is implicated in oxidative stress via its enzymatic activity and can be a prognostic biomarker. Recent evidence suggests that VAP-1 is an important therapeutic target for several inflammation-related ocular diseases, such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR), by involving in the recruitment of leukocytes at sites of inflammation. Furthermore, VAP-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of conjunctival inflammatory diseases such as pyogenic granulomas and the progression of conjunctival lymphoma. VAP-1 may be an alternative therapeutic target in ocular diseases. The in vivo imaging of inflammation using VAP-1 as a target molecule is a novel approach with a potential for early detection and characterization of inflammatory diseases. This paper reviews the critical roles of VAP-1 in ophthalmological diseases which may provide a novel research direction or a potent therapeutic strategy.
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Autio A, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. Nuclear imaging of inflammation: homing-associated molecules as targets. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:1. [PMID: 23281702 PMCID: PMC3557172 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The golden standard in nuclear medicine imaging of inflammation is the use of autologous radiolabeled leukocytes. Although their diagnostic accuracy is precise, the preparation of the leukocytes is both laborious and potentially hazardous for laboratory personnel. Molecules involved in leukocyte migration (homing-associated molecules) could serve as targets for the development of imaging agents for inflammation. An excellent target would be a molecule that is absent or expressed at low levels in healthy tissues, but is present or upregulated at the sites of inflammation. In this paper, we will review the literature concerning the use of homing-associated molecules as imaging targets. We will especially concentrate on vascular adhesion protein-1 due to the promising results regarding its use as a target for the imaging of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Autio
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku, 20521, Finland.
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25
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Abstract
The presence and persistence of alloantigen is necessary for graft-specific T-cell-mediated immunity. However, specificity comprises only a single facet of an extremely complex process. Evidence is accruing to suggest that immunogenicity could be manipulated by endogenous ligands released during tissue injury. Stress molecules are significantly up-regulated following transplantation and stimulate conserved receptors on a range of leucocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs). The DCs are essential for co-stimulation and the induction of adaptive immunity. Stress signals can act as an adjuvant leading to DC maturation and activation. DCs stimulated by endogens exhibit enhanced alloantigen presentation, co-stimulation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Inflammasomes have a major role in IL-1β/IL-18 production and secretion, and can be stimulated by endogens. Importantly, the polarization toward inflammatory T helper type 17 cells as opposed to regulatory T cells is dependent upon, among other factors, IL-1β. This highlights an important differentiation pathway that may be influenced by endogenous signals. Minimizing graft damage and stress expression should hypothetically be advantageous, and we feel that this area warrants further research, and may provide novel treatment modalities with potential clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Critchley
- The Transplant Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Aalto K, Maksimow M, Juonala M, Viikari J, Jula A, Kähönen M, Jalkanen S, Raitakari OT, Salmi M. Soluble vascular adhesion protein-1 correlates with cardiovascular risk factors and early atherosclerotic manifestations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:523-32. [PMID: 22116093 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.238030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular adhesion protein-1 is an endothelial enzyme that regulates leukocyte traffic and contributes to vascular damage in animal models. The relations of soluble vascular adhesion protein-1 (sVAP-1) with cardiovascular risk factors and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis at a population level have not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a new high-throughput method and measured sVAP-1 activities in serum of 2183 persons (The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study). In women, sVAP-1 activity correlated indirectly with body mass index (r=-0.15, P<0.0001), triglycerides (r=-0.13, P<0.0001), C-reactive protein (r=-0.23; P<0.0001), and brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation (r=-0.076, P=0.0089) and directly with carotid plaques (r=0.066, P=0.023). None of these correlations was significant in men. In women, all these univariate correlations remained significant after adjustment for body mass index, and direct correlations with LDL-cholesterol (r=0.094, P=0.0014) and carotid intima-media thickness (r=0.075, P=0.010) became evident. In men, sVAP-1 activity associated directly with glucose (r=0.074, P=0.020), intima-media thickness (r=0.072, P=0.025), metabolic syndrome (P=0.016), and type 1 (P=0.0002) and type 2 (P<0.0001) diabetes. In multivariable analyses, sVAP-1 activity was an independent determinant of carotid intima-media thickness (P=0.0072) and plaques [odds ratio 1.71 (95% confidence interval 1.07-2.72, P=0.025] in women, but not in men. CONCLUSIONS sVAP-1 activity correlates directly with intima-media thickness and carotid plaques in general population and may play a role in the pathophysiology of preclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Leukocyte adhesion molecules in diabetic retinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2011; 2012:279037. [PMID: 22132315 PMCID: PMC3216271 DOI: 10.1155/2012/279037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a systemic disease that causes a number of metabolic and physiologic abnormalities. One of the major microvascular complications of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of blindness in people over age 50. The mechanisms underlying the development of DR are not fully understood; however, extensive studies have recently implicated chronic, low-grade inflammation in the pathophysiology of DR. During inflammation leukocytes undergo sequential adhesive interactions with endothelial cells to migrate into the inflamed tissues, a process known as the “leukocyte recruitment cascade” which is orchestrated by precise adhesion molecule expression on the cell surface of leukocytes and the endothelium. This paper summarizes the recent clinical and preclinical works on the roles of leukocyte adhesion molecules in DR.
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Autio A, Henttinen T, Sipilä HJ, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. Mini-PEG spacering of VAP-1-targeting 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 peptide improves PET imaging of inflammation. EJNMMI Res 2011; 1:10. [PMID: 22214508 PMCID: PMC3251254 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an adhesion molecule that plays a key role in recruiting leucocytes into sites of inflammation. We have previously shown that 68Gallium-labelled VAP-1-targeting peptide (68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1) is a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent, capable of visualising inflammation in rats, but disadvantaged by its short metabolic half-life and rapid clearance. We hypothesised that prolonging the metabolic half-life of 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 could further improve its imaging characteristics. In this study, we evaluated a new analogue of 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 modified with a mini-polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer (68Ga-DOTAVAP-PEG-P1) for in vivo imaging of inflammation. METHODS Whole-body distribution kinetics and visualisation of inflammation in a rat model by the peptides 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 and 68Ga-DOTAVAP-PEG-P1 were evaluated in vivo by dynamic PET imaging and ex vivo by measuring the radioactivity of excised tissues. In addition, plasma samples were analysed by radio-HPLC for the in vivo stability of the peptides. RESULTS The peptide with the mini-PEG spacer showed slower renal excretion but similar liver uptake as the original peptide. At 60 min after injection, the standardised uptake value of the inflammation site was 0.33 ± 0.07 for 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 and 0.53 ± 0.01 for 68Ga-DOTAVAP-PEG-P1 by PET. In addition, inflammation-to-muscle ratios were 6.7 ± 1.3 and 7.3 ± 2.1 for 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 and 68Ga-DOTAVAP-PEG-P1, respectively. The proportion of unchanged peptide in circulation at 60 min after injection was significantly higher for 68Ga-DOTAVAP-PEG-P1 (76%) than for 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 (19%). CONCLUSION The eight-carbon mini-PEG spacer prolonged the metabolic half-life of the 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 peptide, leading to higher target-to-background ratios and improved in vivo PET imaging of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Autio
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Dunkel P, Balogh B, Meleddu R, Maccioni E, Gyires K, Mátyus P. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1: a patent survey. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1453-71. [PMID: 21675926 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.594040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1)/semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is an adhesion protein involved in leukocyte trafficking and inflammatory processes, with a special amine oxidase activity. Inhibitors have been mainly developed for treating chronic inflammatory disorders. The utility of inhibitors as antiangiogenic agents in ophthalmological and oncological diseases is currently under evaluation. SSAO substrates may mimic several insulin effects, although their utility for the treatment of diabetes is still far from being fully understood. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the patent literature of SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitors and substrates, for the period of 1990 - 2010. The current stage of SSAO/VAP-1-interacting agents published in patents is described, along with their chemical structures and pharmacological uses. EXPERT OPINION SSAO/VAP-1 is a promising anti-inflammatory target. Another important field for therapeutic application of these inhibitors may be ophthalmology, due to their antiangiogenic effects. SSAO substrates might also be of therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetes; however, more extensive research has to be undertaken to validate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dunkel
- Semmelweis University, Department of Organic Chemistry , Hőgyes Endre utca 7, 1092 Budapest , Hungary
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Salmi M, Jalkanen S. Homing-associated molecules CD73 and VAP-1 as targets to prevent harmful inflammations and cancer spread. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1543-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Li HY, Jiang YD, Chang TJ, Wei JN, Lin MS, Lin CH, Chiang FT, Shih SR, Hung CS, Hua CH, Smith DJ, Vanio J, Chuang LM. Serum vascular adhesion protein-1 predicts 10-year cardiovascular and cancer mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:993-9. [PMID: 21282368 PMCID: PMC3046860 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) participates in inflammation and catalyzes the breakdown of amines to produce aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia. Serum VAP-1 correlates positively with both acute hyperglycemia and diabetes. We conducted a cohort study to evaluate whether serum VAP-1 predicts 10-year survival in type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Between July 1996 and June 2003, we enrolled 661 type 2 diabetic subjects at National Taiwan University Hospital. Serum VAP-1 in the samples obtained at enrollment was measured by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. The vital status of all subjects was ascertained by linking their data with computerized death certificates in Taiwan. RESULTS The medium follow-up period was 10.4 years. Subjects with serum VAP-1 in the highest tertile had a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.19 (95% CI 1.17-4.11) for all-cause mortality adjusted for age, sex, smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, hemoglobin A(1c), diabetes duration, total cholesterol, use of statins, abnormal ankle-brachial index, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and proteinuria. The adjusted HRs for logarithmically transformed serum VAP-1 were 5.83 (95% CI 1.17-28.97) for cardiovascular mortality, 6.32 (95% CI 1.25-32.00) for mortality from cardiovascular and diabetic causes, and 17.24 (95% CI 4.57-65.07) for cancer mortality. There were four variables, including age, serum VAP-1, proteinuria, and eGFR, which could enhance mortality prediction significantly. CONCLUSIONS Serum VAP-1 can predict 10-year all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cancer mortality independently in type 2 diabetic subjects. Serum VAP-1 is a novel biomarker that improves risk prediction over and above established risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Der Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Jyun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Nan Wei
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Shin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tien Chiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyang-Rong Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Sheng Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Cyue-Huei Hua
- Division of Clinical Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University School of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author: Lee-Ming Chuang,
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Yang W, Li H, Luo H, Luo W. Inhibition of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in an in vivo rat model. Life Sci 2011; 88:302-6. [PMID: 21146547 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study tested the hypothesis that the inhibition of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) after ischemia could attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. MAIN METHODS Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent myocardial I/R injury. Saline, semicarbazide (SCZ, 30 mg/kg), hydralazine (HYD, 10mg/kg), or LJP 1207 (30 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 3 min before reperfusion. After 30 min of ischemia and 180 min of reperfusion, the myocardial infarct size was determined using nitroblue tetrazolium staining. Myocardial myeloperoxidase activity was determined through biochemical assay. HE staining was used for histopathological evaluation. Myocardial SSAO activity was assayed with high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Additionally, the endothelial expression of P-selectin was evaluated using immunohistochemistry after 30 min of ischemia and 20 min of reperfusion. KEY FINDINGS Myocardial SSAO activity was increased in myocardial I/R injury. Administration of SCZ, HYD, or LJP 1207 reduced the myocardial infarct size and decreased leukocyte infiltration and endothelial P-selectin expression in myocardial I/R injury in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that myocardial I/R injury up-regulates myocardial SSAO activity, and the inhibition of SSAO prior to reperfusion is able to attenuate acute myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
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Largeron M. Amine oxidases of the quinoproteins family: Their implication in the metabolic oxidation of xenobiotics. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2011; 69:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Thomas R, Cheng Y, Yan J, Bettinger T, Broillet A, Rioufol G, Nunn AD. Upregulation of coronary endothelial P-selectin in a monkey heart ischemia reperfusion model. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:277-87. [PMID: 20803056 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design of targeted ultrasound contrast agents for molecular imaging of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) requires the availability of an adequate in vivo model in a species in which cross reactivity with the target occurs. P-selectin (Psel) is an activation-dependent endothelial receptor that supports rapid and reversible cell adhesion in a flowing system. Together with E- and L-selectins it constitutes the selectin family of adhesion molecules. We investigated the myocardial expression of selectins in a closed chest minimally invasive monkey myocardial IR model. Catheter-based occlusion (30-50 min) followed by reperfusion (3 or 5 h) of left anterior descending artery (LAD) was performed in anesthetised monkeys. At the end of each procedure animals were killed, and their hearts were excised. The tissues were analyzed immunohistochemically using an anti-human Psel antibody (AK-6 clone) that cross reacts with rhesus monkey. Histopathological features confirm the presence of IR injuries in myocardial tissues. There was significant increase in the Psel expression in vessels from the IR areas. However, significantly higher Psel immunoreactivity was also seen in areas which are distant from IR injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regi Thomas
- Ernst Felder Laboratories, Discovery Biology, Bracco Research USA, 305 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterised by left ventricular dilation that is associated with systolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction and impaired right ventricular function can develop. Affected individuals are at risk of left or right ventricular failure, or both. Heart failure symptoms can be exercise-induced or persistent at rest. Many patients are asymptomatic. Chronically treated patients sometimes present acutely with decompensated heart failure. Other life-threatening risks are ventricular arrhythmias and atrioventricular block, syncope, and sudden death. Genetic inheritance arises in 30-48% of patients, and inflammatory disorders such as myocarditis or toxic effects from medications, alcohol, or illicit drugs also result in dilated cardiomyopathy. Genes that cause dilated cardiomyopathy generally encode cytoskeletal and sarcomeric (contractile apparatus) proteins, although disturbance of calcium homeostasis also seems to be important. In children, disrupted mitochondrial function and metabolic abnormalities have a causal role. Treatments focus on improvement of cardiac efficiency and reduction of mechanical stress. Arrhythmia therapy and prevention of sudden death continue to be mainstays of treatment. Despite progress over the past 10 years, outcomes need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynn Jefferies
- Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Largeron M, Fleury MB, Strolin Benedetti M. A small molecule that mimics the metabolic activity of copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) toward physiological mono- and polyamines. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3796-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c004501b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Noda K, Nakao S, Zandi S, Engelstädter V, Mashima Y, Hafezi-Moghadam A. Vascular adhesion protein-1 regulates leukocyte transmigration rate in the retina during diabetes. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:774-81. [PMID: 19635478 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an endothelial adhesion molecule that possesses semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity and is involved in leukocyte recruitment. Leukocyte adhesion to retinal vessels is a predominant feature of experimentally induced diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the role of VAP-1 in this process is unknown. Diabetes was induced by i.p. injection of Streptozotocin in Long-Evans rats. The specific inhibitor of VAP-1, UV-002, was administered by daily i.p. injections. The expression of VAP-1 mRNA in the retinal extracts of normal and diabetic animals was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Firm leukocyte adhesion was quantified in retinal flatmounts after intravascular staining with concanavalin A (ConA). Leukocyte transmigration rate was quantified by in vivo acridine orange leukocyte staining (AOLS). In diabetic rats, the rate of leukocyte transmigration into the retinal tissues of live animals was significantly increased, as determined by AOLS. When diabetic animals were treated with daily injections of the VAP-1 inhibitor (0.3 mg/kg), leukocyte transmigration rate was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). However, firm adhesion of leukocytes in diabetic animals treated with the inhibitor did not differ significantly from vehicle-treated diabetic controls. This work provides evidence for an important role of VAP-1 in the recruitment of leukocyte to the retina in experimental DR. Our results reveal the critical contribution of VAP-1 to leukocyte transmigration, with little impact on firm leukocyte adhesion in the retinas of diabetic animals. VAP-1 inhibition might be beneficial in the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Noda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Li J, Wu F, Zhang H, Fu F, Ji L, Dong L, Li Q, Liu W, Zhang Y, Lv A, Wang H, Ren J, Gao F. Insulin inhibits leukocyte-endothelium adherence via an Akt-NO-dependent mechanism in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:512-9. [PMID: 19616003 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that intensive insulin therapy during critical illness protects the endothelium and contributes to prevention of organ failure and death but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that insulin inhibits adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to endothelial cells in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Anesthetized rabbits were subjected to MI/R (45 min/4 h) and randomly received saline, glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) or GK respectively (2 mL/kg/h, i.v.). In vitro study was performed on cultured endothelial cells subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion. In vivo treatment with GIK but not GK attenuated myocardial injury as evidenced by reduced plasma creatine kinase activity, myocardial apoptosis and infarct size in MI/R rabbits compared with the saline group. Interestingly, GIK but not GK significantly decreased coronary endothelial expression of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), inhibited adherence of PMNs to coronary endothelium (107.7+/-7.4 vs. 155.0+/-9.2 PMNs/mm(2) in saline group, n=8, P<0.01), and therefore decreased myocardial PMNs accumulation. In cultured endothelial cells subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion, insulin (10(-)(7) M) increased Akt activity and eNOS phosphorylation with subsequent NO production, and concurrently exerted an anti-adhesive effect as manifested by reduced endothelial P-selectin and ICAM-1 surface expression and PMNs adherence (13.7+/-1.3% vs. 22.2+/-1.9% in vehicle, n=9, P<0.01), all of which are abolished by the specific Akt inhibitor. Furthermore, inhibition of insulin-stimulated NO production using either the selective eNOS inhibitor cavtratin or the NOS inhibitor L-NAME blocked the anti-adhesive effect of insulin. These results demonstrate that insulin reduces endothelial P-selectin and ICAM-1 expression, and thus inhibits leukocyte-endothelium adherence in MI/R rabbit hearts. The anti-adhesive property by insulin may be mediated by the Akt-mediated and NO-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Physiology and Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Mechanisms of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation after cold ischemia/reperfusion in the heart. Transplantation 2009; 87:1455-63. [PMID: 19461481 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181a36e5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling mediates early inflammation after cold ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). We hypothesized that the TLR4 coreceptor CD14, the intracellular adaptor proteins myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing-adaptor inducing IFNbeta (TRIF) would be required for cold I/R induced inflammation. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a putative endogenous activator of TLR4. Therefore, we also assessed the contribution of HMGB1 in cold I/R induced inflammation. METHODS Syngeneic heart transplants were performed in mice deficient in CD14, MyD88, TRIF, or wild-type mice. In other experiments, anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody or control IgG was administered at reperfusion. Donor hearts were subjected to 2 hr of cold ischemia and retrieved after 3 hr of reperfusion. RESULTS After cold I/R, grafts revealed striking translocation of HMGB1 out of the nucleus in cardiac myocytes. Administration of an anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody resulted in reduced systemic interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (P< or =0.05). Compared with controls, CD14 knock-out (KO) mice exhibited significantly lower (P< or =0.05) systemic IL-6 and JE/monocyte chemotractant protein-1 levels after cold I/R. Intragraft TNFalpha and IL-1beta mRNA levels were also significantly lower (P< or =0.05) in CD14 KO grafts. MyD88 KO mice exhibited significantly lower (P< or=0.05) systemic IL-6 levels compared with control mice after cold I/R. Intragraft TNFalpha, IL-6, and ICAM-1 mRNA levels were also significantly lower (P< or =0.05) in MyD88 KO grafts. Significantly lower levels (P< or =0.05) of serum IL-6, monocyte chemotractant protein-1 as well as intragraft TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and ICAM-1 were observed after cold I/R in TRIF deficient animals compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS CD14, MyD88, TRIF, and HMGB1 contribute to the inflammatory response that occurs after cold I/R. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of TLR4-mediated inflammation after cold I/R.
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Scott RC, Rosano JM, Ivanov Z, Wang B, Chong PLG, Issekutz AC, Crabbe DL, Kiani MF. Targeting VEGF-encapsulated immunoliposomes to MI heart improves vascularity and cardiac function. FASEB J 2009; 23:3361-7. [PMID: 19535683 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent attempts at rebuilding the myocardium using stem cells have yielded disappointing results. The lack of a supporting vasculature may, in part, explain these disappointing findings. However, concerns over possible side effects have hampered attempts at revascularizing the infarcted myocardium using systemic delivery of proangiogenic compounds. In this study, we develop the technology to enhance the morphology and function of postinfarct neovasculature. Previously, we have shown that the up-regulated expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in the myocardial infarction (MI) region provides a potential avenue for selectively targeting drugs to infarcted tissue. After treatment with anti-P-selectin-conjugated liposomes containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), changes in cardiac function and vasculature post-MI were quantified in a rat MI model. Targeted delivery of VEGF to post-MI tissue resulted in significant increase in fractional shortening and improved systolic function. These functional improvements were accompanied by a 21% increase in the number of anatomical vessels and a 74% increase in the number of perfused vessels in the MI region of treated animals. No significant improvements in cardiac function were observed in untreated, systemic VEGF-treated, nontargeted liposome-treated, or blank immunoliposome-treated animals. Targeted delivery of low doses of proangiogenic compounds to post-MI tissue results in significant improvements in cardiac function and vascular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Scott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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The immune system and chronic heart failure: is the heart in control? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:1013-20. [PMID: 19298913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite current treatment options, the clinical course of patients with chronic heart failure is notoriously difficult to predict. Among those with similar etiologies, ejection fractions, and patient demographics, our understanding of why such variations in outcomes exist remains limited. Evidence that has been progressively gathered implicates an important role of the immune system in the propagation of heart failure. This has been derived mainly from observations that cytokines are progressively elevated in patients with poor outcomes. However, attempts at introducing various immunomodulatory therapies as a new treatment strategy have been largely unsuccessful to date. This possibly reflects a failure in recognizing the complexity of the immune system's role in chronic heart failure, which has led to an oversimplified approach to treatment. This review critically analyzes the immune treatments attempted to date and hypothesizes what is required to develop a successful future treatment strategy.
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Li HY, Lin MS, Wei JN, Hung CS, Chiang FT, Lin CH, Hsu HC, Su CY, Wu MY, Smith DJ, Vainio J, Chen MF, Chuang LM. Change of serum vascular adhesion protein-1 after glucose loading correlates to carotid intima-medial thickness in non-diabetic subjects. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 403:97-101. [PMID: 19361461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated if serum vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) changed acutely following oral glucose loading and whether such changes are correlated with surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 115 non-diabetics subjects were enrolled for an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) was measured by ultrasonography. Serum SSAO/VAP-1 was analyzed by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and advanced glycated end products (AGEs) were measured by fluorometric assays. RESULTS Serum SSAO/VAP-1 increased significantly at 30 min after oral glucose loading and lasted to 2 h (p=0.0005 and p<0.0001, for 30 min and 2 h respectively). The area under curve of serum SSAO/VAP-1 during OGTT (AUC-VAP-1) correlated significantly with carotid IMT, independent of age, gender, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, serum TBARS, AGEs, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Subjects with a positive AUC-VAP-1 had significantly higher serum TBARS and AGEs than subjects with a negative AUC-VAP-1 adjusted for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS Serum SSAO/VAP-1 changed acutely following oral glucose loading in non-diabetic subjects. Change of serum SSAO/VAP-1 correlated independently to serum TBARS, AGEs, and carotid IMT. Our findings suggest that acute change of serum SSAO/VAP-1 is a novel marker for hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ignesti G. Equations of Substrate-inhibition Kinetics Applied to Pig Kidney Diamine Oxidase (DAO, E.C. 1.4.3.6). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 18:463-73. [PMID: 15008510 DOI: 10.1080/14756360310001605543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig kidney diamine oxidase (DAO) and other semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAO) show clear substrate-inhibition kinetics and a reaction-scheme mechanism based on two substrate binding sites. We evaluated several reaction scheme mechanisms with a non-linear regression program (NCSS), estimating R2, the constants of the equations and their standard errors and we determined the deviation of experimental data from theoretical equations. The best fit was obtained with a "dead end" mechanism with two binding sites. Based on this scheme, other schemes for a two-substrate reaction and for mechanisms of inhibition were constructed. These reaction schemes, even at low substrate concentration, fitted experimental data better than Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and provided information on the mechanisms of action of inhibitors. The presence of two substrate-binding sites on pig kidney DAO was confirmed by all experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ignesti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, V.le G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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Airas L, Lindsberg PJ, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Mononen I, Kotisaari K, Smith DJ, Jalkanen S. Vascular adhesion protein-1 in human ischaemic stroke. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008; 34:394-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Noda K, She H, Nakazawa T, Hisatomi T, Nakao S, Almulki L, Zandi S, Miyahara S, Ito Y, Thomas KL, Garland RC, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Mashima Y, Hafezi-Moghadam A. Vascular adhesion protein-1 blockade suppresses choroidal neovascularization. FASEB J 2008; 22:2928-35. [PMID: 18436961 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte recruitment. Leukocytes and, in particular, macrophages play an important role in the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), an integral component of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Previously, we showed a role for VAP-1 in ocular inflammation. Here, we investigate the expression of VAP-1 in the choroid and its role in CNV development. VAP-1 was expressed in the choroid, exclusively in the vessels, and colocalized in the vessels of the CNV lesions. VAP-1 blockade with a novel and specific inhibitor significantly decreased CNV size, fluorescent angiographic leakage, and the accumulation of macrophages in the CNV lesions. Furthermore, VAP-1 blockade significantly reduced the expression of inflammation-associated molecules such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) -1, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) -1. This work provides evidence for an important role of VAP-1 in the recruitment of macrophages to CNV lesions, establishing a novel link between VAP-1 and angiogenesis. Inhibition of VAP-1 may become a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Noda
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Jalkanen S, Salmi M. VAP-1 and CD73, Endothelial Cell Surface Enzymes in Leukocyte Extravasation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:18-26. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.153130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation from the blood into tissues is crucial for normal immune surveillance and in inflammation. Traditionally molecules belonging to selectin, chemokine, integrin, and immunoglobulin super families are thought to mediate the multiple adhesive and activation events needed for a successful emigration cascade. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that enzymes expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and leukocytes also contribute to the leukocyte extravasation cascade. Here we briefly review the role of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) and CD73, 2 cell surface enzymes, in leukocyte migration form the blood into the tissues. Importantly, specific enzyme inhibitors, gene-deficient mice, and recombinant enzymes have recently unambiguously shown that the catalytic activity of these enzymes regulates the leukocyte traffic. The concept of enzymatic regulation of leukocyte extravasation provides new insight into the multi-step adhesion cascade and opens new possibilities for inhibiting inappropriate inflammatory reaction through the use of small molecule enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Jalkanen
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, and the Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, and the Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland
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Toll-like receptor 4 mediates the early inflammatory response after cold ischemia/reperfusion. Transplantation 2007; 84:1279-87. [PMID: 18049113 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000287597.87571.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to graft dysfunction and may contribute to alloimmune responses posttransplantation. The molecular mechanisms of cold I/R injury are only partially characterized but may involve toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 activation by endogenous ligands. We tested the hypothesis that TLR4 mediates the early inflammatory response in the setting of cold I/R in a murine cardiac transplant model. METHODS Syngeneic heart transplants were performed in mutant mice deficient in TLR4 signaling (C3H/HeJ) and wild-type mice (C3H/HeOuJ). Transplants were also performed between the strains (mutant hearts into wild-type recipients and the converse). Donor hearts were subjected to 2 hr of cold ischemia. The grafts were retrieved at 3 and 24 hr after reperfusion. Serum samples were collected for cytokine analysis. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and histologic analysis were used to assess intra-graft inflammation. RESULTS After transplant, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, JE/monocyte chemotractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-1beta, and troponin I levels, as well as intragraft TNF, IL-1beta, IL-6, early growth response (EGR)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels, were significantly lower in the mutant-->mutant group compared to the wild-type-->wild-type group (P< or =0.05). Intermediate levels of serum IL-6, JE/MCP-1, as well as intragraft TNF, IL-1beta, IL-6, and ICAM-1 mRNA were observed after transplants in the mutant-->wild-type and wild-type-->mutant groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed less myocardial nuclear factor-kappaB nuclear translocation at and less neutrophil infiltration in the mutant-->mutant group compared to the wild-type-->wild-type group. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that TLR4 signaling is central to both the systemic and intragraft inflammatory responses that occur after cold I/R in the setting of organ transplantation and that TLR4 signaling on both donor and recipient cells contributes to this response.
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Noda K, Miyahara S, Nakazawa T, Almulki L, Nakao S, Hisatomi T, She H, Thomas KL, Garland RC, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Kawai Y, Mashima Y, Hafezi‐Moghadam A. Inhibition of vascular adhesion protein‐1 suppresses endotoxin‐induced uveitis. FASEB J 2007; 22:1094-103. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9377com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Noda
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shinsuke Miyahara
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lama Almulki
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Haicheng She
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kennard L. Thomas
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rebecca C. Garland
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joan W. Miller
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Evangelos S. Gragoudas
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Ali Hafezi‐Moghadam
- Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Huttunen RJ, O'Riordan TC, Härkönen PL, Soini JT, Meltola NJ, Hänninen PE, Soini AE. Quantitative detection of cell surface protein expression by time-resolved fluorimetry. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:163-70. [PMID: 17262721 DOI: 10.1002/bio.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A method is introduced for quantitative detection of cell surface protein expression. The method is based on immunocytochemistry, the use of long decay time europium(III) chelate and platinum(II) porphyrin labels, and detection of photoluminescence emission from adhered cells by time-resolved fluorimetry. After immunocytochemistry, the assay wells are evaporated to dryness and measured in the dry state. This protocol allows repeated and postponed analysis and microscopy imaging. In order to investigate the performance of the method, we chose expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) of endothelial cell line EAhy926 as a research target. The expression of ICAM-1 on the cells was enhanced by introduction of a cytokine, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The method gave signal:background ratios (S:B) of 20 and 9 for europium and platinum labels, respectively, whereas prompt fluorescent FITC label gave a S:B of 3. Screening window coefficients (=Z'-factor) were >0.5 for all the three labels, thus indicating a score for an excellent screening assay. In conclusion, the method appears to be an appropriate choice for protein expression analysis, both in high-throughput screening applications, and for detailed sample investigation by fluorescent microscopy imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roope J Huttunen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Anatomy, and Medicity Research Laboratories, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Salmi M, Jalkanen S. Developmental regulation of the adhesive and enzymatic activity of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) in humans. Blood 2006; 108:1555-61. [PMID: 16556889 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a homodimeric glycoprotein that belongs to a unique subgroup of cell-surface-expressed oxidases. In adults, endothelial VAP-1 supports leukocyte rolling, firm adhesion, and transmigration in both enzyme activity-dependent and enzyme activity-independent manner. Here we studied the induction and function of VAP-1 during human ontogeny. We show that VAP-1 is already found in the smooth muscle at embryonic week 7. There are marked time-dependent switches in VAP-1 expression in the sinusoids of the liver, in the peritubular capillaries of the kidney, in the capillaries of the heart, and in the venules in the lamina propria of the gut. Fetal VAP-1 is dimerized, and it is enzymatically active. VAP-1 in fetal-type venules is able to bind cord blood lymphocytes. Also, adenovirally transfected VAP-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells is involved in rolling and firm adhesion of cord blood lymphocytes under conditions of physiologic shear stress. We conclude that VAP-1 is synthesized from early on in human vessels and it is functionally intact already before birth. Thus, VAP-1 may contribute critically to the oxidase activities in utero, and prove important for lymphocyte trafficking during human ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Salmi
- National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland.
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