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Landolina M, Boriani G, Biffi M, Cattafi G, Capucci A, Dello Russo A, Facchin D, Rordorf R, Sagone A, Del Greco M, Morani G, Nicolis D, Meloni S, Grammatico A, Gasparini M. Determinants of worse prognosis in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators. Are ventricular arrhythmias an adjunctive risk factor? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:42-48. [PMID: 34392257 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is indicated in patients with systolic heart failure (HF), severe left ventricle (LV) dysfunction and interventricular dyssynchrony.In prospective observational research, we aimed to evaluate whether CRT-induced LV reverse remodelling and occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias (VT/VF) independently contribute to prognosis in patients with CRT defibrillators (CRT-D). METHODS In 95 Italian cardiological centres, after a screening period of 6 months, patients were categorized according to VT/VF occurrence and CRT response, defined as LV end-systolic volume relative reduction >15% or LV ejection fraction absolute increase >5%. The main endpoint was death or HF hospitalizations. RESULTS Among 1308 CRT-D patients (80% male, mean age 66 years), at 6 months, follow-up 71% were identified as CRT responders and 12% experienced appropriate VT/VF detections. The main endpoint was significantly and independently associated with previous myocardial infarction, New York Heart Association Class, VT/VF occurrence and with CRT response. CRT nonresponder patients who suffered VT/VF in the screening period had a risk of death or HF hospitalizations [HR = 7.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.95-15.48] significantly (P < 0.001) higher than CRT responders without VT/VF occurrence. This risk is mitigated without VT/VF occurrence (HR = 3.47, 95% CI = 2.03-5.91, P < 0.001) or in case of CRT response (HR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.44-6.72, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Our data show that both CRT response and occurrence of VT/VF independently contribute to the risk of death or HF-related hospitalizations in CRT-D patients. Early VT/VF occurrence may be identified as a marker of disease severity than can be mitigated by CRT response both in terms of all-cause mortality and long-term VT/VF onset. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00147290 and NCT00617175.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Biffi
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Sagone
- Università Statale di Milano (UNIMI), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan
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2
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Hadid C, Di Toro D, Celano L, Martinenghi N, Antezana-Chaves E, Gallino S, Dubner S, Labadet C. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with electrical storm, with a special focus on patients with Chagas disease. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2021; 62:557-564. [PMID: 33420714 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-020-00915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports on the benefits of catheter ablation (CA) in patients with electrical storm (ES). None of these publications included patients with Chagas disease (ChD). Our aims are to analyze (1) all the cases of ES treated with CA and (2) the subgroup of patients with ChD. METHODS Prospective analysis of consecutive patients with ES due to monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) treated with CA. RESULTS We included 38 patients: 28 males; median age of 63.5 (IQR 55-71) years old; ejection fraction (LVEF) 0.30 (0.25-0.40). Sixteen patients (42.1%) had ChD. The patients experienced 21 (15-37) VT episodes and received 7 (3-13) ICD shocks before CA. Forty-six procedures were performed (7 required epicardial access). All patients experienced ES suppression after CA. After 35 (10-64) months of follow-up (1.21 procedures per patient), 23 patients (60.5%) remain free from any VT; 35 patients (92.1%) were free from ES, and 11 patients (28.9%) died from non-arrhythmic causes. One patient underwent heart transplantation. Patients with ChD were younger (60 vs. 67 years old; p = 0.033), significantly more women (50% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.005), and had higher LVEF (0.40 vs. 0.28; p < 0.001) than the other patients. Long-term outcome of ChD patients was similar to that of the overall population. Only age and LVEF independently predicted mortality. CONCLUSION CA was associated with acute ventricular arrhythmia suppression in all patients with ES. Freedom rates from ES and VT were 92.1% and 60.5% respectively. Despite having a lower-risk clinical profile, patients with ChD had a comparable outcome to that of the other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hadid
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Pi y Margall 750, 1155, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Clinica y Maternidad Suizo-Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto Médico Quirúrgico Garat, Concordia, Entre Rios, Argentina.
| | - Darío Di Toro
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Pi y Margall 750, 1155, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Celano
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Pi y Margall 750, 1155, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Edgar Antezana-Chaves
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Pi y Margall 750, 1155, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Sergio Dubner
- Clinica y Maternidad Suizo-Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Labadet
- Hospital General de Agudos Cosme Argerich, Pi y Margall 750, 1155, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Chung FP, Liao YC, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF, Tuan TC, Chao TF, Liao JN, Lin CY, Chang TY, Vicera JJB, Chin CG, Wu CI, Liu CM, Lee PT, Huang TC, Lugtu IC, Chen SA. Outcome of rescue ablation in patients with refractory ventricular electrical storm requiring mechanical circulation support. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 31:9-17. [PMID: 31808239 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of refractory electrical storm (ES) requiring mechanical circulation support (MCS) remains a clinical challenge in structural heart disease (SHD). OBJECTIVE The study sought to explore the 30-day and 1-year outcome of rescue ablation for refractory ES requiring MCS in SHD. METHODS A total of 81 patients (mean age: 55.3 ± 18.9, 73 men [90.1%]) undergoing ablation were investigated, including 26 patients with ES requiring MCS (group 1) and 55 patients without (group 2). The 30-day and 1-year outcome, including mortality and recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VAs) receiving appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillators therapies, were assessed. RESULTS The patients in group 1 were characterized by older age, more ischemic cardiomyopathies, worse left ventricular ejection fraction, and more comorbidities. Thirty days after ablation, overall events were seen in 15 patients (mortality in 10 and recurrent VA in 7), including pumping failure-related mortality in 6 (60%). During a 30-day follow-up, higher mortality was noted in group 1. After a 1-year follow-up, in spite of the higher mortality in group 1 (P < .001), the overall events and VA recurrences were similar between these two groups (P = .154 and P = .466, respectively). There was a significant reduction of VA burden in both groups and two patients had recurrent ES. CONCLUSION Higher 30-day mortality was observed in patients undergoing rescue ablation for refractory ES requiring MCS, and pumping failure was the major cause of periprocedural death. Rescue ablation successfully prevented VA recurrences and resulted in a comparable 1-year prognosis between ES with and without MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Po Chung
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Liao
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of medicine, Division of cardiology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yenn-Jiang Lin
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Lin Chang
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Lo
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Hu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chuan Tuan
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Nan Liao
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yung Chang
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer Jeanne B Vicera
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Chye-Gen Chin
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-I Wu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tseng Lee
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Huang
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Isaiah C Lugtu
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Heart Rhythm Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Alvi RM, Neilan AM, Tariq N, Awadalla M, Rokicki A, Hassan M, Afshar M, Mulligan CP, Triant VA, Zanni MV, Neilan TG. Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Discharge Among People Living With HIV. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009857. [PMID: 30371221 PMCID: PMC6222938 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background People living with HIV (PHIV) are at an increased risk for sudden cardiac death, and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) prevent SCD. There are no data on the incidence, predictors, and effects of ICD therapies among PHIV. Methods and Results We compared ICD discharge rates between 59 PHIV and 267 uninfected controls. For PHIV, we tested the association of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and HIV‐specific parameters with an ICD discharge and then tested whether an ICD discharge among PHIV was associated with cardiovascular mortality or an admission for heart failure. The indication for ICD insertion was similar among groups. Compared with controls, PHIV with an ICD were more likely to have coronary artery disease and to use cocaine. In follow‐up, PHIV had a higher ICD discharge rate (39% versus 20%; P=0.001; median follow‐up period, 19 months). Among PHIV, cocaine use, coronary artery disease, QRS duration, and higher New York Heart Association class were associated with an ICD discharge. An ICD discharge had a prognostic effect, with a subsequent 1.7‐fold increase in heart failure admission and a 2‐fold increase in cardiovascular mortality, an effect consistent across racial/ethnic and sex categories. Conclusions ICD discharge rates are higher among PHIV compared with uninfected controls. Among PHIV, cocaine use and New York Heart Association class are associated with increased ICD discharge, and an ICD discharge is associated with a subsequent increase in admission for heart failure and cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza M Alvi
- 1 Cardiac MR PET CT Program Department of Radiology and Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,6 Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Bronx NY
| | - Anne M Neilan
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Noor Tariq
- 7 Yale New Haven Hospital of Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT
| | - Magid Awadalla
- 1 Cardiac MR PET CT Program Department of Radiology and Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Adam Rokicki
- 1 Cardiac MR PET CT Program Department of Radiology and Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Malek Hassan
- 1 Cardiac MR PET CT Program Department of Radiology and Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Maryam Afshar
- 6 Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Bronx NY
| | - Connor P Mulligan
- 1 Cardiac MR PET CT Program Department of Radiology and Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Virginia A Triant
- 3 Divisions of Infectious Diseases and General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Markella V Zanni
- 4 Program in Nutritional Metabolism Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Tomas G Neilan
- 1 Cardiac MR PET CT Program Department of Radiology and Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,5 Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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5
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Prognostic impact of recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and appropriate ICD therapies in a high-risk ICD population. Clin Res Cardiol 2019; 108:878-891. [PMID: 30756152 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-019-01416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study sought to evaluate the prognostic impact of recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in consecutive ICD recipients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias on admission. METHODS All consecutive patients surviving at least one episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmias from 2002 to 2016 and discharged with an ICD (pre-existing ICD or ICD implantation at index hospitalization) were included. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality according to the presence or absence of recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias at 5 years. Secondary endpoints comprised the impact of different types of recurrences, appropriate ICD therapies, as well as predictors of recurrences and appropriate ICD therapies. Kaplan-Meier, multivariable Cox regression and propensity score matching analyses were applied. RESULTS A total of 592 consecutive ICD recipients was included (44% with recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and 56% without). Recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias were associated with increased all-cause mortality at 5 years (HR = 1.498; 95% CI = 1.052-2.132; p = 0.025). Worst survival was observed in patients with sustained VT or VF as first recurrences compared to non-sustained VT, as well as in patients with cumulative recurrences of non-sustained or sustained VT plus VF, whereas mortality was not affected by the number of recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (> 4 vs. ≤ 4). Moreover, appropriate ICD therapies were associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1.874; 95% CI = 1.318-2.666; p = 0.001), mainly attributed to secondary preventive ICDs. Finally, atrial fibrillation, LVEF < 35% and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy were identified as predictors of recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and appropriate ICD therapies. CONCLUSIONS Recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and recurrent appropriate ICD therapies are associated with increased long-term all-cause mortality in consecutive ICD recipients. Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, AF and LVEF < 35% revealed to be significant predictors of both endpoints.
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6
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Suryanarayana P, Garza HHK, Klewer J, Hutchinson MD. Electrophysiologic Considerations After Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:102-108. [PMID: 29737257 PMCID: PMC6088441 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180507164443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) remains a major public health concern, accounting for more than 50% of cardiac deaths. The majority of these deaths are related to ischemic heart disease, however increasingly recognized are non-ischemic causes such as cardiac channelopathies. Bradyarrhythmias and pulseless electrical activity comprise a larger proportion of out-of-hospital arrests than previously realized, particularly in patients with more advanced heart failure or noncardiac triggers such as pulmonary embolism. Patients surviving Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) have a substantial risk of recurrence, particularly within 18 months post event. The timing of tachyarrhythmias complicating acute infarction has important implications regarding the likelihood of recurrence, with those occurring within 48 hours having a more favorable long-term outcome. In the absence of a clear reversible cause, implantable cardioverter defibrillators remain the mainstay in the secondary prevention of SCD. Post defibrillation electromechanical dissociation is common in patients with cardiomyopathy and can lead to SCD despite successful defibrillation of the primary tachyarrhythmia. Antiarrhythmic agents are highly effective in preventing recurrent arrhythmias in specific diseases such as the congenital long QT syndrome. Conclusion: Catheter ablation is used most commonly to prevent recurrent ICD therapies in patients with structural heart disease-related ventricular arrhythmias, however recent publications have shown substantial benefit in other entities such as idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Suryanarayana
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hyon-He K Garza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jacob Klewer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mathew D Hutchinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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7
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Mina GS, Acharya M, Shepherd T, Gobrial G, Tekeste M, Watti H, Bhandari R, Saini A, Reddy P, Dominic P. Digoxin Is Associated With Increased Shock Events and Electrical Storms in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2017; 23:142-148. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248417732416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George S. Mina
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Madan Acharya
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Taylor Shepherd
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - George Gobrial
- Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Michael Tekeste
- Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Hussam Watti
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ruchi Bhandari
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Aditya Saini
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Pratap Reddy
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Paari Dominic
- Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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8
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Electromagnetic Interference from Swimming Pool Generator Current Causing Inappropriate ICD Discharges. Case Rep Cardiol 2017; 2017:6714307. [PMID: 28912976 PMCID: PMC5587929 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6714307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) includes any electromagnetic field signal that can be detected by device circuitry, with potentially serious consequences: incorrect sensing, pacing, device mode switching, and defibrillation. This is a unique case of extracardiac EMI by alternating current leakage from a submerged motor used to recycle chlorinated water, resulting in false rhythm detection and inappropriate ICD discharge. A 31-year-old female with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and Medtronic dual-chamber ICD placement presented after several inappropriate ICD shocks at the public swimming pool. Patient had never received prior shocks and device was appropriate at all regular follow-ups. Intracardiac electrograms revealed unique, high-frequency signals at exactly 120 msec suggestive of EMI from a strong external source of alternating current. Electrical artifact was incorrectly sensed as a ventricular arrhythmia which resulted in discharge. ICD parameters including sensing, pacing thresholds, and impedance were all normal suggesting against device malfunction. With device failure and intracardiac sources excluded, EMI was therefore strongly suspected. Avoidance of EMI source brought complete resolution with no further inappropriate shocks. After exclusion of intracardiac interference, device malfunction, and abnormal settings, extracardiac etiologies such as EMI must be thoughtfully considered and excluded. Elimination of inappropriate shocks is to "first, do no harm."
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9
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STRICKBERGER SADAM, CANBY ROBERT, COOPER JOSHUA, COPPESS MARK, DOSHI RAHUL, JOHN ROY, CONNOLLY ALLISONT, ROBERTS GREGORY, KARST EDWARD, DAOUD EMILEG. Association of Antitachycardia Pacing or Shocks With Survival in 69,000 Patients With an Implantable Defibrillator. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017; 28:416-422. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - ROBERT CANBY
- Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute; Austin Texas USA
| | - JOSHUA COOPER
- Temple University Health System; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - MARK COPPESS
- Stern Cardiovascular Foundation; Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - RAHUL DOSHI
- University of Southern California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - ROY JOHN
- Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts USA
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10
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Otuki S, Hasegawa K, Watanabe H, Katsuumi G, Yagihara N, Iijima K, Sato A, Izumi D, Furushima H, Chinushi M, Aizawa Y, Minamino T. The effects of pure potassium channel blocker nifekalant and sodium channel blocker mexiletine on malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Electrocardiol 2016; 50:277-281. [PMID: 28238302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with repetitive ventricular tachyarrhythmias - so-called electrical storm - frequently require antiarrhythmic drugs. Amiodarone is widely used for the treatment of electrical storm but is ineffective in some patients. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of stepwise administration of nifekalant, a pure potassium channel blocker, and mexiletine for electrical storm. METHODS This study included 44 patients with repetitive ventricular tachyarrhythmias who received stepwise therapy with nifekalant and mexiletine for electrical storm. Nifekalant was initially administered, and mexiletine was subsequently added if nifekalant failed to control ventricular tachyarrhythmias. RESULTS Nifekalant completely suppressed recurrences of ventricular arrhythmias in 28 patients (64%), including 6 patients in whom oral amiodarone failed to control arrhythmias. In 9 of 16 patients in whom nifekalant was partially effective but failed to suppress ventricular arrhythmias, mexiletine was added. The addition of mexiletine prevented recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in 5 of these 9 patients (56%). There was no death associated with electrical storm. In total, the stepwise treatment with nifekalant and mexiletine was effective in preventing ventricular tachyarrhythmias in 33 of 44 patients (75%). There was no difference in cycle length of the ventricular tachycardia, QRS interval, QT interval, or left ventricular ejection fraction between patients who responded to antiarrhythmic drugs and those who did not. During follow-up, 8 patients had repetitive ventricular tachyarrhythmia recurrences, and the stepwise treatment was effective in 6 of these 8 patients (75%). CONCLUSIONS The stepwise treatment with nifekalant and mexiletine was highly effective in the suppression of electrical storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Otuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Kanae Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Goro Katsuumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobue Yagihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Iijima
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akinori Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Izumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaomi Chinushi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshifusa Aizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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ED evaluation and management of implantable cardiac defibrillator electrical shocks. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:1140-7. [PMID: 26993075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators not infrequently present to the emergency department after experiencing an implantable cardiac defibrillator shock. This review considers the management of such patients in the emergency department, including appropriate, inappropriate, and phantom shocks as well as electrical storm.
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12
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Ventricular antitachycardia pacing therapy in patients with heart failure implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator device: Efficacy, safety, and impact on mortality. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:472-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Qian Z, Zhang Z, Guo J, Wang Y, Hou X, Feng G, Zou J. Association of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy with All-Cause Mortality-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2015; 39:81-8. [PMID: 26470761 DOI: 10.1111/pace.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have become the standard approach for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Whether ICD therapy is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality is controversial. We made the systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the impact of ICD therapy on mortality. METHODS We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies evaluating the effect of ICD shocks or antitachycardia pacing (ATP) on mortality. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS Thirteen cohort studies were identified. Mean ejection fraction of the population was 23-35%; 68.0% had ischemic etiology, and 74.5% received a primary prevention ICD implantation. Appropriate shocks were an independent predictor of increased mortality compared with no-shock or no-therapy patients (HR 2.07, 2.76, respectively). In contrast, inconsistent results were obtained during inappropriate-shock analyses: when compared with no-shock patients, inappropriate shocks were associated with an increased risk of death (HR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.25-1.89, P < 0.0001); however, when compared to no-therapy patients, there was no relationship between inappropriate shocks and mortality (HR 1.20, 95% CI: 0.90-1.61, P = 0.22). Subgroup analysis in heart failure patients also did not find any difference in mortality between inappropriate-shock and no-therapy patients. No increased risk of mortality was found in the patients who experienced appropriate or inappropriate ATP only. CONCLUSION Appropriate shocks were associated with an increased mortality in ICD patients. However, whether inappropriate shocks worsened the clinical outcome was controversial, and larger prospective trials are needed to clarify the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Cardiology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianghong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Hou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangzhi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiangang Zou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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KOMATSU YUKI, MAURY PHILIPPE, SACHER FRÉDÉRIC, KHAIRY PAUL, DALY MATTHEW, LIM HANS, ZELLERHOFF STEPHAN, JESEL LAURENCE, ROLLIN ANNE, DUPARC ALEXANDRE, MONDOLY PIERRE, AURILLAC-LAVIGNOLLE VALERIE, SHAH ASHOK, DENIS ARNAUD, COCHET HUBERT, DERVAL NICOLAS, HOCINI MÉLÈZE, HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL, JAÏS PIERRE. Impact of Substrate-Based Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia on Cardiac Mortality in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015; 26:1230-1238. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YUKI KOMATSU
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | | | - FRÉDÉRIC SACHER
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - PAUL KHAIRY
- Montreal Heart Institute; Université de Montréal; Montreal Canada
| | - MATTHEW DALY
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - HAN S. LIM
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - STEPHAN ZELLERHOFF
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - LAURENCE JESEL
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - ANNE ROLLIN
- Hospital Rangueil; CHU Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | | | | | - VALERIE AURILLAC-LAVIGNOLLE
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - ASHOK SHAH
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - ARNAUD DENIS
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - HUBERT COCHET
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - NICOLAS DERVAL
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - MÉLÈZE HOCINI
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - MICHEL HAÏSSAGUERRE
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
| | - PIERRE JAÏS
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II; Institut LYRIC; Bordeaux France
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15
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Conti S, Pala S, Biagioli V, Del Giorno G, Zucchetti M, Russo E, Marino V, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Pizzamiglio F, Catto V, Tondo C, Carbucicchio C. Electrical storm: A clinical and electrophysiological overview. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:555-61. [PMID: 26413232 PMCID: PMC4577682 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i9.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical storm (ES) is a clinical condition characterized by three or more ventricular arrhythmia episodes leading to appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapies in a 24 h period. Mostly, arrhythmias responsible of ES are multiple morphologies of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT), but polymorphic VT and ventricular fibrillation can also result in ES. Clinical presentation is very dramatic in most cases, strictly related to the cardiac disease that may worsen electrical and hemodynamic decompensation. Therefore ES management is challenging in the majority of cases and a high mortality is the rule both in the acute and in the long-term phases. Different underlying cardiomyopathies provide significant clues into the mechanism of ES, which can arise in the setting of structural arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies or rarely in patients with inherited arrhythmic syndrome, impacting on pharmacological treatment, on ICD programming, and on the opportunity to apply strategies of catheter ablation. This latter has become a pivotal form of treatment due to its high efficacy in modifying the arrhythmogenic substrate and in achieving rhythm stability, aiming at reducing recurrences of ventricular arrhythmia and at improving overall survival. In this review, the most relevant epidemiological and clinical aspects of ES, with regard to the acute and long-term follow-up implications, were evaluated, focusing on these novel therapeutic strategies of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Conti
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pala
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Biagioli
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Del Giorno
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Zucchetti
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Marino
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Casella
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pizzamiglio
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Catto
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tondo
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado Carbucicchio
- Sergio Conti, Salvatore Pala, Viviana Biagioli, Giuseppe Del Giorno, Martina Zucchetti, Eleonora Russo, Vittoria Marino, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Francesca Pizzamiglio, Valentina Catto, Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
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16
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Abstract
Despite the clinical benefit of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), there is a high frequency of inappropriate ICD therapy associated with impaired quality of life, unwanted health care resource utilization, and adverse clinical outcome. Alternative strategies of ICD programming are needed to reduce the risk of inappropriate and "unnecessary" ICD therapies and to improve patient outcome. In this review, we provide an overview of the rate of inappropriate and appropriate ICD therapies in clinical trials and large registries as well as a review of current trials evaluating novel ICD programming to reduce inappropriate ICD therapy to avoid unnecessary ICD therapy. Based on recent studies including a large randomized trial, we recommend a simple programming approach involving high-rate device therapy beginning at 200 bpm with a 2.5 sec delay for it reduces inappropriate therapy, unnecessary therapy, and all-cause mortality in patients receiving ICD or CRT-D devices for primary prevention indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kutyifa
- Heart Research Follow-Up Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,
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17
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Sadek MM, Schaller RD, Supple GE, Frankel DS, Riley MP, Hutchinson MD, Garcia FC, Lin D, Dixit S, Zado ES, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation - The Right Approach for the Right Patient. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2014; 3:161-7. [PMID: 26835085 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2014.3.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Scar-related reentry is the most common mechanism of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with structural heart disease. Catheter ablation has assumed an increasingly important role in the management of VT in this setting, and has been shown to reduce VT recurrence and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shocks. The approach to mapping and ablation will depend on the underlying heart disease etiology, VT inducibility and haemodynamic stability. This review explores pre-procedural planning, approach to ablation of both mappable and unmappable VT, and post-procedural testing. Future developments in techniques and technology that may improve outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhannad M Sadek
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Robert D Schaller
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Gregory E Supple
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - David S Frankel
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Michael P Riley
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Mathew D Hutchinson
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Fermin C Garcia
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - David Lin
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Sanjay Dixit
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Erica S Zado
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - David J Callans
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
| | - Francis E Marchlinski
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
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18
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Substrate-based approach for ventricular tachycardia in structural heart disease: Tips for mapping and ablation. J Arrhythm 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Jared Bunch T, Peter Weiss J, Crandall BG, Day JD, May HT, Bair TL, Osborn JS, Mallender C, Fischer A, Brunner KJ, Mahapatra S. Patients treated with catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia after an ICD shock have lower long-term rates of death and heart failure hospitalization than do patients treated with medical management only. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11:533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Della Bella P, Baratto F. Evolving patterns of ventricular tachycardia modifying our mapping techniques. Europace 2012; 14 Suppl 2:ii1-ii2. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eus208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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21
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Jackson LR, Daubert JP, Thomas KL. Expanding the benefits of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy: "is less more"? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 54:372-8. [PMID: 22226007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy improves survival in patients with significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Although this lifesaving therapy has many benefits, inappropriate ICD shocks may increase morbidity and mortality. With rates of inappropriate therapy quoted as high as 35% at 3 years after device implantation, numerous strategies have been evaluated to decrease the overall incidence of inappropriate therapy. Changes in programming algorithms, which allow for longer detection windows for rhythm analysis, extended the use of antitachycardia pacing, and improved supraventricular tachycardia discriminators, hold promise for decreasing inappropriate ICD therapy. In this review, we discuss the data summarizing the adverse effects of ICD shocks on outcomes, clinical trial-based programming algorithms to decrease inappropriate shocks, and the expanded role of antitachycardia pacing in ventricular arrhythmia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Jackson
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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22
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Song PS, Kim JS, Shin DH, Park JW, Bae KI, Lee CH, Jung DC, Ryu DR, On YK. Electrical storms in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:26-32. [PMID: 21155031 PMCID: PMC3017704 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In some patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), multiple episodes of electrical storm (ES) can occur. We assessed the prevalence, features, and predictors of ES in patients with ICD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-five patients with an ICD were analyzed. ES was defined as the occurrence of two or more ventricular tachyarrhythmias within 24 hours. RESULTS Twenty-six patients experienced at least one ES episode, and 16 patients experienced two or more ES episodes. The first ES occurred 209 ± 277 days after ICD implantation. In most ES cases, the index arrhythmia was ventricular tachycardia (65%). There were no obvious etiologic factors at the onset of most ES episodes (57%). More patients with a structurally normal heart (p = 0.043) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) as the index arrhythmia (p = 0.017) were in the ES-free group. Kaplan-Meier estimates and a log-rank test showed that patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP) (log-rank test, p = 0.016) or with left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% (p = 0.032) were more likely to experience ES, and that patients with VF (p = 0.047) were less affected by ES. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that nonischemic DCMP correlated with a greater probability of ES (hazard ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-11.85; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION ES is a common and recurrent event in patients with an ICD. Nonischemic DCMP is an independent predictor of ES. Patients with VF or with a structurally normal heart are less likely to experience ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Sang Song
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Soo Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Jung Wae Park
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki In Bae
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hee Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Chae Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ryeol Ryu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Keun On
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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The role of catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 26:30-9. [DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e328341390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Skhirtladze K, Mora B, Moritz A, Birkenberg B, Ankersmit HJ, Dworschak M. Impaired recovery of cardiac output and mean arterial pressure after successful defibrillation in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction. Resuscitation 2010; 81:1123-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Jacobson JT, Weiner JB. Management of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 28:255-63. [PMID: 20433682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with structural heart disease and ventricular tachycardia (VT) can be difficult to manage clinically. Many treatment options are available, but no single approach can be applied to every patient. This review aims to discuss the current options available for the management of this population. VT can be associated with cardiomyopathy of any etiology, both ischemic and nonischemic. Antiarrhythmic drugs have not been shown to decrease mortality in this patient population, but they can help reduce episodes. While the advent of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator has revolutionized the treatment of VT, patients with recurrent shocks for VT have high morbidity and mortality. The development of catheter ablation over the past few decades has greatly aided the ability to control VT in these patients. The approach to patients with VT and structural heart disease is multifaceted. Often, a combination of therapeutic techniques is required to obtain the best result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Jacobson
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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26
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Carbucicchio C, Della Bella P, Fassini G, Trevisi N, Riva S, Giraldi F, Baratto F, Marenzi G, Sisillo E, Bartorelli A, Alamanni F. Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support for catheter ablation of unstable ventricular arrhythmias in high-risk patients. Herz 2010; 34:545-52. [PMID: 20091254 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-009-3289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In patients with severe cardiomyopathy, recurrent episodes of nontolerated ventricular tachycardia (VT) or electrical storm (ES) frequently cause acute heart failure and cardiac death; the suppression of the arrhythmia is therefore lifesaving, but feasibility of catheter ablation (CA) is precluded by the adverse hemodynamic conditions together with the characteristics of the arrhythmia that interdicts efficacious mapping. The use of the percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (CPS) for circulatory assistance may allow patient's stabilization and enhance efficacy and safety of CA in this emergency setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS 19 patients (19 males; mean age 61 +/- 6 years; chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy, eleven patients; primary dilated cardiomyopathy, six patients; arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy, two patients) with recurrent nontolerated VT episodes undergoing CPS-assisted CA were retrospectively evaluated. Twelve patients had acute hemodynamic failure refractory to inotropic agents and ventilatory assistance, seven patients had undergone a failing nonconventional CA procedure. 14 patients presented with ES, and in twelve the procedure was undertaken under emergency conditions within 24 h from admission. Patients were ventilated under general anesthesia and assisted by a multidisciplinary team. The CPS system consisted in a Medtronic Bio-Medicus centrifugal pump and in a Maxima Plus oxygenator, a 15-F arterial cannula, and a 17-F venous cannula. RESULTS Flows between 2 and 3 l/min were activated after induction of 56/62 forms of nontolerated VT, achieving hemodynamic stabilization in all patients. CA was mainly guided by conventional activation mapping and was effective in abolishing 45/56 supported VTs; in 10/19 patients all clinical VTs were suppressed by CA. Mean procedural time was 4 h and 20 min. Complete stabilization was achieved in 13 patients (68%) without VT recurrence during a 7-day in-hospital monitoring. A significant clinical improvement was observed in two patients (11%); one patient (5%) with persistent VT episodes acutely died after heart transplant. At a mean follow-up of 42 months (range 15-60 months), 5/18 patients (28%) were free from VT recurrence, 7/18 (39%) had a clear clinical improvement with reduced implantable cardioverter defibrillator interventions. 5/14 patients (36%) had ES recurrence; among them, three died because of acute heart failure. No serious CPS-related complications were observed. CONCLUSION The CPS warrants acceptable hemodynamic stabilization and efficacious mapping in high-risk patients undergoing CA for unstable VT in the emergency setting. Safety and efficacy of this technique translate into significant clinical improvement in the majority of patients. Even if only relatively invasive, CPS should be reserved to patients with ES or intractable arrhythmia causing acute heart failure; moreover, the need for an experienced team of multidisciplinary operators implies that its use is restricted to selected high-competency institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Carbucicchio
- Centro Cardiologico, Fondazione Monzino - IRCCS, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
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Hutchinson MD, Marchlinski FE. Epicardial Ablation of VT in Patients with Nonischemic LV Cardiomyopathy. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2010; 2:93-103. [PMID: 28770740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a remarkable period of discovery and refinement of ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation in patients with left ventricular cardiomyopathy (LVCM). Patients with LVCM presenting with VT have a common substrate distribution involving predominantly the basal or perivalvular LV, which is often more dramatic on the LV epicardium. They typically present with multiple and often unstable tachycardias due to scar-based reentry. Percutaneous intrapericardial access can be safely performed in the electrophysiology laboratory and has greatly enhanced the efficacy of VT ablation in this setting by allowing detailed mapping. Epicardial ablation incurs unique procedural considerations that must be understood to safely and effectively perform the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew D Hutchinson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 9 Founders Pavilion, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sweeney MO, Sherfesee L, DeGroot PJ, Wathen MS, Wilkoff BL. Differences in effects of electrical therapy type for ventricular arrhythmias on mortality in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients. Heart Rhythm 2009; 7:353-60. [PMID: 20185109 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks have been associated with an increased risk of death. It is unknown whether this is due to the ventricular arrhythmia (VA) or shocks and whether antitachycardia pacing (ATP) termination can reduce this risk. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether mortality in ICD patients is influenced by the type of therapy (shocks of ATP) delivered. METHODS Cox models evaluated effects of baseline characteristics, ventricular tachycardia (VT; <188 bpm), fast VT (FVT; 188-250 bpm), ventricular fibrillation (VF; >250 bpm), and therapy type (shocks or ATP) on mortality among 2135 patients in four trials of ATP to reduce shocks. RESULTS Over 10.8 +/- 3.3 months, 24.3% patients received appropriate shocks (50.6%) or ATP only (49.4%), and 6.6% died. Mortality predictors were age (hazard ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.08, P <.0001), New York Heart Association class III/IV (3.50 [2.27-5.41]; P <.0001), coronary disease (3.08 [1.31-7.25]; P = .01), and cumulative VA (VT + FVT + VF) episodes shocked (1.20 [1.13, 1.29]; P <.0001). Beta-blockers (0.65, 0.46-0.92; P <.0001) and remote myocardial infarction (0.53, [0.38-0.76] P = .0004) predicted reduced risk. Since 92% of VT and all VF received a single therapy type (ATP and shocks, respectively), the effect of therapy on episode risk could not be established. For FVT (32% shocked, 68% ATP), episode and therapy effects could be uncoupled; ATP-terminated FVT did not increase episode mortality risk, whereas shocked FVT increased risk by 32%. Survival rates were highest among patients with no VA (93.8%) of ATP-only (94.7%) and lowest for shocked patients (88.4%). Monthly episode rates were 80% higher among shocked versus ATP-only patients. CONCLUSIONS Shocked VA episodes are associated with increased mortality risk. Shocked patients have substantially higher VA episode burden and poorer survival compared with ATP-only-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Sweeney
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Cerebral desaturation during cardiac arrest: its relation to arrest duration and left ventricular pump function. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:471-5. [PMID: 19114911 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181953d4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of brief periods of cardiac arrest (CA) on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF <30%). DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Cardiac surgery room at a university hospital. PATIENTS Seventy-seven consecutive patients undergoing elective implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator in monitored anesthesia care. According to preoperative assessments, left ventricular function was classified as normal (LVEF >50%), moderately impaired (LVEF 30%-50%), or severely reduced (LVEF <30%). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS rSO2 was determined during threshold testing with concomitant induction of CA. In patients with LVEF <30%, mean baseline rSO2 (59%) was already below the lower range of normal despite normal arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation. rSO2 increased by 6% after 6 L/min oxygen insufflation (p < 0.05) and dropped again in each group after CA, reaching a nadir after successful defibrillation. Patients with LVEF <30% and baseline rSO2 <63% exhibited the lowest values. They also showed the highest incidence (11%) of critical cerebral desaturations (i.e., >20% drop from baseline or rSO2 value <50%). rSO2 in patients with LVEF <30% was always below that determined in patients with LVEF >30% (p < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between rSO2 values before CA and rSO2 nadir (p < 0.05). The drop in rSO2 was only moderately related to the brief CAs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that severely compromised left ventricular pump function is associated with diminished rSO2. As these patients seem to be more susceptible to critical desaturations, they may be prone to severe tissue hypoxemia unless adequate oxygen delivery is reestablished rapidly. This may contribute to the poor neurologic outcome after successful resuscitation in patients with LVEF <30%.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to predict implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shocks using demographic and clinical characteristics in the first year after implantation for secondary prevention of cardiac arrest. A prospective design was used to follow 168 first-time ICD recipients over 12 months. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records at the time of ICD insertion. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock data were obtained from ICD interrogation reports at hospital discharge, 3, 6, and 12 months. Logistic regression was used to predict ever receiving an ICD shock using background characteristics. Patients received an ICD for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest, they were 64.1 years old, 89% were white, 77% were male, with a mean (SD) ejection fraction of 33.7% (14.1%). The cumulative percentage of ever receiving an ICD shock was 33.3% over 1 year. Three variables predicted shocks in the first year: history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (odds ratio [OR], 4.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-16.4; P = .03), history of congestive heart failure (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.4-9.3; P = .01), and documented ventricular tachycardia (VT) at the time of ICD implant (OR, 10.05; 95% Cl, 1.8-55.4; P = .01). High levels of anxiety approached significance (OR = 2.82; P = .09). The presence of COPD, congestive heart failure, or VT at ICD implant was a significant predictor of receiving an ICD shock in the first year after ICD implantation. Because ICD shocks are distressing, painful, and associated with greater mortality, healthcare providers should focus attention on prevention of shocks by controlling VT, careful management of HF symptoms, reduction of the use of short acting beta agonist medications in COPD, and perhaps recognizing and treating high levels of anxiety.
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Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the incidence of electrical storm. Int J Cardiol 2009; 143:330-6. [PMID: 19359057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodynamic improvement from biventricular pacing is well documented; however, its electrophysiologic effects have not been systematically studied. In this study, incidence and risk factors for electrical storm (ES) were investigated in 729 ICD and biventricular defibrillator (CRT-D) heart failure patients. METHODS 168 consecutive CRT-D and 561 ICD patients were retrospectively analyzed for the occurrence of VT/VF and predisposing factors. Electrical storm was defined as ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation ≥3 times during 24 h. Mean follow-up was 41 months. RESULTS In 168 CRT-D patients only one patient experienced electrical storm compared to 39 patients out of 561 ICD patients (0.6% vs. 7%, p<0.01). 33% of the patients with electrical storm died within one year. In the CRT-D group 81 patients (48%) developed VT or VF and received at least one appropriate therapy, compared to 281 patients (50%) in the ICD group. Mean ejection fraction was 21.7% in the CRT-D group and 34.7% (p<0.01) in the ICD group. Stratifying the patients according to primary or secondary prevention and ejection fraction demonstrated that VT/VF clusters were significantly associated with ICD indication for secondary prevention, previous myocardial infarction and LVEF<30%. CONCLUSION The development of electrical storm is accompanied with a highly increased mortality risk even if an ICD/CRT-D is implanted. In CRT-D patients electrical storm is much less common than in ICD patients. Secondary prevention and ejection fraction<30% are predictors of electrical storm. Beside hemodynamic improvements cardiac resynchronization therapy may reduce the arrhythmia burden in heart failure patients.
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RUSSO ANDREAM, POOLE JEANNEE, MARK DANIELB, ANDERSON JILL, HELLKAMP ANNES, LEE KERRYL, JOHNSON GEORGEW, DOMANSKI MICHAEL, BARDY GUSTH. Primary Prevention with Defibrillator Therapy in Women: Results from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19:720-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carbucicchio C, Santamaria M, Trevisi N, Maccabelli G, Giraldi F, Fassini G, Riva S, Moltrasio M, Cireddu M, Veglia F, Della Bella P. Catheter Ablation for the Treatment of Electrical Storm in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. Circulation 2008; 117:462-9. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.686534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Electrical storm (ES) caused by recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) can cause sudden death in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and adversely affects prognosis in survivors. Catheter ablation has been proposed for treating ES, but its long-term effect in a large population has never been verified.
Methods and Results—
Ninety-five consecutive patients with coronary artery disease (72 patients), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (10 patients), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (13 patients) undergoing catheter ablation for drug-refractory ES were prospectively evaluated. Short-term efficacy was defined by a complete protocol of programmed electric stimulation and by in-hospital outcome; long-term analysis addressed ES recurrence, cardiac mortality, and VT recurrence. Pleomorphic/nontolerated VTs required electroanatomic and noncontact mapping in 48 and 22 patients, respectively, and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support in 10 patients. An epicardial approach was used in 10 patients. After 1 to 3 procedures, induction of any clinical VT(s) by programmed electrical stimulation was prevented in 85 patients (89%). ES was acutely suppressed in all patients; a minimum period of 7 days with stable rhythm was required before hospital discharge. At a median follow-up of 22 months (range, 1 to 43 months), 87 patients (92%) were free of ES and 63 patients (66%) were free of VT recurrence. Eight of 10 patients with persistent inducibility of clinical VT(s) had ES recurrence; 4 of them died suddenly despite appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator intervention. All together, 11 of 95 patients (12%) died of cardiac-related reasons. In the group of patients presenting with all clinical VTs acutely abolished, no ES recurrence was documented, and cardiac mortality was significantly lower compared with the group of patients showing ≥1 clinical VT still inducible after catheter ablation.
Conclusions—
Advanced strategies of catheter ablation applied to a large population of patients are effective in the short-term treatment of ES. By preventing ES recurrence, catheter ablation may play a protective role over the long term and, together with long-term pharmacological therapy, may favorably affect cardiac mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Carbucicchio
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Santamaria
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Trevisi
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maccabelli
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Giraldi
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Fassini
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Riva
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Moltrasio
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Cireddu
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Veglia
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Della Bella
- From the Arrhythmia Department, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, IRCCS–Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
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Valli N, Ducassou D, Barat JL. La scintigraphie myocardique à la 123I-métaiodobenzylguanidine dans les arythmies. MEDECINE NUCLEAIRE-IMAGERIE FONCTIONNELLE ET METABOLIQUE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mednuc.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Almendral J, Josephson ME. All Patients With Hemodynamically Tolerated Postinfarction Ventricular Tachycardia Do Not Require an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator. Circulation 2007; 116:1204-12. [PMID: 17768304 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.670067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Almendral
- Servicio de Cardiologia (Planta 5), Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007-Madrid, Spain.
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Arya A, Haghjoo M, Dehghani MR, Fazelifar AF, Nikoo MH, Bagherzadeh A, Sadr-Ameli MA. Prevalence and predictors of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:389-92. [PMID: 16442402 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Identifying predictors of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) could help identify those at risk and reduce the incidence of this emergency situation, which has a detrimental effect on mortality and morbidity in patients with ICDs. This retrospective study sought to determine the prevalence and predictors of electrical storm in patients with ICDs. One hundred sixty-two patients (126 men; mean age 58 +/- 13 years) who received ICDs from January 2001 to January 2005 were included in the study. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and ICD stored data and electrograms were collected and analyzed. Twenty-two patients (14%) developed electrical storm during a mean follow-up of 14.3 +/- 10 months. Using Cox multiple regression analysis, it was found that an ejection fraction <25% (p = 0.007), QRS width > or =120 ms (p = 0.002), and a lack of adjunctive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and beta-blocker therapy (both p < 0.001) were correlated with a greater probability of electrical storm. Adjunctive amiodarone and digoxin therapy, indication of ICD implantation, and age were not correlated with the occurrence of electrical storm during follow-up (all p = NS). In conclusion, electrical storm is not uncommon in patients with ICDs. Optimum medical therapy with beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors could reduce the occurrence of electrical storm, and this especially should be considered in those at greater risk for this complication (i.e., those with left ventricular ejection fractions <25% and QRS widths > or =120 ms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Arya
- Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Verma A, Kilicaslan F, Marrouche NF, Minor S, Khan M, Wazni O, Burkhardt JD, Belden WA, Cummings JE, Abdul-Karim A, Saliba W, Schweikert RA, Tchou PJ, Martin DO, Natale A. Prevalence, predictors, and mortality significance of the causative arrhythmia in patients with electrical storm. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 15:1265-70. [PMID: 15574176 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.04352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electrical storm (ES) is characterized by either refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, little is known about the prevalence, predictors, and mortality implications of the causative arrhythmia in ES. We sought to assess the prevalence, predictors, and survival significance of VT and VF as the causative arrhythmia of ES in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive patients from January 2000 to December 2002 who presented to the ICD clinic with > or = 2 separate ventricular arrhythmic episodes requiring shock within 24 hours were included in the study. ICD interrogation confirmed the number of shocks and provided electrograms for interpretation of the causative arrhythmia. Patients were grouped as VF or VT according to the causative arrhythmia. Their prevalence, predictors, and mortality rates were compared. Of 2,028 patients assessed in the ICD clinic, 208 (10%) presented with ES. VF was the cause of ES in 99 of 208 patients, for an overall prevalence of 48%. Original ICD indication, coronary artery disease, and amiodarone therapy were predictive for the causative arrhythmia. There was no mortality difference between the VT and VF groups; however, both groups had significantly increased mortality compared to a control ICD population without ES. CONCLUSION VF is the causative arrhythmia for a sizable proportion of patients with ES. The initial ICD indication, coronary artery disease, and amiodarone therapy are predictors of the causative arrhythmias in ES. There does not appear to be any mortality difference between ES patients with VT and VF, but mortality is increased in patients with ES versus control ICD patients without ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Verma
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Lampert R, McPherson CA, Clancy JF, Caulin-Glaser TL, Rosenfeld LE, Batsford WP. Gender differences in ventricular arrhythmia recurrence in patients with coronary artery disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:2293-9. [PMID: 15193696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether men and women with coronary artery disease (CAD) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) differ in frequency of arrhythmia recurrence and whether gender differences are independent of clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics. BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies show that women have a lower rate of sudden cardiac death (SCD) than men, even among patients with CAD. Whether this is due to differing susceptibilities to ischemia or to arrhythmia is unknown. METHODS The clinical records and ICD data disks of 340 men and 59 women with CAD who received an ICD between June 1990 and June 2000 were reviewed. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) recurrences were compared between genders and relationship with other factors was analyzed. RESULTS Sustained VT/VF occurred in 52% of men and 34% of women (p < 0.01). Men experienced more total VT/VF events (p < 0.01), more shock-treated VT/VF events (p < 0.03), more electrical storms (p < 0.001), and had VT/VF on more days in follow-up (p < 0.01). Gender differences were independent of measured clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic factors. In stratified analyses, the gender differences in VT/VF recurrence were greatest in patients presenting with sustained monomorphic VT and those with inducible VT at electrophysiology study. CONCLUSIONS Women were less likely to experience VT/VF, and had fewer VT/VF episodes, than men. These findings were strongest in patients with evidence of a stable anatomic VT circuit: those with clinical or electrophysiologically induced VT. This study suggests that differing susceptibility to arrhythmia triggering may underlie the known differences in SCD rates between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lampert
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Merino JL. Mechanisms underlying ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: implications for management. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2004; 1:105-18. [PMID: 14728040 DOI: 10.2165/00129784-200101020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) have been associated with mortality in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). All 3 main mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis - reentry, trigger activity, and automatism - have been implicated. Arrhythmogenic substrates in IDCM favor these mechanisms and are often potentiated by electrolyte imbalance secondary to diuretic treatment, by antiarrhythmic drugs, or by bradycardia, leading to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). Myocardial macroreentry is the mechanism most frequently responsible for monomorphic VT in IDCM; however, focal activation and His-Purkinje macroreentry are often responsible and, especially in the latter case, are frequently unrecognized. Clinical suspicion and final recognition by electrophysiologic testing have important therapeutic consequences, because both focal activation and His-Purkinje macroreentry can be treated effectively by catheter ablation. On the other hand, the frequent recurrences of myocardial macroreentrant VT after ablation require this therapy to be used in combination with drugs or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) have a beneficial effect for primary prevention of VA in IDCM. Type III antiarrhythmics have a neutral effect on mortality and type I antiarrhythmics should be avoided. Treatment of nonsustained VT in IDCM is controversial because it often presents without symptoms and is linked more to overall mortality than to arrhythmic mortality. Empiric treatment with amiodarone or electrophysiologically guided sotalol are preferred to the use of other drugs for secondary prevention of sustained VA. ICDs should be implanted in patients who have been resuscitated from cardiac arrest due to VA, or in those with poorly tolerated VT and severe left ventricular dysfunction. Empiric treatment with amiodarone or electrophysiologically guided class III antiarrhythmics may also be alternatives for patients with IDCM and no severe left ventricular dysfunction, especially if VT is well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Merino
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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Exner DV, Pinski SL, Wyse DG, Renfroe EG, Follmann D, Gold M, Beckman KJ, Coromilas J, Lancaster S, Hallstrom AP. Electrical storm presages nonsudden death: the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators (AVID) trial. Circulation 2001; 103:2066-71. [PMID: 11319196 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.16.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical storm, multiple temporally related episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF), is a frequent problem among recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). However, insufficient data exist regarding its prognostic significance. METHODS AND RESULTS This analysis includes 457 patients who received an ICD in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial and who were followed for 31 +/- 13 months. Electrical storm was defined as > or = 3 separate episodes of VT/VF within 24 hours. Characteristics and survival of patients surviving electrical storm (n = 90), those with VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm (n = 184), and the remaining patients (n = 183) were compared. The 3 groups differed in terms of ejection fraction, index arrhythmia, revascularization status, and baseline medication use. Survival was evaluated using time-dependent Cox modeling. Electrical storm occurred 9.2 +/- 11.5 months after ICD implantation, and most episodes (86%) were due to VT. Electrical storm was a significant risk factor for subsequent death, independent of ejection fraction and other prognostic variables (relative risk [RR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 4.2; P = 0.003), but VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm was not (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.7; P = 0.9). The risk of death was greatest 3 months after electrical storm (RR, 5.4; 95% Cl, 2.4 to 12.3; P = 0.0001) and diminished beyond this time (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.6; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Electrical storm is an important, independent marker for subsequent death among ICD recipients, particularly in the first 3 months after its occurrence. However, the development of VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent death.
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