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Spruiell K, Gyamfi AA, Yeyeodu ST, Richardson RM, Gonzalez FJ, Gyamfi MA. Pregnane X Receptor-Humanized Mice Recapitulate Gender Differences in Ethanol Metabolism but Not Hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:459-70. [PMID: 26159875 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both human and rodent females are more susceptible to developing alcoholic liver disease following chronic ethanol (EtOH) ingestion. However, little is known about the relative effects of acute EtOH exposure on hepatotoxicity in female versus male mice. The nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a broad-specificity sensor with species-specific responses to toxic agents. To examine the effects of the human PXR on acute EtOH toxicity, the responses of male and female PXR-humanized (hPXR) transgenic mice administered oral binge EtOH (4.5 g/kg) were analyzed. Basal differences were observed between hPXR males and females in which females expressed higher levels of two principal enzymes responsible for EtOH metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, and two key mediators of hepatocyte replication and repair, cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. EtOH ingestion upregulated hepatic estrogen receptor α, cyclin D1, and CYP2E1 in both genders, but differentially altered lipid and EtOH metabolism. Consistent with higher basal levels of EtOH-metabolizing enzymes, blood EtOH was more rapidly cleared in hPXR females. These factors combined to provide greater protection against EtOH-induced liver injury in female hPXR mice, as revealed by markers for liver damage, lipid peroxidation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These results indicate that female hPXR mice are less susceptible to acute binge EtOH-induced hepatotoxicity than their male counterparts, due at least in part to the relative suppression of cellular stress and enhanced expression of enzymes involved in both EtOH metabolism and hepatocyte proliferation and repair in hPXR females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisstonia Spruiell
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (K.S., A.A.G., S.T.Y., R.M.R., M.A.G.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Afua A Gyamfi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (K.S., A.A.G., S.T.Y., R.M.R., M.A.G.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Susan T Yeyeodu
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (K.S., A.A.G., S.T.Y., R.M.R., M.A.G.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Ricardo M Richardson
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (K.S., A.A.G., S.T.Y., R.M.R., M.A.G.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (K.S., A.A.G., S.T.Y., R.M.R., M.A.G.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
| | - Maxwell A Gyamfi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (K.S., A.A.G., S.T.Y., R.M.R., M.A.G.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (F.J.G.)
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Tammimäki A, Forsberg MM, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA, Männistö PT. Increase in free choice oral ethanol self-administration in catechol-o-methyltransferase gene-disrupted male mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:297-304. [PMID: 18684228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase (Comt) gene disruption on the voluntary oral consumption of water, ethanol (2.5-20%, v/v) and cocaine (0.1-0.8 mg/ml) was studied in the free-choice, two-bottle paradigm in male and female mice. Solutions containing ethanol or cocaine, or tap water were available ad libitum from drinking burettes for 4 weeks. Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient male mice consumed significantly more ethanol than their wild-type male littermates. In contrast, female mice did not show genotype differences in the consumption of ethanol solutions. During the cocaine experiment, male mice developed either a side preference or an aversion that obscured cocaine consumption. This pattern of drinking was not dependent on Comt genotype. In female mice, Comt genotype was not associated with cocaine consumption. In conclusion, disruption of Comt gene influenced ethanol consumption in a gender-dependent manner in mice, supporting the hypothesis that low catechol-O-methyltransferase activity is one of the predisposing factors for high alcohol consumption in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tammimäki
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kelaï S, Hanoun N, Aufrère G, Beaugé F, Hamon M, Lanfumey L. Cannabinoid-serotonin interactions in alcohol-preferring vs. alcohol-avoiding mice. J Neurochem 2006; 99:308-20. [PMID: 16987253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Because cannabinoid and serotonin (5-HT) systems have been proposed to play an important role in drug craving, we investigated whether cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and 5-HT(1A) receptor ligands could affect voluntary alcohol intake in two mouse strains, C57BL/6 J and DBA/2 J, with marked differences in native alcohol preference. When offered progressively (3-10% ethanol) in drinking water, in a free-choice procedure, alcohol intake was markedly lower (approximately 70%) in DBA/2 J than in C57BL/6 J mice. In DBA/2 J mice, chronic treatment with the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 increased alcohol intake. WIN 55,212-2 effect was prevented by concomitant, chronic CB1 receptor blockade by rimonabant or chronic 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin, which, on their own, did not affect alcohol intake. In C57BL/6 J mice, chronic treatment with WIN 55,212-2 had no effect but chronic CB1 receptor blockade or chronic 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation significantly decreased alcohol intake. Parallel autoradiographic investigations showed that chronic treatment with WIN 55,212-2 significantly decreased 5-HT(1A)-mediated [35S]guanosine triphosphate-gamma-S binding in the hippocampus of both mouse strains. Conversely, chronic rimonabant increased this binding in C57BL/6 J mice. These results show that cannabinoid neurotransmission can exert a permissive control on alcohol intake, possibly through CB1-5-HT(1A) interactions. However, the differences between C57BL/6 J and DBA/2 J mice indicate that such modulations of alcohol intake are under genetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Kelaï
- UMR 677 INSERM-UPMC, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, IFR 70 des Neurosciences, Paris, France
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Wiren KM, Hashimoto JG, Alele PE, Devaud LL, Price KL, Middaugh LD, Grant KA, Finn DA. Impact of sex: determination of alcohol neuroadaptation and reinforcement. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:233-42. [PMID: 16441272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the Research Society on Alcoholism meeting in Santa Barbara, California. The organizers/chairs were Kristine M. Wiren and Deborah A. Finn. Following a brief introduction by Deborah Finn, the presentations were (1) The Importance of Gender in Determining Expression Differences in Mouse Lines Selected for Chronic Ethanol Withdrawal Severity, by Kristine M. Wiren and Joel G. Hashimoto; (2) Sex Differences in Ethanol Withdrawal Involve GABAergic and Stress Systems, by Paul E. Alele and Leslie L. Devaud; (3) The Influence of Sex on Ethanol Consumption and Reward in C57BL/6 Mice, by Kimber L. Price and Lawrence D. Middaugh; and (4) Sex Differences in Alcohol Self-administration in Cynomolgus Monkeys, by Kathleen A. Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Wiren
- Oregon Health & Science University, VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239-2964, USA.
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Kalmijn J. The Search for Genes Contributing to the Low Level of Response to Alcohol: Patterns of Findings Across Studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28:1449-58. [PMID: 15597076 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000141637.01925.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a complex genetically influenced disorder in which multiple phenotypes [e.g., disinhibition, alcohol-metabolizing patterns, and the low level of response (LR) to alcohol] contribute to the risk. A low LR to alcohol is one of the more thoroughly studied risk phenotypes; data indicate that LR relates to the risk status, predicts future alcoholism, and has a heritability as high as 60%. This article reviews data from animal and human studies regarding the LR to alcohol, searching for a convergence of results that might lead to the identification of relevant genes. METHODS A literature search was performed regarding animal and human genetic studies focusing on genes that might affect the LR to alcohol as a risk factor for alcoholism. The goal was to synthesize these results and highlight potential patterns. RESULTS Focusing on both genetic linkage and association studies, a number of chromosomal regions and genes potentially relevant to findings across two or more sources were identified. The genes of potential interest fell into several categories, including second-messenger systems (e.g., G proteins, adenylyl cyclase, and protein kinases); neurotransmitters or drug-related receptors (e.g., gamma-aminobutyric acid-A, glutamate, serotonin, and cannabinoid and opioid receptors); genes that affect alcohol metabolism; and genes that might relate to an overlap in the risk for alcoholism and some psychiatric conditions (e.g., catechol-O-methyltransferase regarding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). CONCLUSIONS The review identifies several genes that may contribute to a low LR to alcohol and, thus, to an increased risk for alcohol use disorders. The chromosomal regions and genes highlighted here may form the basis for more focused genetic studies of alcohol use disorders, with the goals of developing more specific and effective prevention and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92161-2002, USA.
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Bhilwade HN, Chaubey RC, Chauhan PS. Gamma ray induced bone marrow micronucleated erythrocytes in seven strains of mouse. Mutat Res 2004; 560:19-26. [PMID: 15099820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of gamma-radiation on the frequency of bone marrow micronucleated erythrocytes in seven inbred strains of adult male mice. Twenty animals of each strain viz. Swiss, C57BL/6, C57BR/cd, C3H, CBA, DBA, and AKR were irradiated at 0.0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00Gy of gamma-rays at a dose rate of 0.46Gy/min using a 60Co-teletharapy machine. Animals were sacrificed 24h post-irradiation, bone marrow smears were made and stained in May-Grunwald Giemsa for evaluating the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes as indicators of chromosomal damage. About 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and the corresponding normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) were scored for each mouse. Thus, at least 8000 PCEs were scored for each dose point in all the groups. The spontaneous frequency of mn-PCEs per thousand (per thousand ) cells varied considerably among the strains with C57BR/cd (3.47 per thousand ) exhibiting highest as compared to CBA (2.47 per thousand ) and DBA (2.35 per thousand). Radiation exposure, even at lowest dose of 0.125Gy, induced a significant increase in the frequency of mn-PCEs and a dose dependent response was observed among all the strains. However, the animals irradiated at lower doses (0.125-0.50Gy) showed marked differences in the extent of radiation induced chromosomal damage among the various genotypes. At highest dose of radiation (1.00Gy), genotype dependent variability in the frequency of mn-PCEs was not so marked but relatively comparable among the various strains. This study clearly shows that the magnitude of variability of radiation induced chromosomal damage among different strains of mouse can be different at different doses. Therefore, use of single dose point comparisons and/or use of only higher doses of radiation for ascertainment of genotype dependent variability in mouse may lead to erroneous conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari N Bhilwade
- Genetic Toxicology and Chromosome Studies Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Kulkarni SG, Pegram AA, Smith PC. Disposition of acetaminophen and indocyanine green in cystic fibrosis-knockout mice. AAPS PHARMSCI 2000; 2:E18. [PMID: 11741234 PMCID: PMC2751032 DOI: 10.1208/ps020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug treatment poses a therapeutic challenge in cystic fibrosis (CF) because the disposition of a number of drugs is altered in CF. Enhanced clearance of acetaminophen (APAP) and indocyanine green (ICG) have previously been reported in CF patients. The objective of the current study was to investigate if the CF-knockout mouse model (cftr(m1UNC)) shows altered pharmacokinetics similar to those seen in CF patients using the 2 model compounds APAP and ICG. Clearance (CL/F) of APAP and renal (CLR) and formation (CLf) clearance of acetaminophen glucuronide (AG) and acetaminophen sulfate (AS) were determined in CF-knockout mice following administration of APAP (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). CLR of AS was 19.5 and 12.9 (mL/min per kg) and CLf of AS was 10.4 and 6.7 mL/min per kg for homozygous and heterozygous males, respectively, which was significantly different between groups. CLR of AG was 6.3 and 4.8 mL/min per kg and CLf of AG was 9.6 and 8.9 mL/min per kg for homozygous and heterozygous males, respectively, although not reaching statistical significance. No significant differences were noted in either ClR or CLf of AG and AS in female CF mice. Plasma concentrations of ICG (10 mg/kg, intravenous) were determined over 0 to 15 minutes. Homozygous females showed a higher apparent volume of distribution (96 mL/kg) relative to heterozygous females (72 mL/kg). Similar to CF patients, a trend toward a lower Cmax was noted in homozygous male and female mice. However, contrary to human data, no significant differences in CL of ICG were noted. These results suggest that the CF-knockout mice have potential as a model for studying altered drug disposition in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita A. Pegram
- Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina USA
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
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Whitfield JB, Nightingale BN, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Martin NG. ADH Genotypes and Alcohol Use and Dependence in Europeans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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