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Paulose JK, Cassone CV, Cassone VM. Aging, melatonin biosynthesis, and circadian clockworks in the gastrointestinal system of the laboratory mouse. Physiol Genomics 2018; 51:1-9. [PMID: 30444453 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) system is vital in its capacities for nutrient and water uptake, immune function, metabolism and detoxification, and stem-cell derived regeneration. Of significance to human health are a myriad of GI disorders associated with aging that integrate with the circadian clock. Here we present data from three groups of mice: young (3 mo old), middle aged (12 mo old), and old aged (24 mo old). Small intestine and colon samples taken every 4 h under light-dark (LD) conditions were assayed for gene expression related to molecular circadian rhythmicity, transcription, cell signaling, and immune function. Transcripts related to melatonin biosynthesis and signaling, as well as melatonin content from stool, were also included, as GI melatonin and aging have been associated in contexts outside of the circadian clock. With respect to circadian genes, the data here are congruent with data from other peripheral tissues: age does not affect the rhythmic expression of core clock genes in the gut. The same can be said for several clock-controlled transcripts. In contrast, diurnal patterns in the expression of nitric oxide synthase 1 and of immune factors irak4 and interleukin-8 were observed in the colon of young mice that were lost in middle-aged and aged animals. Furthermore, the diurnal pattern of melatonin synthesis genes was altered by age, and stool melatonin levels showed significant decline between young mice and aged cohorts. These data expand the evidence for the persistence of the circadian clock throughout the aging process and highlight its importance to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiffin K Paulose
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Testosterone alleviates mitochondrial ROS accumulation and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the gastric mucosa of orchiectomized rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 649:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Choi YJ, Kim N, Lee JY, Nam RH, Suh JH, Lee SM, Ham MH, Jo HJ, Shim YK, Park YH, Lee JC, Choi YJ, Lee HS, Lee DH. PMK-S005 Alleviates Age-Related Gastric Acid Secretion, Inflammation, and Oxidative Status in the Rat Stomach. Gut Liver 2017; 10:749-56. [PMID: 27172930 PMCID: PMC5003198 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the synthetic S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC) PMK-S005 on gastric acid secretion, inflammation, and antioxidant enzymes in aging rats. Methods The rats were divided into four groups at 31 weeks of age and were continuously fed a diet containing a vehicle control, PMK-S005 (5 or 10 mg/kg), or lansoprazole (5 mg/kg). Gastric acid secretion and connective tissue thickness of the lamina propria were evaluated at 74 weeks and 2 years of age. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and COX-2 levels were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Western blot assays. Levels of antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxyganase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), were also measured. Results As the rats aged, gastric acid secretion significantly decreased, and the connective tissue of the lamina propria increased. However, 74-week-old rats in the PMK-S005 group exhibited greater levels of gastric acid secretion than those of the control and lansoprazole groups. The increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 expression in 74-week and 2-year-old control rats were inhibited by PMK-S005. In addition, the decrease in HO-1 and NQO-1 protein expression that occurred with aging was inhibited by PMK-S005 in the 74-week-old rats. Conclusions These results suggest that PMK-S005 has therapeutic potential as an antiaging agent to ameliorate age-related gastric acid secretion, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sun Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min Hee Ham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Kwang Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yo Han Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cummings CS, Campbell AS, Baker SL, Carmali S, Murata H, Russell AJ. Design of Stomach Acid-Stable and Mucin-Binding Enzyme Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:576-586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Cummings
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan S. Campbell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefanie L. Baker
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sheiliza Carmali
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Abstract
Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a condition often encountered by dermatologists. IAD is an inflammatory skin condition secondary to prolonged urine exposure-it is a dermatologic sequela of urinary incontinence. Incontinence should not be dismissed simply as an age-related disorder; rather, it is due to a number of pathologic conditions that can be either reversible or manageable. It is thus critical to identify and treat the underlying causes of urinary incontinence. Clinical management of this common medical issue restores normality to patients' lives while also preventing future dermatologic complications. In this article, we aim to provide dermatologists with an overview of IAD and an approach to the diagnosis and initial management of urinary incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ladha
- 1 Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Wagg
- 2 Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marlene Dytoc
- 3 Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Azadzoi KM, Chen BG, Radisavljevic ZM, Siroky MB. Molecular reactions and ultrastructural damage in the chronically ischemic bladder. J Urol 2011; 186:2115-22. [PMID: 21944111 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical and basic research data suggest that pelvic ischemia may contribute to bladder overactivity. We characterized the molecular and ultrastructural reactions of the chronically ischemic bladder. MATERIALS AND METHOD A model of pelvic ischemia was developed by creating iliohypogastric/pudendal arterial atherosclerosis in rabbits. At 12 weeks conscious urinary frequency was examined, bladder blood flow was recorded and cystometrograms were done using general anesthesia. Bladder tissue was processed for molecular and ultrastructural analysis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Conscious urinary frequency and the frequency of spontaneous bladder contractions significantly increased in animals with pelvic ischemia. Bladder ischemia up-regulated the gene and protein expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, transforming growth factor-β and nerve growth factor B. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression also increased but protein levels were unchanged. Transmission electron microscopy of ischemic bladder samples showed swollen mitochondria with degraded granules, thickened epithelium, deformed muscle fascicles, collagen deposition and impaired microvasculature with thickened intima and disrupted endothelial cell junctions. Degenerating axonal and Schwann cell profiles, and myelin sheath splitting around axons and Schwann cells were evident in ischemic bladders. CONCLUSIONS Interrupting pelvic blood flow resulted in an ischemic overactive bladder and significant increase in conscious urinary frequency. Molecular responses involving hypoxia inducible factor, transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor were associated with mitochondrial injury, fibrosis, microvasculature damage and neurodegeneration. Ischemia may have a key role in bladder overactivity and lower urinary tract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem M Azadzoi
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Azadzoi KM, Yalla SV, Siroky MB. Human bladder smooth muscle cell damage in disturbed oxygen tension. Urology 2011; 78:967.e9-15. [PMID: 21872910 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize human bladder smooth muscle cell reactions to disturbed oxygen tension. Clinical studies have shown a close correlation between bladder ischemia and lower urinary tract symptoms in elderly patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Confluent cultured human bladder smooth muscle cells were incubated under normoxia, continuous hypoxia, and oxidative stress (hypoxia/reoxygenation) conditions using a computerized oxycycler system. After 48 hours, cell samples were collected and processed for fluorometric assessment of oxidative injury, enzyme immunoassay of antioxidant capacity, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Lipid peroxidation was found in cell hypoxia and oxidative stress, whereas protein oxidation was evident in oxidative stress only. Cell antioxidant capacity decreased in oxidative stress but remained unchanged in hypoxia. Oxidative products were present in cell oxidative stress only, whereas nitrosative products increased in both hypoxia and oxidative stress conditions. Forty-eight hours of hypoxia and oxidative stress had no effect on cell senescence. Thickened deformed cell membrane, swollen mitochondria, and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were found in cell hypoxia. Partially lost cell membrane with increased caveolae, swollen mitochondria with degraded cristae, splintered ER, and increased lysosomes were evident in cell oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Human bladder smooth muscle cells are highly reactive to nonconforming oxygen tension. Reactions to hypoxia are consistent with cell survival signaling to cope with lack of oxygen. Changes in oxidative stress indicate extensive damage and deterioration of the subcellular elements. Hypoxic and oxidative damage may be an important mechanism of smooth muscle degeneration in bladder conditions with disturbed oxygen tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem M Azadzoi
- Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Apidianakis Y, Rahme LG. Drosophila melanogaster as a model for human intestinal infection and pathology. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:21-30. [PMID: 21183483 PMCID: PMC3014343 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.003970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings concerning Drosophila melanogaster intestinal pathology suggest that this model is well suited for the study of intestinal stem cell physiology during aging, stress and infection. Despite the physiological divergence between vertebrates and insects, the modeling of human intestinal diseases is possible in Drosophila because of the high degree of conservation between Drosophila and mammals with respect to the signaling pathways that control intestinal development, regeneration and disease. Furthermore, the genetic amenability of Drosophila makes it an advantageous model species. The well-studied intestinal stem cell lineage, as well as the tools available for its manipulation in vivo, provide a promising framework that can be used to elucidate many aspects of human intestinal pathology. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances in the study of Drosophila intestinal infection and pathology, and briefly review the parallels and differences between human and Drosophila intestinal regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Their 340, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kang JM, Kim N, Kim JH, Oh E, Lee BY, Lee BH, Shin CM, Park JH, Lee MK, Nam RH, Lee HE, Lee HS, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS. Effect of aging on gastric mucosal defense mechanisms: ROS, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and sensory neurons. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1147-53. [PMID: 20724528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00218.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aging changes in the stomach lead to a decreased capacity for tissue repair in response to gastric acid. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism associated with the increased susceptibility to injury of aging mucosa including reactive oxygen species (5), apoptosis, angiogenesis, and sensory neuron activity. Fischer 344 rats at four different ages (6, 31, 74 wk, and 2 yr of age) were studied. The connective tissue indicators [salt-soluble collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG)], lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and hexosamine were assessed. We also evaluated the expression of early growth response-1 (Egr-1), phosphatase and tension homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), caspase-9 (index of apoptosis), VEGF (index of angiogenesis), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, index of sensory neurons), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The histological connective tissue area in the lower part of rat gastric mucosa increased with aging, with increase of salt-soluble collagen and sGAG. LPO and MPO in old rats were significantly greater than in the young rats, whereas hexosamine was significantly reduced. The old gastric mucosa had increased expression of Egr-1, PTEN, and caspase-9, whereas the VEGF, CGRP, and nNOS expression were significantly reduced. These results indicate that the lower part of rat gastric mucosa was found to be replaced by connective tissue with accumulation of oxidative products with aging. In addition, impairment of apoptosis, angiogenesis, and sensory neuron activity via the activation of Egr-1 and PTEN might increase the susceptibility of gastric mucosa to injury during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lo SS, Chen JH, Wu CW, Lui WY. Functional polymorphism of NFKB1 promoter may correlate to the susceptibility of gastric cancer in aged patients. Surgery 2009; 145:280-5. [PMID: 19231580 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is associated reportedly with the pathogenesis of numerous malignancies. This study investigated whether a common insertion (ins)/deletion (del) polymorphism (-94 ins/del ATTG) in the NFKB1 promoter is associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer and its tumor behavior. METHODS Blood samples from 182 gastric cancer patients and 116 controls were examined by polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping. Allelotype and genotype (polymorphism) of NFKB1 promoter in gastric cancer patients were analyzed with controls and patients' clinicopathologic factors to evaluate their association using a multivariate analytical model. RESULTS The mean ages of patients and controls were 65.7 +/- 12.8, and 64.9 +/- 8.8 years old, respectively. Sex ratios (male to female) were 2.7:1 and 2.2:1, respectively. Insertion allelotype, genotypes with ins/ins, as well as ins allele carrier (ins/ins+ ins/del) were significantly greater in gastric cancer patients than in controls, especially in patients >65 years old, but not in younger patients. The polymorphism did not correlate with clinicopathologic factors and patient survival. CONCLUSION NFKB1 could be a susceptible gene for gastric cancer and its functional polymorphism in promoter is associated with the risk of gastric cancer, particularly in aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Shun Lo
- Department of Surgery, National Yang Ming University Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan.
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Vinokur V, Grinberg L, Berenshtein E, Gross M, Moskovitz J, Reznick AZ, Chevion M, Eliashar R. Methionine-centered redox cycle in organs of the aero-digestive tract of young and old rats. Biogerontology 2008; 10:43-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Dysphagia is a common problem in older patients and is becoming a larger health care problem as the populations of the United States and other developed countries rapidly age. Changes in physiology with aging are seen in the upper esophageal sphincter and pharyngeal region in both symptomatic and asymptomatic older individuals. Age related changes in the esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter are more difficult to identify, while esophageal sensation certainly is blunted with age. Stroke, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Zenker's diverticula, and several other motility and structural disorders may cause oropharyngeal dysphagia in an older patient. Esophageal dysphagia can also be caused by both disorders of motility (achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, scleroderma and others) and structure (malignancy, strictures, rings, external compression, and others). Many of these disorders have an increased prevalence in older patients and should be sought with an appropriate diagnostic evaluation in older patients. The treatment of dysphagia in older patients is similar to that in younger patients, but more invasive therapies such as surgery may not be possible in some older patients making less aggressive medical and endoscopic therapy more attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami R Achem
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Salonia A, Briganti A, Dehò F, Naspro R, Scapaticci E, Scattoni V, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2003; 26:129-36. [PMID: 12755990 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2003.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salonia
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Moragoda L, Jaszewski R, Kulkarni P, Majumdar APN. Age-associated loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes in the gastric mucosa of humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282:G932-6. [PMID: 12016117 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study is based on the hypothesis that aging predisposes gastric mucosa to carcinogenesis through altered expression and/or mutations of genes involved in cell growth. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the age-associated changes in mutation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), p53, and K-ras genes in the gastric mucosa of 19 healthy subjects of varying ages (25-91 yr). Specifically, we studied the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of these genes in cardia, body, and antrum of the stomach. We observed that 3 of 19 subjects (16%) over 60 yr of age show LOH of at least one of the tumor suppressor genes. Among the subjects over 60 yr of age, the incidence of LOH is 38% (3/8). Two of three subjects had mutations in more than one tumor suppressor gene. In all three affected subjects, mutation in APC, DCC, or p53 was located mainly in the body of the stomach, suggesting increased susceptibility of this region to neoplastic changes. However, no LOH of K-ras was observed in these subjects. Our observation that subjects over 60 yr of age show mutation in one or more of the tumor suppressor genes suggests an age-related increase in predisposition of the stomach to neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathika Moragoda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is involved in the regulation of a broad spectrum of genes that play important roles in a myriad of physiological and pathological events ranging from the immune response to carcinogenesis. Interestingly, many processes in which NF-kappa B plays a central role have long been noted for their alteration with age. A number of research groups have reported rather dramatic changes in NF-kappaB activity as humans and animals age, with tissue-specific increases and decreases in NF-kappaB activity being reported. The extent to which changes in NF-kappaB activity drive aging and influence life span in humans and other mammals is not clear. However, given the dramatic impact that NF-kappaB can have on the function of numerous tissues and organs, understanding how NF-kappaB activity changes with age will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the many diseases associated with growing old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-3125, USA.
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Xiao ZQ, Moragoda L, Jaszewski R, Hatfield JA, Fligiel SE, Majumdar AP. Aging is associated with increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the colonic mucosa. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:1849-64. [PMID: 11557285 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the incidence of colon cancer increases with advancing age, reasons for this increase are not fully understood. Earlier studies have demonstrated that in Fischer-344 rats, aging is associated with increased crypt cell production in the colon, an event considered to be central to the initiation of carcinogenesis. Apoptosis also plays a critical role in the development and progression of colon cancer. Therefore, we have examined the age-related changes in proliferation and apoptosis in the colonic mucosa of 4-5, 12-14, and 22-24 month-old Fischer-344 rats. We have observed that proliferative activity in the colon, as assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivity, is higher (50-80%) in 12-14 and 22-24 month-old rats than in their 4-6 month-old counterparts. In contrast, the number of apoptotic cells, (as determined by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay) in the colonic mucosa of 12-14 and 22-24 month-old rats are considerably lower (50-60%) than in 4-6 month-old animals. These changes are accompanied by a concomitant reduction (75%) in pro-apoptotic Bak and stimulation (200%) of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL levels. Since activation of caspases is associated with initiation and maintenance of apoptosis, we also analyzed the levels of pro and active forms of caspase-3, 8 and 9. The levels of active forms of caspase-3, 8 and 9 are found to be considerably (60-80%) lower in the colonic mucosa of 22-24 month-old rats, compared to their younger counterparts. This is accompanied by decreased cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a substrate for caspases. In conclusion, our data show that aging enhances proliferation, but attenuates apoptosis in the colonic mucosa. These changes may partly be responsible for the age-related rise in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
The elderly patient is not simply an older adult and needs to have drug therapy applied with caution with regard to the physiologic changes associated with aging that impact the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of medicinals used in this population. The elderly patient has a number of physiologic changes with age that affect metabolism, distribution, and excretion. In addition, there exists information that demonstrates changes in the pharmacodynamics of drug therapy commonly used in the elderly. This article reviews these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Higbee
- CGP, the University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, 1703 E Mabel, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Powell AR, Reddix RA. Differential effects of maturation on nicotinic- and muscarinic receptor-induced ion secretion in guinea pig distal colon. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 224:147-51. [PMID: 10865229 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of constipation increases with age. This has been linked to age-related changes in the structure and function of myenteric neurons regulating intestinal motility; however, the role of submucous neurons is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of maturation on cholinergic receptor-induced ion secretion in guinea pig colon. Changes in the short-circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance were monitored in muscle-stripped colonic segments from young (3-4-month-old) and mature (12-15-month-old) male guinea pigs. Thirty-one percent of colonic segments from young guinea pigs exhibited ongoing neural activity, which was absent in mature animals. Baseline Isc was significantly higher only in young guinea pig tissues with ongoing activity. Tissue conductance was similar in all tissues. Electrical field stimulation caused a biphasic increase in the Isc. At 15 V/10 Hz, only Peak 1 was attenuated, whereas both peaks were reduced in mature guinea pigs at 10 V/5Hz. 1,1, dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium(DMPP)-induced ion secretion was blunted in mature guinea pigs. Atropine reduced the 1,1, dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium response only in young guinea pigs. Carbachol-induced ion secretion was similar in tissues from both age groups. In conclusion, nicotinic receptor-induced secretion mediated by both cholinergic and noncholinergic secretomotor neurons was blunted; however, epithelial muscarinic receptor activity was unaltered during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Powell
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Xiao ZQ, Yu Y, Khan A, Jaszewski R, Ehrinpreis MN, Majumdar AP. Induction of G(1) checkpoint in the gastric mucosa of aged rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:G929-34. [PMID: 10564097 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.5.g929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Although in Fischer 344 rats aging is found to be associated with increased gastric mucosal proliferative activity, little is known about specific changes in the regulatory mechanisms of this process. To determine whether changes in cell cycling events could partly contribute to the age-related rise in gastric mucosal proliferative activity, the present investigation examines changes in cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk2) activity and the regulation of this process in the gastric mucosa of Fischer 344 rats aged 4 (young), 13 (middle aged), and 24 (old) mo. We observed that aging is associated with a progressive rise in activity and protein levels of Cdk2 in the gastric mucosa. This is also found to be accompanied by a concomitant increase in cyclin E but not cyclin D1 levels. On the other hand, the levels of p21(Waf1/Cip1) (total as well as the fraction associated with Cdk2), a nuclear protein that is known to inhibit different cyclin-Cdk complexes, are found to decline in the gastric mucosa with advancing age. In contrast, with aging, there was a steady rise in p53 levels in the gastric mucosa. We have also observed that the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, a form that participates in regulating progression through the S phase, are markedly elevated in the gastric mucosa of aged rats. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in the gastric mucosa, aging enhances transition of G(1) to S phase as well as progression through the S phase of the cell cycle. However, the age-related decline in p21(Waf1/Cip1) in the gastric mucosa appears to be independent of p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Tarcan T, Azadzoi KM, Siroky MB, Goldstein I, Krane RJ. Age-related erectile and voiding dysfunction: the role of arterial insufficiency. BRITISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1998; 82 Suppl 1:26-33. [PMID: 9883259 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.0820s1026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tarcan
- Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
With improvements in medical care over the last several decades, individuals are living longer and, as a result, more surgical procedures will be performed in the geriatric patient. Normal physiologic aging is characterized by a gradual loss of reserve capacity. The effects of the aging process on various organ systems do not usually affect function in the normal state; however, during periods of stress (such as with a surgical procedure or illness), the elderly patient may not be able to meet the increased metabolic demand. This loss of reserve capacity is the single most important factor that decreases the elderly patient's ability to tolerate operations. It is imperative that the surgeon identify the elderly patient who is at increased risk for complications. Specific consideration must be given to proper management of fluid and electrolyte replacement, respiratory management to prevent atelectasis and pneumonia, and monitoring for possible cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Edgerton EA, Fliģiel SE, Moshier JA, Hatfield JS, Luk GD, Majumdar AP. Effect of gastric mucosal injury on ornithine decarboxylase in young and aged rats. Exp Gerontol 1991; 26:45-55. [PMID: 2055284 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(91)90061-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation examines the changes in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, level of the enzyme, and the expression of its gene in gastric mucosa of young (4-month) and aged (24-month) Fischer-344 male rats 6 h after intragastric administration of either 2 M NaCl (1 ml/130 g b.w.) or an equivalent volume of water (controls). In addition, electronmicroscopy was performed to evaluate the ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa. Although administration of 2 M NaCl virtually eliminated the surface epithelium in both young and aged rats, the extent to injury in older animals extended beyond the surface epithelium. In aged rats, epithelial cells in the deeper parts of the gastric glands demonstrated severe swelling with vacuolization and disintegration of the cell organelles, with dying and dead cells. Basal gastric mucosal ODC activity (data from the controls) in aged rats was found to be 118% (p less than 0.001) above the young animals. This was also associated with similar increases in the concentration of ODC (as determined by Western-blot analysis) and a steady-state rise in ODC mRNA. Intragastric administration of 2 M NaCl (which caused gastric mucosal injury) resulted in a 625% increase in mucosal ODC activity in young rats, but in aged rats it produced a 112% increase when compared with the corresponding controls. In young rats, the increase in gastric mucosal ODC activity after injury was also associated with about a 2-fold rise in the enzyme protein concentration and a 4-fold increase in steady-state ODC mRNA levels. In contrast, gastric mucosal injury in aged rats, which resulted in a 112% increase in ODC activity, produced about a 30% reduction in the concentration of ODC and a 15-20% reduction in steady-state mRNA levels, when compared with the respective controls. The current data demonstrate that aging is associated with decreased responsiveness of gastric mucosal ODC to injury which may in part be responsible for diminished regenerative capacity of the gastric mucosa in aged animals. Furthermore, in aged rats the injury-induced stimulation of mucosal ODC activity is not associated with increased activation of its gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Edgerton
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Allen Park, Michigan 48101
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Majumdar AP, Jasti S, Hatfield JS, Tureaud J, Fligiel SE. Morphological and biochemical changes in gastric mucosa of aging rats. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35:1364-70. [PMID: 1699711 DOI: 10.1007/bf01536742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although previous data from this laboratory have indicated that aging is associated with increased gastric mucosal proliferative activity, no direct assessment of proliferative potential of the tissue has been made during aging. In order to assess this, and to determine whether changes in mucosal proliferative potential would be reflected in growth of the tissue, we have examined the labeling index (LI), height and morphology of the gastric mucosa in young (4-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Fischer-344 rats. In addition, tyrosine kinase (Tyr-k) activity and the levels of phosphotyrosine proteins were determined to evaluate their relationship to mucosal proliferative activity. Histologic evaluation revealed a marked atrophy of the mucosal glandular component with 32% reduction in height in aged rats when compared with young animals. In aged rats, there was also a decrease in gland density, resulting in a reduction in the number of epithelial cells of all types with evidence of decreased secretory activity. Despite the occurrence of mucosal atrophy in aged rats, LI in these animals was significantly increased by 28%. This was associated with a parallel rise in mucosal Tyr-k activity, and a two- to threefold increase in the relative concentrations of seven phosphotyrosine membrane proteins with Mr of 120, 105, 90, 60, 55, 48 and 32 kDa. We conclude that (1) although aging is associated with increased gastric mucosal proliferative activity, this does not result in mucosal growth and that (2) Tyr-k and tyrosine phosphorylation of certain proteins play a role in the regulation of gastric mucosal cell proliferation during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Majumdar
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Allen Park, Michigan
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Abstract
We examined histologic and ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa of aging rats. Standardized gastric specimens from Sprague-Dawley rats 3 months of age (young) and 24 months of age (old) were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative histology and transmission electron microscopy. Old rats had the following histologic changes: (1) partial atrophy of the gastric glands and their replacement with hyalinlike connective tissue; (2) cystic dilatation of the gastric glands at the bases with occasional squamous cell metaplasia; and (3) extensive perivascular depositions of PAS-positive material, negative for amyloid. The total mucosal thickness was 484 +/- 100 microns in young rats vs 1122 +/- 240 microns in old rats (P less than 0.01). Electron microscopy demonstrated degenerative changes in parietal and chief cells, hyperplasia of surface and foveolar mucous cells, and prominent accumulation of disorganized collagen fibrils in perivascular connective tissue. This study indicates that the gastric mucosa of aging rats that have not been exposed to damaging agents does show definite histologic and ultrastructural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hollander
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, Irvine 92717
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Montgomery PR, Aoki FY, Mitenko PA, Vanzieleghem M, Sitar DS. Slow release theophylline disposition and effect in elderly patients with chronic obstructive lung disease: influence of dose formulation and institutionalization. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1989; 10:481-8. [PMID: 2804252 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the steady-state disposition of slow release theophylline tablets and granules in 12 institutionalized (I) and 12 community-dwelling (C) elderly patients with fixed chronic obstructive lung disease. Design was open label with random order crossover; each formulation was given 5 min before food every 12 h for 7 days. Age (median 70 y, range 55-88), sex, smoking status, and baseline lung function off drug were similar. Though plasma concentration (Cp) was higher with the tablets as was the area under the Cp vs time curve: 134 (74-252) vs 121 (75-197) mg h l-1; p = 0.028. The standard deviation of Cp over one dose interval was lower with the granules. FEV 1.0 was slightly improved over baseline. Dose required to reach target Cp was higher in the institutionalized group (12.6 vs 8.6 mg kg-1 day-1; p = 0.003) as was apparent clearance; I:94 (43-148) ml hr-1 kg-1 vs C:68 (34-163); p = 0.003. Although bioavailability was slightly reduced for the granules, fluctuations of Cp was less, and we failed to find a food effect that was clinically important in geriatric subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Majumdar AP, Moshier JA, Arlow FL, Luk GD. Biochemical changes in the gastric mucosa after injury in young and aged rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 992:35-40. [PMID: 2665819 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gastric mucosal thymidine kinase (TK) activity (an indicator of proliferative activity) were examined in young (4 month) and aged (24 month) Fischer-344 male rats 6 h after intragastric administration of either 2 M NaCl (1 ml/130 g b.w.) or an equivalent volume of water (control). These changes were related to the expression of c-myc gene, tyrosine kinase (Tyr-K) activity and tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of proteins in the gastric mucosa. Basal gastric mucosal TK activity (data from the controls) in the aged rats was found to be 75% (P less than 0.001) above the young animals. This was accompanied by increased expression of c-myc gene and a 67% (P less than 0.001) enhancement in Tyr-K activity. Intragastric administration of 2 M NaCl resulted in gastric mucosal damage (as evidenced by lesions index) in both age groups. However, in aged rats, the lesions index was found to be about 75% higher than in their younger counterparts. In young rats, mucosal injury resulted in a 95% rise in TK activity, whereas in aged rats it was increased by only 38%, when compared with corresponding controls. This 2-fold rise in TK activity in young rats was also associated with increased expression of the c-myc gene. In young rats, administration of hypertonic saline caused a 90% (P less than 0.001) increment in Tyr-K activity and significantly stimulated tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of five mucosal proteins with an apparent molecular mass of 170, 120, 100, 55 and 43 kDa. On the other hand, administration of hypertonic saline to the aged rats caused only a small 16% (P less than 0.025) increase in Tyr-K activity, and produced no apparent change in either expression of c-myc gene or tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of any of the proteins in the gastric mucosa, when compared with the corresponding controls. We conclude that aging increases the susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to damaging agents and diminishes its regenerative capacity. We also suggest that Tyr-K may play a role in determining these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Majumdar
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Allen Park, MI 48101
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Majumdar AP, Edgerton EA, Arlow FL. Gastric mucosal tyrosine kinase activity during aging and its relationship to cell proliferation in rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 965:97-105. [PMID: 3365454 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(88)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between tyrosine kinase activity and cellular proliferative activity was investigated in the gastric mucosa. For the purpose of comparison, the liver and the pancreas were also included. Groups of 2-, 14- and 22-month-old male Fischer-344 rats were used. Tyrosine kinase activity was determined in the membrane fraction (30,000 x g pellet) utilizing a synthetic polymer, Glu-Tyr (4:1), as substrate. Cellular proliferative activity was assessed by measuring ornithine decarboxylase in the 20,000 x g supernatant. In all age groups, gastric mucosal tyrosine kinase activity was found to be 10-20-fold higher than in the liver or pancreas. In addition, gastric mucosal tyrosine kinase activity in 22-month-old rats was 35-70% higher than in their 2- and 14-month-old counterparts. Gastric mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity also followed essentially the same pattern as that of tyrosine kinase in that the highest activity was observed in 22-month-old rats. Increased gastric mucosal proliferative activity in 22-month-old rats was also associated with increased tyrosine-phosphorylation of a mucosal membrane protein with an apparent Mr of 53,000. An opposite phenomenon occurred in the pancreas whose proliferative activity was found to be the lowest. It is concluded that the age-associated changes in gastric mucosal proliferative activity are accompanied by parallel alterations in tyrosine kinase activity. Tyrosine-phosphorylation of a 53 kDa membrane protein may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Majumdar
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Allen Park, MI 48101
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