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Galeano-Páez C, Espitia-Pérez P, Jimenez-Vidal L, Pastor-Sierra K, Salcedo-Arteaga S, Hoyos-Giraldo LS, Gioda A, Saint'Pierre TD, García SC, Brango H, Espitia-Pérez L. Dietary exposure to mercury and its relation to cytogenetic instability in populations from "La Mojana" region, northern Colombia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129066. [PMID: 33293049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish consumption and chronic exposure to low doses of mercury (Hg) seems to activate several molecular mechanisms leading to carcinogenic and/or teratogenic processes. However, Hg genotoxic effects on humans are not completely described. In the present study, we assessed cytogenetic damage in isolated human peripheral lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN-Cyt), micronucleus formation with anti-kinetochore antibody (CREST staining), levels of total Hg in hair (T-Hg), fish consumption, and estimated Hg dose. The study comprised 39 non-exposed, and 73 residents from La Mojana region, an area with a well-documented Hg contamination. Data showed a significant increase in micronuclei (MNBN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB), and necrotic and apoptotic cell frequencies in residents of "La Mojana." The overall mean T-Hg level in hair for exposed residents was 1.12 ± 0.94 mg kg-1 and 0.15 ± 0.05 in individuals from the reference area. Approximately 40% of analyzed individuals showed T-Hg levels that exceeded US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose. Increased T-Hg levels in hair were related to increased MNBN frequencies and high fish consumption. Other cellular markers, such as necrotic and apoptotic cell frequencies, were also correlated with high fish intake and T-Hg contents. Results of the CREST staining demonstrated that in vivo exposure to Hg induces genetic instability by chromosome fragment loss (clastogenic). Additionally, a high average intake of some fish species, particularly with carnivorous habits like Caquetaia kraussii, Hoplias malabaricus, and Sorubin cuspicaudus, seems to increase MNBN frequencies significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Galeano-Páez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Pedro Espitia-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia.
| | - Luisa Jimenez-Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Karina Pastor-Sierra
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Shirley Salcedo-Arteaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Luz Stella Hoyos-Giraldo
- Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigación en Genética Toxicológica y Citogenética, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas de La Educación, Universidad Del Cauca, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Dillenburg Saint'Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina García
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hugo Brango
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Lyda Espitia-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia.
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Hossain KFB, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Zinc-pretreatment triggers glutathione and Nrf2-mediated protection against inorganic mercury-induced cytotoxicity and intrinsic apoptosis in PC12 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111320. [PMID: 32947215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a hazardous metal, poses environmental problems with severe human health effects; whereas zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient with antioxidant properties. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Zn on inorganic Hg-induced cytotoxicity in the PC12 cells. The cells were treated with HgCl2 (5 μM) for 48 h with/without 1 h prior ZnCl2-treatment (100 μM) and deliberated for further analysis. After 48 h of incubation with only Hg2+, the cell showed reduced cell viability, compromised cell membrane, DNA degradation, depleted glutathione level, ROS generation and drastically increased apoptosis. Subsequently, Hg2+-treated cells demonstrated a significant downregulation of akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2, HO1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and upregulation of p53, Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3, indicating intrinsic apoptosis induction. However, cells pretreated with Zn2+ before Hg2+-exposure showed a significant improvement in cell viability, cell membrane, DNA damage, glutathione level, ROS amount and apoptotic cells, with a significant upregulation in mTOR, akt, ERK1, Nrf2, HO1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and downregulation in p53, Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3, indicating inhibition of apoptosis. The findings suggested that Zn2+-pretreatment not only improves glutathione content but also induces activation of Nrf2-HO1 pathway, which would tend to suppress Hg-cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiyuki Hosokawa
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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Hossain KFB, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Amelioration of butylated hydroxytoluene against inorganic mercury induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial apoptosis in PC12 cells via antioxidant effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111819. [PMID: 33091556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal, well-known for its dangerous health effects on human. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a phenolic component generally consumed as a food additive as an antioxidant. However, BHT induced antioxidant properties against heavy metals-influenced toxicity are little studied. We hypothesized that BHT has a regulatory effect on Hg-induced cytotoxicity. The objective of this research was to assess the protecting effects of BHT against inorganic Hg (iHg)-toxicity in PC12 cells, where cells were treated with/without HgCl2 (Hg2+) (5 μM) and BHT (100 μM) for 48 h and analyzed further. Cells treated by Hg caused a significant cell viability reduction, membrane damage, glutathione reduction, DNA fragmentation, ROS generation, with suppressed expressions of akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2 and HO1; and elevated apoptotic expressions of p53, Bax, cytochrome c and active caspase 3. However, BHT and Hg2+ co-exposure showed prevention against Hg2+-toxicity by improving GSH content and inhibiting ROS generation and oxidative stress mediated damages. Additionally, BHT co-treatment inverted the pro-apoptotic proteins by augmenting pro-survival regulatory proteins akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2 and HO1. These findings proved that BHT inhibits Hg2+-toxicity, hindering ROS generation and intrinsic apoptosis, via enhancing glutathione and antioxidants; and suggested BHT implications as therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiyuki Hosokawa
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Du X, Tang Y, Han Y, Ri S, Kim T, Ju K, Shi W, Sun S, Zhou W, Liu G. Acetylcholine suppresses phagocytosis via binding to muscarinic- and nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors and subsequently interfering Ca 2+- and NFκB-signaling pathways in blood clam. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:152-160. [PMID: 32320762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Though immunomodulation via cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), an important part of neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) regulatory network, has been well established in vertebrate species, the mechanisms remain poorly understood in invertebrates. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effect of ACh on haemocyte phagocytosis was investigated in an invertebrate bivalve species, Tegillarca granosa. Data obtained showed that in vitro ACh incubation suppressed phagocytic activity of haemocytes along with a significant elevation in intracellular Ca2+. In addition, the expressions of genes from Ca2+ signaling pathway were significantly induced whereas those from NF-κB signaling pathway were significantly down-regulated by ACh incubation. Furthermore, these adverse impacts of ACh were significantly relieved by the blocking of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) using corresponding antagonists. Our study suggests that ACh suppresses phagocytosis via binding to both mAChRs and nAChRs, which disrupts intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and subsequently interferes with downstream Ca2+ and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Sanghyok Ri
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, PR Korea
| | - Tongchol Kim
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, PR Korea
| | - Kwangjin Ju
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Aquaculture, Wonsan Fisheries University, Wonsan, 999093, PR Korea
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shuge Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Binte Hossain KF, Rahman MM, Sikder MT, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Regulatory effects of dihydrolipoic acid against inorganic mercury-mediated cytotoxicity and intrinsic apoptosis in PC12 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110238. [PMID: 32036095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is an extremely dangerous environmental contaminant, responsible for human diseases including neurological disorders. However, the mechanisms of inorganic Hg (iHg)-induced cell death and toxicity are little known. Dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) is the reduced form of a naturally occurring compound lipoic acid, which act as a potent antioxidant through multiple mechanisms. So we hypothesized that DHLA has an inhibitory role on iHg-cytotoxicity. The purposes of this research were to investigate mechanism/s of cytotoxicity of iHg, as well as, the cyto-protection of DHLA against iHg induced toxicity using PC12 cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with HgCl2 (Hg2+) (0-2.5 μM) for 48 h resulted in significant toxic effects, such as, cell viability loss, high level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, DNA damage, cellular glutathione (GSH) level decrease and increased Hg accumulation. In addition, protein level expressions of akt, p-akt, mTOR, GR, NFkB, ERK1, Nrf2 and HO-1 in cells were downregulated; and cleaved caspase 3 and cytochrome c release were upregulated after Hg2+ (2.5 μM) exposure and thus inducing apoptosis. Hg2+induced apoptosis was also confirmed by flow cytometry. However, pretreatment with DHLA (50 μM) for 3 h before Hg2+ (2.5 μM) exposure showed inhibition against iHg2+-induced cytotoxicity by reversing cell viability loss, LDH release, DNA damage, GSH decrease and inhibiting Hg accumulation. Moreover, DHLA pretreatment reversed the protein level expressions of akt, p-akt, mTOR, GR, NFkB, ERK1, Nrf2, HO-1, cleaved caspase 3 and cytochrome c. In conclusion, results showed that DHLA could attenuate Hg2+-induced cytotoxicity via limiting Hg accumulation, boosting up of antioxidant defense, and inhibition of apoptosis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Department of Environmental Science, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tajuddin Sikder
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Toshiyuki Hosokawa
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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6
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang F, Luo Z, Guo S, Strähle U. Toxicity of mercury: Molecular evidence. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125586. [PMID: 31881386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Minamata disease in Japan and the large-scale poisoning by methylmercury (MeHg) in Iraq caused wide public concerns about the risk emanating from mercury for human health. Nowadays, it is widely known that all forms of mercury induce toxic effects in mammals, and increasing evidence supports the concern that environmentally relevant levels of MeHg could impact normal biological functions in wildlife. The information of mechanism involved in mercurial toxicity is growing but knowledge gaps still exist between the adverse effects and mechanisms of action, especially at the molecular level. A body of data obtained from experimental studies on mechanisms of mercurial toxicity in vivo and in vitro points to that disruption of the antioxidant system may play an important role in the mercurial toxic effects. Moreover, the accumulating evidence indicates that signaling transduction, protein or/and enzyme activity, and gene regulation are involving in mediating toxic and adaptive response to mercury exposure. We conducted here a comprehensive review of mercurial toxic effects on wildlife and human, in particular synthesized key findings of molecular pathways involved in mercurial toxicity from the cells to human. We discuss the molecular evidence related mercurial toxicity to the adverse effects, with particular emphasis on the gene regulation. The further studies relying on Omic analysis connected to adverse effects and modes of action of mercury will aid in the evaluation and validation of causative relationship between health outcomes and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Zidie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang S, Liu Z, Chen L. High Spatiotemporal Resolution Observation of Glutathione Hydropersulfides in Living Cells and Tissue via a Two-Photon Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7812-7818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liangwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Songzi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Gauer B, Brucker N, Barth A, Arbo MD, Gioda A, Thiesen FV, Nardi J, Garcia SC. Are metals and pyrene levels additional factors playing a pivotal role in air pollution-induced inflammation in taxi drivers? Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:8-12. [PMID: 30090557 PMCID: PMC6060951 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate which xenobiotic (As, Hg, Pb or pyrenes) is primarily responsible for the inflammatory process in taxi drivers. Multiple regression analysis showed that Hg is the main xenobiotic responsible for the increase of cytokine levels. These associations suggest that co-exposure to pollutants could be a risk factor for health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX) , Department of Analysis , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil . ; ; Tel: (+55)51 3308-5297
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Santa Maria , Roraima 1000 , 97105-900 , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Anelise Barth
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX) , Department of Analysis , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil . ; ; Tel: (+55)51 3308-5297
| | - Marcelo D Arbo
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX) , Department of Analysis , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil . ; ; Tel: (+55)51 3308-5297
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Department of Chemistry , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) , Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225 , 22451-900 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Flávia V Thiesen
- Pharmacy Faculty and Toxicology Institute , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 6681 , 90619-900 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Jessica Nardi
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX) , Department of Analysis , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil . ; ; Tel: (+55)51 3308-5297
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Solange C Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX) , Department of Analysis , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil . ; ; Tel: (+55)51 3308-5297
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752 , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
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Wang H, Wu Z, Chen B, He M, Hu B. Chip-based array magnetic solid phase microextraction on-line coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace heavy metals in cells. Analyst 2016; 140:5619-26. [PMID: 26131454 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of trace elements in cells is critical to metallomics research and still faces tremendous difficulties even with the help of highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Microfluidic chips offer a functional tool-set for cell analysis with features of miniaturization, integration and automation. In this work, we proposed a chip-based array magnetic solid phase microextraction (MSPME) system and on-line combined it with ICP-MS via microflow concentric nebulization for the determination of trace Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb and Bi in cells. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection of the developed on-line chip-based array MSPME-ICP-MS system are 49, 43, 4.2, 6.1, 13 and 18 ng L(-1) for Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb and Bi, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of target heavy metals in three kinds of cells (HepG2, Jurkat T and MCF7), and the recoveries for the spiked samples were in the range of 83.8%-117%. The extractable species of the target metals in cells were also studied and the results demonstrated a high selectivity of the developed methods towards free metal ions and/or their small molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury affects the nervous system and has been implicated in altering heart rhythm and function. We sought to better define its role in modulating heart rate variability, a well-known marker of cardiac autonomic function. DESIGN This is a systematic review study. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, TOXLINE, and DART databases without language restriction. We report findings as a qualitative systematic review because heterogeneity in study design and assessment of exposures and outcomes across studies, as well as other methodological limitations of the literature, precluded a quantitative meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 12 studies of mercury exposure and heart rate variability in human populations (ten studies involving primarily environmental methylmercury exposure and two studies involving occupational exposure to inorganic mercury) conducted in Japan, the Faroe Islands, Canada, Korea, French Polynesia, Finland, and Egypt. The association of prenatal mercury exposure with lower high-frequency band scores (thought to reflect parasympathetic activity) in several studies, in particular the inverse association of cord blood mercury levels with the coefficient of variation of the R-R intervals and with low-frequency and high-frequency bands at 14 years of age in the Faroe Islands birth cohort study, suggests that early mercury exposure could have a long-lasting effect on cardiac parasympathetic activity. Studies with later environmental exposures to mercury in children or in adults were heterogeneous and did not show consistent associations. CONCLUSIONS The evidence was too limited to draw firm causal inferences. Additional research is needed to elucidate the effects of mercury on cardiac autonomic function, particularly as early-life exposures might have lasting impacts on cardiac parasympathetic function.
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Morcillo P, Cordero H, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. In vitro immunotoxicological effects of heavy metals on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) head-kidney leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:245-254. [PMID: 26363228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge about the direct effects of heavy metals on fish leucocytes is still limited. We investigate the in vitro effects of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb or As) on oxidative stress, viability and innate immune parameters of head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Production of free oxygen radicals was induced by Cd, Hg and As, mainly after 30 min of exposure. Cd and Hg promoted both apoptosis and necrosis cell death while Pb and As did only apoptosis, in all cases in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, expression of genes related to oxidative stress and apoptosis was significantly induced by Hg and Pb but down-regulated by As. In addition, the expression of the metallothionein A gene was up-regulated by Cd and Pb exposure though this transcript, as well as the heat shock protein 70, was down-regulated by Hg. Cd, methylmercury (MeHg) and As reduced the phagocytic ability, whereas Hg and Pb increased it. Interestingly, all the heavy metals decreased the phagocytic capacity (the number of ingested particles per cell). Leucocyte respiratory burst changed depending on the metal exposure, usually in a time- and dose-manner. Interestingly, the expression of immune-related genes was slightly affected by Cd, MeHg, As or Pb being Hg the form producing the greatest alterations, which included down-regulation of immunoglobulin M and hepcidin, as well as the up-regulation of interleukin-1 beta mRNA levels. This study provides an in vitro approach for elucidating the heavy metals toxicity, and particularly the immunotoxicity, in fish leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Héctor Cordero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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LIU G, REN H, GUAN Y, DAI R, CHAI C. Development of a Mercury Detection Kit Based on Melamine-functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:113-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan LIU
- School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Huipeng REN
- School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Yuyu GUAN
- School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Ronghua DAI
- School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Chunyan CHAI
- School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University
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13
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Huang CF, Liu SH, Lin-Shiau SY. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate augments Hg(2+)-mediated induction of macrophage cell death via oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and necrosis signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:33-45. [PMID: 22909951 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury can lead to several injuries in mammals, including immune system dysfunction, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), as a metal chelator and antioxidant, has been indicated to increase the cytotoxic effects of toxic metals. However, the toxicological effects and possible mechanisms of mercury in combination with PDTC are mostly unclear. In this study, we showed that PDTC dramatically increase the cytotoxic effect of HgCl(2) on cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells). PDTC augmented HgCl(2)-induced cytotoxic effects by facilitating the entry of mercury into the cells. The Hg(2+)/PDTC complex significantly and rapidly increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in these cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the numbers of sub-G1 hypodiploid cells and annexin V-FITC binding cells increased after Hg(2+)/PDTC complex exposure, and several features of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis were also induced, including mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytosolic cytochrome c release, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase 3/7 activation, and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, both apoptotic and necrotic cells were detected using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining. Meanwhile, depleted intracellular ATP levels and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were observed, suggesting the induction of necrotic cell death processes. These Hg(2+)/PDTC complex-induced cytotoxicity-related signals could be reversed by pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, these results suggest that Hg(2+)/PDTC complex-induced oxidative stress causes macrophage cell death via both apoptosis and necrosis. These findings imply for the first time that PDTC dramatically increases the uptake and toxicological effects of Hg(2+) instead of detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fa Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Roos DH, Puntel RL, Farina M, Aschner M, Bohrer D, Rocha JBT, de Vargas Barbosa NB. Modulation of methylmercury uptake by methionine: prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction in rat liver slices by a mimicry mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:28-35. [PMID: 21276810 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an ubiquitous environmental pollutant which is transported into the mammalian cells when present as the methylmercury-cysteine conjugate (MeHg-Cys). With special emphasis on hepatic cells, due to their particular propensity to accumulate an appreciable amount of Hg after exposure to MeHg, this study was performed to evaluate the effects of methionine (Met) on Hg uptake, reactive species (RS) formation, oxygen consumption and mitochondrial function/cellular viability in both liver slices and mitochondria isolated from these slices, after exposure to MeHg or the MeHg-Cys complex. The liver slices were pre-treated with Met (250 μM) 15 min before being exposed to MeHg (25 μM) or MeHg-Cys (25 μM each) for 30 min at 37 °C. The treatment with MeHg caused a significant increase in the Hg concentration in both liver slices and mitochondria isolated from liver slices. Moreover, the Hg uptake was higher in the group exposed to the MeHg-Cys complex. In the DCF (dichlorofluorescein) assay, the exposure to MeHg and MeHg-Cys produced a significant increase in DFC reactive species (DFC-RS) formation only in the mitochondria isolated from liver slices. As observed with Hg uptake, DFC-RS levels were significantly higher in the mitochondria treated with the MeHg-Cys complex compared to MeHg alone. MeHg exposure also caused a marked decrease in the oxygen consumption of liver slices when compared to the control group, and this effect was more pronounced in the liver slices treated with the MeHg-Cys complex. Similarly, the loss of mitochondrial activity/cell viability was greater in liver slices exposed to the MeHg-Cys complex when compared to slices treated only with MeHg. In all studied parameters, Met pre-treatment was effective in preventing the MeHg- and/or MeHg-Cys-induced toxicity in both liver slices and mitochondria. Part of the protection afforded by Met against MeHg may be related to a direct interaction with MeHg or to the competition of Met with the complex formed between MeHg and endogenous cysteine. In summary, our results show that Met pre-treatment produces pronounced protection against the toxic effects induced by MeHg and/or the MeHg-Cys complex on mitochondrial function and cell viability. Consequently, this amino acid offers considerable promise as a potential agent for treating acute MeHg exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Henrique Roos
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
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15
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Mercuric ions inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase dephosphorylation by inducing reactive oxygen species. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 250:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Freitas M, Lima JL, Porto G, Fernandes E. Metal-induced oxidative burst in isolated human neutrophils. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Effects of dietary nickel on apoptosis of hemocytes of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Hwang J, Lee S, Lee JT, Kwon TK, Kim DR, Kim H, Park HC, Suk K. Gangliosides induce autophagic cell death in astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:586-603. [PMID: 20067473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, abundant in brain, are involved in neuronal function and disease, but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their physiological or pathological activities are poorly understood. In this study, the pathological role of gangliosides in the extracellular milieu with respect to glial cell death and lipid raft/membrane disruption was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the effect of gangliosides on astrocyte death or survival using primary astrocyte cultures and astrocytoma/glioma cell lines as a model. Signalling pathways of ganglioside-induced autophagic cell death of astrocytes were examined using pharmacological inhibitors and biochemical and genetic assays. KEY RESULTS Gangliosides induced autophagic cell death in based on the following observations. Incubation of the cells with a mixture of gangliosides increased a punctate distribution of fluorescently labelled microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3), the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and LC3 flux. Gangliosides also increased the formation of autophagic vacuoles as revealed by monodansylcadaverine staining. Ganglioside-induced cell death was inhibited by either a knockdown of beclin-1/Atg-6 or Atg-7 gene expression or by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in ganglioside-induced autophagic cell death of astrocytes, because gangliosides induced ROS production and ROS scavengers decreased autophagic cell death. In addition, lipid rafts played an important role in ganglioside-induced astrocyte death. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Gangliosides released under pathological conditions may induce autophagic cell death of astrocytes, identifying a neuropathological role for gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegyu Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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19
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Keyvanshokooh S, Vaziri B, Gharaei A, Mahboudi F, Esmaili-Sari A, Shahriari-Moghadam M. Proteome modifications of juvenile beluga (Huso huso) brain as an effect of dietary methylmercury. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2009; 4:243-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Heggland I, Kaur P, Syversen T. Uptake and efflux of methylmercury in vitro: Comparison of transport mechanisms in C6, B35 and RBE4 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1020-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Peltz A, Sherwani SI, Kotha SR, Mazerik JN, O'Connor Butler ES, Kuppusamy ML, Hagele T, Magalang UJ, Kuppusamy P, Marsh CB, Parinandi NL. Calcium and calmodulin regulate mercury-induced phospholipase D activation in vascular endothelial cells. Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:190-206. [PMID: 19546257 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809338077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Earlier, we reported that mercury, the environmental risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, activates vascular endothelial cell (EC) phospholipase D (PLD). Here, we report the novel and significant finding that calcium and calmodulin regulated mercury-induced PLD activation in bovine pulmonary artery ECs (BPAECs). Mercury (mercury chloride, 25 microM; thimerosal, 25 microM; methylmercury, 10 microM) significantly activated PLD in BPAECs. Calcium chelating agents and calcium depletion of the medium completely attenuated the mercury-induced PLD activation in ECs. Calmodulin inhibitors significantly attenuated mercury-induced PLD activation in BPAECs. Despite the absence of L-type calcium channels in ECs, nifedipine, nimodipine, and diltiazem significantly attenuated mercury-induced PLD activation and cytotoxicity in BPAECs. This study demonstrated the importance of calcium and calmodulin in the regulation of mercury-induced PLD activation and the protective action of L-type calcium channel blockers against mercury cytotoxicity in vascular ECs, suggesting mechanisms of mercury vasculotoxicity and mercury-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peltz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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22
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Brandão R, Borges LP, Nogueira CW. Concomitant administration of sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulphonate (DMPS) and diphenyl diselenide reduces effectiveness of DMPS in restoring damage induced by mercuric chloride in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1771-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Farahat SA, Rashed LA, Zawilla NH, Farouk SM. Effect of occupational exposure to elemental mercury in the amalgam on thymulin hormone production among dental staff. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:159-67. [PMID: 19482909 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure of dental staff to elemental mercury vapor released from dental amalgam is an issue of concern because of the possible immunological and neurological adverse outcomes. Recently, studies have reported that inorganic mercury induces immunosuppression by decreasing the production of thymus gland hormone (thymulin). This study aimed at investigating mercury body burden in dental staff and the relation of this burden to the potential impact of mercury on thymus gland hormone level (thymulin). Besides, the work aimed at verifying mercury effect on nitric oxide synthetase as a possible mechanism of its immunotoxicity. The study population consisted of a group of dental staff (n = 39) [21 dentists and 18 nurses] and a matched control group (n = 42). Each individual was subjected to detailed occupational and medical history taking and to estimation of urinary mercury (U-Hg) and blood mercury (B-Hg) as indicators of mercury body burden and exposure, respectively. Measurement of total thymulin hormone blood level, and plasma level of nitrite and nitrate (indicators of nitric oxide) was also done. The study showed a significantly increased U-Hg and B-Hg levels in the dental staff compared to their controls. This elevation of mercury body burden was associated with significant reduction in thymulin hormone blood level and nitric oxide parameters. These results were more evident in the group of nurses compared to the dentists. In conclusion, our results show that dentists and dental nurses have significant exposure to mercury vapor and point to the negative impact of mercury on thymus gland functions and confirm the implication that the nitric oxide pathway is a possible mechanism for this impact. Moreover, the study raises attention to the importance of hygiene measures in reduction of exposure to mercury vapor released from dental amalgam.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Farahat
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Industrial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract
The heavy metal mercury is ubiquitously distributed in the environment resulting in permanent low-level exposure in human populations. Mercury can be encountered in three main chemical forms (elemental, inorganic, and organic) which can affect the immune system in different ways. In this review, we describe the effects of these various forms of mercury exposure on immune cells in humans and animals. In genetically susceptible mice or rats, subtoxic doses of mercury induce the production of highly specific autoantibodies as well as a generalized activation of the immune system. We review studies performed in this model and discuss their implications for the role of environmental chemicals in human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Vas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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25
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Choi CH, Bark H, Chung JM, Park EK, Kim SH. Elevated Reactive Oxygen Species but not Glutathione Regulate Mercury Resistance to AML-2/DX100 Cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 28:545-55. [PMID: 16997801 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600927918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) mediates cellular efflux of various xenobiotics and cellular resistance to heavy metals. Previously we reported that MRP1 mediates resistance to mercury exposure and possible mechanism mediating MRP1 expression after mercury exposure. This study was designed to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione on the resistance of AML-2/DX100 cells to mercuric chloride. The MRP1 overexpressing cells (AML-2/DX100) cells showed less scavenging activity to ROS induced by mercury while no difference in the basal glutathione levels between AML-2/WT and AML-2/DX100 cells. Mercury induced the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not c-jun-N-terminal kinase in AML-2/DX100 cells. The specific inhibitor for p38 MAPK and ERK, and antioxidant decreased the production of MRP1 and therefore resistance of AML-2/DX100 cells against mercury exposure. These results suggest that induction of ROS and downstream p38 MAPK and ERK were involved in the resistance of cells to mercury by expression MRP1 in AML-2/DX100 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Hee Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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26
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Kim SH, Sharma RP. Mercury Alters Endotoxin-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Liver: Differential Roles of P38 and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 27:123-35. [PMID: 15803865 DOI: 10.1081/iph-51757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is a widespread metal in the environment and consequently large populations are currently exposed to low levels of mercury. Endotoxin, a component of the Gram-negative bacteria, promotes inflammatory responses. We recently reported that mercury modulates the production of nitric oxide and various inflammatory cytokines induced by endotoxin in a macrophage cell line (Nitric Oxide 2002, 7:67). The present study was designed to determine the impact of mercury on endotoxin-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and corresponding signal transduction in mouse liver. Male BALB/c mice were exposed continuously to 0, 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, or 37.5 ppm of mercury in drinking water for 14 days and at the end of the treatment period lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 hr prior to euthanasia. The doses of mercury and LPS did not cause hepatotoxicity as indicated by unaltered circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Mercury decreased liver glutathione (GSH) and with LPS additively decreased GSH. Mercury activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and additively increased LPS-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In contrast, mercury alone had no effect on activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but inhibited LPS-induced ERK activation. Mercury increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and further potentiated LPS-induced TNFalpha expression. Mercury did not affect LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-1beta expression but decreased LPS-induced IL-6 expression. Results indicated that low levels of mercury augment LPS-induced TNFalpha expression by altering GSH and p38 MAPK. Mercury modulates LPS-induced p38 and ERK activation and downstream TNFalpha and IL-6 expression in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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27
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Huang B, Xing JZ. Dynamic Modelling and Prediction of Cytotoxicity on Microelectronic cell Sensor Array. CAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450840401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Cámara Pellissó S, Muñoz M, Carballo M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno J. Determination of the immunotoxic potential of heavy metals on the functional activity of bottlenose dolphin leukocytes in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:189-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Rana SVS. Metals and apoptosis: recent developments. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2008; 22:262-84. [PMID: 19013355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death is a highly regulated and crucial process found in all multicellular organisms. It is not only implicated in regulatory mechanisms of cells, but has been attributed to a number of diseases, i.e. inflammation, malignancy, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. A variety of toxins can induce apoptosis. Carcinogenic transition metals, viz. cadmium, chromium and nickel promote apoptosis along with DNA base modifications, strand breaks and rearrangements. Generation of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of Ca(2+), upregulation of caspase-3, down regulation of bcl-2, and deficiency of p-53 lead to arsenic-induced apoptosis. In the case of cadmium, metallothionein expression determines the choice between apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p53 contribute in apoptosis caused by chromium. Immuno suppressive mechanisms contribute in lead-induced apoptosis whereas in the case of mercury, p38 mediated caspase activation regulate apoptosis. Nickel kills the cells by apoptotic pathways. Copper induces apoptosis by p53 dependent and independent pathways. Beryllium stimulates the formation of ROS that play a role in Be-induced macrophage apoptosis. Selenium induces apoptosis by producing superoxide that activates p53. Thus, disorders of apoptosis may play a critical role in some of the most debilitating metal-induced afflictions including hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, neurotoxicity, autoimmunity and carcinogenesis. An understanding of metal-induced apoptosis will be helpful in the development of preventive molecular strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vir Singh Rana
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, India.
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30
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Sharma MK, Sharma A, Kumar A, Kumar M. Evaluation of protective efficacy of Spirulina fusiformis against mercury induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:879-87. [PMID: 17215067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of mercury to animals and man is well established and this depends greatly on the form of the mercury compounds. In most animals' species, including man, the kidney is the main site of deposition of inorganic mercury and target organ for its toxicity. In the present study Spirulina fusiformis (a cyanobacterium, belongs to family--Oscillatoriaceae) has been investigated as a possible modifier of mercury induced renal damages in Swiss albino mice. Animals were divided into four groups. (i) Control group--only vehicle (0.9% NaCl) was administered as i.p. (ii) HgCl(2) treated group--5.0 mg/kg b.wt. HgCl(2) was administered as i.p. (iii) Spirulina treated group--800 mg/kg b.wt. Spirulina extract was administered orally. (iv) Combination group--S. fusiformis was administered 10 days before mercuric chloride administration and continued upto 30 days after mercuric chloride administration (5.0 mg/kg b.wt.). The animals were autopsied on 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and MDA (malondialdehyde) level were measured in kidney homogenates. The results indicated that there was a time-dependent significant enhancement in MDA content and ACP activity and decrease in LDH and ALP activity observed after HgCl(2) treatment. Mercury intoxication also induces pathological alterations in the kidney such as degeneration of glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules. A dose-dependent mortality was also observed following administration of different doses of HgCl(2). In combined treatment of Spirulina with HgCl(2), a significant decrease in MDA content and ACP activity and elevation in LDH and ALP activity was observed as compared to HgCl(2) treated group. Spirulina pre- and post-treatment with mercury also significantly reduces pathological alterations in kidney. Thus, the results from the present study suggest that S. fusiformis can significantly modify the renal damages against mercuric chloride induced toxicity.
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31
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Han SG, Castranova V, Vallyathan V. Comparative cytotoxicity of cadmium and mercury in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and its role in oxidative stress and induction of heat shock protein 70. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:852-60. [PMID: 17454561 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701212695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), are widely used in occupational settings, and exposure to these metals is associated with the development of pulmonary diseases. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were tested to compare the biological reactivity of these two heavy metals using a human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B. Further, heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression was observed as a sensitive indicator of cellular stress. Exposure to metals (0-50 microM) for 72 h showed more significant cytotoxicity in Cd-treated than Hg-treated cells. Apoptosis was significantly increased in the cells exposed to 50 microM of Cd (3.5-fold) and Hg (3.6-fold). Cd and Hg produced an induction of Hsp70 protein as assayed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Induction of Hsp70 protein by these metals was inhibited by addition of N-acetylcysteine. However, addition of catalase blocked the synthesis of Hsp70 only in Hg-treated cells. Hsp70B and Hsp70C mRNA expression was induced by both metals, while Hsp70A mRNA expression showed no change. Electron spin resonance (ESR) tests showed that hydroxyl radical generation was greater in the reaction of cells with Hg compared to Cd. Intracellular generation of ROS was detected in the cells exposed to both Cd and Hg. These results suggest that both cytotoxicity and apoptosis were significantly elevated with all metals tested; however, Cd was relatively more toxic. Hsp70 protein and mRNA were sensitive to exposure to these metals. Depletion of sulfhydryl groups of cellular proteins and generation of ROS may be involved in metal-induced lung cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gu Han
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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32
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Lastella M, Lasalvia M, Perna G, Biagi PF, Capozzi V. Atomic force microscopy study on human keratinocytes treated with HgCl2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/61/1/183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Reichl FX, Simon S, Esters M, Seiss M, Kehe K, Kleinsasser N, Hickel R. Cytotoxicity of dental composite (co)monomers and the amalgam component Hg(2+) in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:465-72. [PMID: 16474958 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unpolymerized resin (co)monomers or mercury (Hg) can be released from restorative dental materials (e.g. composites and amalgam). They can diffuse into the tooth pulp or the gingiva. They can also reach the gingiva and organs by the circulating blood after the uptake from swallowed saliva. The cytotoxicity of dental composite components hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA), urethanedimethacrylate (UDMA), and bisglycidylmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) as well as the amalgam component Hg(2+) (as HgCl(2)) and methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl) was investigated on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) at two time intervals. To test the cytotoxicity of substances, the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay were used. The test substances were added in various concentrations and cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h. The EC(50) values were obtained as half-maximum-effect concentrations from fitted curves. Following EC(50) values were found [BrdU: mean (mmol/l); SEM in parentheses; n=12]: (24 h/48 h) HEMA 8.860 (0.440)/6.600(0.630), TEGDMA 1.810(0.130)/1.220(0.130), UDMA 0.120(0.010)/0.140(0.010), BisGMA 0.060(0.004)/0.040(0.002), HgCl(2) 0.015(0.001)/0.050(0.006), and MeHgCl 0.004(0.001)/0.005(0.001). Following EC(50) values were found [LDH: mean (mmol/l); SEM in parentheses; n=12]: (24 h/48 h) HEMA 9.490(0.300)/7.890(1.230), TEGDMA 2.300(0.470)/1.950(0.310), UDMA 0.200(0.007)/0.100(0.007), BisGMA 0.070(0.005)/0.100(0.002), and MeHgCl 0.014(0.006)/0.010(0.003). In both assays, the following range of increased toxicity was found for composite components (24 and 48 h): HEMA < TEGDMA < UDMA < BisGMA. In both assays, MeHgCl was the most toxic substance. In the BrdU assay, Hg(2+) was about fourfold less toxic than MeHgCl but Hg(2+) was about fourfold more toxic than BisGMA. In the BrdU test, a significantly (P<0.05) decreased toxicity was observed for Hg(2+) at 48 h, compared to the 24 h Hg(2+)-exposure. A time depending decreased toxicity was observed only for Hg(2+) which can then reach the toxic level of BisGMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Garg TK, Chang JY. Methylmercury causes oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in microglia: Attenuation by 15-deoxy-delta 12, 14-Prostaglandin J2. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 171:17-28. [PMID: 16225932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) causes severe neurological disorders in the central nervous system. This study focused on the effects of MeHg on microglia, macrophage-like cells that reside in the CNS important in neuro-immune interactions. The murine N9 microglial cell line was used in this set of study. MeHg caused reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial depolarization and aconitase inactivation, all of which were signs of cellular oxidative stress. MeHg greatly increased microglial IL-6 secretion despite the fact that it severely inhibited protein synthesis. The concentration that caused 50% cell death in 24 h was approximately 9 microM. Pretreatment of microglia with the prostaglandin derivative, 15-deoxy-delta 12, 14-Prostaglandin J2 attenuated MeHg induced cell death. The saving effect did not appear to be mediated through activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) since other agonists of these receptors did not prevent MeHg induced microglial death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun K Garg
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Park HH, Kim SH, Lee S, Moon JY, Park WH, Kim CH, Chung JM, Oh TY, Jun CD, Kim SH. DA-9601 Decreases Immediate-Type Allergic Reaction and Tumor Necrosis Factor-.ALPHA. Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Sug-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University
- Cardiovascular Medical Research Center and Dept. of AM-Pointology & Diagnostics, Dongguk University
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University
| | - Jin-Young Moon
- Cardiovascular Medical Research Center and Dept. of AM-Pointology & Diagnostics, Dongguk University
| | - Won-Hwan Park
- Cardiovascular Medical Research Center and Dept. of AM-Pointology & Diagnostics, Dongguk University
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University
| | - Jae Myung Chung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital
| | | | - Chang-Duk Jun
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institutive of Science and Technology
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University
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Yang H, Wang T, Li J, Gu L, Zheng X. Decreasing expression of α1C calcium L-type channel subunit mRNA in rat ventricular myocytes upon manganese exposure. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2006; 20:159-66. [PMID: 16906520 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element found in many enzymes. As it is the case of many essential trace elements, excessive level of manganese is toxic. It has been proven that excessive manganese could cause heart problems. In order to understand the mechanism of manganese toxicity in the heart, the effects of manganese on isolated rat ventricular myocytes were studied. The L-type calcium channel current was measured by whole-cell patch clamp recording mode. In the electrophysiology experiments, both 50 microM Mn2+ and 100 microM Mn2+ could effectively decrease the channel current amplitude density by 35.7% and 68.2%, respectively. Moreover, Mn2+ shifted the steady-state activation curve toward more positive potential and the steady-state inactivation curve toward more negative potential. Investigation by RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression of alpha1C/Cav1.2 treated with manganese was decreased depending on its concentration, while the mRNA expression of alpha1D/Cav1.3 was almost unchanged. Fluo-3/AM was utilized for real-time free calcium scanning with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and the results showed that Mn2+ could elicit a slow and continuous increase of [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. These results have suggested that manganese could interfere with the function of the L-type calcium channel, downregulate the mRNA expression of alpha1C/Cav1.2, and thus causing long-lasting molecular changes of L-type calcium channel which have probably been triggered by overloading of calcium in myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Frémont M, Vaeyens F, Herst CV, De Meirleir KL, Englebienne P. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a stress-responsive kinase that induces NFkappaB-mediated resistance against mercury cytotoxicity. Life Sci 2005; 78:1845-56. [PMID: 16324719 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible, double-stranded (ds)RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) plays a major role in antiviral defense mechanisms where it down-regulates translation via phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha. PKR is also involved in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) through activation of the IkappaB kinase complex. Activation of PKR can occur in the absence of dsRNA and in such case is controlled by intracellular regulators like the PKR-activating protein (PACT), the PKR inhibitor p58(IPK), or heat-shock proteins (Hsp). These regulators are activated by stress stimuli, supporting a role for PKR in response to stress; however the final outcome of PKR activation in stress situations is unclear. We present here evidence that expression and activation of PKR contributes to an increased cellular resistance to mercury cytotoxicity. In two cell lines constitutively expressing PKR (THP-1 and Molt-3), treatment with the PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine increases their sensitivity to mercury. In contrast, Ramos cells, which do not constitutively express PKR, present an increased resistance to mercury when PKR expression is induced by polyIC or interferon-beta treatment. This protective effect is inhibited by 2-aminopurine. We also show that exposure of Ramos cells to mercury leads to the induction of Hsp70. Treatment of cells with Hsp70 or NFkappaB inhibitors suppresses the PKR-dependent protection. We propose a model where PKR, modulated by Hsp70, activates a NFkappaB-mediated protective pathway. Because the cytotoxicity of mercury is primarily due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, our results suggest a more general function of PKR in the mechanisms of cellular response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Frémont
- R.E.D. Laboratories, Pontbeek 61, B-1731 Zellik, Belgium
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Santarelli L, Bracci M, Mocchegiani E. In vitro and in vivo effects of mercuric chloride on thymic endocrine activity, NK and NKT cell cytotoxicity, cytokine profiles (IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-6): role of the nitric oxide-L-arginine pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 6:376-89. [PMID: 16428073 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg2+) affects cell-mediated immunity, including thymulin production. Thymulin, a zinc-dependent thymic hormone synthesized by thymic epithelial cells (TECs), is involved in NK cell cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine production (IL-2 and IFN-gamma), which in turn affect both NKT and classic NK spleen cell cytotoxicity. High doses of Hg2+ induce an inflammatory status, increased production of IL-6 and consequent Th1/Th2 imbalance as well as cell-mediated immune depression. The mechanisms by which Hg+ affects the cell-mediated immune response are still unclear. The nitric oxide (NO) pathway may be implicated. The aim of this work was to further explore its noxious role in innate and adaptive immunity and to study the possible role played by the NO pathway. Young Balb/c mice treated in vivo for 1 month with 1.0 mg HgCl2/kg b.w. showed low thymulin activity, depressed NO production (as measured by nitrite and nitrate plasma levels), impaired classic NK spleen cell cytotoxicity, decreased Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) cytokine profiles, and increased IL-6 production. In vitro, 10(-6) M of HgCl2 inhibited active thymulin kinetics, TEC proliferation, NKT cell cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine production, whereas IL-6 increased. L-arginine restored thymulin activity, TEC proliferation, NKT cytotoxicity, cytokine profiles and nitrite and nitrate plasma levels both in vivo and in vitro. Since L-arginine is the substrate for NO production, it may compensate for the cell-mediated immune defect induced by HgCl2, via the arginine-NO-pathway. L-arginine is also able to reduce glomerular kidney IgG antibodies deposits induced by higher dose of HgCl2 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory Santarelli
- Occupational Medicine, Medical School Faculty, Polytechnic University of Marche, Educational Center, Via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Torrette, Ancona, Italy.
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Sharma MK, Patni R, Kumar M, Kumar A. Modification of mercury-induced biochemical alterations in blood of Swiss albino mice by Spirulina fusiformis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:289-296. [PMID: 21783603 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the role of Spirulina fusiformis in modifying the mercury-induced biochemical alterations in Swiss albino mice. Animals were divided into four groups: (i) control group - only vehicle (0.9% NaCl/olive oil) was given; (ii) HgCl(2) treated group - 5.0mg/kg b.w. HgCl(2) administered as i.p.; (iii) Spirulina treated group - 800mg/kg b.w. Spirulina extract was administered orally; (iv) combination group -S. fusiformis was administered 10 days before mercuric chloride administration and continued up to 30 days after mercuric chloride administration (5.0mg/kg b.w.). The animals were sacrificed on 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days and the activity of serum alkaline and acid phosphatase, serum iron level, serum calcium level, blood lipid peroxidation content and blood glutathione (GSH) level were measured. In the present investigation, mercury intoxication causes significant increase (P<0.001) in calcium level, acid phosphatase and lipid peroxidation content and significant decrease in iron level, alkaline phosphatase and glutathione level. Spirulina pre- and post-treatment with mercury prevented or reduces mercury-induced alterations in terms of calcium level, iron level, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in serum, and lipid peroxidation and GSH level in blood. Thus from the present investigation, it can be concluded that Spirulina pre- and post-treatment with HgCl(2) significantly modulate or modify mercury-induced biochemical alteration in blood of Swiss albino mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, India; Department of Zoology, S.N.K.P. Government College, Neem Ka Thana 332713, India
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Kim SH, Bark H, Choi CH. Mercury induces multidrug resistance-associated protein gene through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:143-50. [PMID: 15585369 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) belongs to a drug efflux membrane pump that confers multidrug resistance to the cells. The MRP1 mediates the cellular efflux of various xenobiotics including heavy metals and mediates cellular resistance to heavy metals. Mercury is a well-known health hazard and an environmental contaminant. Recently, information about the uptake of the heavy metals such as mercury has been suggested. However, little is known regarding molecular mechanisms of exporting mercury. This study was designed to determine if mercury could be extruded by MRP1 in acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML-2). The MRP-1-overexpressing AML-2/DX100 cells showed a higher resistance to mercury than AML-2/WT. Probenecid, which is a specific MRP1 inhibitor, decreased the resistance to mercury. Exposing the AML-2 cells to mercury-induced MRP1 gene expression and production without altering the MRP1 activity. Mercury activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and SB 203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, blocked the mercury-induced MRP1 production. These results suggest that MRP1 can control mercury and p38 MAPK mediates the mercury-induced MRP1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Kim
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
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Sarmento A, Guilhermino L, Afonso A. Mercury chloride effects on the function and cellular integrity of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney macrophages. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 17:489-98. [PMID: 15313514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study mercury chloride effects on the function and integrity of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney macrophages (S-HKM), and to evaluate the response of HgCl2-exposed cells to macrophage activating factor(s) (MAF) produced by sea bass head kidney leukocytes. There was considerable variability in the effects of HgCl2 on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by S-HKM. When incubated with HgCl2, cells from five out of nine fish tested showed a decrease in ROS production as compared to cells incubated with medium alone. In those cultures, MAF addition prevented the mercury chloride-induced decrease in ROS production. In other S-HKM cultures isolated from different fish, mercury chloride abrogated the up-regulating effect of MAF on the respiratory burst. MAF activation of the phagocytic activity of S-HKM was also impaired by HgCl2 addition. Mercury chloride induced apoptosis in S-HKM cultures and MAF addition prevented this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Sarmento
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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Kim SH, Sharma RP. Mercury-induced apoptosis and necrosis in murine macrophages: role of calcium-induced reactive oxygen species and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196:47-57. [PMID: 15050407 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study characterizes the mechanism by which mercury, a toxic metal, induces death in murine macrophages. The cytotoxic EC(50) of mercury ranged from 62.7 to 81.1 microM by various assays in J774A.1 cultures; accordingly, we employed 70 microM of mercuric chloride in most experiments. Mercury-induced intracellular calcium modulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which resulted in both cell apoptosis and necrosis indicated by annexin V binding and caspase-3 activity, and propidium-iodide binding. Calcium antagonists abolished ROS production. Mercury stimulated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and additively stimulated lipopolysaccharide-activated p38. Mercury-activated p38 was decreased by pretreatment of cells with antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and silymarin, indicating that mercury-induced ROS were involved in p38 activation. Mercury increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha); antioxidants and a specific p38 inhibitor decreased this effect. Pretreatment with antioxidants, p38 inhibitor, and anti-TNFalpha antibody decreased mercury-induced necrosis; however, anti-TNFalpha antibody did not decrease mercury-induced apoptosis. Results suggest that mercury-induced macrophage death is a mix of apoptosis and necrosis employing different pathways. P38-mediated caspase activation regulates mercury-induced apoptosis and p38-mediated TNFalpha regulates necrosis in these cells. Calcium regulates ROS production and mercury-induced ROS modulate downstream p38 that regulates both apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7389, USA
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Manzl C, Enrich J, Ebner H, Dallinger R, Krumschnabel G. Copper-induced formation of reactive oxygen species causes cell death and disruption of calcium homeostasis in trout hepatocytes. Toxicology 2004; 196:57-64. [PMID: 15036756 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that copper is acutely toxic for trout hepatocytes, inducing enhanced influx of Ca(2+) and a loss of cell viability. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the pathways of Ca(2+) entry into the cells, the hypothetical role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in copper toxicity, and the interaction of ROS formation and the disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis. We found that, acutely, copper-induced cell death occurred independently from an increase of intracellular free Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)i), but could be prevented by addition of agents interfering with ROS production. Addition of the Ca(2+) channel blocker verapamil did not affect the Ca(2+)i increase evoked by copper, whereas in the presence of LaCl(3), an inhibitor of both Ca(2+) channels and Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange, this increase was significantly delayed. ROS formation, estimated by use of the fluorescence indicator 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, was significantly enhanced by copper. Omission of extracellular Ca(2+) or addition of either verapamil or LaCl(3) did not diminish ROS formation induced by copper. In contrast, the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide and the ferric ion chelator deferoxamine inhibited radical production. In addition, these agents either partially (dimethyl sulfoxide) or completely (deferoxamine) prevented an increase of Ca(2+)i. Altogether our results indicate that ROS formation is the crucial event leading to cell death during acute exposure to copper, whereas the increase of Ca(2+)i is a secondary, acutely less toxic, phenomenon. Furthermore, these findings suggest that Ca(2+) entry occurs via a LaCl(3)-sensitive pathway, presumably representing Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange, and non-specific membrane leaks induced by lipid peroxidation in the presence of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Manzl
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Abteilung Okophysiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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