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Foell A, Pitzer KA, Nebbitt V, Lombe M, Yu M, Villodas ML, Enelamah N, Lateef H. Anxiety sensitivity among Black youth: A cross-sectional analysis of the direct and indirect effects of community violence exposure, neighborhood risk, parenting practices, and peer effects. J Natl Med Assoc 2024; 116:390-402. [PMID: 39068110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Youth exposed to community violence and neighborhood stressors report devastating mental health consequences. Black youth are at greater risk and experience community violence at rates higher than other youth populations. An underexplored mental health consequence is anxiety sensitivity, the fear of experiencing anxiety-related symptoms, which contributes to maladaptive coping strategies and the development and severity of other mental health problems. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine socio-ecological risk and protective factors associated with community violence exposure and anxiety sensitivity among low-income Black youth. Survey data are from a sample of 320 Black youth residing in public and subsidized housing in a Northeastern city in the United States. Results indicated that neighborhood risk, parenting behaviors, and exposure to delinquent peers were indirectly associated with anxiety sensitivity, which occurred through community violence exposure. Additionally, neighborhood risks had direct effects on anxiety sensitivity. Results point to the need to incorporate social and environmental factors in interventions addressing anxiety sensitivity among Black youth in urban communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Foell
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago, 1040 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Kyle A Pitzer
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Von Nebbitt
- School of Social Work, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Margaret Lombe
- School of Social Work, Boston University, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mansoo Yu
- School of Social Work, Department of Public Health, University of Missouri, 720 Clark Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Melissa L Villodas
- Department of Social Work, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Ngozi Enelamah
- Department of Social Work, University of New Hampshire, 55 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Husain Lateef
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Brooks JR, Lebeaut A, Zegel M, Walker RL, Vujanovic AA. Anxiety sensitivity and suicide risk: Mindfulness as a psychological buffer for Black adults. J Affect Disord 2021; 289:74-80. [PMID: 33945917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety sensitivity (AS), defined as the fear of anxiety-related sensations, is associated with increased risk for suicide and related behavior. However, investigations of AS have centered on primarily non-Hispanic White men and women and with limited attention to clinically relevant underlying factors. METHODS The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the indirect effect of AS on suicide ideation and elevated suicide risk through mindfulness in a sample of 307 Black adults (79.2% female; Mage = 22.4, SD = 5.6). Participants completed an online questionnaire battery that included measures of AS, mindfulness, suicide ideation, and elevated suicide risk. RESULTS After controlling for age and gender, results indicated that AS was directly and indirectly associated with suicide ideation and elevated suicide risk via lower levels of mindfulness. LIMITATIONS Limitations include using a cross-sectional methodological design and exclusive reliance on self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary insight into novel risk and protective factors that influence suicide ideation and elevated suicide risk among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Antoine Lebeaut
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Maya Zegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Rheeda L Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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3
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Assessing parental cognitions about child anxiety: Are parents' thoughts about child anxiety associated with child anxiety and anxiety sensitivity? J Anxiety Disord 2021; 80:102400. [PMID: 33894551 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) or the fear of anxious symptomatology, has garnered support in both adult and child samples for its predictive validity of anxiety disorders. Recent efforts to identify familial factors that predict anxiety amongst youth have identified a construct similar to AS amongst parents, but instead focused on the child rather than on the self. The overarching goal of the present study was to examine the extent to which two measures of this construct [the Parent Sensitivity to Child Anxiety Index (PSCAI) and the Parental Beliefs about Anxiety Questionnaire (PBA-Q)] correlated with child and parent AS and anxiety and how these measures explained the relationships between parent- and child-reported AS and anxiety. A secondary aim of the present study was to psychometrically compare the PSCAI and the PBA-Q with respect to not only their convergence with parent and child AS and anxiety, but also the extent to which each mediated the parent-child relationships between these variables. The PSCAI and PBA-Q significantly mediated the relationship between parent and child AS, each yielding small significant indirect effects. Support was also observed for a double mediation model in which parental anxiety predicted parental AS, which predicted parental beliefs about and parental sensitivity to child anxiety, which in turn predicted child anxiety. Findings suggest that both parental beliefs about and sensitivity to child anxiety are both correlated with and partially explain the relationship between parent and child AS and anxiety, providing potential points of intervention in treatment and prevention efforts for child anxiety.
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A Psychometric Evaluation of the Revised Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI-R) in a Child and Adolescent Sample. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Francis SE, Noël VA, Ryan SL. A Systematic Review of the Factor Structure of Anxiety Sensitivity Among Children: Current Status and Recommendations for Future Directions. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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The Associations of Parents’ and Children’s Anxiety Sensitivity with Child Anxiety and Somatic-Hypochondriac Symptoms. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-018-9464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Bardeen JR, Daniel TA. Anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias to threat interact to prospectively predict anxiety. Cogn Behav Ther 2018; 47:482-494. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2018.1466911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A. Daniel
- Department of Psychology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, USA
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Mathews BL, Koehn AJ, Abtahi MM, Kerns KA. Emotional Competence and Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analytic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2017; 19:162-84. [PMID: 27072682 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-016-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is conceptualized as a state of negative emotional arousal that is accompanied by concern about future threat. The purpose of this meta-analytic review was to evaluate the evidence of associations between emotional competence and anxiety by examining how specific emotional competence domains (emotion recognition, emotion expression, emotion awareness, emotion understanding, acceptance of emotion, emotional self-efficacy, sympathetic/empathic responses to others' emotions, recognition of how emotion communication and self-presentation affect relationships, and emotion regulatory processes) relate to anxiety in childhood and adolescence. A total of 185 studies were included in a series of meta-analyses (N's ranged from 573 to 25,711). Results showed that anxious youth are less effective at expressing (r = -0.15) and understanding emotions (r = -0.20), less aware of (r = -0.28) and less accepting of their own emotions (r = -0.49), and report less emotional self-efficacy (r = -0.36). More anxious children use more support-seeking coping strategies (r = 0.07) and are more likely to use less adaptive coping strategies including avoidant coping (r = 0.18), externalizing (r = 0.18), and maladaptive cognitive coping (r = 0.34). Emotion acceptance and awareness, emotional self-efficacy, and maladaptive cognitive coping yielded the largest effect sizes. Some effects varied with children's age. The findings inform intervention and treatment programs of anxiety in youth and identify several areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J Koehn
- Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Dr., Kent Hall, Kent, OH, 4424, USA
| | | | - Kathryn A Kerns
- Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Dr., Kent Hall, Kent, OH, 4424, USA
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Ollendick TH, Grills AE. Perceived Control, Family Environment, and the Etiology of Child Anxiety-Revisited. Behav Ther 2016; 47:633-642. [PMID: 27816076 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, Chorpita, Brown, and Barlow published a now seminal study in Behavior Therapy examining the development of anxiety in children and adolescents using Barlow's 1988 model of the development of anxiety in adults. Mindful of developmental considerations, parental control and children's perceptions of control were considered key factors in this revised model. Since that study, mixed support has accumulated for the role of control, both parental control and children's perceptions of that control, in the development of childhood anxiety. As a result, the measurement of these constructs has been critically examined and refined in recent years and encouraging findings have been obtained. Unfortunately, however, the Chorpita and colleagues study as well as the studies that have followed have used cross-sectional designs and the directionality of effects has not been clearly established. Longitudinal studies are required. Here, we present a qualitative review of these developments and provide directions for future research.
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Weems CF, Costa NM, Watts SE, Taylor LK, Cannon MF. Cognitive Errors, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Anxiety Control Beliefs. Behav Modif 2016; 31:174-201. [PMID: 17307934 DOI: 10.1177/0145445506297016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the interrelations among negative cognitive errors, anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety control beliefs and explored their unique and specific associations with anxiety symptoms in a community sample of youth. Existing research has suggested that these constructs are related to childhood anxiety disorder symptoms; however, additional research is needed to test the interrelations among negative cognitive errors, anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety control beliefs and to determine if they show unique and specific associations with anxiety symptoms. The results of this study indicated that negative cognitive errors, anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety control beliefs were associated with each other and that they demonstrated unique concurrent associations with childhood anxiety disorder symptoms. Moreover, certain cognitive biases showed specificity in their association with anxiety symptoms versus depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F Weems
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Emotional Distress Intolerance, Experiential Avoidance, and Anxiety Sensitivity: The Buffering Effect of Attentional Control on Associations with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Bardeen JR. Short-term pain for long-term gain: the role of experiential avoidance in the relation between anxiety sensitivity and emotional distress. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 30:113-9. [PMID: 25723652 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has provided evidence of an interactive effect between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and experiential avoidance (EA) in predicting both anxiety and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology. Additionally, theory suggests that EA alleviates distress in the short-term, but exacerbates it in the long-term. The present cross-sectional study was developed to replicate the noted findings and examine the interaction (EA × AS) in the context of an emotionally evocative task. It was predicted that, among high AS participants, high EA would (a) reduce the likelihood of experiencing short-term increases in negative affect following the task, and (b) increase the likelihood of anxiety and PTS symptomatology. Undergraduate participants (N=199) completed a battery of self-report questionnaires and an emotionally evocative task. As predicted, positive associations were observed between AS and both anxiety and PTS symptoms, but only among high EA participants. Additionally, AS only predicted increases in negative affect following the emotionally evocative task for those with lower levels of EA, thus providing empirical evidence of the affect regulatory function of EA among those who fear anxiety-related bodily sensations. These findings help to elucidate the motives for the use of avoidance among those high in AS. Conceptual and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bardeen
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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13
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Are childhood trauma exposures predictive of anxiety sensitivity in school attending youth? J Affect Disord 2014; 168:5-12. [PMID: 25033472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stressful life events in adolescents have been found to be longitudinally associated with higher anxiety sensitivity (AS). A question that has not been addressed is whether AS in adolescence is associated with different childhood adversity exposures. METHODS School attending adolescents (n=1149) completed measures of anxiety sensitivity (CASI), trait anxiety (STAI-T), childhood trauma (CTQ), depression (CES-DC), alcohol (AUDIT) and drug use (DUDIT), and resilience (CD-RISC) and coping orientation (A-COPE). RESULTS There was no significant gender difference in childhood trauma exposure, resilience levels or coping orientation. Gender differences were evident in terms of AS, trait anxiety, depression, alcohol and drug use. Depression, trait anxiety and alcohol use mediated the relationship between the amount of childhood trauma and AS and played a role in the relationship between certain childhood trauma types and AS. Neither resilience nor coping orientation had a moderating effect on the relationship between the amount of childhood trauma and AS. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional study, over- or under-reporting of data due to use of self-report instruments, and use of a retrospective measure of childhood trauma (CTQ) that is subject to recall bias. CONCLUSIONS Girls are at greater risk than boys for early onset anxiety disorders as girls have higher rates of AS, trait anxiety and depression despite the same rates of childhood trauma, coping orientation and resilience. Our findings, in the context of childhood trauma, underscore the influence of depression, trait anxiety and alcohol use as risk factors for the development of AS in youth.
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Cheney G, Schlösser A, Nash P, Glover L. Targeted group-based interventions in schools to promote emotional well-being: a systematic review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 19:412-38. [PMID: 23737607 DOI: 10.1177/1359104513489565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The school environment offers significant opportunities to deliver psychological interventions to groups of young people in the UK. However, the nature and effectiveness of programmes are not consistently documented. This systematic review aimed to identify and examine group-based interventions delivered in UK schools. Sixteen papers describing eight interventions were included. It was found that nurture groups have an immediate positive impact on the social and emotional well-being of young people. Results from follow-up studies are less clear, and limited by a high level of sample attrition. The findings reported in relation to social and emotional aspects of learning, cognitive, behavioural and social skills based interventions were limited as each intervention is only evaluated by one paper. The review highlighted a need to implement well-designed, longitudinal studies with larger samples in order to evaluate which interventions are effective in UK schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Cheney
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of Hull, UK
| | - Annette Schlösser
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of Hull, UK
| | | | - Lesley Glover
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of Hull, UK
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Bardeen JR, Fergus TA, Orcutt HK. The Moderating Role of Experiential Avoidance in the Prospective Relationship Between Anxiety Sensitivity and Anxiety. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Knapp AA, Frala J, Blumenthal H, Badour CL, Leen-Feldner EW. Anxiety Sensitivity and Childhood Learning Experiences: Impacts on Panic Symptoms Among Adolescents. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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McLeod BD, Southam-Gerow MA, Tully CB, Rodríguez A, Smith MM. Making a Case for Treatment Integrity as a Psychosocial Treatment Quality Indicator for Youth Mental Health Care. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2013; 20:14-32. [PMID: 23935254 PMCID: PMC3736982 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Measures of treatment integrity are needed to advance clinical research in general and are viewed as particularly relevant for dissemination and implementation research. Although some efforts to develop such measures are underway, a conceptual and methodological framework will help guide these efforts. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how frameworks adapted from the psychosocial treatment, therapy process, healthcare, and business literatures can be used to address this gap. We propose that components of treatment integrity (i.e., adherence, differentiation, competence, alliance, client involvement) pulled from the treatment technology and process literatures can be used as quality indicators of treatment implementation and thereby guide quality improvement efforts in practice settings. Further, we discuss how treatment integrity indices can be used in feedback systems that utilize benchmarking to expedite the process of translating evidence-based practices to service settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce D McLeod
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
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18
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Attentional bias in adolescents with panic disorder: changes over an 8-day intensive treatment program. Behav Cogn Psychother 2011; 40:193-204. [PMID: 22017797 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465811000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study evaluated attentional bias in adolescents diagnosed with panic disorder. Although a large body of research exists in the area of attentional bias in adults, this feature of panic disorder is not well understood in adolescents. METHOD Twenty-five adolescents, aged 12-17, with a panic disorder diagnosis were included in the study. An emotional Stroop task was utilized to assess whether: (1) adolescents with panic disorder exhibit an attentional bias to panic-relevant stimuli; (2) this bias diminishes after completing a course of CBT; and (3) a specific attentional bias towards disorder-relevant stimuli exists. RESULTS An attentional bias to panic-relevant stimuli was found at pre-treatment but was no longer present following an intensive CBT intervention. Contrary to some findings in the adult literature, no significant differences were found between panic-relevant versus other threatening stimuli. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that adolescents with panic disorder, similar to adults, do exhibit an attentional bias towards panic-relevant stimuli, and treatment seems to normalize this cognitive process.
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Cognitive-behavior therapy for disaster-exposed youth with posttraumatic stress: results from a multiple-baseline examination. Behav Ther 2011; 42:349-63. [PMID: 21658519 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Youth traumatized by natural disasters report high levels of posttraumatic stress such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, and depression. Research suggests that cognitive behavioral therapies are promising interventions for symptom reduction; however, few cognitive behavioral treatments have been systematically tested in youth hurricane survivors. The current study provides an examination of the efficacy of an intervention manual designed specifically for hurricane-exposed youth (i.e., the StArT manual) using a partially nonconcurrent multiple baseline design. Youth ages 8-13 (n = 6) who met diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder were provided the individual StArT treatment in their school. Youth were assessed at pretreatment, weekly during treatment, and at posttreatment. Results provide initial evidence for the efficacy of the StArT manual and suggest the feasibility of conducting the StArT manual in a school setting. The importance of large-scale tests of effectiveness and implementation of cognitive behavioral treatments in the wake of disaster among youth are discussed.
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Jokić-Begić N, Jurin T, Lauri Korajlija A. Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Modified Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index in a Sample of Croatian Children and Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-011-9244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Connolly SD, Suarez L, Sylvester C. Assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2011; 13:99-110. [PMID: 21225481 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-010-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current screening and assessment tools for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, as well as evidence-based treatment interventions for these disorders. The following anxiety disorders are discussed: separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), and selective mutism. There are several well-studied screening and assessment tools to identify childhood anxiety disorders early and differentiate the various anxiety disorders. Evaluations of baseline somatic symptoms, severity, and impairment ratings of the anxiety disorders, and collecting ratings from several sources is clinically helpful in assessment and treatment follow-up. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been extensively studied and has shown good efficacy in treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. A combination of CBT and medication may be required for moderate to severely impairing anxiety disorders and may improve functioning better than either intervention alone. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are currently the only medications that have consistently shown efficacy in treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Despite proven efficacy, the availability of CBT in the community is limited. Current research is focusing on early identification of anxiety disorders in community settings, increasing the availability of evidence-based interventions, and modification of interventions for specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucheta D Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry/Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Mail Room 155, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
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A Meta-analytic Review of the Role of Child Anxiety Sensitivity in Child Anxiety. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:721-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schmidt NB, Keough ME, Mitchell MA, Reynolds EK, MacPherson L, Zvolensky MJ, Lejuez CW. Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of anxiety among early adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:503-8. [PMID: 20399075 PMCID: PMC2872504 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that anxiety sensitivity (AS) predicts subsequent development of anxiety symptoms and panic attacks as well as clinical syndromes in adult samples. The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether AS similarly acts as a vulnerability factor in the pathogenesis of anxiety symptoms among youth in early adolescence (ages 9-13). A large nonclinical community sample of youth (n=277) was prospectively followed over 1 year. The Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI: Silverman, Fleisig, Rabian, & Peterson, 1991) served as the primary predictor. After controlling for baseline anxiety symptoms as well as depression, AS significantly predicted the future development of anxiety symptoms. Consistent with the adult literature and expectancy theory, AS appears to act as a risk factor for anxiety symptoms in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301, USA, Corresponding author: Norman B. Schmidt, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, Tel: +1 850-644-1707, Fax: +1 850-644-7739,
| | - Meghan E. Keough
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301, USA
| | - Melissa A. Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Reynolds
- Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-4411, USA
| | - Laura MacPherson
- Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-4411, USA
| | | | - C. W. Lejuez
- Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-4411, USA
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Gonzalez A, Zvolensky MJ, Solomon SE, Miller CT. Exploration of the relevance of anxiety sensitivity among adults living with HIV/AIDS for understanding anxiety vulnerability. J Health Psychol 2010; 15:138-46. [PMID: 20064893 DOI: 10.1177/1359105309344898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation explored facets of anxiety sensitivity (AS-social, physical and mental concerns) in regard to somatization, anxiety and depression symptoms among people with HIV/AIDS. Significant relations were found for AS-physical concerns and somatization symptoms (beta = .52, p = .007) and AS-mental concerns and anxiety symptoms (beta = .29, p < .05), controlling for negative affectivity, gender and shared variance with other AS subscales. Together, AS subscales were significantly related to depression symptoms (DeltaR(2) = .11; p = .006), but no one subscale was independently related. Findings are discussed in terms of examining AS in better understanding the HIV/AIDS-anxiety relation.
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Schneider S, Adornetto C, In-Albon T, Federer M, Hensdiek M. Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Normierung der deutschen Version des Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443.38.3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Weems CF, Taylor LK, Marks AB, Varela RE. Anxiety Sensitivity in Childhood and Adolescence: Parent Reports and Factors that Influence Associations with Child Reports. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-008-9222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kiliç EZ, Kiliç C, Yilmaz S. Is anxiety sensitivity a predictor of PTSD in children and adolescents? J Psychosom Res 2008; 65:81-6. [PMID: 18582616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the fear of the physical symptoms of anxiety and related symptoms. Longitudinal studies support AS as a vulnerability factor for development of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate AS as a vulnerability factor in the development of childhood posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic experiences. METHODS The study included 81 children 8-15 years of age who experienced the 1999 earthquake in Bolu, Turkey. The earthquake survivors were compared to a randomized group of age- and sex-matched controls 5 years after the earthquake. Both the subject and control groups were administered the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C), and Child Depression Inventory (CDI), while the PTSD symptoms of the subjects were assessed using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI). RESULTS Subjects and controls did not differ significantly in CASI, STAI-C, or CDI scores. Multiple regression analysis showed that both trait anxiety and CASI scores predicted CPTS-RI scores of the subjects; the prediction by CASI scores was over and above the effect of trait anxiety. CONCLUSION The results of this study support the hypothesis that AS may be a constitutional factor, which might increase the risk of PTSD following traumatic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Zinnur Kiliç
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical School, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ginsburg GS, Becker KD, Kingery JN, Nichols T. Transporting CBT for Childhood Anxiety Disorders into Inner-City School-Based Mental Health Clinics. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Micco JA, Simoes NA, Henin A. High risk studies and developmental antecedents of anxiety disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 148C:99-117. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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McLaughlin EN, Stewart SH, Taylor S. Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index Factors Predict Unique Variance in DSM‐IV Anxiety Disorder Symptoms. Cogn Behav Ther 2007; 36:210-9. [DOI: 10.1080/16506070701499988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Stewart S, Comeau N. Taxometric and factor analytic models of anxiety sensitivity among youth: exploring the latent structure of anxiety psychopathology vulnerability. Behav Ther 2007; 38:269-83. [PMID: 17697852 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study represents an effort to better understand the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity (AS), a well-established affect-sensitivity individual difference factor, among youth by employing taxometric and factor analytic approaches in an integrative manner. Taxometric analyses indicated that AS, as indexed by the Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman, Flesig, Rabian, & Peterson, 1991), demonstrates taxonic latent class structure in a large sample of youth from North America (N=4,462; M(age)=15.6 years; SD=1.3). Subsequent confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the latent continuous, multidimensional, 4-factor model of AS among youth (Silverman, Goedhart, Barrett, & Turner, 2003) provided good fit for the CASI data among the complement class ("normative form" of AS), but not among the taxon class ("high-risk form" of AS). EFAs supported the prediction that the AS taxon demonstrates a unique, heretofore unexplored latent continuous, unidimensional factor structure among youth. Findings are discussed in relation to refining our understanding of the latent structure of AS and the clinical implications that arise from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bernstein
- The University of Vermont, Department of Psychology, 2 Colchester Avenue, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
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Leen-Feldner EW, Reardon LE, McKee LG, Feldner MT, Babson KA, Zvolensky MJJ. The interactive role of anxiety sensitivity and pubertal status in predicting anxious responding to bodily sensations among adolescents. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2006; 34:799-812. [PMID: 17115272 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-006-9079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the interaction between pubertal status and anxiety sensitivity (AS) in predicting anxious and fearful responding to a three-minute voluntary hyperventilation challenge among 124 (57 females) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years (Mage = 15.04; SD = 1.49). As predicted, after controlling for baseline anxiety, age, and gender, there was a significant interaction between pubertal status and AS in predicting anxious responding to bodily sensations to the hyperventilation challenge. Specifically, adolescents reporting more advanced pubertal status and higher levels of AS reported the greatest post-challenge self-reported anxiety focused on bodily sensations, whereas pubertal status had relatively less of an effect on low AS adolescents. A test of specificity also was conducted; as expected, the interaction between AS and pubertal status was unrelated to generalized negative affectivity, suggesting the predictor variables interact to confer specific risk for anxious responding to bodily sensations. Finally, exploratory analyses of psychophysiological reactivity to the challenge indicated AS, but not pubertal status, moderated the relation between challenge-related change in heart-rate and post-challenge anxiety such that high AS youth who had experienced a relatively greater heart-rate change reported the most anxious reactivity to the challenge. Results are discussed in relation to theory regarding vulnerability to anxious responding to bodily sensations among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Leen-Feldner
- Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Ginsburg GS, Riddle MA, Davies M. Somatic symptoms in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45:1179-1187. [PMID: 17003663 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000231974.43966.6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of somatic symptoms (SSs) in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders; the relationship between SSs and anxiety severity, impairment, and child global functioning; and the impact of fluvoxamine (FLV) versus pill placebo (PBO) on reducing SSs. METHOD As part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 128 children (mean age, 10.8 years; range, 6-17) with DSM-IV anxiety disorders (i.e., social, separation, and generalized anxiety) were assessed by expert clinicians on 16 SSs using the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale. RESULTS The most common SSs at baseline were restlessness (74%), stomachaches (70%), blushing (51%), palpitations (48%), muscle tension (45%), sweating (45%), and trembling/shaking (43%). Older children (age 12 and older) reported more SSs than younger children, boys and girls reported similar numbers of SSs, and SSs were higher among children with than without generalized anxiety disorder. SSs were significantly and positively correlated with anxiety severity, impairment, and global functioning. Pre-/postreductions in SSs were statistically significant in both PBO and FLV conditions; however, FLV was superior to PBO in reducing SSs. CONCLUSIONS SSs are highly prevalent among children and adolescents with anxiety disorders and are associated with greater anxiety severity and impairment. Treatment with FLV was effective in reducing rather than increasing SSs. The high rates of SSs in youths with each of the three anxiety disorders suggest a re-evaluation of SSs in the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for the most common anxiety disorders among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golda S Ginsburg
- Drs. Ginsburg and Riddle are with the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Dr. Davies is with Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry.
| | - Mark A Riddle
- Drs. Ginsburg and Riddle are with the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Dr. Davies is with Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Mark Davies
- Drs. Ginsburg and Riddle are with the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Dr. Davies is with Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry
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Leen-Feldner EW, Zvolensky MJ, van Lent J, Vujanovic AA, Bleau T, Bernstein A, Bielawski-Branch A, Feldner MT. Anxiety Sensitivity Moderates Relations Among Tobacco Smoking, Panic Attack Symptoms, and Bodily Complaints in Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-006-9028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Stewart SH, Nancy Comeau M, Leen-Feldner EW. Anxiety sensitivity taxonicity across gender among youth. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:679-98. [PMID: 16098477 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation comparatively evaluated the latent class structure and parameters of anxiety sensitivity (AS) among female and male youth using the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Participants were 4462 adolescents (2189 females) in grades 7-12 (M(age)=15.6 years). Consistent with prediction, taxometric analyses indicated the latent structure of AS was taxonic in both males and females, demonstrating the taxonic latent structure of AS is similarly observed across gender. Also consistent with prediction, the base rate of the AS taxon differed between genders -- higher for females (12%) compared to males (7%). These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the study of AS and panic vulnerability among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Parent and Child Anxiety Sensitivity: Relationship in a Nonclinical Sample. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-005-2406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Suveg C, Aschenbrand SG, Kendall PC. Separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and school refusal. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2005; 14:773-95, ix. [PMID: 16171702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies attest to the chronic nature of anxiety in youth. Consequently, there is a growing literature examining causative pathways to these disorders and efficacious treatments for them. This review examines separation anxiety disorder, a commonly occurring childhood anxiety disorder, and panic disorder, a more rare anxiety disorder in youth. Finally, school refusal, which may be tied to an internalizing or externalizing disorder or no disorder at all, is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Suveg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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39
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Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, Bernstein A, McCormick JT, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety Sensitivity and Anxious Responding to Bodily Sensations: A Test among Adolescents Using a Voluntary Hyperventilation Challenge. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-3510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Weems C, Stickle T, Leen-Feldner EW. Taxonicity of anxiety sensitivity: an empirical test among youth. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43:1131-55. [PMID: 16005702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Taxometric coherent cut kinetic analyses were used to test the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity (AS) among 371 youth. Anxiety sensitivity was indexed by the 18-item Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman et al., J. Clin. Child Psychol. (1991), 20, 162-168). Two sets of manifest indicators of AS were constructed using the CASI: (1) three item-parcel manifest indicators: disease concerns, unsteady concerns, and mental illness concerns; and (2) nine single-item indicators representing each of these three facets of AS. Results from standard and short-scale MAXCOV procedures, internal consistency tests, analyses of simulated Monte Carlo data, and MAMBAC external consistency tests indicated that the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity among youth was taxonic. Estimated base rate of the observed AS taxon ranged between 13.6 and 16.5%. The present findings are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for the study of AS and vulnerability for anxiety psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bernstein
- University of Vermont, 2 Colchester, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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van Beek N, Perna G, Schruers K, Muris P, Griez E. Anxiety sensitivity in children of panic disorder patients. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2005; 35:315-24. [PMID: 15886867 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-005-2690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS), which refers to the tendency to interpret anxiety-related bodily sensations as having potentially harmful somatic, psychological or social consequences, has been proposed as a vulnerability factor for the development of panic disorder (PD). The current study examined the anxiety sensitivity levels in children of parents with panic disorder. Children of panic disorder patients (n = 68) and children of healthy parents (n = 68) filled out the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index, while parents completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Children of parents with panic disorder did not display higher levels of anxiety sensitivity than children of healthy parents. Furthermore, no association between anxiety sensitivity levels of parents with panic disorder and their children was found. Anxiety sensitivity is not clearly manifest in children of parents with panic disorder and might be a developing vulnerability factor that may increase towards late adolescence or early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- N van Beek
- Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Dehon C, Weems CF, Stickle TR, Costa NM, Berman SL. A cross-sectional evaluation of the factorial invariance of anxiety sensitivity in adolescents and young adults. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43:799-810. [PMID: 15890170 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the cross-sectional factorial invariance of anxiety sensitivity in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents (n = 173; mean age 15.5 years) and young adults (n = 291; mean age 20.1 years). Research in adult and youth samples suggests that anxiety sensitivity is best understood as a hierarchical construct with several lower-order factors. Factor models based on previous research using both adult and youth samples were compared and a hierarchical model with three lower-order factors provided the best fit to the data. Results supported the hypothesis that the factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index was invariant across age and gender. The factor scores also demonstrated differential correlations with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results are discussed with regard to construct validation and understanding the structure of anxiety sensitivity in youth.
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Ginsburg GS, Lambert SF, Drake KL. Attributions of Control, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Panic Symptoms Among Adolescents. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-004-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lambert SF, McCreary BT, Preston JL, Schmidt NB, Joiner TE, Ialongo NS. Anxiety sensitivity in African-American adolescents: evidence of symptom specificity of anxiety sensitivity components. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:887-95. [PMID: 15213590 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000128799.99225.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the specificity of components of anxiety sensitivity (phrenophobia, fear of cardiovascular sensations, and fear of unsteadiness) to anxiety and depression in a sample of African-American adolescents. METHOD Participants were 527 African-American adolescents (238 females, mean age 13.8 years) who were originally recruited as first graders in 1993 to 1994 for participation in the second-generation Johns Hopkins Prevention Intervention Research Center trials. Youths completed measures of anxiety sensitivity and anxious and depressive symptoms in the spring of 2001. Associations between anxiety sensitivity and depression and anxiety were examined using hierarchical linear regressions. RESULTS Anxiety sensitivity as a unitary construct was positively associated with symptoms of anxiety after adjusting for symptoms of depression. Fear of unsteadiness showed specificity to anxiety after adjusting for depression and phrenophobia. Phrenophobia was positively associated with anxiety and depression, after adjusting for the other symptom and fears of physical sensations. CONCLUSIONS Specificity of anxiety sensitivity to anxiety in a sample of African-American adolescents furthers understanding of the nature of anxiety sensitivity in this group and the potential roles of components of anxiety sensitivity in the development of psychopathology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Lambert SF, Cooley MR, Campbell KDM, Benoit MZ, Stansbury R. Assessing Anxiety Sensitivity in Inner-City African American Children: Psychometric Properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2004; 33:248-59. [PMID: 15136188 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman et al., 1991) in a sample of urban African American elementary school children. One hundred forty-four 4th- and 5th-grade children completed the CASI as part of a larger project. In contrast to prior research with community samples, CASI total scores were higher and means did not differ by sex. Internal consistency (alpha =.82), 2-week test-retest reliability (r =.80), and convergent and divergent validity were good and consistent with prior research. The factor structure of the CASI differed from the structure found with White children. Results of exploratory factor analyses suggest two factors: physical concerns and mental incapacitation concerns. Implications for assessing anxiety and anxiety sensitivity among African American children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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