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Francis SE, Noël VA, Ryan SL. A Systematic Review of the Factor Structure of Anxiety Sensitivity Among Children: Current Status and Recommendations for Future Directions. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Initial psychometrics, outcomes, and correlates of the Repetitive Body Focused Behavior Scale: Examination in a sample of youth with anxiety and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 81:10-17. [PMID: 29195104 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs), including skin-picking, hair-pulling, and nail-biting, commonly occur in youth, even at elevated/problematic levels, and are associated with a number of other psychiatric symptoms. The present study examined the internal consistency of a brief screening tool for BFRBs as well as the prevalence, severity, and correlates of BFRBs in a sample of youth with a primary anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS Ninety-three youth-parent dyads presenting for treatment for anxiety or OCD completed study measures including the Repetitive Body Focused Behavior Scale - Parent (RBFBS), which includes subscales for skin-picking, hair-pulling, and nail-biting, as well as a number of additional clinician-, parent-, and child-rated scales. RESULTS The RBFBS demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency. BFRBs were endorsed in 55% of youths, with elevated levels in 27%. Skin-picking was the most common BFRB (38%), followed by nail-biting (34%) and hair-pulling (4%). Youth with BFRBs, as compared to those without, were rated as more avoidant by their parents. Among those with BFRBs, more avoidant tendencies, anxiety sensitivity, and child-rated panic, separation, and generalized anxiety symptoms were associated with elevated BFRB severity. BFRBs were equally common but more likely to be elevated among youth with a primary anxiety, than OCD, diagnosis. DISCUSSION Results provide initial support for the RBFBS as a brief screening tool for the three common BFRBs. In addition, the results suggest avoidant tendencies and physical manifestations of distress may be particularly relevant to the escalation of BFRB symptoms in youth.
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Selles RR, McBride NM, Dammann J, Whiteside SP, Small BJ, Phares V, Storch EA. The Treatment Worries Questionnaire: Conjoined measures for evaluating worries about psychosocial treatment in youth and their parents. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:159-168. [PMID: 28161612 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Treatment worries, which surround requirements and results of obtaining treatment, may represent an important construct; however, previous measures were limited by their specificity, format, and lack of parent report. Therefore the present study examined the initial outcomes and psychometrics of corresponding measures of treatment worries in youth (Treatment Worries Questionnaire - Child; TWQ-C) and their parents (Treatment Worries Questionnaire - Parent; TWQ-P). Participants were 94 youth (7-17-years old) and parent dyads presenting for treatment of an anxiety disorder. Dyads completed the TWQ-C and TWQ-P along with additional measures prior to initiating treatment. Treatment worries were endorsed in the mild-moderate range by youth and the TWQ-C demonstrated good-excellent internal consistency, a three-factor structure, and consistent convergent and divergent relationships. Treatment worries were endorsed in the low-mild range by parents and the TWQ-P demonstrated fair-good internal consistency, a four-factor structure, and consistent divergent relationships, but variable (by factor) convergent relationships. The results provide information on treatment worries and support the use of the TWQ-C and TWQ-P as broad assessments of the concept. Low endorsement of worries among parents likely relates to the treatment-seeking nature of the sample. Future investigations using the TWQ-C and TWQ-P in a variety of samples is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Selles
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric A Storch
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Rogers Behavioral Health - Tampa Bay, Tampa, FL, USA; All Children's Hospital - Johns Hopkins Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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LeMoult J, Ordaz SJ, Kircanski K, Singh MK, Gotlib IH. Predicting first onset of depression in young girls: Interaction of diurnal cortisol and negative life events. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 124:850-9. [PMID: 26595472 PMCID: PMC4662047 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between biological vulnerability and environmental adversity are central to the pathophysiology of depression. Given evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis influences biological responses to environmental events, in the current longitudinal study the authors examined HPA-axis functioning, negative life events, and their interaction as predictors of the first onset of depression. At baseline, girls ages 9 to 14 years provided saliva samples to assess levels of diurnal cortisol production, quantified by total cortisol production (area under the curve with respect to ground; AUCg) and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). The authors then followed these participants until they reached age 18 in order to assess their subsequent experience of negative life events and the onset of a depressive episode. They found that the influence of negative life events on the subsequent onset of depression depended on HPA-axis functioning at baseline. Specifically, negative life events predicted the onset of depression in girls with higher levels of AUCg, but not in girls with lower levels of AUCg. In contrast, CAR did not predict the onset of depression either alone or in interaction with negative life events. These findings suggest that elevated total cortisol production in daily life potentiates susceptibility to environmental adversity and signals the need for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J. Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | | | - Manpreet K. Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University
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Variations in the influence of parental socialization of anxiety among clinic referred children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46:474-84. [PMID: 25159312 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relations between parental socialization of child anxious behaviors (i.e., reinforcement, punishment, modeling, transmission of information) and child anxiety and related problems at varying child sensitivity levels. Data corresponding to 70 clinic-referred children (M age = 9.86 years; 50% girls; 49% Hispanic/Latino, 51% Caucasian) showed that for children with low (but not high) anxiety sensitivity, anxiety-related parental socialization behaviors were associated with more child anxiety and depression symptoms. Findings also indicated that parental socialization of anxious behaviors and anxiety sensitivity functioned similarly in the prediction of anxiety and depression across Caucasian and Hispanic/Latino children. There were no significant mean level variations across child sociodemographic characteristics in general, but anxiety-promoting parenting behaviors were twice as high in Hispanic/Latino compared to Caucasian families.
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LeMoult J, Chen MC, Foland-Ross LC, Burley HW, Gotlib IH. Concordance of mother-daughter diurnal cortisol production: Understanding the intergenerational transmission of risk for depression. Biol Psychol 2015; 108:98-104. [PMID: 25862380 PMCID: PMC4426075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research is demonstrating concordance between mother and child diurnal cortisol production. In the context of maternal history of depression, intergenerational concordance of cortisol production could contribute to hypercortisolemia in children of depressed mothers, which has been shown to increase risk for MDD. The current study is the first to examine concordance in diurnal cortisol production between mothers with a history of depression and their never-depressed, but high-risk, children. We collected salivary cortisol across 2 days from mothers with (remitted; RMD) and without (CTL) a history of recurrent episodes of depression and their never-depressed daughters. As expected, RMD mothers and their daughters both exhibited higher cortisol production than did their CTL counterparts. Moreover, both across and within groups, mothers' and daughters' cortisol production were directly coupled. These findings suggest that there is an intergenerational concordance in cortisol dysregulation that may contribute to hypercortisolemia in girls at familial risk for depression.
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A French Translation of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI): Factor Structure, Reliability and Validity of This Scale in a Nonclinical Sample of Children. Psychol Belg 2014. [DOI: 10.5334/pb.an] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Dennis EL, Gotlib IH, Thompson PM, Thomason ME. Anxiety modulates insula recruitment in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in youth and adults. Brain Connect 2013; 1:245-54. [PMID: 22433052 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2011.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on resting-state functional connectivity reveals intrinsically connected networks in the brain that are largely consistent across the general population. However, there are individual differences in these networks that have not been elucidated. Here, we measured the influence of naturally occurring mood on functional connectivity. In particular, we examined the association between self-reported levels of anxiety and connectivity in the default mode network (DMN). Healthy youth (n=43; ages 10-18) and adult participants (n=24, ages 19-59) completed a 6-min resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, then immediately completed questionnaires assessing their mood and thoughts during the scan. Regression analyses conducted separately for the youth and adult samples revealed brain regions in which increases in connectivity differentially corresponded to higher anxiety in each group. In one area, the left insular cortex, both groups showed similar increased connectivity to the DMN (youth: -30, 26, 14; adults: -33, 12, 14) with increased anxiety. State anxiety assessed during scanning was not correlated with trait anxiety, so our results likely reflect state levels of anxiety. To our knowledge, this is the first study to relate naturally occurring mood to resting state connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Dennis
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-7334, USA.
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Lee JL, Gilleland J, Campbell RM, Johnson GL, Simpson P, Dooley KJ, Blount RL. Internalizing Symptoms and Functional Disability in Children With Noncardiac Chest Pain and Innocent Heart Murmurs. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 38:255-64. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jss111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Affective and physiological responses to stress in girls at elevated risk for depression. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:661-75. [PMID: 22559138 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Children of depressed parents are significantly more likely to develop depression and other mental health disorders than are children of never-depressed parents. Investigations of the physiological mechanisms underlying this elevated risk have generally focused on basal functioning. It is important to note, however, that physiological reactivity or responses to stress are also critical determinants of mental and physical health. In the current study, we examined whether children of depressed parents exhibit altered physiological responses to stress. In two studies, never-depressed adolescent daughters of either recurrently depressed mothers (RISK) or never-depressed mothers (CTL) underwent social stressors while their physiological responses were measured (cortisol in Study 1, heart rate in Study 2). In both studies, affective responses to the stressors predicted physiological responses in RISK girls, but not in never-depressed girls. For RISK girls, decreased positive affect in response to stress predicted increased cortisol reactivity; in addition, decreased positive affect and increased negative affect were associated with poorer heart rate recovery and habituation, respectively. Future research is needed to examine explicitly whether this coherence between affect and physiology is a mechanism underlying the increased risk for psychopathology in children of depressed parents.
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Essau CA, Sasagawa S, Ollendick TH. The facets of anxiety sensitivity in adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:23-9. [PMID: 19713072 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the German translation of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI). A total of 1292 adolescents participated in the study. Analyses using the Schmid-Leiman solution showed the CASI to have one higher order factor and three orthogonal lower order factors. CASI scores correlated significantly with anxiety symptoms and with general difficulties. Hierarchical multiple regression showed CASI to make a significant contribution in predicting anxiety even after controlling for variance due to general difficulties, thus giving further support to the incremental validity of the CASI. The CASI is a potentially useful measure to include in longitudinal studies that examine the development of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Essau
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Whitelands College, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK.
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Gilleland J, Blount RL, Campbell RM, Johnson GL, Dooley KJ, Simpson P. Brief Report: Psychosocial Factors and Pediatric Noncardiac Chest Pain. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34:1170-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Adornetto C, Hensdiek M, Meyer A, In-Albon T, Federer M, Schneider S. The factor structure of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index in German children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2008; 39:404-16. [PMID: 18295743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The factor structure of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) was investigated in four nonclinic German samples (N=1244, 225, 230, and 143) with participants aged 8-16-years-old. Factor solutions suggested for different CASI versions were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The best goodness-of-fit indices were found for the 13-item CASI version with 4 factors (Disease Concerns, Unsteady Concerns, Mental Incapacitation Concerns, and Social Concerns). Testing for factorial invariance of this model with respect to age and gender revealed non-invariant factor loadings between children and adolescents as well as between boys and girls. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings for anxiety sensitivity in children and adolescents are discussed.
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Wilson KA, Hayward C. Unique contributions of anxiety sensitivity to avoidance: A prospective study in adolescents. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:601-9. [PMID: 16023074 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the prospective relation between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and behavioral avoidance is largely absent from the literature. In a longitudinal study of a community sample of 2246 adolescents, participants completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally (1986). Behaviour Research & Therapy, 24, 1-8), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger (1983). STAI: Manual for the Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press), and the Fear Questionnaire (Marks & Matthews (1979). Behaviour Research & Therapy, 17, 263-267) on an annual basis. To stringently test AS's ability to prospectively predict behavioral avoidance, linear regression was used to test whether AS factors predicted variance in follow-up behavioral avoidance scores after controlling for gender, trait anxiety, panic attacks, and baseline avoidance. Results indicted that the mental and physical subscales of the ASI predicted change in behavioral avoidance. The findings of the study are consistent with the view that AS may serve as a precursor to avoidant behavior and that, regardless of whether or not acute panic has been experienced, those who fear autonomic arousal may be more likely to avoid situations in which those sensations may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5722, USA.
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Dehon C, Weems CF, Stickle TR, Costa NM, Berman SL. A cross-sectional evaluation of the factorial invariance of anxiety sensitivity in adolescents and young adults. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43:799-810. [PMID: 15890170 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the cross-sectional factorial invariance of anxiety sensitivity in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents (n = 173; mean age 15.5 years) and young adults (n = 291; mean age 20.1 years). Research in adult and youth samples suggests that anxiety sensitivity is best understood as a hierarchical construct with several lower-order factors. Factor models based on previous research using both adult and youth samples were compared and a hierarchical model with three lower-order factors provided the best fit to the data. Results supported the hypothesis that the factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index was invariant across age and gender. The factor scores also demonstrated differential correlations with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results are discussed with regard to construct validation and understanding the structure of anxiety sensitivity in youth.
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Wilson KA, Hayward C. A prospective evaluation of agoraphobia and depression symptoms following panic attacks in a community sample of adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2005; 19:87-103. [PMID: 15488369 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In a community sample of high schoolers who experienced their first panic attack, we examined the prospective relationships among pre-panic vulnerabilities, panic attack severity, and post-panic agoraphobia and depression symptoms. Students were evaluated yearly over 4 years to test the following four hypotheses: (1) pre-panic anxiety sensitivity, negative affect, and childhood behavioral inhibition will serve as vulnerabilities that predict agoraphobia and depression symptoms following a panic attack; (2) these vulnerabilities will lead to more severe panic attacks; (3) severe and spontaneous panic attacks will predict subsequent agoraphobia and depressive symptoms; and (4) the interaction between panic severity and vulnerabilities will be associated with worse outcomes following a panic attack. Results supported the first three hypotheses, but no evidence emerged for an interactive effect. Findings are discussed in light of recent modernized classical conditioning models that address factors contributing to development of more severe panic related psychopathology after panic attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5722, USA.
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Lambert SF, McCreary BT, Preston JL, Schmidt NB, Joiner TE, Ialongo NS. Anxiety sensitivity in African-American adolescents: evidence of symptom specificity of anxiety sensitivity components. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:887-95. [PMID: 15213590 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000128799.99225.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the specificity of components of anxiety sensitivity (phrenophobia, fear of cardiovascular sensations, and fear of unsteadiness) to anxiety and depression in a sample of African-American adolescents. METHOD Participants were 527 African-American adolescents (238 females, mean age 13.8 years) who were originally recruited as first graders in 1993 to 1994 for participation in the second-generation Johns Hopkins Prevention Intervention Research Center trials. Youths completed measures of anxiety sensitivity and anxious and depressive symptoms in the spring of 2001. Associations between anxiety sensitivity and depression and anxiety were examined using hierarchical linear regressions. RESULTS Anxiety sensitivity as a unitary construct was positively associated with symptoms of anxiety after adjusting for symptoms of depression. Fear of unsteadiness showed specificity to anxiety after adjusting for depression and phrenophobia. Phrenophobia was positively associated with anxiety and depression, after adjusting for the other symptom and fears of physical sensations. CONCLUSIONS Specificity of anxiety sensitivity to anxiety in a sample of African-American adolescents furthers understanding of the nature of anxiety sensitivity in this group and the potential roles of components of anxiety sensitivity in the development of psychopathology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Lambert SF, Cooley MR, Campbell KDM, Benoit MZ, Stansbury R. Assessing Anxiety Sensitivity in Inner-City African American Children: Psychometric Properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2004; 33:248-59. [PMID: 15136188 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman et al., 1991) in a sample of urban African American elementary school children. One hundred forty-four 4th- and 5th-grade children completed the CASI as part of a larger project. In contrast to prior research with community samples, CASI total scores were higher and means did not differ by sex. Internal consistency (alpha =.82), 2-week test-retest reliability (r =.80), and convergent and divergent validity were good and consistent with prior research. The factor structure of the CASI differed from the structure found with White children. Results of exploratory factor analyses suggest two factors: physical concerns and mental incapacitation concerns. Implications for assessing anxiety and anxiety sensitivity among African American children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Silverman WK, Goedhart AW, Barrett P, Turner C. The facets of anxiety sensitivity represented in the childhood anxiety sensitivity index: confirmatory analyses of factor models from past studies. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003; 112:364-74. [PMID: 12943015 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Results of past factor analytic studies of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index and Anxiety Sensitivity Index were used to formulate hypotheses about factor models of anxiety sensitivity. Using a nonclinical sample of 767 children and adolescents and confirmatory factor analysis, hypothesized models with 2, 3, and 4 lower order factors (facets) were tested. Goodness-of-fit criteria indicated that a model with 4 facets fits these data well. Support was found for factorial invariance of the 4 facets across age and gender, using nonclinical and clinical samples. Results support a hierarchical factor model in that there was a strong general factor, explaining 71% of the variance. Findings are discussed in the context of anxiety sensitivity theory and research with children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Silverman
- Child and Family Psychosocial Research Center, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA.
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Valentiner DP, Gutierrez PM, Blacker D. Anxiety measures and their relationship to adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior. J Anxiety Disord 2003; 16:11-32. [PMID: 12171211 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the psychometric properties of three recently published anxiety measures, including their incremental validity in predicting adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior. One hundred and eighteen adolescents aged 12-18 completed measures of anxiety, depression, positive and negative affect, and suicidal ideation and behavior. All of the anxiety scales showed limitations. For example, most of the anxiety scales appeared to lack divergent validity with regard to measures of depression and positive affect. Scales in the panic domain predicted suicidal ideation after controlling for depression. Surprisingly, scales in the social phobia domain were related to lower levels of suicidal behavior after controlling for depression and suicidal ideation. The implications of these results for research on adolescent suicide and the assessment of adolescent anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Valentiner
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 60115, USA.
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Ginsbur GS, Drake KL. Anxiety sensitivity and panic attack symptomatology among low-income African-American adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2003; 16:83-96. [PMID: 12171215 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the concurrent and prospective relation between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and panic attack symptomatology among a community sample of African-American adolescents (N = 107; mean age 15.6 years) from predominantly low-income, single-parent households. On two occasions, 6 months apart, youth completed self-report measures of AS, measured by the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CAS I), and panic symptomatology, measured by the Panic Attack Questionnaire (PAQ) and/or the Panic subscale of the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-P). Results indicated that adolescents with high levels of AS reported higher concurrent levels of panic symptomatology, compared to their less anxious peers. Earlier levels of AS were correlated with panic symptoms 6 months later but did not predict later panic symptoms once initial levels of panic were controlled. Panickers, compared to non-panickers, also reported significantly higher levels of AS at Time 2. Overall, these findings are consistent with research on AS and panic in adult and Caucasian populations and support the hypothesis that elevated levels of AS may be one of several risk factors implicated in the development of panic attack symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golda S Ginsbur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-3325, USA.
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Deacon BJ, Valentiner DP, Gutierrez PM, Blacker D. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children: factor structure and relation to panic symptoms in an adolescent sample. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:839-52. [PMID: 12074377 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the factor structure underlying the Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children (ASIC. J Anxiety Disord, 12 (1998) 307) in an adolescent sample. Three-hundred-and-eight adolescents, aged 12 to 18, completed the ASIC and measures of anxiety and depression. Factor analysis of the ASIC items resulted in a two-factor structure that is similar to that reported by Laurent et al. These two factors included a physical concerns dimension and a mental concerns dimension similar to those found in studies of adult anxiety sensitivity. Subscales measuring these two factors demonstrated concurrent validity, showing particularly close associations with measures of panic symptoms. In addition, both of these subscales showed incremental validity in predicting panic symptoms after controlling for the other anxiety sensitivity subscale and a measure of depression. These results provide evidence that the anxiety sensitivity construct is applicable during adolescence and support the use of the ASIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Deacon
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 60115, USA
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Joiner TE, Schmidt NB, Schmidt KL, Laurent J, Catanzaro SJ, Perez M, Pettit JW. Anxiety sensitivity as a specific and unique marker of anxious symptoms in youth psychiatric inpatients. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2002; 30:167-75. [PMID: 12008656 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014757300294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We addressed several questions regarding the relation of anxiety sensitivity to anxious symptoms among 47 youth psychiatric inpatients (18 boys, 29 girls), ages 9-17 (M = 14.23, SD = 1.89). Participants completed measures of anxiety sensitivity, anxious and depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, and positive and negative affect; chart diagnoses were available. Consistent with hypotheses, we found that (a) anxiety sensitivity was associated with anxious symptoms, even controlling for trait anxiety and depressive symptoms; and (b) anxiety sensitivity displayed symptom specificity to anxious versus depressive symptoms (i.e., was associated with anxiety controlling for depression but not with depression controlling for anxiety). Furthermore, regarding factors of anxiety sensitivity, we obtained mixed support for our prediction that phrenophobia would be associated with both depression and anxiety, whereas fear of physical arousal would be associated with anxiety but not depression. Implications for the construct validity of anxiety sensitivity were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-1270, USA.
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van Widenfelt BM, Siebelink BM, Goedhart AW, Treffers PDA. The Dutch Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index: psychometric properties and factor structure. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2002; 31:90-100. [PMID: 11845655 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3101_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman, Fleisig, Rabian, & Peterson, 1991) in a Dutch sample. Five hundred forty-four Dutch schoolchildren between 8 and 16 years of age completed Dutch translations of the CASI; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Spielberger, Edwards, Lushene, Montuori, & Platzek, 1973); and the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (Ollendick, 1983). The Dutch CASI was found to have adequate internal consistency for use with children as well as adolescents. Results reveal that the CASI predicted fear beyond a measure of trait anxiety in this Dutch sample. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses comparing different models were undertaken. The model with 3 first-order factors found in previous studies showed an acceptable fit in this cross-validation sample. Loadings on the 3 factors (Physical Concerns, Mental Concerns, and Publicly Observable Concerns) did not differ between children and adolescents. Results are compared with previous research on the CASI. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit M van Widenfelt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, 2342 AK Oegstgeest, The Netherlands.
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Muris P, Schmidt H, Merckelbach H, Schouten E. Anxiety sensitivity in adolescents: factor structure and relationships to trait anxiety and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39:89-100. [PMID: 11125726 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the anxiety sensitivity construct in a large sample of normal Dutch adolescents aged 13-16 years (n=819). Children completed the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman, W. K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B. & Peterson, R. A. (1991). Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162-168) and measures of trait anxiety, anxiety disorder symptoms and depression. Results showed that (1) anxiety sensitivity as indexed by the CASI seems to be a hierarchically organized construct with one higher-order factor (i.e., anxiety sensitivity) and three or four lower-order factors, (2) anxiety sensitivity and trait anxiety were strongly correlated, (3) anxiety sensitivity was substantially connected to symptoms of anxiety disorders (in particular of panic disorder and agoraphobia) and depression, and (4) anxiety sensitivity and trait anxiety both accounted for unique proportions of the variance in anxiety disorder symptoms. Altogether these findings are in agreement with those of previous research in adult and child populations, and further support the notion that anxiety sensitivity should be viewed as an unique factor of anxiety vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muris
- Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for onset of panic attacks in adolescents, a prospective cohort design was used to evaluate the following risk factors: negative affectivity, female sex, anxiety sensitivity, and childhood separation anxiety disorder. These risk factors were also evaluated for predicting onset of major depression to test their specificity. METHOD The sample consisted of 2,365 high school students assessed over a 4-year period. Assessments included self-report questionnaires and structured clinical interviews. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate risk. RESULTS Consistent with previous studies, prior major depression predicted onset of panic attacks and a history of panic attacks predicted onset of major depression. After adjusting for the effects of prior major depression, negative affectivity and anxiety sensitivity, but not female sex or childhood separation anxiety disorder, predicted onset of 4-symptom panic attacks. However, female sex and negative affectivity but not anxiety sensitivity or childhood separation anxiety disorder predicted onset of major depression after adjustment for the effects of prior panic attacks. CONCLUSION Negative affectivity appears to be a nonspecific risk factor for panic attacks and major depression, whereas anxiety sensitivity appears to be a specific factor that increases the risk for 4-symptom panic attacks in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hayward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305-5722, USA.
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