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Kuhn M, Hassan R, González D, Myllys M, Hobloss Z, Degen GH, Humpf HU, Hengstler JG, Cramer B, Ghallab A. Role of albumin in the metabolism and excretion of ochratoxin A. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:433-445. [PMID: 38743341 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is known to be strongly bound to serum albumin, but it remains unknown how albumin affects its metabolism and kinetics. To close this gap, we used a mouse model, where heterozygous albumin deletion reduces serum albumin to concentrations similar to hypoalbuminemic patients and completely eliminates albumin by a homozygous knockout. OTA and its potential metabolites (OTα, 4-OH-OTA, 7'-OH-OTA, OTHQ, OP-OTA, OTB-GSH, OTB-NAC, OTB) were time-dependently analyzed in plasma, bile, and urine by LC-MS/MS and were compared to previously published hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity data. Homozygous albumin deletion strongly accelerated plasma clearance as well as biliary and urinary excretion of the parent compound and its hydroxylation products. Decreasing albumin in mice by the heterozygous and even more by the homozygous knockout leads to an increase in the parent compound in urine which corresponded to increased nephrotoxicity. The role of albumin in OTA-induced hepatotoxicity is more complex, since heterozygous but not homozygous nor wild-type mice showed a strong biliary increase in the toxic open lactone OP-OTA. Correspondingly, OTA-induced hepatotoxicity was higher in heterozygous than in wild-type and homozygous animals. We present evidence that albumin-mediated retention of OTA in hepatocytes is required for formation of the toxic OP-OTA, while complete albumin elimination leads to rapid biliary clearance of OTA from hepatocytes with less formation of OP-OTA. In conclusion, albumin has a strong influence on metabolism and toxicity of OTA. In hypoalbuminemia, the parent OTA is associated with increased nephrotoxicity and the open lactone with increased hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kuhn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Daniela González
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Zaynab Hobloss
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
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Son Y, Lee HJ, Ryu D, Kim JR, Kim HY. Ochratoxin A induces hepatic and renal toxicity in mice through increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and multiple cell death mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2281-2295. [PMID: 38546835 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread food toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and other molds. In this study, we developed and established acute OTA toxicity conditions in mice, which received daily oral doses of OTA between 0.5 up to 8 mg/kg body weight up to 7 days and were subjected to histological and biochemical analysis to characterize renal and hepatic damage. Oral administration of OTA for 7 days resulted in loss of body weight in a dose-dependent manner and increased the levels of serum biomarkers of hepatic and renal damage. The kidney was more sensitive to OTA-induced damage than the liver. In addition to necrosis, OTA induced hepatic and renal apoptosis in dose- and time-dependent manners. Especially, a high dose of OTA (8 mg/kg body weight) administered for 7 days led to necroptosis in both liver and kidney tissues. OTA dose-dependently increased the oxidative stress levels, including lipid peroxidation, in the liver and kidneys. OTA disrupted mitochondrial dynamics and structure in hepatic and renal cells, leading to the dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. OTA increased transferrin receptor 1 and decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results suggest the induction of ferroptosis. Collectively, this study highlighted the characteristics of acute OTA-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in mice in terms of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and multiple cell death mechanisms, including necroptosis and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlim Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea
- Senotherapy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Dojin Ryu
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea.
- Senotherapy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwa-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea.
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Jakopović Ž, Valinger D, Hanousek Čiča K, Mrvčić J, Domijan AM, Čanak I, Kostelac D, Frece J, Markov K. A Predictive Assessment of Ochratoxin A's Effects on Oxidative Stress Parameters and the Fermentation Ability of Yeasts Using Neural Networks. Foods 2024; 13:408. [PMID: 38338543 PMCID: PMC10855555 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of different OTA concentrations on the parameters of oxidative stress (glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations) and glucose utilization in ethanol production by wine yeasts. In addition to the above, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to predict the effects of different OTA concentrations on the fermentation ability of yeasts and oxidative stress parameters. The obtained results indicate a negative influence of OTA (4 µg mL-1) on ethanol production after 12 h. For example, K. marxianus produced 1.320 mg mL-1 of ethanol, while in the control sample 1.603 µg mL-1 of ethanol was detected. However, after 24 h, OTA had no negative effect on ethanol production, since it was higher (7.490 and 3.845 mg mL-1) in comparison to control samples. Even low concentrations of OTA affect GSH concentrations, with the highest being detected after 12 and 24 h (up to 16.54 µM), while MDA concentrations are affected by higher OTA concentrations, with the highest being detected at 24 h (1.19 µM). The obtained results with the use of ANNs showed their potential for quantification purposes based on experimental data, while the results of ANN prediction models have shown to be useful for predictions of what outcomes different concentrations of OTA that were not part of experiment will have on the fermentation capacity and oxidative stress parameters of yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Jakopović
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Davor Valinger
- Laboratory for Measurement, Control and Automatisation, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Karla Hanousek Čiča
- Laboratory for Fermentation and Yeast Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.Č.); (J.M.)
| | - Jasna Mrvčić
- Laboratory for Fermentation and Yeast Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.Č.); (J.M.)
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Iva Čanak
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Deni Kostelac
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Jadranka Frece
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
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Eeza MNH, Bashirova N, Zuberi Z, Matysik J, Berry JP, Alia A. An integrated systems-level model of ochratoxin A toxicity in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo based on NMR metabolic profiling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6341. [PMID: 35428752 PMCID: PMC9012740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most widespread mycotoxin contaminants of agricultural crops. Despite being associated with a range of adverse health effects, a comprehensive systems-level mechanistic understanding of the toxicity of OTA remains elusive. In the present study, metabolic profiling by high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR, coupled to intact zebrafish embryos, was employed to identify metabolic pathways in relation to a systems-level model of OTA toxicity. Embryotoxicity was observed at sub-micromolar exposure concentrations of OTA. Localization of OTA, based on intrinsic fluorescence, as well as a co-localization of increased reactive oxygen species production, was observed in the liver kidney, brain and intestine of embryos. Moreover, HRMAS NMR showed significant alteration of metabolites related to targeting of the liver (i.e., hepatotoxicity), and pathways associated with detoxification and oxidative stress, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Based on metabolic profiles, and complementary assays, an integrated model of OTA toxicity is, thus, proposed. Our model suggests that OTA hepatotoxicity compromises detoxification and antioxidant pathways, leading to mitochondrial membrane dysfunction manifested by crosstalk between pathways of energy metabolism. Interestingly, our data additionally aligns with a possible role of mitochondrial fusion as a "passive mechanism" to rescue mitochondrial integrity during OTA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamed N H Eeza
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Narmin Bashirova
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zain Zuberi
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. .,Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Geng Y, Lu C, Jin G, Li S, Cui Y, Han C, Shi W, Bao Y. Study on the mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides in relieving liver injury of broilers induced by florfenicol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3372-3385. [PMID: 34389946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the transcriptomics and proteomics targets and pathways of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) alleviating florfenicol (FFC)-induced liver injury in broilers, 60 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group ( GP1) was fed tap water, FFC model (GP2) was given tap water containing FFC 0.15 g/L, and SMPs treatment group (GP3) was given tap water containing FFC 0.15 g/L and SMPs 5 g/L. Starting from 1 day of age, the drug was administered continuously for 5 days. On the 6th day, blood was collected from the heart and the liver was taken. Then 3 chickens were randomly taken from each group, and their liver tissues were aseptically removed and placed in an enzyme-free tube. Using high-throughput mRNA sequencing and TMT-labeled quantitative proteomics technology, the transcriptome and proteome of the three groups of broiler liver were analyzed, respectively. The results of the study showed that the liver tissue morphology of the chicks in the GP1 and GP3 groups was complete and there were no obvious necrotic cells in the liver cells. The liver tissue cells in the GP2 group showed obvious damage, the intercellular space increased, and the liver cells showed extensive vacuolation and steatosis. Compared with the GP1 group, the daily gain of chicks in the GP2 group was significantly reduced (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01). Compared with the GP2 group, the GP3 group significantly increased the daily gain of chicks (P <0.0 5 or P <0.01). Compared with the GP1 group, the serum levels of ALT, AST, liver LPO, ROS, and IL-6 in the GP2 group were significantly increased (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01), and the contents of T-AOC, GSH-PX, IL-4, and IL-10 in the liver were significantly decreased (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01). After SMPs treatment, the serum levels of ALT, AST, liver LPO, ROS, and IL-6 were significantly reduced (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01), and the contents of T-AOC, GSH-PX, IL-4, and IL-10 in the liver were significantly increased (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01). There were 380 mRNA and 178 protein differentially expressed between GP2 group and GP3 group. Part of DEGs was randomly selected for QPCR verification, and the expression results of randomly selected FABP1, SLC16A1, GPT2, AACS, and other genes were verified by QPCR to be consistent with the sequencing results, which demonstrated the accuracy of transcriptation-associated proteomics sequencing. The results showed that SMPs could alleviate the oxidative stress and inflammatory damage caused by FFC in the liver of chicken and restore the normal function of the liver. SMPs may alleviate the liver damage caused by FFC by regulating the drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, PPAR signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism, and other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Geng
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Chunyu Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guozhong Jin
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Shuying Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Chao Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wanyu Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China.
| | - Yongzhan Bao
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China
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Darbuka E, Gürkaşlar C, Yaman I. Ochratoxin A induces ERK1/2 phosphorylation-dependent apoptosis through NF-κB/ERK axis in human proximal tubule HK-2 cell line. Toxicon 2021; 199:79-86. [PMID: 34116085 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a food contaminant mycotoxin with hazardous effects on human and animal health, primarily affecting the kidneys. OTA's mode of action is not well understood. OTA activates both MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, which play role in apoptosis and cell survival, respectively. OTA is also known to induce toxicity by activating the NF-κB pathway in immune cells. However, its role in determining the cell fate upon OTA exposure in a human kidney cell line (HK-2) has not been fully explored. We made use of pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB to define its role in viability of OTA-treated HK-2 cells. We show that OTA-induced p65 NF-κB subunit translocation into the nucleus in a time-dependent manner using both Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF). We also document the DNA-binding and reporter gene expression activities of NF-κB by electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and luciferase reporter assays, respectively. Our results indicate that, following 6 h of exposure, OTA fully activates NF-κB pathway and its downstream effectors in HK-2 cells. In addition, Bay11-7085 treatment causes attenuation of the relative levels of OTA-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting a cross-talk between NF-κB and the MAPK/ERK pathway. Critically, co-treatment of HK-2 cells with OTA and Bay11-7085 leads to the inhibition of OTA-induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Our results support a robust association between NF-κB and the MAPK/ERK pathways in the modulation of apoptotic effects of OTA in HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Darbuka
- Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey
| | - Can Gürkaşlar
- Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yaman
- Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey; Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey.
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Ochratoxin A Induces Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells by Impairing the Gene Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040271. [PMID: 33918675 PMCID: PMC8068875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in raw and processed foods. While it is considered a possible human carcinogen, the mechanism of action remains unclear. OTA has been shown to be hepatotoxic in both in vitro and in vivo models and oxidative stress may be one of the factors contributing to its toxicity. Hence, the effect of OTA on human hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 cells, was investigated on oxidative stress parameters. The cytotoxicity of OTA on HepG2 was time- and dose-dependent within a range between 0.1 and 10 µM; while 100 μM of OTA increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, the levels of glutathione (GSH) were increased by 9.7% and 11.3% at 10 and 100 nM of OTA, respectively; while OTA at 100 μM depleted GSH by 40.5% after 24 h exposure compared with the control. Finally, the mRNA level of catalase (CAT) was downregulated by 2.33-, 1.92-, and 1.82-fold after cells were treated with 1, 10, and 10 μM OTA for 24 h, respectively; which was linked to a decrease in CAT enzymatic activity. These results suggest that oxidative stress is involved in OTA-mediated toxicity in HepG2 cells.
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Mézes M, Kovács M, Szabó A. Mycotoxin exposure, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Effects of Single and Repeated Oral Doses of Ochratoxin A on the Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Mouse Kidneys. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110732. [PMID: 33266415 PMCID: PMC7700583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin-A (OTA) is a carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxin, which may cause health problems in humans and animals, and it is a contaminant in foods and feeds. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of oral OTA exposure on the antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation in the kidney. In vivo administration of OTA in CD1, male mice (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight in a single oral dose for 24 h and repeated daily oral dose for 72 h or repeated daily oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight for 21 days) resulted in a significant elevation of OTA levels in blood plasma. Some histopathological alterations, transcriptional changes in the glutathione system, and oxidative stress response-related genes were also found. In the renal cortex, the activity of the glutathione-system-related enzymes and certain metabolites of the lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes, trienes, and thiobarbituric reactive substances) also changed.
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Claeys L, Romano C, De Ruyck K, Wilson H, Fervers B, Korenjak M, Zavadil J, Gunter MJ, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Huybrechts I. Mycotoxin exposure and human cancer risk: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1449-1464. [PMID: 33337079 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the carcinogenicity of mycotoxins in humans. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk. Publications (2019 and earlier) of case-control or longitudinal cohort studies were identified in PubMed and EMBASE. These articles were then screened by independent reviewers and their quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Animal, cross-sectional, and molecular studies satisfied criteria for exclusion. In total, 14 articles were included: 13 case-control studies and 1 longitudinal cohort study. Included articles focused on associations of mycotoxin exposure with primary liver, breast, and cervical cancer. Overall, a positive association between the consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods and primary liver cancer risk was verified. Two case-control studies in Africa investigated the relationship between zearalenone and its metabolites and breast cancer risk, though conflicting results were reported. Two case-control studies investigated the association between hepatocellular carcinoma and fumonisin B1 exposure, but no significant associations were observed. This systematic review incorporates several clear observations of dose-dependent associations between aflatoxins and liver cancer risk, in keeping with IARC Monograph conclusions. Only few human epidemiological studies investigated the associations between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk. To close this gap, more in-depth research is needed to unravel evidence for other common mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A. The link between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk has mainly been established in experimental studies, and needs to be confirmed in human epidemiological studies to support the evidence-based public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel Claeys
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chiara Romano
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hayley Wilson
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Beatrice Fervers
- Department of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérnard, UA08 INSERM Radiation, Defense, Health and Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Korenjak
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Li P, Li K, Zou C, Tong C, Sun L, Cao Z, Yang S, Lyu Q. Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in Chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030143. [PMID: 32106596 PMCID: PMC7150738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of selenium yeast (Se-Y) against hepatotoxicity induced by ochratoxin A (OTA). The OTA-induced liver injury model was established in chickens by daily oral gavage of 50 µg/kg OTA for 21 days. Serum biochemistry analysis, antioxidant analysis, as well as the qRT-PCR and Western blot (WB) analyses were then used to evaluate oxidative damage and apoptosis in chicken liver tissue. The results showed that Se-Y significantly increased liver coefficient induced by OTA (P < 0.05). OTA + Se-Y treated group revealed that Se-Y reduced the OTA-induced increase in glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content, and reversed the decrease in antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (P < 0.05). In this study, we found that OTA is involved in the mRNA expression levels about Nrf2/Keap1 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, such as oxidative stress-related genes (Nrf2, GSH-Px, GLRX2 and Keap1) and apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Caspase3, P53, AKT, PI3K and Bcl-2). Besides, significant downregulations of protein expression of HO-1, MnSOD, Nrf2 and Bcl-2, as well as a significant upregulation of Caspase3 and Bax levels were observed after contaminated with OTA (P < 0.05). Notably, OTA-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in the liver of chickens were reverted back to normal level in the OTA + Se-Y group. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with Se-Y effectively ameliorates OTA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Kang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Chao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Cui Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Lin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhongjun Cao
- Tieling City Inspection and Testing and Certification Service Center (Animal Product Safety Testing Station), Tieling 112000, China;
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiufeng Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Q.L.)
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13
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Ren Z, He H, Fan Y, Chen C, Zuo Z, Deng J. Research Progress on the Toxic Antagonism of Selenium Against Mycotoxins. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:273-280. [PMID: 30267312 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal feed is prone to becoming infected with molds during production and storage, resulting in secondary metabolite mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), T-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A (OTA), which are harmful to humans and animals. Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and it is also an effective antioxidant. Many studies have shown that selenium can reduce the damage caused by mycotoxins in animals. This article reviews the current literature on the antagonistic effects of selenium on AFB1, T-2, DON, and OTA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hongyi He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changhao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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14
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Chen H, Yao L, Brown C, Rizzo CJ, Turesky RJ. Quantitation of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites in Isolated DNA and in Mammalian Tissue with a Reduced Level of Artifacts. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7403-7410. [PMID: 31055913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site is a common lesion of DNA damage. The levels of AP sites reported in the literature cover a wide range, which is primarily due to the artifactual generation or loss of AP sites during processing of the DNA. Herein, we have developed a method for quantitating AP sites with a largely reduced level of artifacts by derivatizing AP sites before DNA isolation. A rapid digestion of nuclear protein was performed to minimize enzymatic DNA repair, followed by direct derivatization of AP sites in the nuclear lysate with O-(pyridin-3-yl-methyl)hydroxylamine, yielding an oxime derivative that is stable through the subsequent DNA processing steps. Quantitation was done using highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with a limit of quantitation at 2.2 lesions per 108 nucleotides (nts, 0.9 fmol on column). The method was applied in vivo to measure AP sites in rats undergoing oxidative stress [liver, 3.31 ± 0.47/107 nts (dosed) vs 0.91 ± 0.06/107 nts (control); kidney, 1.60 ± 0.07/107 nts (dosed) vs 1.13 ± 0.12/107 nts (control)]. The basal AP level was significantly lower than literature values. The method was also used to measure AP sites induced by the chemotherapeutic nitrogen mustard in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Lihua Yao
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Christina Brown
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Carmelo J Rizzo
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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15
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Barbasz A, Rudolphi-Skórska E, Filek M, Janeczko A. Exposure of human lymphoma cells (U-937) to the action of a single mycotoxin as well as in mixtures with the potential protectors 24-epibrassinolide and selenium ions. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:89-98. [PMID: 30411199 PMCID: PMC6331508 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progressive contamination of food products by mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEN) has prompted the search for specific substances that can act as protectors against an accumulation of these toxins. This paper discusses the effect of selenium ions and 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) as non-organic and organic compounds that preserve human lymphoblastic cells U-937 under ZEN stressogenic conditions. Based on measurements of cell viability and a DAPI test, concentrations of ZEN at 30 μmol/l, Se at 2.5 μmol/l and EBR at 0.005 μmol/l were selected. The addition of both protectors resulted in an increase in the viability of ZEN-treated cells by about 16%. This effect was connected with a decrease in lipid peroxidation (a decrease in the malonyldialdehyde content) and the generation of reactive oxygen species, which were determined by a cellular ROS/superoxide detection assay and the SOD activity. The Se protection was observed as the blocking of the all excess ROS, while the EBR action was mainly concentrated on something other than the superoxide radical itself. The experiments on the model lipid membranes that mimic the environment of U-937 cells confirmed the affect of ZEN on the structure and physicochemical properties of human membranes. Although the presence of both Se and EBR reduced the effect of ZEN by blocking its interaction with a membrane, the action of Se was more evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barbasz
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Maria Filek
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Cracow, Poland
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podłużna 3, 30-239, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podłużna 3, 30-239, Cracow, Poland
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16
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Rašić D, Micek V, Klarić MS, Peraica M. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of combined OTA and CTN toxicity in rat plasma, liver and kidney. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 38:434-445. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327118819049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) commonly coexist in grains. Aiming to evaluate oxidative stress in OTA + CTN toxicity, male Wistar rats were orally treated with two doses of OTA (0.125 and 0.250 mg kg−1 of body weight (b.w.)), CTN (2 mg kg−1 of b.w.) and resveratrol (RSV; 20 mg kg−1 of b.w.) and combined daily during 3 weeks. Protein carbonyl concentrations were measured in kidneys and liver; catalytic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) level in plasma, kidneys and liver, while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was measured in plasma, kidneys, liver and urine. Mycotoxin treatment significantly increased MDA concentration in plasma and kidney and decreased SOD activity in the liver. Rats treated with CTN and OTA125 + CTN had lower plasma GPx activity. Concentration of GSH in the kidney and protein carbonyls in the kidney and liver as well as GPx activity in the kidney and liver, SOD activity in the kidney and CAT activity in the liver were not affected. Protective effect of RSV was observed on GSH in the kidney and plasma and MDA in the kidney, plasma and urine. Oxidative stress is involved in OTA + CTN toxicity in vivo because such treatment affects parameters of oxidative stress, particularly in plasma. RSV can reduce but not overcome oxidative stress induced by combined OTA and CTN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rašić
- Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Micek
- Laboratory Animals Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - MS Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Peraica
- Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Klopčič I, Dolenc MS. Chemicals and Drugs Forming Reactive Quinone and Quinone Imine Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:1-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Klopčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Wang H, Zhai N, Chen Y, Fu C, Huang K. OTA induces intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption in IPEC-J2 cells through ROS/Ca 2+-mediated MLCK activation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:106-112. [PMID: 29966834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a frequent contaminant of feed and food worldwide. The toxicity of OTA on intestinal barrier was investigated in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). We observed that OTA induced intestinal barrier dysfunction as indicated by the reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and elevation in paracellular permeability to 4 kDa dextran. The barrier dysfunction was accompanied with tight junction disruption including a down-regulation in ZO-1 expression and redistribution of Occludin and ZO-1. Moreover, OTA exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, elevated the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]c) and activated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Simultaneously, NAC, a ROS scavenger, blocked OTA-induced ROS generation, [Ca2+]c elevation, barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption, suggesting that OTA-induced ROS generation may act as a trigger. Next, we found that OTA-induced MLCK activation was inhibited by BAPTA-AM, the cytosolic Ca2+ chelator, demonstrating that OTA-induced MLCK activation is dependent on [Ca2+]c elevation. Furthermore, inhibition of MLCK with ML-7 or inhibition of [Ca2+]c elevation with BAPTA-AM markedly prevented OTA-induced barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption. Taken together, our results indicated that OTA induces ROS generation, and then elevates the [Ca2+]c and MLCK activity in turn, which finally induces barrier dysfunction and disrupts tight junction in IPEC-J2 cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nianhui Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chongyang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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19
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Bhat PV, Anand T, Mohan Manu T, Khanum F. Restorative effect of l-Dopa treatment against Ochratoxin A induced neurotoxicity. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:252-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Ratnaseelan AM, Tsilioni I, Theoharides TC. Effects of Mycotoxins on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Immune Processes. Clin Ther 2018; 40:903-917. [PMID: 29880330 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of air pollutants have been receiving increased attention both clinically and in the media. One such pollutant is mold, fungal growth in the form of multicellular filaments known as hyphae. The growth of molds is omnipresent not only in outdoor settings but also in indoor environments containing excessive amounts of moisture. METHODS PubMed was searched for relevant articles using terms such as mold, mycotoxins, fungi, immunity, inflammation, neurodevelopment, cognition, Alzheimer's, and autism. FINDINGS Exposure to molds is most commonly associated with allergies and asthma. However, it is now thought to be associated with many complex health problems, since some molds, especially Trichoderma, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp, produce mycotoxins that are absorbed from the skin, airways, and intestinal lining. People exposed to molds and mycotoxins present with symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the lungs, musculoskeletal system, as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems. Furthermore, evidence has recently implicated exposure to mycotoxins in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. The effects of mycotoxins can be mediated via different pathways that include the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially from mast cells. IMPLICATIONS The information reviewed indicates that exposure to mold and mycotoxins can affect the nervous system, directly or through immune cell activation, thus contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarane M Ratnaseelan
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irene Tsilioni
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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21
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Enciso JM, López de Cerain A, Pastor L, Azqueta A, Vettorazzi A. Is oxidative stress involved in the sex-dependent response to ochratoxin A renal toxicity? Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:379-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Effects of combined treatment with ochratoxin A and citrinin on oxidative damage in kidneys and liver of rats. Toxicon 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Tao Y, Xie S, Xu F, Liu A, Wang Y, Chen D, Pan Y, Huang L, Peng D, Wang X, Yuan Z. Ochratoxin A: Toxicity, oxidative stress and metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:320-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Modulations of DNMT1 and HDAC1 are involved in the OTA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 278:170-178. [PMID: 29080797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) as a fungal metabolite is reported to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis through the mechanism of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress could induce the epigenetic enzymes modifications. However, whether epigenetic enzymes modifications are involved in OTA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis has not been reported until now. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to verify OTA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis and to investigate the potential role of epigenetic enzymes in OTA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in PK15 cells. The results demonstrated that OTA at 4 μg/ml treatment for 12 h and 24 h induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis as demonstrated by decreasing cell viability, increasing LDH release, Annexin V/PI staining, Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio and apoptotic nuclei in PK15 cells. OTA treatment up-regulated ROS production and down-regulated GSH levels. In addition, OTA treatment activated the epigenetics related enzymes DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Adding DNMT1 inhibitor (5-Aza-2dc) or HDAC1 inhibitor (LBH589) depressed the up-regulation of DNMT1 or HDAC1 expression, the decreases of GSH levels and increases of ROS production induced by OTA, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of DNMT1 or HDAC1 by their inhibitor reversed the decreases of cell viability and increases of LDH activity and apoptosis induced by OTA, respectively. In conclusion, the observed effects indicate that the critical modulation of DNMT1 and HDAC1 is related to OTA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis.
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25
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Ostry V, Malir F, Toman J, Grosse Y. Mycotoxins as human carcinogens-the IARC Monographs classification. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:65-73. [PMID: 27888487 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins, ochratoxins), mainly via food intake of plant and animal origin. The health risks stemming from mycotoxins may result from their toxicity, in particular their carcinogenicity. In order to prevent these risks, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon (France)-through its IARC Monographs programme-has performed the carcinogenic hazard assessment of some mycotoxins in humans, on the basis of epidemiological data, studies of cancer in experimental animals and mechanistic studies. The present article summarizes the carcinogenic hazard assessments of those mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1), fumonisins (fumonisin B1 and B2) and ochratoxin A (OTA). New information regarding the genotoxicity of OTA (formation of OTA-DNA adducts), the role of OTA in oxidative stress and the identification of epigenetic factors involved in OTA carcinogenesis-should they indeed provide strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans-could lead to the reclassification of OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
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26
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Limited Link between Oxidative Stress and Ochratoxin A-Induced Renal Injury in an Acute Toxicity Rat Model. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120373. [PMID: 27983637 PMCID: PMC5198567 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) displays nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. However, in the acute toxicity rat model, there is no evidence on the relationship between OTA and nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Based on this, the integrated analysis of physiological status, damage biomarkers, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were performed. After OTA treatment, the body weight decreased and AST, ALP, TP, and BUN levels in serum increased. Hydropic degeneration, swelling, vacuolization, and partial drop occurred in proximal tubule epithelial cells. PCNA and Kim-1 were dose-dependently increased in the kidney, but Cox-2 expression and proliferation were not found in the liver. In OTA-treated kidneys, the mRNA expressions of Kim-1, Cox-2, Lcn2, and Clu were dose-dependently increased. The mRNA expressions of Vim and Cox-2 were decreased in OTA-treated livers. Some oxidative stress indicators were altered in the kidneys (ROS and SOD) and livers (SOD and GSH). DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage were not found. In conclusion, there is a limited link between oxidative stress and OTA-induced renal injury in an acute toxicity rat model.
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Tanaka T, Hasegawa-Baba Y, Watanabe Y, Mizukami S, Kangawa Y, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Maternal exposure to ochratoxin A targets intermediate progenitor cells of hippocampal neurogenesis in rat offspring via cholinergic signal downregulation and oxidative stress responses. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nesci A, Passone MA, Barra P, Girardi N, García D, Etcheverry M. Prevention of aflatoxin contamination in stored grains using chemical strategies. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yuan J, Gu Z, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Chen S, Wang Z. Accumulation and detoxification dynamics of microcystin-LR and antioxidant responses in male red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:8-18. [PMID: 27218425 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MC-LR is one of major microcystin isoforms with potent hepatotoxicity. In the present study, we aim to: 1) explore the dynamics of MC-LR accumulation and elimination in different tissues of male red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii; 2) reveal the mechanisms underlying hepatic antioxidation and detoxification. In the semi-static toxicity tests under the water temperature of 25±2°C, P. clarkii were exposed to 0.1, 1, 10 and 100μg/L MC-LR for 7days for accumulation and subsequently relocated to freshwater for another 7days to depurate MC-LR. MC-LR was measured in the hepatopancreas, intestine, abdominal muscle and gill by HPLC. The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), content of glutathione (GSH), and transcripts of Mn-sod, cat, gpx1, Mu-gst, heat shock protein90 (hsp90), hsp70 and hsp60 in hepatopancreas were detected. The results showed that P. clarkii accumulated more MC-LR in intestine, and less in abdominal muscle and gill during accumulation period and eliminated the toxin more quickly in gill and abdominal muscle, and comparatively slowly in intestine during depuration period. The fast increase of SOD and CAT activities at early stage, subsequent decrease at later stage of accumulation period and then fast increase during depuration period were partially consistent with the transcriptional changes of their respective genes. GPx was activated by longer MC-LR exposure and gpx1 mRNA expression showed uncoordinated regulation pattern compared with its enzyme. Hsp genes were up-regulated when P. clarkii was exposed to MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julin Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Freshwater Fishery Healthy Breeding Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Freshwater Fishery Healthy Breeding Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China.
| | - Yao Zheng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiancao Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Malir J, Toman J. Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E191. [PMID: 27384585 PMCID: PMC4963825 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane 31320, France.
| | - Jan Malir
- Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, Prague 11600, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, Aljawish A, Kenawy AM, El-Nekeety AA, Hamed HS, Abdel-Aziem SH. Grafting of gallic acid onto chitosan nano particles enhances antioxidant activities in vitro and protects against ochratoxin A toxicity in catfish (Clarias gariepinus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:279-288. [PMID: 26774075 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare and characterize enzymatic modified chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) with gallic acid (GA) or octyl gallate (OG) to optimize its potential in human application and to evaluate their protective role against ochrtoxin A (OTA) toxicity in catfish. The modified CSNPs have average size around 90 nm with positive charge and high scavenging activity especially GA-CSNPs. In the in vivo study, catfish were divided into 8 groups and treated for 3 weeks as follow: the control group, OTA-treated group (1 mg/kg b.w.), the groups treated with CSNPs, GA-CSNPs or OG-CSNPs (280 mg/kg b.w.) anole or in combination with OTA. Blood, liver and kidney samples were collected for different analyses. OTA induced a significant biochemical disturbances accompanied with oxidative stress in liver and kidney, histological changes and increase DNA fragmentation in the kidney. Co-treatment with OTA plus the different CSNPs resulted in a significant improvement in all tested parameters and histological picture of the kidney. This improvement was more pronounced in the group treated with GA-CSNPs. It could be concluded that grafting of GA or its ester improved the properties of CSNPs. Moreover, GA-CSNPs showed strong scavenging properties than OG-CSNPs due to the blocking of carboxyl groups responsible of the scavenging activity in OG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdulhadi Aljawish
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA40602-F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Amany M Kenawy
- Hydrobiology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba S Hamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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González-Arias CA, Benitez-Trinidad AB, Sordo M, Robledo-Marenco L, Medina-Díaz IM, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Marín S, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Rojas-García AE. Low doses of ochratoxin A induce micronucleus formation and delay DNA repair in human lymphocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 74:249-54. [PMID: 25455892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of food commodities by fungal toxins has attracted great interest because many of these mycotoxins are responsible for different diseases, including cancer and other chronic illnesses. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin naturally present in food, and long-term exposure to food contaminated with low levels of OTA has been associated with renal cancer. In the present study, the cytotoxicity, cytostaticity, and genotoxicity of OTA (0.075-15 µM) in human lymphocytes were evaluated. A comet assay, a modified comet assay (DNA repair assay), which uses N-hydroxyurea (NHU) to detect non-repaired lesions produced by OTA, and a cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay were used. Treatments with OTA were not cytotoxic, but OTA caused a cytostatic effect in human lymphocytes at a concentration of 15 µM. OTA (0.075-5 µM) produced a slight increase in the percentage of DNA in the comets and a delay in the DNA repair capacity of the lymphocytes. Micronucleus (MN) induction was observed at OTA concentrations of 1.5 and 5 µM. Our results indicate that OTA induces DNA stable damage at low doses that are neither cytotoxic nor cytostatic, and OTA delays the DNA repair kinetics. These findings indicate that OTA affects two pivotal events in the carcinogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyndia A González-Arias
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
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Mahalingaiah PKS, Ponnusamy L, Singh KP. Chronic oxidative stress leads to malignant transformation along with acquisition of stem cell characteristics, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human renal epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1916-28. [PMID: 25546616 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative injury to cellular macromolecules has been suggested as a common pathway shared by multiple etiological factors for kidney cancer. Whether the chronic oxidative stress alone is sufficient to induce malignant transformation in human kidney cells is not clear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of H2O2-induced chronic oxidative stress on growth, and malignant transformation of HK-2 normal kidney epithelial cells. This study revealed that chronic oxidative stress causes increased growth and neoplastic transformation in normal kidney epithelial cells at non-cytotoxic dose and increased adaptation to cytotoxic level. This was confirmed by gene expression changes, cell cycle analysis, anchorage independent growth assay and in vivo tumorigenicity in nude mice. Stem cells characteristics as revealed by up-regulation of stem cell marker genes, and morphological changes indicative of EMT with up regulation of mesenchymal markers were also observed in cells exposed to chronic oxidative stress. Antioxidant NAC did not reverse the chronic oxidative stress-induced growth, and adaptation suggesting that perturbed biological function in these cells are permanent. Partial reversal of oxidative stress-induced growth, and adaptation by silencing of Oct 4 and Snail1, respectively, suggest that these changes are mediated by acquisition of stem cell and EMT characteristics. In summary, this study for the first time suggests that chronic exposure to elevated levels of oxidative stress is sufficient to induce malignant transformation in kidney epithelial cells through acquisition of stem cell characteristics. Additionally, the EMT plays an important role in increased adaptive response of renal cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Kumar S Mahalingaiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Denshary ES, El-Nekeety AA, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Hamzawy MA, Elyamany MF, Hassan NS, Mannaa FA, Shaiea MNQ, Gado RA, Zawrah MF. Efficacy of Organo-Modified Nano Montmorillonite to Protect against the Cumulative Health Risk of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> and Ochratoxin A in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/snl.2015.52004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Paradells S, Rocamonde B, Llinares C, Herranz-Pérez V, Jimenez M, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Zipancic I, Soria JM, Garcia-Esparza MA. Neurotoxic effects of ochratoxin A on the subventricular zone of adult mouse brain. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:737-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paradells
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | - Brenda Rocamonde
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | - Cristina Llinares
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva; Universitat de València; 46980 Paterna Valencia, CIBERNED Spain
- Unidad mixta de Esclerosis múltiple y neurorregeneración; IIS Hospital La Fe-UVEG; 46013 Valencia Spain
| | - Misericordia Jimenez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva; Universitat de València; 46980 Paterna Valencia, CIBERNED Spain
- Unidad mixta de Esclerosis múltiple y neurorregeneración; IIS Hospital La Fe-UVEG; 46013 Valencia Spain
| | - Ivan Zipancic
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda. Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Soria
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda. Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | - Ma. Angeles Garcia-Esparza
- Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avda. Seminario 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
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Qi X, Yu T, Zhu L, Gao J, He X, Huang K, Luo Y, Xu W. Ochratoxin A induces rat renal carcinogenicity with limited induction of oxidative stress responses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:543-9. [PMID: 25218026 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) has displayed nephrotoxicity and renal carcinogenicity in mammals, however, no clear mechanisms have been identified detailing the relationship between oxidative stress and these toxicities. This study was performed to clarify the relationship between oxidative stress and the renal carcinogenicity induced by OTA. Rats were treated with 70 or 210 μg/kg b.w. OTA for 4 or 13 weeks. In the rats administrated with OTA for 13 weeks, the kidney was damaged seriously. Cytoplasmic vacuolization was observed in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Karyomegaly was prominent in the tubular epithelium. Kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) was detected in the outer stripe of the outer medulla in both low- and high-dose groups. OTA increased the mRNA levels of clusterin in rat kidneys. Interestingly, OTA did not significantly alter the oxidative stress level in rat liver and kidney. Yet, some indications related to proliferation and carcinogenicity were observed. A dose-related increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was observed at 4 weeks in both liver and kidney, but at 13 weeks, only in the kidney. OTA down-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulated vimentin and lipocalin 2 in rat kidney at 13 weeks. The p53 gene was decreased in both liver and kidney at 13 weeks. These results suggest that OTA caused apparent kidney damage within 13 weeks but exerted limited effect on oxidative stress parameters. It implies that cell proliferation is the proposed mode of action for OTA-induced renal carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Qi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liye Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
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Disturbed Hsp70 and Hsp27 expression and thiol redox status in porcine kidney PK15 cells provoked by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bui‐Klimke T, Wu F. Evaluating weight of evidence in the mystery of Balkan endemic nephropathy. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1688-1705. [PMID: 24954501 PMCID: PMC4199864 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, progressive wasting disease of the kidneys, endemic in certain rural regions of the Balkan nations Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania. It is irreversible and ultimately fatal. Though this disease was first described in the 1950s, its causes have been a mystery and a source of much academic and clinical contention. Possible etiologic agents that have been explored include exposure to metals and metalloids, viruses and bacteria, and the dietary toxins aristolochic acid (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA). AA is a toxin produced by weeds of the genus Aristolochia, common in Balkan wheat fields. Aristolochia seeds may intermingle with harvested grains and thus inadvertently enter human diets. OTA is a mycotoxin (fungal toxin) common in many foods, including cereal grains. In this study, we analyzed the weight of evidence for each of the suspected causes of BEN using the Bradford Hill criteria (BHC): nine conditions that determine weight of evidence for a causal relationship between an agent and a disease. Each agent postulated to cause BEN was evaluated using the nine criteria, and for each criterion was given a rating based on the strength of the association between exposure to the substance and BEN. From the overall available scientific evidence for each of these suspected risk factors, AA is the agent with the greatest weight of evidence in causing BEN. We describe other methods for testing causality from epidemiological studies, which support this conclusion of AA causing BEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Bui‐Klimke
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health100 Technology Dr.PittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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Deficient glutathione in the pathophysiology of mycotoxin-related illness. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:608-23. [PMID: 24517907 PMCID: PMC3942754 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of mycotoxin-related illness is increasing. The glutathione antioxidant and detoxification systems play a major role in the antioxidant function of cells. Exposure to mycotoxins in humans requires the production of glutathione on an “as needed” basis. Research suggests that mycotoxins can decrease the formation of glutathione due to decreased gene expression of the enzymes needed to form glutathione. Mycotoxin-related compromise of glutathione production can result in an excess of oxidative stress that leads to tissue damage and systemic illness. The review discusses the mechanisms by which mycotoxin-related deficiency of glutathione may lead to both acute and chronic illnesses.
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Goyary D, Chattopadhyay P, Giri S, Aher V, Upadhyay A, Veer V. Ochratoxin A induces cytotoxicity, DNA damage and apoptosis in rat hepatocyte primary cell culture at nanomolar concentration. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillum, is widely found as a contaminant of food. OTA exhibits a wide range of toxic activities, including nephro- and hepatotoxicity. Although the mechanisms of its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity have been studied before, many controversial results have been published. In addition, the studies were mostly conducted with kidney cells. Therefore, the present study used a primary culture of Wistar rat hepatocytes incubated with increasing concentrations of OTA (2.0-6.0 nanomolar). OTA treatment showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Further, flow cytometric analysis of hepatocytes showed dose-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that OTA-induced hepatotoxicity is, may be partly, mediated by apoptosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene, a potent pro-angiogenic in hepatocellular carcinoma and responsible for hepatocyte regeneration, did not show any change with OTA treatment, as analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Thus, the present data indicated OTA-induced rat hepatotoxicity in vitro at nanomolar concentration, which inferred a major possible target other than kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - P. Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - S. Giri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Science, Ashram more, G.T. Road, Asansol 713 301, West Bengal, India
| | - V. Aher
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - A. Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - V. Veer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
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Sorrenti V, Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R, Barbagallo I, Bognanno M, Galvano F. Toxicity of ochratoxin a and its modulation by antioxidants: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1742-66. [PMID: 24152986 PMCID: PMC3813909 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin involved in the development of different types of cancers in rats, mice and humans. A growing number of in vitro and in vivo studies has been collected and has described evidence compatible with a role for oxidative stress in OTA toxicity and carcinogenicity. Because the contribution of the oxidative stress response in the development of cancers is well established, a role in OTA carcinogenicity is plausible. Several studies have been performed to try to counteract the adverse effects of oxygen radicals generated under OTA-exposure. A number of molecules with various antioxidant properties were tested, using in vivo or in vitro models. Protection against OTA-induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, as well as cytotoxicity were observed, further confirming the link between OTA toxicity and oxidative damage. These studies demonstrated that antioxidants are able to counteract the deleterious effects of chronic consumption or exposure to OTA and confirmed the potential effectiveness of dietary strategies to counteract OTA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Matteo Bognanno
- Agriculture Department, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria89122, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
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Cui J, Liu J, Wu S, Wang Y, Shen H, Xing L, Wang J, Yan X, Zhang X. Oxidative DNA damage is involved in ochratoxin A-induced G2 arrest through ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) pathways in human gastric epithelium GES-1 cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1829-40. [PMID: 23515941 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the most abundant mycotoxin food contaminants, is classified as "possibly carcinogenic to humans." Our previous study showed that OTA could induce a G2 arrest in immortalized human gastric epithelium cells (GES-1). To explore the putative roles of oxidative DNA damage and the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) pathways on the OTA-induced G2 arrest, the current study systematically evaluated the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage, and ATM-dependent pathway activation on the OTA-induced G2 phase arrest in GES-1 cells. The results showed that OTA exposure elevated intracellular ROS production, which directly induced DNA damage and increased the levels of 8-OHdG and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In addition, it was found that OTA treatment induced the phosphorylation of the ATM protein, as well as its downstream molecules Chk2 and p53, in response to DNA DSBs. Inhibition of ATM by the pharmacological inhibitor caffeine or siRNA effectively prevented the activation of ATM-dependent pathways and rescued the G2 arrest elicited by OTA. Finally, pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reduced the OTA-induced DNA DSBs, ATM phosphorylation, and G2 arrest. In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that OTA-induced oxidative DNA damage triggered the ATM-dependent pathways, which ultimately elicited a G2 arrest in GES-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Cui
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 215, Heping Western Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Lu X, Yu C. Enantiomer-specific profenofos-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage mediated by oxidative stress in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:166-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianting Lu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering; Hangzhou Dianzi University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Cheng Yu
- HangZhou Environmental Protection CO. LTD; Hangzhou 310007 China
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Palabiyik SS, Erkekoglu P, Zeybek ND, Kizilgun M, Baydar DE, Sahin G, Giray BK. Protective effect of lycopene against ochratoxin A induced renal oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:853-61. [PMID: 23332503 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of lycopene against the renal toxic effects of OTA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (<200 g, n=6) were treated with OTA (0.5 mg/kg/day) and/or lycopene (5 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 14 days. Histopathological examinations were performed and apoptotic cell death in both cortex and medulla was evaluated by TUNEL assay. Besides, biochemical parameters and activities of renal antioxidant selenoenzymes [glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)], catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD); concentrations of total glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. OTA treatment was found to induce oxidative stress in rat kidney, as evidenced by marked decreases in CAT (35%) activity and GSH levels (44%) as well as increase in SOD activity (22%) vs control group. Furthermore, TUNEL analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in cortex (49%) and medulla (75%) in OTA administrated group compared to control (p<0.05). Lycopene supplementation with OTA increased GPx1 activity and GSH levels, and decreased apoptotic cell death in both cortex and medulla vs. control. The results of this study showed that at least one of the mechanisms underlying the renal toxicity of OTA is oxidative stress and apoptosis is the major form of cell death caused by OTA. Besides, our data indicate that the natural antioxidant lycopene might be partially protective against OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sezin Palabiyik
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Capraro J, Rossi F. The effects of ochratoxin A on liver metabolism. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-012-0101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Palabiyik S, Erkekoglu P, Zeybek N, Kızılgun M, Sahin G, Giray BK. Ochratoxin A causes oxidative stress and cell death in rat liver. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) on oxidant/antioxidant status and on histopathological changes and apoptotic cell death in livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats has been investigated. OTA (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered by oral route for 14 days. Plasma biochemical parameters, activities of liver selenoenzymes (glutathione peroxidase-1, thioredoxin reductase) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase), and levels of total glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in hepatic tissue were measured. In addition, histopathological examinations were performed and apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes was evaluated by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay. OTA exposure was found to induce focal necrosis of hepatocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration. Besides, exposure to OTA caused an imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant parameters in the rat liver, as evidenced by significant decreases in glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione levels, and marked increases in concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Furthermore, TUNEL analysis revealed a significant ~2.7-fold increase in the number of TUNEL-positive liver cells of rats exposed to OTA compared to the control group. The results of this study showed that oxidative stress is at least one of the mechanisms underlying the hepatic toxicity of OTA, and that both necrosis and apoptosis are types of cell death in the hepatic toxicity of this mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Palabiyik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - P. Erkekoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - N.D. Zeybek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. Kızılgun
- Department of Biochemistry, Diskapi Children's Health and Diseases, Hematology, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, 06590 Ankara, Turkey
| | - G. Sahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta T.R. North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - B. Kocer Giray
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Kumar M, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK, Sankar M, Patil RD, Singh ND. Apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in ochratoxin A- and citrinin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:90-8. [PMID: 22773436 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712452598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins produced mainly by fungal species Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium citrinum, respectively, which have been found to occur together in various food and feed commodities. In the present study, both OTA and CIT were evaluated for their potential to induce oxidative damage by determining lipid peroxidation (LPO) through malondialdehyde (MDA) assay and apoptosis by flow cytometry, gel electrophoresis and renal ultrastructural morphology in rabbits fed with diets containing OTA (0.75 mg/kg feed), CIT (15 mg/kg feed) and OTA + CIT (0.75 and 15 mg/kg feed, respectively) up to 60 days. The concentration of MDA was found significantly higher in OTA and combination-treated groups. OTA and combination-treated groups revealed more apoptotic cells in flow cytometry when compared with the CIT-treated group. Characteristic DNA fragmentation, as evidenced by ladder pattern in electrophoresis appeared in the toxin-treated groups. Ultrastructurally, interstitial cells showed nuclear fragmentation and cytoplasmic blebbing in OTA- and CIT-treated groups; whereas, proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells, besides interstitial cells, showed nuclear fragmentation in the combined treatment group. The results suggested that low concentrations of OTA and CIT either alone or in combination induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner and LPO in the rabbit kidney, which appeared to play a major role in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, the interaction of these two nephrotoxic mycotoxins was found to be additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- 1Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Ochratoxin A induces oxidative DNA damage and G1 phase arrest in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:164-71. [PMID: 22498431 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins worldwide, and its immunosuppressive effects in human caused more and more concern in biomedical field. In the present study, the toxicity of OTA on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) was explored by analyzing the involvement of oxidative pathway. It was found that OTA treatment led to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the increase of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an important biomarker of oxidative DNA stress. Moreover, we found that OTA treatment induced DNA strand breaks in hPBMC as evidenced by DNA comet tails formation and increased γ-H2AX expression. In addition, OTA could induce cell cycle arrest at G1 phase by down-regulating the expression of CDK4 and cyclinD1 protein, as well as apoptosis in hPBMC in vitro. Pre-treatment of hPBMC with antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), could reduce OTA-induced ROS release and DNA damage, thus confirming the involvement of oxidative DNA damage in the OTA genotoxicity in hPBMC. NAC pre-treatment could also significantly prevent OTA-induced down-regulation of CDK4 and cyclinD1 expression in hPBMC. All the results demonstrated the involvement of oxidative pathway in OTA mediated cytotoxicity in human immune cells, which including the ROS accumulation-oxidative DNA damage-G1 arrest and apoptosis. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which OTA might promote immunotoxicity.
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Akman SA, Adams M, Case D, Park G, Manderville RA. Mutagenicity of ochratoxin A and its hydroquinone metabolite in the SupF gene of the mutation reporter plasmid Ps189. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:267-80. [PMID: 22606376 PMCID: PMC3347003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that enhances renal tumor formation in the outer medulla of male rat kidney. Direct DNA damage and subsequent mutagenicity may contribute to these processes. In this study we have determined whether OTA in the absence or presence of activated rat liver microsomes (RLM) or redox-active transition metals (Fe(III) or Cu(II)) causes promutagenic DNA damage in the supF gene of the mutation reporter plasmid pS189 replicating in human Ad293 cells. In addition, we have assessed the mutagenicity of the hydroquinone metabolite (OTHQ) of OTA in the absence or presence of cysteine without added cofactors. Our results show that oxidation of OTA, either by RLM or by transition metal ions, activates OTA to a directly genotoxic mutagen(s). The Fe(III)/OTA system was the most potent mutagen in our experimental system, causing a 32-fold increase in mutant fraction (MF) above the spontaneous control MF. The Cu(II)/OTA system caused a 9-fold increase in MF, while a 6-10-fold increase in MF was observed for OTA in the presence of RLM. The OTHQ metabolite is also mutagenic, especially in the presence of cysteine, in which a 6-fold increase in MF was observed. Our data provide further insight into OTA bioactivation that may account for its in vivo mutagenicity in male rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Akman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, NC, USA;
| | - Marissa Adams
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, NC, USA;
| | - Doug Case
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, NC, USA;
| | - Gyungse Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Miryong-Dong, Kusan, Korea;
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