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Roubenne L, Laisné M, Benoist D, Campagnac M, Prunet B, Pasdois P, Cardouat G, Ducret T, Quignard JF, Vacher P, Baudrimont I, Marthan R, Berger P, Le Grand B, Freund-Michel V, Guibert C. OP2113, a new drug for chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension treatment in rat. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2802-2821. [PMID: 37351910 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a cardiovascular disease characterised by an increase in pulmonary arterial (PA) resistance leading to right ventricular (RV) failure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in PH. OP2113 is a drug with beneficial effects on cardiac injuries that targets mitochondrial ROS. The aim of the study was to address the in vivo therapeutic effect of OP2113 in PH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PH was induced by 3 weeks of chronic hypoxia (CH-PH) in rats treated with OP2113 or its vehicle via subcutaneous osmotic mini-pumps. Haemodynamic parameters and both PA and heart remodelling were assessed. Reactivity was quantified in PA rings and in RV or left ventricular (LV) cardiomyocytes. Oxidative stress was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance and western blotting. Mitochondrial mass and respiration were measured by western blotting and oxygraphy, respectively. KEY RESULTS In CH-PH rats, OP2113 reduced the mean PA pressure, PA remodelling, PA hyperreactivity in response to 5-HT, the contraction slowdown in RV and LV and increased the mitochondrial mass in RV. Interestingly, OP2113 had no effect on haemodynamic parameters, both PA and RV wall thickness and PA reactivity, in control rats. Whereas oxidative stress was evidenced by an increase in protein carbonylation in CH-PH, this was not affected by OP2113. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our study provides evidence for a selective protective effect of OP2113 in vivo on alterations in both PA and RV from CH-PH rats without side effects in control rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Roubenne
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- OP2 Drugs SAS, Pessac, France
| | - Margaux Laisné
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Benoist
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, IHU Liryc, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Pasdois
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, IHU Liryc, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Thomas Ducret
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Pierre Vacher
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Roger Marthan
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, INSERM, U 1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Berger
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, INSERM, U 1045, Bordeaux, France
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Hou M, Pang Y, Niu C, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Song Y, Shi A, Chen Q, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Yang X. Effects of Dietary L-TRP on Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Microbiota of the Chinese Mitten Crab ( Eriocheir Sinensis) in Pond Culture. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010001. [PMID: 36676926 PMCID: PMC9866439 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
L-tryptophan (L-TRP) is an essential amino acid for the normal growth of crustaceans. As a nutritional supplement and antioxidant, L-TRP has the function of immune and antioxidant capacity regulation. From July to November, the effects of L-TRP on the immunity, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microflora of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in pond culture were investigated. After feeding an L-TRP diet for 30 (named as August), 60 (named as September) and 106 (named as November) days, respectively, the activities of the immune and antioxidant enzymes in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph were evaluated, and the intestinal microbiota were profiled via high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The results showed that supplementation of L-TRP significantly increased the activities of AKP in the hepatopancreas in September, and significantly increased the activities of ACP in the hepatopancreas in August and September, and the hemolymph’s ACP activities also significantly increased in August and November (p < 0.05). Similarly, the activities of SOD, AOC and POD in the hepatopancreas significantly increased in September and November (p < 0.05) after feeding the L-TRP diet; meanwhile, the activities of SOD and AOC in the hemolymph also significantly increased in August (p < 0.05). However, in August, the L-TRP diet resulted in a significant increase in MDA activity in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph (p < 0.05). In addition, the results of the intestinal microbiota analysis showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla in August, September and November, and Patescibacteria was the dominant phylum in September and November. After feeding the L-TRP diet, the richness of Cyanobacteria and Desulfobacterota significantly increased in August (p < 0.05), and the richness of Actinobacteriota significantly decreased in September (p < 0.05). Moreover, the L-TRP supplementation significantly reduced the abundance of ZOR0006 in the Firmicutes in September (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary L-TRP could improve the immunity and antioxidant ability and impact the intestinal health of E. sinensis at the early stage of pond culturing. However, long-term feeding of an L-TRP diet might have no positive impact on the activities of the immune, antioxidant enzymes and intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Hou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chao Niu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dongxin Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yameng Song
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Aoya Shi
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qing Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-21-6190-0417 (Y.C. & X.Y.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-21-6190-0417 (Y.C. & X.Y.)
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Zeng T, Su HA, Liu YL, Li JF, Jiang DX, Lu YY, Qi YX. Serotonin modulates insect gut bacterial community homeostasis. BMC Biol 2022; 20:105. [PMID: 35550116 PMCID: PMC9103294 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metazoan guts are in permanent contact with microbial communities. However, the host mechanisms that have developed to manage the dynamic changes of these microorganisms and maintain homeostasis remain largely unknown. Results Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) was found to modulate gut microbiome homeostasis via regulation of a dual oxidase (Duox) gene expression in both Bactrocera dorsalis and Aedes aegypti. The knockdown of the peripheral 5-HT biosynthetic gene phenylalanine hydroxylase (TPH) increased the expression of Duox and the activity of reactive oxygen species, leading to a decrease in the gut microbiome load. Moreover, the TPH knockdown reduced the relative abundance of the bacterial genera Serratia and Providencia, including the opportunistic pathogens, S. marcescens and P. alcalifaciens in B. dorsalis. Treatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan, a precursor of 5-HT synthesis, fully rescued the TPH knockdown-induced phenotype. Conclusions The findings reveal the important contribution of 5-HT in regulating gut homeostasis, providing new insights into gut–microbe interactions in metazoans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01319-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong-Ai Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya-Lan Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian-Fang Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ding-Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yi-Xiang Qi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Liu B, Wang D, Luo E, Hou J, Qiao Y, Yan G, Wang Q, Tang C. Role of TG2-Mediated SERCA2 Serotonylation on Hypoxic Pulmonary Vein Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1611. [PMID: 32116663 PMCID: PMC7026497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pumps take up Ca2+ from the cytoplasm to maintain the balance of intracellular Ca2+. A decline in expression or activity of SERCA results in persistent store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). In cardiomyocytes as well as vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), SERCA2 acts as an important regulator of calcium cycling. The purpose of this study is to identify and better understand the role of transglutaminases2 (TG2) as a key factor involved in SERCA2 serotonination (s-SERCA2) and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. Human pulmonary venous smooth muscle cell in normal pulmonary lobe were isolated and cultured in vitro. Establishment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension model in wild type and TG2 knockout mice. SERCA2 serotonylation was analyzed by co-(immunoprecipitation) IP when the TG2 gene silenced or overexpressed under normoxia and hypoxia in vivo and in vitro. Intracellular calcium ion was measured by using Fluo-4AM probe under normoxia and hypoxia. Real-time (RT)-PCR and Western blot analyzed expression of TG2, TRPC1, and TRPC6 under normoxia and hypoxia. Bioactivity of cells were analyzed by using Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, RT-PCR, and Western blot under PST-2744 and cyclopiazonic acid. We confirmed that 1) hypoxia enhanced the expression and activity of TG2, and 2) hypoxia increased the basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and SOCE through activating TRPC6 on human pulmonary vein smooth muscle cells (hPVSMC). Then, we investigated the effects of overexpression and downregulation of the TG2 gene on the activity of SERCA2, s-SERCA2, basal [Ca2+]i, and SOCE under normoxia and hypoxia in vitro, and investigated the activity of SERCA2 and s-SERCA2 in vivo, respectively. We confirmed that SERCA2 serotonylation inhibited the activity of SERCA2 and increased the Ca2+ influx, and that hypoxia induced TG2-mediated SERCA2 serotonylation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of TG2 activity on the biological behavior of hPVSMC by using an inhibitor and agonist of SERCA2, respectively. Finally, we confirmed that chronic hypoxia cannot increase vessel wall thickness, the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), and right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) of vascular smooth muscle-specific Tgm2−/− mice. These results indicated that hypoxia promoted TG2-mediated SERCA2 serotonylation, thereby leading to inhibition of SERCA2 activity, which further increased the calcium influx through the TRPC6 channel. Furthermore, tissue-specific conditional TG2 knockout mice prevents the development of pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxia. In summary, we uncovered a new target (TG2) for treatment of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (CHPH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erfei Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiantong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Delaney C, Sherlock L, Fisher S, Maltzahn J, Wright C, Nozik-Grayck E. Serotonin 2A receptor inhibition protects against the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L871-L881. [PMID: 29345193 PMCID: PMC6008134 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00215.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) complicating bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) worsens clinical outcomes in former preterm infants. Increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) signaling plays a prominent role in PH pathogenesis and progression in adults. We hypothesized that increased 5-HT signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of neonatal PH, complicating BPD and neonatal lung injury. Thus, we investigated 5-HT signaling in neonatal mice exposed to bleomycin, previously demonstrated to induce PH and alveolar simplification. Newborn wild-type mice received intraperitoneal PBS, ketanserin (1 mg/kg), bleomycin (3 U/kg) or bleomycin (3 U/kg) plus ketanserin (1 mg/kg) three times weekly for 3 wk. Following treatment with bleomycin, pulmonary expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (Tph1), was significantly increased. Bleomycin did not affect pulmonary 5-HT 2A receptor (R) expression, but did increase pulmonary gene expression of the 5-HT 2BR and serotonin transporter. Treatment with ketanserin attenuated bleomycin-induced PH (increased RVSP and RVH) and pulmonary vascular remodeling (decreased vessel density and increased muscularization of small vessels). In addition, we found that treatment with ketanserin activated pulmonary MAPK and Akt signaling in mice exposed to bleomycin. We conclude that 5-HT signaling is increased in a murine model of neonatal PH and pharmacological inhibition of the 5-HT 2AR protects against the development of PH in neonatal lung injury. We speculate this occurs through restoration of MAPK signaling and increased Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Delaney
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurie Sherlock
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan Fisher
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joanne Maltzahn
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Clyde Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
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Suzuki YJ, Shults NV. Redox Signaling in the Right Ventricle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:315-323. [PMID: 29047095 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating disease without cure. The major cause of death among patients with pulmonary hypertension is right heart failure; however, biology of the right heart is not well understood. This lack of knowledge interferes with developing effective therapeutic strategies to treat these patients. In this chapter, we summarize studies performed in our laboratory that investigated the role of redox signaling in the regulation of the right ventricle (RV), using rat models of experimental pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. Specifically, this chapter covers the topics of (a) redox regulation of serotonin signaling in the RV, (b) the carbonylation-degradation pathway of signal transduction in RV hypertrophy and (c) oxidative modifications in the RV of the SU5416/ovalbumin model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. These studies revealed that redox regulation in the RV is complex and simply giving lots of antioxidants to patients will unlikely benefit them. Deeper understanding of specific and selective redox mechanisms should shed light on how we can develop therapeutic strategies by modulating redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro J Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Nataliia V Shults
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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MacLean MMR. The serotonin hypothesis in pulmonary hypertension revisited: targets for novel therapies (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018759125. [PMID: 29468941 PMCID: PMC5826007 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018759125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased synthesis of serotonin and/or activity of serotonin in pulmonary arteries has been implicated in the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The incidence of PAH associated with diet pills such as aminorex, fenfluramine, and chlorphentermine initially led to the “serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension.” Over the last couple of decades there has been an accumulation of convincing evidence that targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a novel and promising approach to the development of novel therapies for PAH. Pulmonary endothelial serotonin synthesis via tryptophan hydroxlase 1 (TPH1) is increased in patients with PAH and serotonin can act in a paracrine fashion on underlying pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), In humans, serotonin can enter PASMCs via the serotonin transporter (SERT) or activate the 5-HT1B receptor; 5-HT1B activation and SERT activity cooperate to induce PASMC contraction and proliferation via activation of downstream proliferative and contractile signaling pathways. Here we will review the current status of the serotonin hypothesis and discuss potential and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mandy R MacLean
- Research Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Joshi PV, Sayed AA, RaviKumar A, Puranik VG, Zinjarde SS. 4-Phenyl quinoline derivatives as potential serotonin receptor ligands with antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:246-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hood KY, Mair KM, Harvey AP, Montezano AC, Touyz RM, MacLean MR. Serotonin Signaling Through the 5-HT 1B Receptor and NADPH Oxidase 1 in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1361-1370. [PMID: 28473438 PMCID: PMC5478178 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serotonin can induce human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (hPASMC) proliferation through reactive oxygen species (ROS), influencing the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We hypothesize that in PASMCs, serotonin induces oxidative stress through NADPH-oxidase-derived ROS generation and reduced Nrf-2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2) antioxidant systems, promoting vascular injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS HPASMCs from controls and PAH patients, and PASMCs from Nox1-/- mice, were stimulated with serotonin in the absence/presence of inhibitors of Src kinase, the 5-HT1B receptor, and NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1). Markers of fibrosis were also determined. The pathophysiological significance of our findings was examined in vivo in serotonin transporter overexpressing female mice, a model of pulmonary hypertension. We confirmed thatserotonin increased superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in these cells. For the first time, we show that serotonin increased oxidized protein tyrosine phosphatases and hyperoxidized peroxiredoxin and decreased Nrf-2 and catalase activity in hPASMCs. ROS generation was exaggerated and dependent on cellular Src-related kinase, 5-HT1B receptor, and the serotonin transporter in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from PAH subjects. Proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling were exaggerated in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from PAH subjects and dependent on 5-HT1B receptor signaling and Nox1, confirmed in PASMCs from Nox1-/- mice. In serotonin transporter overexpressing mice, SB216641, a 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, prevented development of pulmonary hypertension in a ROS-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Serotonin can induce cellular Src-related kinase-regulated Nox1-induced ROS and Nrf-2 dysregulation, contributing to increased post-translational oxidative modification of proteins and activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways in hPASMCs, associated with mitogenic responses. 5-HT1B receptors contribute to experimental pulmonary hypertension by inducing lung ROS production. Our results suggest that 5-HT1B receptor-dependent cellular Src-related kinase-Nox1-pathways contribute to vascular remodeling in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Y Hood
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M Mair
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Harvey
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Genet N, Billaud M, Rossignol R, Dubois M, Gillibert-Duplantier J, Isakson BE, Marthan R, Savineau JP, Guibert C. Signaling Pathways Linked to Serotonin-Induced Superoxide Anion Production: A Physiological Role for Mitochondria in Pulmonary Arteries. Front Physiol 2017; 8:76. [PMID: 28232807 PMCID: PMC5298976 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a potent vasoconstrictor agonist and contributes to several vascular diseases including systemic or pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. Although superoxide anion (O2•_) is commonly associated to cellular damages due to O2•_ overproduction, we previously demonstrated that, in physiological conditions, O2•_ also participates to the 5-HT contraction in intrapulmonary arteries (IPA). Here, we focused on the signaling pathways leading to O2•_ production in response to 5-HT in rat IPA. Using electron paramagnetic resonance on rat IPA, we showed that 5-HT (100 μM)-induced O2•_ production was inhibited by ketanserin (1 μM—an inhibitor of the 5-HT2 receptor), absence of extracellular calcium, two blockers of voltage-independent calcium permeable channels (RHC80267 50 μM and LOE-908 10 μM) and a blocker of the mitochondrial complex I (rotenone—100 nM). Depletion of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or nicardipine (1 μM—an inhibitor of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel) had no effect on the 5-HT-induced O2•_ production. O2•_ levels were also increased by α-methyl-5-HT (10 μM—a 5-HT2 receptors agonist) whereas GR127935 (1 μM—an antagonist of the 5-HT1B/D receptor) and citalopram (1 μM—a 5-HT transporter inhibitor) had no effect on the 5-HT-induced O2•_ production. Peroxynitrites were increased in response to 5-HT (100 μM). In isolated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells loaded with rhod-2 or mitosox probes, we respectively showed that 5-HT increased both mitochondrial calcium and O2•_ levels, which were both abrogated in absence of extracellular calcium. Mitochondrial O2•_ levels were also abolished in the presence of rotenone (100 nM). In pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells loaded with TMRM, we showed that 5-HT transiently depolarized the mitochondrial membrane whereas in the absence of extracellular calcium the mitochondrial membrane depolarisation was delayed and sustained in response to 5-HT. 5-HT decreased the mitochondrial respiratory rate measured with a Clark oxygen electrode. Altogether, in physiological conditions, 5-HT acts on 5-HT2 receptors and induces an O2•_ production dependent on extracellular calcium and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiisha Genet
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1045Bordeaux, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Marie Billaud
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathilde Dubois
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1045Bordeaux, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Jennifer Gillibert-Duplantier
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1045Bordeaux, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Roger Marthan
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1045Bordeaux, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Savineau
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1045Bordeaux, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Guibert
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1045Bordeaux, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
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11
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Di Mise A, Wang YX, Zheng YM. Role of Transcription Factors in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells: An Important Link to Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:13-32. [PMID: 29047078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, namely a lack of oxygen in the blood, induces pulmonary vasoconstriction and vasoremodeling, which serve as essential pathologic factors leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH). The underlying molecular mechanisms are uncertain; however, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) play an essential role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, vasoremodeling, and PH. Hypoxia causes oxidative damage to DNAs, proteins, and lipids. This damage (oxidative stress) modulates the activity of ion channels and elevates the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i, Ca2+ signaling) of PASMCs. The oxidative stress and increased Ca2+ signaling mutually interact with each other, and synergistically results in a variety of cellular responses. These responses include functional and structural abnormalities of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus; cell contraction, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, as well as generation of vasoactive substances, inflammatory molecules, and growth factors that mediate the development of PH. A number of studies reveal that various transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, disrupted PAMSC Ca2+ signaling and the development and progress of PH. It is believed that in the pathogenesis of PH, hypoxia facilitates these roles by mediating the expression of multiple genes. Therefore, the identification of specific genes and their transcription factors implicated in PH is necessary for the complete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, this identification may aid in the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Yun-Min Zheng
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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12
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Agarwal S, Chaudhary B, Bist R. Protective propensity of bacoside A and bromelain on renal cholinesterases, γ-Aminobutyric acid and serotonin level of Mus musculus intoxicated with dichlorvos. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 261:139-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Aiello RJ, Bourassa PA, Zhang Q, Dubins J, Goldberg DR, De Lombaert S, Humbert M, Guignabert C, Cavasin MA, McKinsey TA, Paralkar V. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 Inhibition Impacts Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Two Rat Models of Pulmonary Hypertension. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:267-279. [PMID: 27927914 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease defined by a chronic elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure with extensive pulmonary vascular remodeling and perivascular inflammation characterized by an accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Although the exact etiology of the disease is unknown, clinical as well as preclinical data strongly implicate a role for serotonin (5-HT) in the process. Here, we investigated the chronic effects of pharmacological inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in peripheral 5-HT biosynthesis, in two preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension (PH), the monocrotaline (MCT) rat and the semaxanib (SUGEN, Medinoah, Suzhou, China)-hypoxia rat. In both PH models, ethyl (S)-8-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(5-chloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-3-carboxylate and ethyl (S)-8-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(3',4'-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-3-carboxylate, novel orally active TPH1 inhibitors with nanomolar in vitro potency, decreased serum, gut, and lung 5-HT levels in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary vessel wall thickness and occlusion in male rats. In the MCT rat model, decreases in lung 5-HT significantly correlated with reductions in histamine levels and mast cell number (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.88). In contrast, neither ambrisentan nor tadalafil, which are vasodilators approved for the treatment of PAH, reduced mast cell number or 5-HT levels, nor were they as effective in treating the vascular remodeling as were the TPH1 inhibitors. When administered in combination with ambrisentan, the TPH1 inhibitors showed an additive effect on pulmonary vascular remodeling and pressures. These data demonstrate that in addition to reducing vascular remodeling, TPH1 inhibition has the added benefit of reducing the perivascular mast cell accumulation associated with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Aiello
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Patricia-Ann Bourassa
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Dubins
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Daniel R Goldberg
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Stéphane De Lombaert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Vishwas Paralkar
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
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Kozhevnikova LM, Mironova GY, Sukhanova IF. The inhibitors of the 5HT-transporter fluoxetine and clomipramine attenuate serotonin-induced constriction of the aorta and the calcium signal in smooth muscle cells of the rat. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235901601009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Anton SD, Woods AJ, Ashizawa T, Barb D, Buford TW, Carter CS, Clark DJ, Cohen RA, Corbett DB, Cruz-Almeida Y, Dotson V, Ebner N, Efron PA, Fillingim RB, Foster TC, Gundermann DM, Joseph AM, Karabetian C, Leeuwenburgh C, Manini TM, Marsiske M, Mankowski RT, Mutchie HL, Perri MG, Ranka S, Rashidi P, Sandesara B, Scarpace PJ, Sibille KT, Solberg LM, Someya S, Uphold C, Wohlgemuth S, Wu SS, Pahor M. Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:304-27. [PMID: 26462882 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of 'successful aging' has long intrigued the scientific community. Despite this long-standing interest, a consensus definition has proven to be a difficult task, due to the inherent challenge involved in defining such a complex, multi-dimensional phenomenon. The lack of a clear set of defining characteristics for the construct of successful aging has made comparison of findings across studies difficult and has limited advances in aging research. A consensus on markers of successful aging is furthest developed is the domain of physical functioning. For example, walking speed appears to be an excellent surrogate marker of overall health and predicts the maintenance of physical independence, a cornerstone of successful aging. The purpose of the present article is to provide an overview and discussion of specific health conditions, behavioral factors, and biological mechanisms that mark declining mobility and physical function and promising interventions to counter these effects. With life expectancy continuing to increase in the United States and developed countries throughout the world, there is an increasing public health focus on the maintenance of physical independence among all older adults.
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16
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Circulating biomarkers in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Update and future direction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:282-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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17
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Ali T, Waheed H, Shaheen F, Mahmud M, Javed Q, Murtaza I. Increased endogenous serotonin level in diabetic conditions may lead to cardiac valvulopathy via reactive oxygen species regulation. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Chang KH, Park JM, Lee MY. Feasibility of simultaneous measurement of cytosolic calcium and hydrogen peroxide in vascular smooth muscle cells. BMB Rep 2014; 46:600-5. [PMID: 24195793 PMCID: PMC4133858 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between calcium ions (Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) delicately controls diverse pathophysiological functions of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, details of the Ca2+ and ROS signaling network have been hindered by the absence of a method for dual measurement of Ca2+ and ROS. Here, a real-time monitoring system for Ca2+ and ROS was established using a genetically encoded hydrogen peroxide indicator, HyPer, and a ratiometric Ca2+ indicator, fura-2. For the simultaneous detection of fura-2 and HyPer signals, 540 nm emission filter and 500 nm∼ dichroic beamsplitter were combined with conventional exciters. The wide excitation spectrum of HyPer resulted in marginal cross-contamination with fura-2 signal. However, physiological Ca2+ transient and hydrogen peroxide were practically measurable in HyPer-expressing, fura-2-loaded VSMCs. Indeed, distinct Ca2+ and ROS signals could be successfully detected in serotonin-stimulated VSMCs. The system established in this study is applicable to studies of crosstalk between Ca2+ and ROS. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(12): 600-605]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 410-820, Korea
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19
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Zuo L, Rose BA, Roberts WJ, He F, Banes-Berceli AK. Molecular characterization of reactive oxygen species in systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:643-50. [PMID: 24552887 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension, commonly recognized as high blood pressure, is a serious disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Similar to many physiological disorders, hypertension consists of several different cellular signaling pathways that involve various molecular messengers. Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a substantial role in the development of both systemic and pulmonary hypertension, contributing to the pathology of this disease. However, the exact molecular mechanism of ROS in hypertension is not completely understood. In this review, we extensively examine and discuss the most recent experimental findings regarding the role of ROS in both pulmonary and systemic hypertension. Current studies show that excessive ROS not only promote JAK/STAT (janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription)-mediated vascular remodeling in an angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertension model but also decrease the nitric oxide bioavailability. Furthermore, it has been shown that ROS generation can be mitigated through the inhibition of upstream ANG II or by blocking key ROS generators, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Thus, various treatment options have been explored. Yet, as discussed in the current review, the regulation of ROS via novel antioxidant therapies may provide an alternative treatment for hypertension in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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20
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Dempsie Y, Maclean MR. Role of the serotonin transporter in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:749-57. [PMID: 24410605 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.6.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a disease in which pulmonary arterial pressure is raised, leading to right heart failure. Survival is poor despite current therapeutic strategies. The 'serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension' arose in the 1960s following an 'epidemic' of pulmonary arterial hypertension in women taking the indirect serotinergic agonist aminorex as an anorexigen. In the 1980s, the hypothesis was revisited following the occurrence of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with the use of fenfluramines as anorexigens; these are also indirect serotinergic agents. Research has identified changes in serotonin synthesis, serotonin receptor activation and serotonin uptake via the serotonin transporter in experimental and clinical pulmonary arterial hypertension. This review will discuss our current understanding of this serotonin hypothesis with particular reference to the role of the serotonin transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dempsie
- Integrative and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Bansal G, Das D, Hsieh CY, Wang YH, Gilmore BA, Wong CM, Suzuki YJ. IL-22 activates oxidant signaling in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2727-33. [PMID: 24018041 PMCID: PMC3818123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate cell-signaling processes in response to various ligands and play important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The present study reports that interleukin-22 (IL-22) elicits signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through a ROS-dependent mechanism. We find that pulmonary artery SMCs express IL-22 receptor alpha 1 and that IL-22 activates STAT3 through this receptor. IL-22-induced signaling is found to be mediated by NADPH oxidase, as indicated by the observations that the inhibition and siRNA knock-down of this enzyme inhibit IL-22 signaling. IL-22 triggers the oxidative modifications of proteins through protein carbonylation and protein glutathionylation. Mass spectrometry identified some proteins that are carbonylated in response to IL-22 stimulation, including α-enolase, heat shock cognate 71kDa protein, mitochondrial 60kDa heat shock protein, and cytoplasmic 2 actin and determined that α-tubulin is glutathionylated. Protein glutathionylation and STAT3 phosphorylation are enhanced by the siRNA knock-down of glutaredoxin, while IL-22-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation is suppressed by knocking down thioredoxin interacting protein, an inhibitor of thioredoxin. IL-22 is also found to promote the growth of SMCs via NADPH oxidase. In rats, pulmonary hypertension is found to be associated with increased smooth muscle IL-22 expression. These results show that IL-22 promotes the growth of pulmonary vascular SMCs via a signaling mechanism that involves NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Dividutta Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Cheng-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Brent A. Gilmore
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Chi-Ming Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Yuichiro J. Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA
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22
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Tajsic T, Morrell NW. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis in pulmonary hypertension. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:295-317. [PMID: 23737174 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a multifactorial disease characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Central to the pathobiology of this disease is the process of vascular remodelling. This process involves structural and functional changes to the normal architecture of the walls of pulmonary arteries (PAs) that lead to increased muscularization of the muscular PAs, muscularization of the peripheral, previously nonmuscular, arteries of the respiratory acinus, formation of neointima, and formation of plexiform lesions. Underlying or contributing to the development of these lesions is hypertrophy, proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis of medial cells and this article is concerned with the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes. In the first part of the article we focus on the concept of smooth muscle cell phenotype and the difficulties surrounding the identification and characterization of the cell/cells involved in the remodelling of the vessel media and we review the general mechanisms of cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Then, in the larger part of the article, we review the factors identified thus far to be involved in PH intiation and/or progression and review and discuss their effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) the predominant cells in the tunica media of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tajsic
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Dick AS, Ivanovska J, Kantores C, Belcastro R, Keith Tanswell A, Jankov RP. Cyclic stretch stimulates nitric oxide synthase-1-dependent peroxynitrite formation by neonatal rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:310-9. [PMID: 23619128 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite, the reaction product of nitric oxide and superoxide, contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary hypertension in immature animals by stimulating proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Pulmonary vasoconstriction, secondary to hypoxia and other stimuli, leads to enhanced pulsatile stretch of cells in the vascular wall, particularly in smooth muscle, which we hypothesized would cause increased peroxynitrite generation. Our objectives in this study were to determine whether cyclic mechanical stretch, at supraphysiologic levels, would cause increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in vitro. Early passage neonatal rat PASMCs were seeded and grown to subconfluence on collagen-coated elastomer-bottom plates and subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch (10% ("physiologic") or 20% ("supraphysiologic") at 0.5 Hz) for up to 24 h. Compared to nonstretched controls and to cells subjected to 10% stretch, 20% stretch increased H2O2 (stable marker of ROS) and nitrate/nitrite (stable marker of nitric oxide) in conditioned medium. These effects were accompanied by increased peroxynitrite, as evidenced by increased in situ dihydroethidium fluorescence and immunoreactive nitrotyrosine and by increased expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-1 and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), but not NOS-2. Stretch-induced H2O2 release and increased dihydroethidium fluorescence were prevented by pretreatment with a superoxide scavenger, nonspecific inhibitors of NADPH oxidase or NOS, or a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. Short-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of NOS-1 or NOX4 attenuated increased nitric oxide and H2O2 content, respectively, in stretched-cell-conditioned medium. Knockdown of NOS-1 also attenuated increased immunoreactive nitrotyrosine content and stretch-induced proliferation, whereas knockdown of NOS-2 had no effect. We conclude that increased peroxynitrite generation by neonatal rat PASMCs subjected to supraphysiologic levels of cyclic stretch is NOS-1-dependent and that increased ROS production is predominantly mediated by NADPH oxidase, specifically NOX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Dick
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Julijana Ivanovska
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Crystal Kantores
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Rosetta Belcastro
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - A Keith Tanswell
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Department of Physiology, Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Robert P Jankov
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Department of Physiology, Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.
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Morrell NW, Archer SL, Defelice A, Evans S, Fiszman M, Martin T, Saulnier M, Rabinovitch M, Schermuly R, Stewart D, Truebel H, Walker G, Stenmark KR. Anticipated classes of new medications and molecular targets for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:226-44. [PMID: 23662201 PMCID: PMC3641734 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a life-limiting condition with a major impact on the ability to lead a normal life. Although existing therapies may improve the outlook in some patients there remains a major unmet need to develop more effective therapies in this condition. There have been significant advances in our understanding of the genetic, cell and molecular basis of PAH over the last few years. This research has identified important new targets that could be explored as potential therapies for PAH. In this review we discuss whether further exploitation of vasoactive agents could bring additional benefits over existing approaches. Approaches to enhance smooth muscle cell apotosis and the potential of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition are summarised. We evaluate the role of inflammation, epigenetic changes and altered glycolytic metabolism as potential targets for therapy, and whether inherited genetic mutations in PAH have revealed druggable targets. The potential of cell based therapies and gene therapy are also discussed. Potential candidate pathways that could be explored in the context of experimental medicine are identified.
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Wong CM, Bansal G, Pavlickova L, Marcocci L, Suzuki YJ. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in pulmonary hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1789-96. [PMID: 22657091 PMCID: PMC3619148 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating disorder without any available treatment strategies that satisfactorily promote the survival of patients. The identification of new therapeutic strategies to treat patients with pulmonary hypertension is warranted. RECENT ADVANCES Human studies have provided evidence that there is increased oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA oxidation, and the depletion of small-molecule antioxidants) in patients with pulmonary hypertension. A variety of compounds with antioxidant properties have been shown to have beneficial therapeutic effects in animal models of pulmonary hypertension, possibly supporting the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the progression of pulmonary hypertension. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms of ROS actions could contribute to the development of optimal, antioxidant-based therapy for human pulmonary hypertension. One such mechanism includes action as a second messenger during cell-signaling events, leading to the growth of pulmonary vascular cells and right ventricular cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular mechanisms behind promotion of cell signaling for pulmonary vascular cell growth and right ventricular hypertrophy by ROS are not well understood. Evidence suggests that iron-catalyzed protein carbonylation may be involved. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding precise mechanisms of ROS actions should be useful for designing preclinical animal experiments and human clinical trials of the use of antioxidants and/or other redox compounds in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Fang XL, Shu G, Yu JJ, Wang LN, Yang J, Zeng QJ, Cheng X, Zhang ZQ, Wang SB, Gao P, Zhu XT, Xi QY, Zhang YL, Jiang QY. The anorexigenic effect of serotonin is mediated by the generation of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53142. [PMID: 23326391 PMCID: PMC3541393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a central inhibitor of food intake in mammals. Thus far, the intracellular mechanisms for the effect of serotonin on appetite regulation remain unclear. It has been recently demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hypothalamus are a crucial integrative target for the regulation of food intake. To investigate the role of ROS in the serotonin-induced anorexigenic effects, conscious mice were treated with 5-HT alone or combination with Trolox (a ROS scavenger) or Apocynin (an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) by acute intracerebroventricular injection. Both Trolox and Apocynin reversed the anorexigenic action of 5-HT and the 5-HT-induced hypothalamic ROS elevation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were dramatically increased after ICV injection with 5-HT. The anorexigenic action of 5-HT was accompanied by markedly elevated hypothalamic MDA levels and GSH-Px activity, while the SOD activity was decreased. Moreover, 5-HT significantly increased the mRNA expression of UCP-2 but reduced the levels of UCP-3. Both Trolox and Apocynin could block the 5-HT-induced changes in UCP-2 and UCP-3 gene expression. Our study demonstrates for the first time that the anorexigenic effect of 5-HT is mediated by the generation of ROS in the hypothalamus through an NADPH oxidase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ling Fang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian-Jian Yu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qing-Jie Zeng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Song-Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- * E-mail:
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Wong CM, Preston IR, Hill NS, Suzuki YJ. Iron chelation inhibits the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1738-47. [PMID: 22974762 PMCID: PMC3472156 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Because iron is an important regulator of ROS biology, this study examined the effects of iron chelation on the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling. The administration of an iron chelator, deferoxamine, to rats prevented chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Various iron chelators inhibited the growth of cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Protein carbonylation, an important iron-dependent biological event, was promoted in association with pulmonary vascular remodeling and cell growth. A proteomic approach identified that Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor (a negative regulator of RhoA) is carbonylated. In human plasma, the protein carbonyl content was significantly higher in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension than in healthy controls. These results suggest that iron plays an important role in the ROS-dependent mechanism underlying the development of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Interactions among vascular-tone modulators contribute to high altitude pulmonary edema and augmented vasoreactivity in highlanders. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44049. [PMID: 22984459 PMCID: PMC3439466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interactions among various biomarkers remained unexplored under the stressful environment of high-altitude. Present study evaluated interactions among biomarkers to study susceptibility for high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in HAPE-patients (HAPE-p) and adaptation in highland natives (HLs); both in comparison to HAPE-free sojourners (HAPE-f). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS All the subjects were recruited at 3500 m. We measured clinical parameters, biochemical levels in plasma and gene expression using RNA from blood; analyzed various correlations between and among the clinical parameters, especially arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and biochemical parameters like, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), serotonin (5-HT), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α), endothelin-1 (ET-1), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) in HAPE-p, HAPE-f and HLs. ADMA, 5-HT, 8-isoPGF2α, ET-1 levels, and PAC were significantly higher (p<0.0001, each), whereas SOD activity and NO level were significantly lower in HAPE-p than HAPE-f (p ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, ADMA, 5-HT, 8-isoPGF2α, NO levels and PAC were significantly higher (p<0.0001), whereas ET-1 level significantly (p<0.0001) and SOD activity non-significantly (p>0.05) lower in HLs than HAPE-f. The expression of respective genes differed in the three groups. In the correlations, SaO(2) inversely correlated with ADMA, 5-HT and 8-isoPGF2α and positively with SOD in HAPE-p (p≤0.009). MAP correlated positively with 5-HT and 8-isoPGF2α in HAPE-p and HLs (p ≤ 0.004). A strong positive correlation was observed between ADMA and 5-HT, 5-HT and 8-isoPGF2α (p≤0.001), whereas inverse correlation of SOD with ET-1 in HAPE-p and HLs (p ≤ 0.004), with 5-HT and 8-isoPGF2α in HAPE-p (p = 0.01) and with 5-HT in HLs (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The interactions among these markers confer enhanced vascular activity in HLs and HAPE in sojourners.
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Barrier M, Meloche J, Jacob MH, Courboulin A, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Today's and tomorrow's imaging and circulating biomarkers for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2805-31. [PMID: 22446747 PMCID: PMC11115077 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves a remodeling process in distal pulmonary arteries, as well as vasoconstriction and in situ thrombosis, leading to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, right heart failure and death. Its etiology may be idiopathic, but PAH is also frequently associated with underlying conditions such as connective tissue diseases. During the past decade, more than welcome novel therapies have been developed and are in development, including those increasingly targeting the remodeling process. These therapeutic options modestly increase the patients' long-term survival, now approaching 60% at 5 years. However, non-invasive tools for confirming PAH diagnosis, and assessing disease severity and response to therapy, are tragically lacking and would help to select the best treatment. After exclusion of other causes of pulmonary hypertension, a final diagnosis still relies on right heart catheterization, an invasive technique which cannot be repeated as often as an optimal follow-up might require. Similarly, other techniques and biomarkers used for assessing disease severity and response to treatment generally lack specificity and have significant limitations. In this review, imaging as well as current and future circulating biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Barrier
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Jolyane Meloche
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Maria Helena Jacob
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Audrey Courboulin
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5 Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5 Canada
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Roberts RE. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway: a potential therapeutic target in hypertension. J Exp Pharmacol 2012; 4:77-83. [PMID: 27186119 PMCID: PMC4863547 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s28907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. One feature of hypertension is a hyperresponsiveness to contractile agents, and inhibition of vasoconstriction forms the basis of some of the treatments for hypertension. Hypertension is also associated with an increase in the growth and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, which can lead to a thickening of the smooth muscle layer of the blood vessels and a reduction in lumen diameter. Targeting both the enhanced contractile responses, and the increased vascular smooth muscle cell growth could potentially be important pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that is involved in both vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle cell growth and this, therefore, makes it attractive therapeutic target for treatment of hypertension. ERK activity is raised in vascular smooth muscle cells from animal models of hypertension, and inhibition of ERK activation reduces both vascular smooth muscle cell growth and vasoconstriction. This review discusses the potential for targeting ERK activity in the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Roberts
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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31
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Abid S, Houssaini A, Chevarin C, Marcos E, Tissot CM, Gary-Bobo G, Wan F, Mouraret N, Amsellem V, Dubois-Randé JL, Hamon M, Adnot S. Inhibition of gut- and lung-derived serotonin attenuates pulmonary hypertension in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L500-8. [PMID: 22797248 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00049.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreasing the bioavailability of serotonin (5-HT) by inhibiting its biosynthesis may represent a useful adjunctive treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We assessed this hypothesis using LP533401, which inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) expressed in the gut and lung, without inhibiting Tph2 expressed in neurons. Mice treated repeatedly with LP533401 (30-250 mg/kg per day) exhibited marked 5-HT content reductions in the gut, lungs, and blood, but not in the brain. After a single LP533401 dose (250 mg/kg), lung and gut 5-HT contents decreased by 50%, whereas blood 5-HT levels remained unchanged, suggesting gut and lung 5-HT synthesis. Treatment with the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) inhibitor citalopram decreased 5-HT contents in the blood and lungs but not in the gut. In transgenic SM22-5-HTT+ mice, which overexpress 5-HTT in smooth muscle cells and spontaneously develop PH, 250 mg/kg per day LP533401 or 10 mg/kg per day citalopram for 21 days markedly reduced lung and blood 5-HT levels, right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure, RV hypertrophy, distal pulmonary artery muscularization, and vascular Ki67-positive cells (P < 0.001). Combined treatment with both drugs was more effective in improving PH-related hemodynamic parameters than either drug alone. LP533401 or citalopram treatment partially prevented PH development in wild-type mice exposed to chronic hypoxia. Lung and blood 5-HT levels were lower in hypoxic than in normoxic mice and decreased further after LP533401 or citalopram treatment. These results provide proof of concept that inhibiting Tph1 may represent a new therapeutic strategy for human PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariq Abid
- INSERM U955 Team 8 and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil.
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Wei L, Warburton RR, Preston IR, Roberts KE, Comhair SAA, Erzurum SC, Hill NS, Fanburg BL. Serotonylated fibronectin is elevated in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L1273-9. [PMID: 22523280 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00082.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) and fibronectin (FN) have been associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). We previously reported that FN is posttranslationally modified by tissue transglutaminase (TGase) to form serotonylated FN (s-FN) in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and that serotonylation stimulates their proliferation and migration, hallmarks of PH. We hypothesized that s-FN and its binding to TGase are elevated in human and experimental PH. To assess this hypothesis, FN isolation and electrophoretic, immunoblotting, and densitometric techniques were used. Mean ratio of serum s-FN to total FN level (s-FN/FN) was elevated in 19 consecutive pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients compared with 25 controls (0.3 ± 0.18 vs. 0.05 ± 0.07, P < 0.001). s-FN/FN also was increased in lungs of mice and rats with hypoxia-induced PH and in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH. In mice, the increase was detected at 1 wk of hypoxia, preceding the development of PH. Hypoxic rats had elevated serum s-FN/FN. Enhanced binding of TGase to its substrate FN occurred in serum from patients with PAH (mean 0.50 ± 0.51 vs. 0.063 ± 0.11, P = 0.002) and s-FN/FN and TGase-bound FN were highly correlated (R(2) = 0.77). TGase-bound FN also was increased in experimental PH. We conclude that increased serotonylation of FN occurs in human and experimental PH and may provide a biomarker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tupper Research Institute, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Ren W, Watts SW, Fanburg BL. Serotonin transporter interacts with the PDGFβ receptor in PDGF-BB-induced signaling and mitogenesis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L486-97. [PMID: 21186266 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00237.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) have been implicated in both clinical and experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) and the facilitation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) growth. To gain a better understanding of the possible relationship of these two cell surface molecules we have explored interactions between SERT and PDGFR. We have previously demonstrated that SERT transactivates PDGFRβ in serotonin-stimulated PASMC proliferation. We now provide evidence for a role for SERT in PDGF-BB signaling and PASMC proliferation by using pharmacological inhibitors, genetic ablation, and construct overexpression of SERT. The results show that four tested SERT blockers dose dependently inhibit PDGF-stimulated human and bovine PASMC proliferation with comparable efficacy to that of PDGFR inhibitors, whereas 5-HT1B or 5-HT2A receptor inhibitors had no effect. Combinations of the SERT and PDGFR inhibitors led to synergistic/additive inhibition. Similarly, PDGF-induced PASMC proliferation was attenuated by small interfering RNA downregulation of SERT. Inhibition of SERT in PASMCs attenuated PDGF-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRβ, Akt, and p38 but not Erk. Overexpression of SERT in HEK293 cells led to enhanced Akt phosphorylation by PDGF, which was blunted by a SERT PDZ motif mutant, indicating the mechanistic need for the PDZ motif of SERT in PDGF signaling. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that SERT and PDGFRβ become physically associated upon PDGF stimulation. In total, the data show for the first time an important interactive relationship between SERT and the PDGFRβ in the production of PASMC proliferation triggered by PDGF that may be important in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Ren
- Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wong CM, Marcocci L, Liu L, Suzuki YJ. Cell signaling by protein carbonylation and decarbonylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:393-404. [PMID: 19686045 PMCID: PMC2823370 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as mediators of signal transduction. However, mechanisms of how ROS influence the target molecules to elicit signaling event have not been defined. Our laboratory recently accumulated evidence for the role of protein carbonylation in the mechanism of ROS signaling. This concept originated from experiments in which pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells were treated with endothelin-1 to understand the mechanism of cell growth. Endothelin-1 was found to promote protein carbonylation in an endothelin receptor- and Fenton reaction-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry identified proteins that are carbonylated in response to endothelin-1, including annexin A1. Our experiments generated a hypothesis that endothelin-1-mediated carbonylation and subsequent degradation of annexin A1 promote cell growth. This mechanism was found also to occur in response to other signaling activators such as serotonin and platelet-derived growth factor in smooth muscle cells of pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and the airway, as well as in cardiac muscle cells, suggesting the universal role of this pathway. We also discovered a process of decarbonylation that defines transient kinetics of carbonylation signals in certain conditions. We propose that protein carbonylation and decarbonylation serve as a mechanism of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ming Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lingling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yuichiro J. Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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The Serotonin Hypothesis of Pulmonary Hypertension Revisited. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 661:309-22. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-500-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Novel pathway of endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species in coronary vasospasm with endothelial dysfunction. Coron Artery Dis 2009; 20:400-8. [PMID: 19623039 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e32832e5c8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of endothelial dysfunction in coronary vasospasm is controversial. We hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are plausible candidates as the mediator of vasospasm is linked to endothelial dysfunction. In a pig model with repetitive endothelial injury in coronary arteries, intracoronary administration of serotonin induced a vasospasm at the endothelial injury site. The level of endothelin-converting enzyme was upregulated at that site where, upon exposure to serotonin, there were also increases in p47(phox), ROS, and ET-1 fluorescence intensities, and myosin light chain phosphorylation and RhoA activation were detected. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, had the effect of extinguishing not only ROS but also the appearance of ET-1. The chronic blockade of endothelin type-A receptor prevented a serotonin-triggered vasospasm along with the inhibition of ROS generation and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Under the coronary artery endothelial dysfunction, ET-1 is essential for an ROS-dependent coronary vasospasm. Our findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in clinically defined human Prinzmetal angina.
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Guignabert C, Tu L, Izikki M, Dewachter L, Zadigue P, Humbert M, Adnot S, Fadel E, Eddahibi S. Dichloroacetate treatment partially regresses established pulmonary hypertension in mice with SM22α‐targeted overexpression of the serotonin transporter. FASEB J 2009; 23:4135-47. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-131664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM Unity “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Innovative Therapies,” Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Université Paris-Sud 11 Le Plessis-Robinson France
- INSERM U955 Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale Créteil France
| | - Ly Tu
- INSERM Unity “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Innovative Therapies,” Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Université Paris-Sud 11 Le Plessis-Robinson France
- INSERM U955 Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale Créteil France
| | - Mohamed Izikki
- INSERM Unity “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Innovative Therapies,” Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Université Paris-Sud 11 Le Plessis-Robinson France
- INSERM U955 Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale Créteil France
| | - Laurence Dewachter
- INSERM Unity “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Innovative Therapies,” Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Université Paris-Sud 11 Le Plessis-Robinson France
| | - Patricia Zadigue
- INSERM U955 Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale Créteil France
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM Unity “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Innovative Therapies,” Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Université Paris-Sud 11 Le Plessis-Robinson France
- INSERM U764 Hôpital Aatoine- Béclère AP-HP Clamart France
| | - Serge Adnot
- INSERM U955 Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale Créteil France
| | - Elie Fadel
- INSERM Unity “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Innovative Therapies,” Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Université Paris-Sud 11 Le Plessis-Robinson France
- UPRES EA2705 Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Le Plessis-Robinson France
| | - Saadia Eddahibi
- INSERM Unity “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Innovative Therapies,” Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue Université Paris-Sud 11 Le Plessis-Robinson France
- INSERM U955 Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale Créteil France
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Billaud M, Marthan R, Savineau JP, Guibert C. Vascular smooth muscle modulates endothelial control of vasoreactivity via reactive oxygen species production through myoendothelial communications. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6432. [PMID: 19649279 PMCID: PMC2713830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial control of vascular smooth muscle plays a major role in the resulting vasoreactivity implicated in physiological or pathological circulatory processes. However, a comprehensive understanding of endothelial (EC)/smooth muscle cells (SMC) crosstalk is far from complete. Here, we have examined the role of gap junctions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this crosstalk and we demonstrate an active contribution of SMC to endothelial control of vasomotor tone. Methodology/Principal Findings In small intrapulmonary arteries, quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot analyses and immunofluorescent labeling evidenced connexin (Cx) 37, 40 and 43 in EC and/or SMC. Functional experiments showed that the Cx-mimetic peptide targeted against Cx 37 and Cx 43 (37,43Gap27) (1) reduced contractile and calcium responses to serotonin (5-HT) simultaneously recorded in pulmonary arteries and (2) abolished the diffusion in SMC of carboxyfluorescein-AM loaded in EC. Similarly, contractile and calcium responses to 5-HT were decreased by superoxide dismutase and catalase which, catabolise superoxide anion and H2O2, respectively. Both Cx- and ROS-mediated effects on the responses to 5-HT were reversed by L-NAME, a NO synthase inhibitor or endothelium removal. Electronic paramagnetic resonance directly demonstrated that 5-HT-induced superoxide anion production originated from the SMC. Finally, whereas 5-HT increased NO production, it also decreased cyclic GMP content in isolated intact arteries. Conclusions/Significance These data demonstrate that agonist-induced ROS production in SMC targeting EC via myoendothelial gap junctions reduces endothelial NO-dependent control of pulmonary vasoreactivity. Such SMC modulation of endothelial control may represent a signaling pathway controlling vasoreactivity under not only physiological but also pathological conditions that often implicate excessive ROS production.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Connexins/chemistry
- Connexins/metabolism
- DNA Primers
- Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serotonin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Billaud
- INSERM, U885, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- INSERM, U885, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Savineau
- INSERM, U885, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Guibert
- INSERM, U885, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The endothelium is an important component of vascular homeostasis that is a target for injury in the setting of vascular disease. One means of promoting a maladaptive endothelial cell phenotype such as that seen in atherosclerosis is excess oxidative stress. Although this term once was almost exclusively used to describe low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipid oxidation in the vasculature, we now understand that the intracellular oxidant milieu is an important modulator of vascular cell function. Indeed, considerable data indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an important means of cellular signaling, although the precise mechanisms whereby ROS accomplish this are still under investigation. In this review, the data linking ROS to kinase activation and cell signaling in the endothelium is discussed, with a particular emphasis on the roles of protein thiol modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Desbuards N, Antier D, Rochefort GY, Apfeldorfer CS, Schenck E, Hanton G, Hyvelin JM. Dexfenfluramine discontinuous treatment does not worsen hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling but activates RhoA/ROCK pathway: consequences on pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 602:355-63. [PMID: 19049806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The anorectic drug, dexfenfluramine has been associated with an increase in the relative risk of developing pulmonary hypertension. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a mitogen for smooth muscle cell, an effect that relies on 5-HT transporter expression and which has been proposed to explain pulmonary side effect of dexfenfluramine, and more particularly its effect on vascular remodeling. However recent data supported a major role of pulmonary artery vasoconstriction through the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. We questioned whether or not anorectic treatment aggravates pulmonary hypertension through vascular remodeling and if RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) was potentially involved. In rats exposed to hypoxia, concomitant dexfenfluramine treatment (5 mg/kg/day, i.v.) for 4 weeks had no effect on pulmonary hypertension development. When exposure to 2 weeks of chronic hypoxia followed discontinuation of dexfenfluramine treatment (dexfenfluramine-hypoxic rats), echocardiographic parameters of pulmonary artery flow and right ventricle were further altered (P<0.05) as well as right ventricle systolic pressure was further increased (P<0.001) when compared to hypoxic rats treated with vehicle (hypoxic rats). However, the total number of muscularized distal pulmonary arteries artery was similar in dexfenfluramine-hypoxic vs. hypoxic rats (P>0.05). Western blot, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis revealed a greater expression of 5-HT transporter and ROCK, as well as a greater activation of RhoA in dexfenfluramine-hypoxic rats compared to hypoxic rats. These data show that increased 5-HT transporter expression that follows dexfenfluramine discontinuation is not associated to a greater vascular remodeling despite worsening the development of pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore dexfenfluramine discontinuation promotes a greater RhoA/ROCK pathway activation. This pathway, involved in many cardiovascular diseases, might explain the cardiac and pulmonary toxicity of serotoninergic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Desbuards
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Paroi Artérielle, LABPART EA3852, IFR 135, Université François Rabelais, Tours Cedex 1, France
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41
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Bist R, Bhatt DK. The evaluation of effect of alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E on the lipid peroxidation, gamma-amino butyric acid and serotonin level in the brain of mice (Mus musculus) acutely intoxicated with lindane. J Neurol Sci 2008; 276:99-102. [PMID: 18950802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of lindane, in mice and the protective potential of two antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and vitamin E, against the observed lindane induced toxicity. 7-8 weeks old healthy Swiss mice were administered acute doses of lindane (40 mg/kg b.w.) or antioxidants or both subcutaneously and analyzed 18 h later. ALA and vitamin E were used in the combination for neuroprotection in the concentration of 20 mg/kg b.w. and 50 mg/kg b.w. respectively. Lipid peroxidation, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and serotonin level were used as biochemical test of toxic action for lindane induced acute toxicity. Protective effects of ALA and vitamin E were also evaluated on the same parameters. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level served as an index for determining the extent of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of lindane to normal control animals resulted in a significant decrease and increase in GSH (P<0.01) and TBARS level (P<0.01) respectively in crude homogenate of whole brain. Antioxidants treatment significantly altered the level of GSH (P<0.01) and TBARS (P<0.01). GABA and serotonin level in whole brain as well as in different regions of brain were measured. Main brain regions under the investigation were olfactory lobe, cerebrum, hippocampus-hypothalamus, cerebellum and pons-medulla. Critical difference (CD) of GABA level in various groups was found significant at 1% in cerebrum and hippocampus-hypothalamus, at 5% in whole brain, cerebellum and pons-medulla (i.e. P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). Change in serotonin level in whole brain as well as in all studied brain regions of various groups was found significant at 1% CD (i.e. P<0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Bist
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali (Raj), India.
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42
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Liu L, Marcocci L, Wong CM, Park AM, Suzuki YJ. Serotonin-mediated protein carbonylation in the right heart. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:847-54. [PMID: 18616998 PMCID: PMC2574542 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating disease, which leads to right heart failure. Serotonin (5-HT) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The role of 5-HT in right heart failure, however, is unknown. Since oxidative stress may mediate heart failure, the present study examined the effects of 5-HT on protein oxidation in the adult rat right heart ventricle. Treatment of perfused isolated hearts with 5-HT resulted in the promotion of protein carbonylation, specifically in the right ventricle, but not in the left. While no differences between right and left ventricular antioxidant enzymes and 5-HT receptors/transporter were detected, monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) expression and activity were found to be lower in the right ventricle compared to the left. These results indicate that differences in neither the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability, 5-HT membrane signaling capacity, nor MAO-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide are responsible for varied 5-HT-mediated protein carbonylation in right and left ventricles. Rather, lower MAO-A in the right heart might preserve cytosolic 5-HT which triggers other mechanisms for ROS production. Consistently, inhibition of MAO-A resulted in the promotion of protein carbonylation. We propose that low MAO-A, thus reduced degradation of 5-HT, increases the intracellular 5-HT activity in the right ventricle, leading to the promotion of protein carbonylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chi Ming Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Yuichiro J. Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW403 Medical-Dental Building, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA, TEL: (202) 687-8090, FAX: (202) 687-8825, e-mail:
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43
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Mair KM, MacLean MR, Morecroft I, Dempsie Y, Palmer TM. Novel interactions between the 5-HT transporter, 5-HT1B receptors and Rho kinase in vivo and in pulmonary fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:606-16. [PMID: 18695640 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While the 5-HT and Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathways have been implicated in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the nature of any interactions between them remain unclear. This study investigated a role for ROCK in 5-HT-regulated proliferative responses in lung fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PAH was examined in mice over-expressing human 5-HT transporters (SERT+), from which pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PFs) were isolated to assess ROCK expression. In vitro analysis of 5-HT signalling employed CCL39 hamster lung fibroblasts. KEY RESULTS ROCK inhibition ablated increased pulmonary remodelling and hypertension observed in SERT+ mice, and ROCK1/2 protein levels were elevated in SERT+ PFs. ROCK inhibition also reduced 5-HT-stimulated proliferation by suppressing MEK-stimulated ERK phosphorylation. While optimal 5-HT-stimulated proliferation required 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(2A) receptors and SERT, receptor sensitivity to Y27632 was restricted to the 5-HT(1B) receptor. Also, while hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling and hypertension were sensitive to Y27632 in WT and SERT+ animals, the proportions sensitive to ROCK inhibition were increased by SERT over-expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SERT over-expression increased ROCK-dependent pulmonary remodelling in normoxia and hypoxia and SERT over-expression was associated with elevated ROCK1/2 levels. ROCK also potentiated 5-HT(1B) receptor-stimulated ERK activation and proliferation in vitro by facilitating MEK-ERK interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Mair
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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44
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Dempsie Y, MacLean MR. Pulmonary hypertension: therapeutic targets within the serotonin system. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:455-62. [PMID: 18536742 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a sustained and progressive elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular remodelling leading to right heart failure and death. Prognosis is poor and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. The serotonin hypothesis of PAH originated in the 1960s after an outbreak of the disease was reported among patients taking the anorexigenic drugs aminorex and fenfluramine. These are indirect serotonergic agonists and serotonin transporter substrates. Since then many advances have been made in our understanding of the role of serotonin in the pathobiology of PAH. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin is tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph). Serotonin is synthesized, through Tph1, in the endothelial cells of the pulmonary artery and can then act on underlying pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and pulmonary arterial fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion causing constriction and remodelling. These effects of serotonin can be mediated through both the serotonin transporter and serotonin receptors. This review will discuss our current understanding of 'the serotonin hypothesis' of PAH and highlight possible therapeutic targets within the serotonin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dempsie
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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45
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species serve as second messengers for signal transduction; however, molecular targets of oxidant signaling have not been defined. Here, we show that ligand–receptor–mediated signaling promotes reactive oxygen species–dependent protein carbonylation. Treatment of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells with endothelin-1 increased protein carbonyls. Carbonylation of the majority of proteins occurred transiently, suggesting that there is also a mechanism for decarbonylation induced by endothelin-1. Decarbonylation was suppressed by inhibition of thioredoxin reductase, and cellular thioredoxin was upregulated during the decarbonylation phase. These results indicate that endothelin-1 promotes oxidant signaling as well as thioredoxin-mediated reductive signaling to regulate carbonylation and decarbonylation mechanisms. In cells treated with endothelin receptor antagonists, hydrogen peroxide scavengers, or an iron chelator, we identified, via mass spectrometry, proteins that are carbonylated in a receptor- and Fenton reaction–dependent manner, including annexin A1, which promotes apoptosis and suppresses cell growth. Carbonylation of annexin A1 by endothelin-1 was followed by proteasome-dependent degradation of this protein. We propose that carbonylation and subsequent degradation of annexin A1 may play a role in endothelin-mediated cell growth and survival, important events in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Protein carbonylation in response to ligand–receptor interactions represents a novel mechanism in redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ming Wong
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.M.W., Y.J.S.) and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.K.C., L.Z.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Amrita K. Cheema
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.M.W., Y.J.S.) and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.K.C., L.Z.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Lihua Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.M.W., Y.J.S.) and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.K.C., L.Z.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Yuichiro J. Suzuki
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.M.W., Y.J.S.) and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.K.C., L.Z.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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46
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Coatrieux C, Sanson M, Negre-Salvayre A, Parini A, Hannun Y, Itohara S, Salvayre R, Auge N. MAO-A-induced mitogenic signaling is mediated by reactive oxygen species, MMP-2, and the sphingolipid pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:80-9. [PMID: 17561096 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of biogenic amines by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which participate in serotonin and tyramine signaling. This study aimed to investigate the role of ROS in the mitogenic signaling activated during tyramine and serotonin oxidation by MAO-A in smooth muscle cells (SMC). Incubation of SMC with serotonin or tyramine induced intracellular ROS generation, and a signaling cascade involving metalloproteases and the neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2, the initial step of the sphingolipid pathway), ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and DNA synthesis. Silencing MAO-A by siRNA, pharmacological MAO-A inhibitors (pargyline and Ro41-1049), and the antioxidant/ROS scavenger butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) inhibited the signaling cascade, suggesting that ROS generated during tyramine oxidation by MAO-A are required. The MMP inhibitor Batimastat, MMP2-specific siRNA, and MMP2 deletion (MMP2(-/-) fibroblasts) blocked nSMase activation and SMC proliferation, suggesting a role for MMP2 in this signaling pathway. Silencing nSMase2 by siRNA did not inhibit ROS generation and MMP2 activation, but blocked SMC proliferation induced by tyramine, suggesting that nSMase2 is downstream MMP2. These findings demonstrate that H(2)O(2)-generated during tyramine oxidation by MAO-A triggers a stress-induced mitogenic signaling via the MMP2/sphingolipid pathway, which could participate in excessive remodeling and alteration of the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Coatrieux
- INSERM UMR-466, Department of Biochemistry, IFR-31, CHU Rangueil, avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA-50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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47
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48
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Liu Y, Li M, Warburton RR, Hill NS, Fanburg BL. The 5-HT transporter transactivates the PDGFbeta receptor in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2007; 21:2725-34. [PMID: 17504974 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-8058com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) stimulates smooth muscle cell growth through 5-HT receptors and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), and has been associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) have also been associated with PH. We present evidence for the first time that 5-HT transactivates PDGFRbeta through the 5-HTT in pulmonary artery (PA) SMCs. Inhibition of PDGFR kinase with imatinib or AG1296 blocks 5-HT-stimulated PDGFRbeta phosphorylation. 5-HTT inhibitors and the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain, but not 5-HT2 and 5-HT1B/1D receptor inhibitors, block PDGFRbeta activation by 5-HT. Notably, 5-HTT binds the PDGFRbeta upon 5-HT stimulation and the 5-HTT inhibitor fluoxetine blocks both the binding and PDGDRbeta activation. Activation of PDGFRbeta may occur through oxidation of a catalytic cysteine of tyrosine phosphatase. 5-HT-activated PDGFRbeta phosphorylation is blocked by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, DPI. Inhibition of PDGFR kinase with imatinib or AG1296 significantly inhibits SMC proliferation and migration induced by 5-HT in vitro. Infusion of 5-HT by miniosmotic pumps enhances PDGFRbeta activation in mouse lung in vivo. In summary, these results demonstrate that 5-HT transactivates PDGFRbeta in PASMCs leading to SMC proliferation and migration, and may be an important signaling pathway in the production of PH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Liu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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49
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Coşkun S, Gönül B, Ozer C, Erdoğan D, Elmas C. The effects of dexfenfluramine administration on brain serotonin immunoreactivity and lipid peroxidation in mice. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 23:75-82. [PMID: 17009098 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity continues to be an increasing health problem in worldwide and antiobesity drugs have commonly been used by obese patients. During the use of anorectic drugs, the antioxidant defense may be affected, especially by reactive oxygen species. It was decided to investigate the effects of dexfenfluramine on body weight, daily food intake, brain thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and 5-HT immunoreactivity. Mice were divided into two groups each containing 8 Swiss Albino adult (6 months) mice. Group 1, untreated, was used as a control; group 2 was treated with dexfenfluramine 0.4 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally for 7 days. Brain TBARS and GSH levels were assayed spectrophotometrically. The stable end-products of NO, nitrite and nitrate, were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Brain tissue 5-HT immunoreactivity was observed using an immunohistochemical method. There were significant decreases in body weight in the dexfenfluramine group (p < 0.05). Although brain GSH and NO(x) levels decreased significantly, brain TBARS levels increased in the dexfenfluramine group (p < 0.05). Brain 5-HT immunoreactivity also increased in the dexfenfluramine-treated group compared to control. In conclusion, our findings show that dexfenfluramine is effective in achieving weight loss and also increases lipid peroxidation in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coşkun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Hitomi H, Fukui T, Moriwaki K, Matsubara K, Sun GP, Rahman M, Nishiyama A, Kiyomoto H, Kimura S, Ohmori K, Abe Y, Kohno M. Synergistic effect of mechanical stretch and angiotensin II on superoxide production via NADPH oxidase in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Hypertens 2006; 24:1089-95. [PMID: 16685209 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000226199.51805.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical forces and angiotensin II influence the structure and function of vascular cells, and play an important role in reactive oxygen species production. In this study, we examined the effects of mechanical stretch and angiotensin II on the expression of p22-phox and Nox-1, essential membrane components of NADPH oxidase, and superoxide production in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Neither a stretch force nor angiotensin II alone altered p22-phox and Nox-1 expression in VSMCs. Combined stimulation markedly increased p22-phox and Nox-1 mRNA, however, which was associated with increased NADPH oxidase activity, superoxide production and total 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha concentration. The increases in p22-phox mRNA levels induced by a stretch force in combination with angiotensin II were prevented by treatment with an angiotensin type I (AT1) receptor antagonist, RNH-6270 (100 nmol/l). Protein expression of the AT1 receptor was upregulated by a stretch force. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that mechanical stretch and angiotensin II synergistically increase NADPH oxidase expression in VSMCs, and suggest that part of this mechanism is mediated through an upregulation of the AT1 receptor induced by mechanical stretch. The combined effects of mechanical strain and angiotensin II might promote vascular damage through the production of superoxide in a hypertensive state.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/physiology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
- Superoxides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hitomi
- Division of Nephrology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan.
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