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Duché G, Sanderson JM. The Chemical Reactivity of Membrane Lipids. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3284-3330. [PMID: 38498932 PMCID: PMC10979411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that aqueous dispersions of phospholipids spontaneously assemble into bilayer structures. These structures have numerous applications across chemistry and materials science and form the fundamental structural unit of the biological membrane. The particular environment of the lipid bilayer, with a water-poor low dielectric core surrounded by a more polar and better hydrated interfacial region, gives the membrane particular biophysical and physicochemical properties and presents a unique environment for chemical reactions to occur. Many different types of molecule spanning a range of sizes, from dissolved gases through small organics to proteins, are able to interact with membranes and promote chemical changes to lipids that subsequently affect the physicochemical properties of the bilayer. This Review describes the chemical reactivity exhibited by lipids in their membrane form, with an emphasis on conditions where the lipids are well hydrated in the form of bilayers. Key topics include the following: lytic reactions of glyceryl esters, including hydrolysis, aminolysis, and transesterification; oxidation reactions of alkenes in unsaturated fatty acids and sterols, including autoxidation and oxidation by singlet oxygen; reactivity of headgroups, particularly with reactive carbonyl species; and E/Z isomerization of alkenes. The consequences of reactivity for biological activity and biophysical properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Duché
- Génie
Enzimatique et Cellulaire, Université
Technologique de Compiègne, Compiègne 60200, France
| | - John M Sanderson
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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2
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Morel Y, Jones JW. Utilization of LC-MS/MS and Drift Tube Ion Mobility for Characterizing Intact Oxidized Arachidonate-Containing Glycerophosphatidylethanolamine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37369083 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is a key component in the pathogenesis of numerous disease states, where the oxidative damage of lipids frequently leads to membrane dysfunction and subsequent cellular death. Glycerophosphoethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant phospholipid found in cellular membranes and, when oxidized, has been identified as an executor of ferroptotic cell death. PE commonly exists in the plasmalogen form, where the presence of the vinyl ether bond and its enrichment in polyunsaturated fatty acids make it especially susceptible to oxidative degradation. This results in a multitude of oxidized products complicating identification and often requiring several analytical techniques for interpretation. In the present study, we outline an analytical approach for the structural characterization of intact oxidized products of arachidonate-containing diacyl and plasmalogen PE. Intact oxidized PE structures, including structural and positional isomers, were identified using complementary liquid chromatography techniques, drift tube ion mobility, and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. This work establishes a comprehensive method for the analysis of intact lipid peroxidation products and provides an important pathway to investigate how lipid peroxidation initially impacts glycerophospholipids and their role in redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulemni Morel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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3
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Rodencal J, Dixon SJ. A tale of two lipids: Lipid unsaturation commands ferroptosis sensitivity. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2100308. [PMID: 36398995 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids play important roles in the regulation of cell fate, including the execution of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic cell death mechanism defined by iron-dependent membrane lipid peroxidation. Phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are highly vulnerable to peroxidation and are essential for ferroptosis execution. By contrast, the incorporation of less oxidizable monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in membrane phospholipids protects cells from ferroptosis. The enzymes and pathways that govern PUFA and MUFA metabolism therefore play a critical role in determining cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis. Here, we review three lipid metabolic processes-fatty acid biosynthesis, ether lipid biosynthesis, and phospholipid remodeling-that can govern ferroptosis sensitivity by regulating the balance of PUFAs and MUFAs in membrane phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rodencal
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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4
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Jové M, Mota-Martorell N, Obis È, Sol J, Martín-Garí M, Ferrer I, Portero-Otin M, Pamplona R. Ether Lipid-Mediated Antioxidant Defense in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:293. [PMID: 36829852 PMCID: PMC9952080 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the richest tissues in lipid content and diversity of the human body is the brain. The human brain is constitutively highly vulnerable to oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is a determinant in brain aging, as well as in the onset and progression of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Glycerophospholipids are the main lipid category widely distributed in neural cell membranes, with a very significant presence for the ether lipid subclass. Ether lipids have played a key role in the evolution of the human brain compositional specificity and functionality. Ether lipids determine the neural membrane structural and functional properties, membrane trafficking, cell signaling and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Here, we explore the idea that ether lipids actively participate in the pathogenesis of sAD. Firstly, we evaluate the quantitative relevance of ether lipids in the human brain composition, as well as their role in the human brain evolution. Then, we analyze the implications of ether lipids in neural cell physiology, highlighting their inherent antioxidant properties. Finally, we discuss changes in ether lipid content associated with sAD and their physiopathological implications, and propose a mechanism that, as a vicious cycle, explains the potential significance of ether lipids in sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Natàlia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Èlia Obis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Sol
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Research Support Unit (USR), Catalan Institute of Health (ICS), Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAP JGol), E-25007 Lleida, Spain
| | - Meritxell Martín-Garí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona (UB), E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Neuropathology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Network Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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5
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Jové M, Mota-Martorell N, Obis È, Sol J, Martín-Garí M, Ferrer I, Portero-Otín M, Pamplona R. Lipid Adaptations against Oxidative Challenge in the Healthy Adult Human Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:177. [PMID: 36671039 PMCID: PMC9855103 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is assumed that the human brain is especially susceptible to oxidative stress, based on specific traits such as a higher rate of mitochondrial free radical production, a high content in peroxidizable fatty acids, and a low antioxidant defense. However, it is also evident that human neurons, although they are post-mitotic cells, survive throughout an entire lifetime. Therefore, to reduce or avoid the impact of oxidative stress on neuron functionality and survival, they must have evolved several adaptive mechanisms to cope with the deleterious effects of oxidative stress. Several of these antioxidant features are derived from lipid adaptations. At least six lipid adaptations against oxidative challenge in the healthy human brain can be discerned. In this work, we explore the idea that neurons and, by extension, the human brain is endowed with an important arsenal of non-pro-oxidant and antioxidant measures to preserve neuronal function, refuting part of the initial premise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Natàlia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Èlia Obis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Sol
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Health (ICS), Research Support Unit (USR), Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAP JGol), E-25007 Lleida, Spain
| | - Meritxell Martín-Garí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona (UB), E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Neuropathology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Network Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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6
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Dorninger F, Werner ER, Berger J, Watschinger K. Regulation of plasmalogen metabolism and traffic in mammals: The fog begins to lift. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946393. [PMID: 36120579 PMCID: PMC9471318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique chemical structure, plasmalogens do not only exhibit distinct biophysical and biochemical features, but require specialized pathways of biosynthesis and metabolization. Recently, major advances have been made in our understanding of these processes, for example by the attribution of the gene encoding the enzyme, which catalyzes the final desaturation step in plasmalogen biosynthesis, or by the identification of cytochrome C as plasmalogenase, which allows for the degradation of plasmalogens. Also, models have been presented that plausibly explain the maintenance of adequate cellular levels of plasmalogens. However, despite the progress, many aspects around the questions of how plasmalogen metabolism is regulated and how plasmalogens are distributed among organs and tissues in more complex organisms like mammals, remain unresolved. Here, we summarize and interpret current evidence on the regulation of the enzymes involved in plasmalogen biosynthesis and degradation as well as the turnover of plasmalogens. Finally, we focus on plasmalogen traffic across the mammalian body - a topic of major importance, when considering plasmalogen replacement therapies in human disorders, where deficiencies in these lipids have been reported. These involve not only inborn errors in plasmalogen metabolism, but also more common diseases including Alzheimer's disease and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Fabian Dorninger, ; Katrin Watschinger,
| | - Ernst R. Werner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,*Correspondence: Fabian Dorninger, ; Katrin Watschinger,
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7
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Cifarelli V, Kuda O, Yang K, Liu X, Gross RW, Pietka TA, Heo GS, Sultan D, Luehmann H, Lesser J, Ross M, Goldberg IJ, Gropler RJ, Liu Y, Abumrad NA. Cardiac immune cell infiltration associates with abnormal lipid metabolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:948332. [PMID: 36061565 PMCID: PMC9428462 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.948332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD36 mediates the uptake of long-chain fatty acids (FAs), a major energy substrate for the myocardium. Under excessive FA supply, CD36 can cause cardiac lipid accumulation and inflammation while its deletion reduces heart FA uptake and lipid content and increases glucose utilization. As a result, CD36 was proposed as a therapeutic target for obesity-associated heart disease. However, more recent reports have shown that CD36 deficiency suppresses myocardial flexibility in fuel preference between glucose and FAs, impairing tissue energy balance, while CD36 absence in tissue macrophages reduces efferocytosis and myocardial repair after injury. In line with the latter homeostatic functions, we had previously reported that CD36-/- mice have chronic subclinical inflammation. Lipids are important for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and there is limited information on heart lipid metabolism in CD36 deficiency. Here, we document in the hearts of unchallenged CD36-/- mice abnormalities in the metabolism of triglycerides, plasmalogens, cardiolipins, acylcarnitines, and arachidonic acid, and the altered remodeling of these lipids in response to an overnight fast. The hearts were examined for evidence of inflammation by monitoring the presence of neutrophils and pro-inflammatory monocytes/macrophages using the respective positron emission tomography (PET) tracers, 64Cu-AMD3100 and 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i. We detected significant immune cell infiltration in unchallenged CD36-/- hearts as compared with controls and immune infiltration was also observed in hearts of mice with cardiomyocyte-specific CD36 deficiency. Together, the data show that the CD36-/- heart is in a non-homeostatic state that could compromise its stress response. Non-invasive immune cell monitoring in humans with partial or total CD36 deficiency could help evaluate the risk of impaired heart remodeling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Cifarelli
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Vincenza Cifarelli,
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xinping Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard W. Gross
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Terri A. Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah Sultan
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Josie Lesser
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Morgan Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ira J. Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert J. Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Yongjian Liu,
| | - Nada A. Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Nada A. Abumrad,
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8
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Schooneveldt YL, Paul S, Calkin AC, Meikle PJ. Ether Lipids in Obesity: From Cells to Population Studies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:841278. [PMID: 35309067 PMCID: PMC8927733 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.841278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ether lipids are a unique class of glycero- and glycerophospho-lipid that carry an ether or vinyl ether linked fatty alcohol at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. These specialised lipids are important endogenous anti-oxidants with additional roles in regulating membrane fluidity and dynamics, intracellular signalling, immunomodulation and cholesterol metabolism. Lipidomic profiling of human population cohorts has identified new associations between reduced circulatory plasmalogen levels, an abundant and biologically active sub-class of ether lipids, with obesity and body-mass index. These findings align with the growing body of work exploring novel roles for ether lipids within adipose tissue. In this regard, ether lipids have now been linked to facilitating lipid droplet formation, regulating thermogenesis and mediating beiging of white adipose tissue in early life. This review will assess recent findings in both population studies and studies using cell and animal models to delineate the functional and protective roles of ether lipids in the setting of obesity. We will also discuss the therapeutic potential of ether lipid supplementation to attenuate diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette L. Schooneveldt
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudip Paul
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C. Calkin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anna C. Calkin,
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Peter J. Meikle,
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9
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Biomarker profiling of postmortem blood for diabetes mellitus and discussion of possible applications of metabolomics for forensic casework. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:1075-1090. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Pike DP, McGuffee RM, Geerling E, Albert CJ, Hoft DF, Shashaty MGS, Meyer NJ, Pinto AK, Ford DA. Plasmalogen Loss in Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:912880. [PMID: 35784479 PMCID: PMC9242022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.912880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are plasma-borne antioxidant phospholipid species that provide protection as cellular lipid components during cellular oxidative stress. In this study we investigated plasma plasmalogen levels in human sepsis as well as in rodent models of infection. In humans, levels of multiple plasmenylethanolamine molecular species were decreased in septic patient plasma compared to control subject plasma as well as an age-aligned control subject cohort. Additionally, lysoplasmenylcholine levels were significantly decreased in septic patients compared to the control cohorts. In contrast, plasma diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine levels were elevated in septic patients. Lipid changes were also determined in rats subjected to cecal slurry sepsis. Plasma plasmenylcholine, plasmenylethanolamine, and lysoplasmenylcholine levels were decreased while diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine levels were increased in septic rats compared to control treated rats. Kidney levels of lysoplasmenylcholine as well as plasmenylethanolamine molecular species were decreased in septic rats. Interestingly, liver plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine levels were increased in septic rats. Since COVID-19 is associated with sepsis-like acute respiratory distress syndrome and oxidative stress, plasmalogen levels were also determined in a mouse model of COVID-19 (intranasal inoculation of K18 mice with SARS-CoV-2). 3 days following infection, lung infection was confirmed as well as cytokine expression in the lung. Multiple molecular species of lung plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine were decreased in infected mice. In contrast, the predominant lung phospholipid, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, was not decreased following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally total plasmenylcholine levels were decreased in the plasma of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate the loss of plasmalogens during both sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study also indicates plasma plasmalogens should be considered in future studies as biomarkers of infection and as prognostic indicators for sepsis and COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Reagan M McGuffee
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael G S Shashaty
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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11
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Almsherqi ZA. Potential Role of Plasmalogens in the Modulation of Biomembrane Morphology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673917. [PMID: 34368127 PMCID: PMC8335397 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a subclass of cell membrane glycerophospholipids that typically include vinyl- ether bond at the sn-1 position and polyunsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position. They are highly abundant in the neuronal, immune, and cardiovascular cell membranes. Despite the abundance of plasmalogens in a plethora of cells, tissues, and organs, the role of plasmalogens remains unclear. Plasmalogens are required for the proper function of integral membrane proteins, lipid rafts, cell signaling, and differentiation. More importantly, plasmalogens play a crucial role in the cell as an endogenous antioxidant that protects the cell membrane components such as phospholipids, unsaturated fatty acids, and lipoproteins from oxidative stress. The incorporation of vinyl-ether linked with alkyl chains in phospholipids alter the physicochemical properties (e.g., the hydrophilicity of the headgroup), packing density, and conformational order of the phospholipids within the biomembranes. Thus, plasmalogens play a significant role in determining the physical and chemical properties of the biomembrane such as its fluidity, thickness, and lateral pressure of the biomembrane. Insights on the important structural and functional properties of plasmalogens may help us to understand the molecular mechanism of membrane transformation, vesicle formation, and vesicular fusion, especially at the synaptic vesicles where plasmalogens are rich and essential for neuronal function. Although many aspects of plasmalogen phospholipid involvement in membrane transformation identified through in vitro experiments and membrane mimic systems, remain to be confirmed in vivo, the compiled data show many intriguing properties of vinyl-ether bonded lipids that may play a significant role in the structural and morphological changes of the biomembranes. In this review, we present the current limited knowledge of the emerging potential role of plasmalogens as a modulator of the biomembrane morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Almsherqi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Zhuo R, Rong P, Wang J, Parvin R, Deng Y. The Potential Role of Bioactive Plasmalogens in Lung Surfactant. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:618102. [PMID: 33681198 PMCID: PMC7928286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.618102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a type of newborn disorder caused by the deficiency or late appearance of lung surfactant, a mixture of lipids and proteins. Studies have shown that lung surfactant replacement therapy could effectively reduce the morbidity and mortality of NRDS, and the therapeutic effect of animal-derived surfactant preparation, although with its limitations, performs much better than that of protein-free synthetic ones. Plasmalogens are a type of ether phospholipids present in multiple human tissues, including lung and lung surfactant. Plasmalogens are known to promote and stabilize non-lamellar hexagonal phase structure in addition to their significant antioxidant property. Nevertheless, they are nearly ignored and underappreciated in the lung surfactant-related research. This report will focus on plasmalogens, a minor yet potentially vital component of lung surfactant, and also discuss their biophysical properties and functions as anti-oxidation, structural modification, and surface tension reduction at the alveolar surface. At the end, we boldly propose a novel synthetic protein-free lung surfactant preparation with plasmalogen modification as an alternative strategy for surfactant replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiang Zhuo
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pu Rong
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jieli Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuru Deng
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
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13
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Wang H, Wang J, He C. Exploration of potential lipid biomarkers for premature canities by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS analyses of hair follicle roots. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:776-781. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hecong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development Beijing China
- Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Jiateng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development Beijing China
- Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Congfen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development Beijing China
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14
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PIP2 Reshapes Membranes through Asymmetric Desorption. Biophys J 2019; 117:962-974. [PMID: 31445680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is an important signaling lipid in eukaryotic cell plasma membranes, playing an essential role in diverse cellular processes. The headgroup of PIP2 is highly negatively charged, and this lipid displays a high critical micellar concentration compared to housekeeping phospholipid analogs. Given the crucial role of PIP2, it is imperative to study its localization, interaction with proteins, and membrane-shaping properties. Biomimetic membranes have served extensively to elucidate structural and functional aspects of cell membranes including protein-lipid and lipid-lipid interactions, as well as membrane mechanics. Incorporation of PIP2 into biomimetic membranes, however, has at times resulted in discrepant findings described in the literature. With the goal to elucidate the mechanical consequences of PIP2 incorporation, we studied the desorption of PIP2 from biomimetic giant unilamellar vesicles by means of a fluorescent marker. A decrease in fluorescence intensity with the age of the vesicles suggested that PIP2 lipids were being desorbed from the outer leaflet of the membrane. To evaluate whether this desorption was asymmetric, the vesicles were systematically diluted. This resulted in an increase in the number of internally tubulated vesicles within minutes after dilution, suggesting that the desorption was asymmetric and also generated membrane curvature. By means of a saturated chain homolog of PIP2, we showed that the fast desorption of PIP2 is facilitated by presence of an arachidonic lipid tail and is possibly due to its oxidation. Through measurements of the pulling force of membrane tethers, we quantified the effect of this asymmetric desorption on the spontaneous membrane curvature. Furthermore, we found that the spontaneous curvature could be modulated by externally increasing the concentration of PIP2 micelles. Given that the local concentration of PIP2 in biological membranes is variable, spontaneous curvature generated by PIP2 may affect the formation of highly curved structures that can serve as initiators for signaling events.
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15
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Colombo S, Domingues P, Domingues MR. Mass spectrometry strategies to unveil modified aminophospholipids of biological interest. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:323-355. [PMID: 30597614 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biological functions of modified aminophospholipids (APL) have become a topic of interest during the last two decades, and distinct roles have been found for these biomolecules in both physiological and pathological contexts. Modifications of APL include oxidation, glycation, and adduction to electrophilic aldehydes, altogether contributing to a high structural variability of modified APL. An outstanding technique used in this challenging field is mass spectrometry (MS). MS has been widely used to unveil modified APL of biological interest, mainly when associated with soft ionization methods (electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) and coupled with separation techniques as liquid chromatography. This review summarizes the biological roles and the chemical mechanisms underlying APL modifications, and comprehensively reviews the current MS-based knowledge that has been gathered until now for their analysis. The interpretation of the MS data obtained by in vitro-identification studies is explained in detail. The perspective of an analytical detection of modified APL in clinical samples is explored, highlighting the fundamental role of MS in unveiling APL modifications and their relevance in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Colombo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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Youssef M, Ibrahim A, Akashi K, Hossain MS. PUFA-Plasmalogens Attenuate the LPS-Induced Nitric Oxide Production by Inhibiting the NF-kB, p38 MAPK and JNK Pathways in Microglial Cells. Neuroscience 2018; 397:18-30. [PMID: 30496826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The special lipids plasmalogens (Pls) were reported to be reduced in the neurodegenerative brains such as Alzheimer's disease where a marked increase of glial activation is often observed. We previously found that a reduction of brain Pls can enhance the glial activation in murine brains. However, the detailed role of Pls in the prevention of glial activation was mostly elusive. Here we report that the Pls, extracted from scallop (sPls), significantly inhibited the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and the production of NO in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-activated microglial cells. We also observed that the polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing Pls but not the monounsaturated oleic acid-containing Pls attenuated the NOS2 induction. In addition, sPls blocked the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) e.g., JNK and p38 MAPK, thereby attenuated the nuclear translocation of NF-kB subunit, p65, and activator protein-1 (AP-1) proteins (c-Fos and c-Jun). Interestingly, LPS treatments suppressed the expression of Pls synthesizing enzymes, glycerone phosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) and alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) in the microglial cells by the p38MAPK and JNK pathways. Furthermore, the knockdown of GNPAT and AGPS genes by sh-RNAs accelerated the LPS-induced activation of p38MAPK and JNK, resulting in the increased production of NO. These findings suggested that a decrease of brain Pls can activate the NF-kB, p38MAPK and JNK pathways to induce a prolonged microglial activation which may downplay the neuroprotective events in the brains of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Youssef
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Brain Fatigue Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan; Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, South Valley University, Qena 83523 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, South Valley University, Qena 83523 Egypt
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Md Shamim Hossain
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Brain Fatigue Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan.
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Kimura T, Kimura AK, Ren M, Berno B, Xu Y, Schlame M, Epand RM. Substantial Decrease in Plasmalogen in the Heart Associated with Tafazzin Deficiency. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2162-2175. [PMID: 29557170 PMCID: PMC5893435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tafazzin is the mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes transacylation between a phospholipid and a lysophospholipid in remodeling. Mutations in tafazzin cause Barth syndrome, a potentially life-threatening disease with the major symptom being cardiomyopathy. In the tafazzin-deficient heart, cardiolipin (CL) acyl chains become abnormally heterogeneous unlike those in the normal heart with a single dominant linoleoyl species, tetralinoleoyl CL. In addition, the amount of CL decreases and monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) accumulates. Here we determine using high-resolution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance with cryoprobe technology the fundamental phospholipid composition, including the major but oxidation-labile plasmalogens, in the tafazzin-knockdown (TAZ-KD) mouse heart as a model of Barth syndrome. In addition to confirming a lower level of CL (6.4 ± 0.1 → 2.0 ± 0.4 mol % of the total phospholipid) and accumulation of MLCL (not detected → 3.3 ± 0.5 mol %) in the TAZ-KD, we found a substantial reduction in the level of plasmenylcholine (30.8 ± 2.8 → 18.1 ± 3.1 mol %), the most abundant phospholipid in the control wild type. A quantitative Western blot revealed that while the level of peroxisomes, where early steps of plasmalogen synthesis take place, was normal in the TAZ-KD model, expression of Far1 as a rate-determining enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis was dramatically upregulated by 8.3 (±1.6)-fold to accelerate the synthesis in response to the reduced level of plasmalogen. We confirmed lyso-plasmenylcholine or plasmenylcholine is a substrate of purified tafazzin for transacylation with CL or MLCL, respectively. Our results suggest that plasmenylcholine, abundant in linoleoyl species, is important in remodeling CL in the heart. Tafazzin deficiency thus has a major impact on the cardiac plasmenylcholine level and thereby its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Atsuko K. Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mindong Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Bob Berno
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Anesthesiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Richard M. Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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18
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Colombo S, Coliva G, Kraj A, Chervet JP, Fedorova M, Domingues P, Domingues MR. Electrochemical oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamines studied by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:223-233. [PMID: 29282829 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Colombo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Giulia Coliva
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Abstract
Ether lipids, such as plasmalogens, are peroxisome-derived glycerophospholipids in which the hydrocarbon chain at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone is attached by an ether bond, as opposed to an ester bond in the more common diacyl phospholipids. This seemingly simple biochemical change has profound structural and functional implications. Notably, the tendency of ether lipids to form non-lamellar inverted hexagonal structures in model membranes suggests that they have a role in facilitating membrane fusion processes. Ether lipids are also important for the organization and stability of lipid raft microdomains, cholesterol-rich membrane regions involved in cellular signaling. In addition to their structural roles, a subset of ether lipids are thought to function as endogenous antioxidants, and emerging studies suggest that they are involved in cell differentiation and signaling pathways. Here, we review the biology of ether lipids and their potential significance in human disorders, including neurological diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Dean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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20
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Broniec A, Żądło A, Pawlak A, Fuchs B, Kłosiński R, Thompson D, Sarna T. Interaction of plasmenylcholine with free radicals in selected model systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:368-378. [PMID: 28232206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (Plg) - naturally occurring glycerophospholipids with the vinyl-ether group in the sn-1 position are generally viewed as physiological antioxidants. Although there are numerous examples of antioxidant action of plasmalogen in cell cultures and in experimental animals, this hypothesis is far from being satisfactorily proven due to substantial limitations of such studies. Thus, plasmalogen reactivity in cells results in the accumulation of toxic byproducts and the experimental design is usually too complicated to evaluate the protective function of solely one type of lipid molecular species. In this study, experiments were performed in homogenous and heterogeneous model systems consisting of solutions in organic solvents as well as micelles and liposomes containing pure synthetic plasmenylcholines. Under the experimental conditions used, chemical reactivity of plasmalogens could be attributed to specific fatty acid esterification pattern. This is important because the chemical reactivity cannot be separated from physico-chemical properties of the lipids. Time-dependent formation of phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides were determined by iodometric assay and HPLC-EC. EPR oximetry and Clark electrode were employed to detect the accompanying changes in oxygen concentration. Oxidation of the studied lipids was monitored by standard colorimetric TBARS method as well as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Our data indicate that the reactivity of sn-2 monounsaturated vinyl ether lipids in peroxyl radical-induced or iron-catalyzed peroxidation reactions is comparable with that of their diacyl analogs. In samples containing cholesterol and plasmalogens, oxidative processes lead to accumulation of the radical oxidation product of cholesterol. It can be concluded that the antioxidant action of plasmalogens takes place intramolecularly rather than intermolecularly and depends on the degree of unsaturation of esterified fatty acids. Thus, it is questionable if plasmalogens can really be viewed as "endogenous antioxidant", even though they may exhibit, under special conditions, protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Broniec
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Żądło
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Pawlak
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - B Fuchs
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Kłosiński
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - D Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - T Sarna
- Biophysics Department, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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21
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Reduction of Ether-Type Glycerophospholipids, Plasmalogens, by NF-κB Signal Leading to Microglial Activation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4074-4092. [PMID: 28292831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3941-15.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation characterized by activation of glial cells is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the reduction of ether-type glycerophospholipids, plasmalogens (Pls), in the brain is reported in AD patients, the mechanism of the reduction and its impact on neuroinflammation remained elusive. In the present study, we found for the first time that various inflammatory stimuli reduced Pls levels in murine glial cells via NF-κB activation, which then downregulated a Pls-synthesizing enzyme, glycerone phosphate O-acyltransferase (Gnpat) through increased c-Myc recruitment onto the Gnpat promoter. We also found that systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide, aging, and chronic restraint stress reduced brain Pls contents that were associated with glial NF-κB activation, an increase in c-Myc expression, and downregulation of Gnpat in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. More interestingly, the reduction of Pls contents in the murine cortex itself could increase the activated phenotype of microglial cells and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting further acceleration of neuroinflammation by reduction of brain Pls. A similar mechanism of Gnpat reduction was also found in human cell lines, triple-transgenic AD mouse brain, and postmortem human AD brain tissues. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of neuroinflammation that may explain prolonged progression of AD and help us to explore preventive and therapeutic strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ether-type glycerophospholipids, plasmalogens (Pls), are reduced in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. We found that inflammatory stimuli reduced Pls contents by downregulation of the Pls-synthesizing enzyme glycerone phosphate O-acyltransferase (Gnpat) through NF-κB-mediated recruitment of c-Myc onto the Gnpat promoter in both murine and human cell lines. Murine brains after systemic lipopolysaccharide, chronic stress, and aging, as well as triple-transgenic AD mice and postmortem human AD brain tissues all showed increased c-Myc and reduced Gnpat expression. Interestingly, knockdown of Gnpat itself activated NF-κB in glial cell lines and microglia in mouse cortex. Our findings provide a new insight into the mechanism of neuroinflammation and may help to develop a novel therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Orsoni A, Thérond P, Tan R, Giral P, Robillard P, Kontush A, Meikle PJ, Chapman MJ. Statin action enriches HDL3 in polyunsaturated phospholipids and plasmalogens and reduces LDL-derived phospholipid hydroperoxides in atherogenic mixed dyslipidemia. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2073-2087. [PMID: 27581680 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p068585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenic mixed dyslipidemia associates with oxidative stress and defective HDL antioxidative function in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The impact of statin treatment on the capacity of HDL to inactivate LDL-derived, redox-active phospholipid hydroperoxides (PCOOHs) in MetS is indeterminate. Insulin-resistant, hypertriglyceridemic, hypertensive, obese males were treated with pitavastatin (4 mg/day) for 180 days, resulting in marked reduction in plasma TGs (-41%) and LDL-cholesterol (-38%), with minor effects on HDL-cholesterol and apoAI. Native plasma LDL (baseline vs. 180 days) was oxidized by aqueous free radicals under mild conditions in vitro either alone or in the presence of the corresponding pre- or poststatin HDL2 or HDL3 at authentic plasma mass ratios. Lipidomic analyses revealed that statin treatment i) reduced the content of oxidizable polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PUPC) species containing DHA and linoleic acid in LDL; ii) preferentially increased the content of PUPC species containing arachidonic acid (AA) in small, dense HDL3; iii) induced significant elevation in the content of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) plasmalogens containing AA and DHA in HDL3; and iv) induced formation of HDL3 particles with increased capacity to inactivate PCOOH with formation of redox-inactive phospholipid hydroxide. Statin action attenuated LDL oxidability Concomitantly, the capacity of HDL3 to inactivate redox-active PCOOH was enhanced relative to HDL2, consistent with preferential enrichment of PE plasmalogens and PUPC in HDL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexina Orsoni
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrice Thérond
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Lip(Sys) Department, Atherosclerosis: Cholesterol Homeostasis and Macrophage Trafficking, Paris-Sud University and Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ricardo Tan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippe Giral
- Service of Endocrinology-Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- INSERM UMR-S939, Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis, and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM UMR-S1166 and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M John Chapman
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France .,Service of Endocrinology-Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S939, Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis, and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
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Sánchez Campos S, Rodríguez Diez G, Oresti GM, Salvador GA. Dopaminergic Neurons Respond to Iron-Induced Oxidative Stress by Modulating Lipid Acylation and Deacylation Cycles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130726. [PMID: 26076361 PMCID: PMC4468124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-imbalance has been reported as a contributor factor for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson Disease (PD). Specifically, iron (Fe)-overload and copper (Cu) mis-compartmentalization have been reported to be involved in the injury of dopaminergic neurons in this pathology. The aim of this work was to characterize the mechanisms of membrane repair by studying lipid acylation and deacylation reactions and their role in oxidative injury in N27 dopaminergic neurons exposed to Fe-overload and Cu-supplementation. N27 dopaminergic neurons incubated with Fe (1mM) for 24 hs displayed increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and elevated plasma membrane permeability. Cu-supplemented neurons (10, 50 μM) showed no evidence of oxidative stress markers. A different lipid acylation profile was observed in N27 neurons pre-labeled with [3H] arachidonic acid (AA) or [3H] oleic acid (OA). In Fe-exposed neurons, AA uptake was increased in triacylglycerols (TAG) whereas its incorporation into the phospholipid (PL) fraction was diminished. TAG content was 40% higher in Fe-exposed neurons than in controls. This increase was accompanied by the appearance of Nile red positive lipid bodies. Contrariwise, OA incorporation increased in the PL fractions and showed no changes in TAG. Lipid acylation profile in Cu-supplemented neurons showed AA accumulation into phosphatidylserine and no changes in TAG. The inhibition of deacylation/acylation reactions prompted an increase in oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial dysfunction in Fe-overloaded neurons. These findings provide evidence about the participation of lipid acylation mechanisms against Fe-induced oxidative injury and postulate that dopaminergic neurons cleverly preserve AA in TAG in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Sánchez Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Rodríguez Diez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Martín Oresti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Alejandra Salvador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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24
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Fuchs B. Analytical methods for (oxidized) plasmalogens: Methodological aspects and applications. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:599-617. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.999675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Systems biology strategies to study lipidomes in health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 55:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mass spectrometry and inflammation—MS methods to study oxidation and enzyme-induced changes of phospholipids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1291-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fonteh AN, Chiang J, Cipolla M, Hale J, Diallo F, Chirino A, Arakaki X, Harrington MG. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid glycerophospholipids and phospholipase A2 activity in Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2884-97. [PMID: 23868911 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim is to study selected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycerophospholipids (GP) that are important in brain pathophysiology. We recruited cognitively healthy (CH), minimally cognitively impaired (MCI), and late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) study participants and collected their CSF. After fractionation into nanometer particles (NP) and supernatant fluids (SF), we studied the lipid composition of these compartments. LC-MS/MS studies reveal that both CSF fractions from CH subjects have N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine, 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine (PE), 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine (PC), 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine (PS), platelet-activating factor-like lipids, and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). In the NP fraction, GPs are enriched with a mixture of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid species, while PE and PS in the SF fractions are enriched with PUFA-containing molecular species. PC, PE, and PS levels in CSF fractions decrease progressively in participants from CH to MCI, and then to LOAD. Whereas most PC species decrease equally in LOAD, plasmalogen species account for most of the decrease in PE. A significant increase in the LPC-to-PC ratio and PLA2 activity accompanies the GP decrease in LOAD. These studies reveal that CSF supernatant fluid and nanometer particles have different GP composition, and that PLA2 activity accounts for altered GPs in these fractions as neurodegeneration progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91101-1830
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Donovan EL, Pettine SM, Hickey MS, Hamilton KL, Miller BF. Lipidomic analysis of human plasma reveals ether-linked lipids that are elevated in morbidly obese humans compared to lean. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:24. [PMID: 23672807 PMCID: PMC3663699 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipidomic analysis was performed to explore differences in lipid profiles between plasma from lean and obese subjects, followed by in vitro methods to examine a role for the identified lipids in endothelial cell pathophysiology. METHODS Plasma was collected from 15 morbidly obese and 13 control subjects. Lipids were extracted from plasma and analyzed using LC/MS, and MS/MS to characterize lipid profiles and identify lipids that are elevated in obese subjects compared to lean. RESULTS Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) modelling showed that lipid profiles were significantly different in obese subjects compared to lean. Analysis of lipids that were driving group separation in the OPLS-DA model and that were significantly elevated in the obese group led to identification of a group of ether-linked phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids of interest. Treatment of human coronary artery endothelial cells with the ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamine induced expression of cell adhesion molecules, a hallmark of endothelial cell activation. However, oxidized phosphatidylcholine products that can induce endothelial cell activation in vitro, were not significantly different between groups in vivo. CONCLUSION These data suggest a role for ether-linked lipids in obesity associated dyslipidemia and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise L Donovan
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 8052, USA
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd Grafton, Auckland, NZ 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew S Hickey
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 8052, USA
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 8052, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 8052, USA
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29
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Ifuku M, Katafuchi T, Mawatari S, Noda M, Miake K, Sugiyama M, Fujino T. Anti-inflammatory/anti-amyloidogenic effects of plasmalogens in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in adult mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:197. [PMID: 22889165 PMCID: PMC3444880 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation involves the activation of glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Plasmalogens (Pls) are glycerophospholipids constituting cellular membranes and play significant roles in membrane fluidity and cellular processes such as vesicular fusion and signal transduction. METHODS In this study the preventive effects of Pls on systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation were investigated using immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR methods and analysis of brain glycerophospholipid levels in adult mice. RESULTS Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of LPS (250 μg/kg) for seven days resulted in increases in the number of Iba-1-positive microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus accompanied by the enhanced expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs. In addition, β-amyloid (Aβ3-16)-positive neurons appeared in the PFC and hippocampus of LPS-injected animals. The co-administration of Pls (i.p., 20 mg/kg) after daily LPS injections significantly attenuated both the activation of glial cells and the accumulation of Aβ proteins. Finally, the amount of Pls in the PFC and hippocampus decreased following the LPS injections and this reduction was suppressed by co-treatment with Pls. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Pls have anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects, thereby indicating the preventive or therapeutic application of Pls against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ifuku
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Katafuchi T, Ifuku M, Mawatari S, Noda M, Miake K, Sugiyama M, Fujino T. Effects of plasmalogens on systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced glial activation and β-amyloid accumulation in adult mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1262:85-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Thomas CP, O'Donnell VB. Oxidized phospholipid signaling in immune cells. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:471-7. [PMID: 22445283 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) that can be generated either enzymatically or non-enzymatically are fast becoming recognized as important signaling mediators of the immune system. Hundreds of structures exist, but only a small fraction have been studied in detail. Their known activities include regulation of adhesion molecule expression, pro-coagulant activity and inhibition of Toll-like receptor signaling, and several have been detected in models of human and animal disease. In this review, the most studied structures of oxPLs will be summarized, along with descriptions of their known biological actions. Subsequently, the focus will be on the more recently described forms generated acutely by lipoxygenases (LOX) in human and murine immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
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Hammad LA, Cooper BS, Fisher NP, Montooth KL, Karty JA. Profiling and quantification of Drosophila melanogaster lipids using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2959-2968. [PMID: 21913275 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present here the findings of global profiling of Drosophila lipids using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) on an LTQ-Orbitrap instrument. In addition, we present a multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) method for the absolute quantification of the major phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids of Drosophila. Using both normal- and reversed-phase LC followed by accurate mass analysis and MS/MS on an LTQ-Orbitrap instrument, we evaluated the lipid composition of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. A total of 74 lipid species were identified consisting of glycerphospholipids belonging to the PE, PC, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) classes including several plasmanyl PE species, as well as triacylglycerides, cardiolipins, ceramides, and PE ceramides. Individual PE and PC phospholipids were then quantified using an LC-MRM approach. Reversed-phase chromatography followed by monitoring on a QTrap 4000 instrument of 21 MRM transitions combined with calibration curves constructed using internal standards enabled the absolute quantification of 28 PE and PC lipid species with limits of quantification of 3 and 5 pg/μL, respectively. Internal standards accounted for the differences in ionization efficiencies of PE and PC phospholipids, facilitating more accurate lipid abundance measurements. The method presented here builds on previous Drosophila work by making the quantification of absolute lipid abundance possible and will be of interest to scientists who study variation and changes in the degree of unsaturation, fatty acid carbon length, and head-group concentration among individuals of different genotypes in response to environmental, genetic, or physiological perturbation in small insects. It will also be particularly useful to biologists interested in adaptation and acclimation of cellular membranes in response to thermal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna A Hammad
- METACyt Biochemical Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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O'Donnell VB. Mass spectrometry analysis of oxidized phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:818-26. [PMID: 21835265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) are rapidly becoming recognized as important mediators of cellular and immune signaling. They are generated either enzymatically or non-enzymatically and 100s of structures exist of which only a small fraction have been analyzed to date. Pleiotropic activities, including regulation of adhesion molecule expression, pro-coagulant activity and inhibition of Toll-like receptor signaling have been observed and some are detected in models of human and animal disease, including atherosclerosis and infection. More recently, the acute generation of specific oxidized phospholipids by cellular enzymes in immune cells was reported. Assays for analysis and quantification of OxPLs were first developed approx 15years ago, primarily for hydro(pero)xy-species. Many were based on monitoring a single precursor ion with/without LC separation, based on the PL headgroup. Others combined LC with monitoring precursor to product transitions, but were unable to provide information regarding position of oxidation on unsaturated sn-2 fatty acid due to sensitivity issues. More recently, LC/MS/MS methods for specific OxPLs have been reported that enable high sensitivity quantitation in biological samples. In this review, widely used methods for detecting and quantifying various classes of OxPL will be summarized, along with practical advice for their use. In particular, the focus will be on LC/MS/MS, which today is almost universally the method of choice.
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Axelsen PH, Komatsu H, Murray IVJ. Oxidative stress and cell membranes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:54-69. [PMID: 21357903 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00024.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β proteins and oxidative stress are believed to have central roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Lipid membranes are among the most vulnerable cellular components to oxidative stress, and membranes in susceptible regions of the brain are compositionally distinct from those in other tissues. This review considers the evidence that membranes are either a source of neurotoxic lipid oxidation products or the target of pathogenic processes involving amyloid β proteins that cause permeability changes or ion channel formation. Progress toward a comprehensive theory of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is discussed in which lipid membranes assume both roles and promote the conversion of monomeric amyloid β proteins into fibrils, the pathognomonic histopathological lesion of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Axelsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Pietiläinen KH, Róg T, Seppänen-Laakso T, Virtue S, Gopalacharyulu P, Tang J, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Maciejewski A, Naukkarinen J, Ruskeepää AL, Niemelä PS, Yetukuri L, Tan CY, Velagapudi V, Castillo S, Nygren H, Hyötyläinen T, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Yki-Järvinen H, Vattulainen I, Vidal-Puig A, Orešič M. Association of lipidome remodeling in the adipocyte membrane with acquired obesity in humans. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000623. [PMID: 21666801 PMCID: PMC3110175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors describe a new approach to studying cellular lipid profiles and
propose a compensatory mechanism that may help maintain the normal membrane
function of adipocytes in the context of obesity. Identification of early mechanisms that may lead from obesity towards
complications such as metabolic syndrome is of great interest. Here we performed
lipidomic analyses of adipose tissue in twin pairs discordant for obesity but
still metabolically compensated. In parallel we studied more evolved states of
obesity by investigating a separated set of individuals considered to be
morbidly obese. Despite lower dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, the
obese twin individuals had increased proportions of palmitoleic and arachidonic
acids in their adipose tissue, including increased levels of ethanolamine
plasmalogens containing arachidonic acid. Information gathered from these
experimental groups was used for molecular dynamics simulations of lipid
bilayers combined with dependency network analysis of combined clinical,
lipidomics, and gene expression data. The simulations suggested that the
observed lipid remodeling maintains the biophysical properties of lipid
membranes, at the price, however, of increasing their vulnerability to
inflammation. Conversely, in morbidly obese subjects, the proportion of
plasmalogens containing arachidonic acid in the adipose tissue was markedly
decreased. We also show by in vitro Elovl6 knockdown that the lipid network
regulating the observed remodeling may be amenable to genetic modulation.
Together, our novel approach suggests a physiological mechanism by which
adaptation of adipocyte membranes to adipose tissue expansion associates with
positive energy balance, potentially leading to higher vulnerability to
inflammation in acquired obesity. Further studies will be needed to determine
the cause of this effect. Obesity is characterized by excess body fat, which is predominantly stored in the
adipose tissue. When adipose tissue expands too much it stops storing lipid
appropriately. The excess lipid accumulates in organs such as muscle, liver, and
pancreas, causing metabolic disease. In this study, we aim to identify factors
that cause adipose tissue to malfunction when it reaches its limit of expansion.
We performed lipidomic analyses of human adipose tissue in twin pairs discordant
for obesity—that is, one of the twins was lean and one was obese—but
still metabolically healthy. We identified multiple changes in membrane
phospholipids. Using computer modeling, we show that “lean” and
“obese” membrane lipid compositions have the same physical
properties despite their different compositions. We hypothesize that this
represents allostasis—changes in lipid membrane composition in obesity
occur to protect the physical properties of the membranes. However, protective
changes cannot occur without a cost, and accordingly we demonstrate that
switching to the “obese” lipid composition is associated with higher
levels of adipose tissue inflammation. In a separate group of metabolically
unhealthy obese individuals we investigated how the processes that regulate the
“lean” and “obese” lipid profiles are changed. To
determine how these lipid membrane changes are regulated we constructed an
in silico network model that identified key control points
and potential molecular players. We validated this network by performing genetic
manipulations in cell models. Therapeutic targeting of this network may open new
opportunities for the prevention or treatment of obesity-related metabolic
complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal
Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Obesity Research Unit, Helsinki
University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland,
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of
Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Sam Virtue
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic
Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,
Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jing Tang
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
Espoo, Finland
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic
Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,
Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arkadiusz Maciejewski
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of
Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Computational Biophysics and
Bioinformatics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jussi Naukkarinen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance
Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
| | | | | | | | - Chong Yew Tan
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic
Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,
Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Heli Nygren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Aila Rissanen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal
Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Obesity Research Unit, Helsinki
University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland,
Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance
Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Division of Diabetes, Department of
Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of
Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, School of
Science and Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- MEMPHYS—Center for Biomembrane
Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic
Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,
Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matej Orešič
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland,
Helsinki, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Broniec A, Klosinski R, Pawlak A, Wrona-Krol M, Thompson D, Sarna T. Interactions of plasmalogens and their diacyl analogs with singlet oxygen in selected model systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:892-8. [PMID: 21236336 PMCID: PMC3073128 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are phospholipids containing a vinyl-ether linkage at the sn-1 position of the glycerophospholipid backbone. Despite being quite abundant in humans, the biological role of plasmalogens remains speculative. It has been postulated that plasmalogens are physiological antioxidants with the vinyl-ether functionality serving as a sacrificial trap for free radicals and singlet oxygen. However, no quantitative data on the efficiency of plasmalogens at scavenging these reactive species are available. In this study, rate constants of quenching of singlet oxygen, generated by photosensitized energy transfer, by several plasmalogens and, for comparison, by their diacyl analogs were determined by time-resolved detection of phosphorescence at 1270nm. Relative rates of the interactions of singlet oxygen with plasmalogens and other lipids, in solution and in liposomal membranes, were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry and product analysis using HPLC-EC detection of cholesterol hydroperoxides and iodometric assay of lipid hydroperoxides. The results show that singlet oxygen interacts with plasmalogens significantly faster than with the other lipids, with the corresponding rate constants being 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater. The quenching of singlet oxygen by plasmalogens is mostly reactive in nature and results from its preferential interaction with the vinyl-ether bond. The data suggest that plasmalogens could protect unsaturated membrane lipids against oxidation induced by singlet oxygen, providing that the oxidation products are not excessively cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Broniec
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Klosinski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pawlak
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Wrona-Krol
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - David Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Lessig J, Fuchs B. HOCl-mediated glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine generation from plasmalogens in phospholipid mixtures. Lipids 2009; 45:37-51. [PMID: 19937395 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many mammalian tissues and cells contain, in addition to (diacyl) phospholipids, considerable amounts of plasmalogens, which may function as important antioxidants. Apart from the "scavenger" function mediated by the high sensitivity of the vinyl-ether bond, the functional role of plasmalogens is so far widely unknown. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that plasmalogen degradation products have harmful effects in inflammatory processes. In a previous investigation glycerophosphocholine (GPC) formation was verified as a novel plasmalogen degradation pathway upon oxidation with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), however these investigations were performed in simple model systems. Herein, we examine plasmalogen degradation in a more complex system in order to evaluate if GPC generation is also a major pathway in the presence of other highly unsaturated glycerophospholipids (GPL) representing an additional reaction site of HOCl targets. Using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, we confirmed that the first step of the HOCl-induced degradation of GPL mixtures containing plasmalogens is the attack of the vinyl-ether bond resulting in the generation of 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) or 1-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. In the second step HOCl reacts with the fatty acyl residue in the sn-2 position of 1-lysoPtdCho. This reaction is about three times faster in comparison to comparable diacyl-GPL. Thus, the generation of GPC and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) from plasmalogens are relevant products formed from HOCl attack on the vinyl-ether bond of plasmalogens under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lessig
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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38
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Axelsen PH, Murphy RC. Quantitative analysis of phospholipids containing arachidonate and docosahexaenoate chains in microdissected regions of mouse brain. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:660-71. [PMID: 19767534 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d001750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains are prevalent among brain lipids, and regional differences in acyl chain distribution appear to have both functional and pathological significance. A method is described in which the combined application of GC and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS yielded precise relative quantitation and approximate absolute quantitation of lipid species containing a particular fatty acyl chain in milligram-sized tissue samples. The method uses targeted MRM to identify specific molecular species of glycerophosphocholine lipids, glycerophospho-ethanolamine lipids, glycerophosphoinositol lipids, glycerophosphoserine lipids, glycero-phosphoglycerol lipids, and phosphatidic acids that contain esterified arachidonate (AA) and docosahexaenoate (DHA) separated during normal phase LC/MS/MS analysis. Quantitative analysis of the AA and DHA in the LC fractions is carried out using negative ion chemical ionization GC/MS and stable isotope dilution strategies. The method has been applied to assess the glycerophospholipid molecular species containing AA and DHA in microdissected samples of murine cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Results demonstrate the potential of this approach to identify regional differences in phospholipid concentration and reveal differences in specific phospholipid species between cortex and hippocampus. These differences may be related to the differential susceptibility of different brain regions to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Axelsen
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
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40
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Domingues MRM, Reis A, Domingues P. Mass spectrometry analysis of oxidized phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 156:1-12. [PMID: 18671956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that oxidized phospholipids play a role in signaling, apoptotic events and in age-related diseases is responsible for the increasing interest for the study of this subject. Phospholipid changes induced by oxidative reactions yield a huge number of structurally different oxidation products which difficult their isolation and characterization. Mass spectrometry (MS), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using the soft ionization methods (electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) is one of the finest approaches for the study of oxidized phospholipids. Product ions in tandem mass spectra of oxidized phospholipids, allow identifying changes in the fatty acyl chain and specific features such as presence of new functional groups in the molecule and their location along the fatty acyl chain. This review describes the work published on the use of mass spectrometry in identifying oxidized phospholipids from the different classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosário M Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
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41
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Mawatari S, Okuma Y, Fujino T. Separation of intact plasmalogens and all other phospholipids by a single run of high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2007; 370:54-9. [PMID: 17599799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a unique subclass of glycerophospholipids characterized by the presence of a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone, and they are found in high concentration in cellular membranes of many mammalian tissues. However, separation of plasmalogens as intact phospholipids has not been reported. This article describes a high-performance liquid chromatographic method that can separate intact ethanolamine plasmalogens (pl-PEs) and choline plasmalogens (pl-PCs) as well as all other phospholipid classes usually found in mammalian tissues by a single chromatographic run. The separation was obtained using an HPLC diol column and a gradient of a hexane/isopropanol/water system containing 1% acetic acid and 0.08% triethylamine. The HPLC method allowed a clear separation of plasmalogens from their diacyl analogues. The HPLC method, as applied to the study of peroxidation in human erythrocytes by a hydroperoxide, demonstrated that pl-PEs were targeted twice as much as their diacyl analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mawatari
- Institute of Rheological Function of Food, Hisayama-chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan.
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Thompson DH, Inerowicz HD, Grove J, Sarna T. Structural Characterization of Plasmenylcholine Photooxidation Products¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780323scoppp2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Postle AD, Wilton DC, Hunt AN, Attard GS. Probing phospholipid dynamics by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 46:200-24. [PMID: 17540449 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) have greatly facilitated the analysis of phospholipid molecular species in a growing diversity of biological and clinical settings. The combination of ESI-MS and metabolic labelling employing substrates labelled with stable isotopes is especially exciting, permitting studies of phospholipid synthesis and turnover in vivo. This review will first describe the methodology involved and will then detail dynamic lipidomic studies that have applied the stable isotope incorporation approach. Finally, it will summarise the increasing number of studies that have used ESI-MS to characterise structural and signalling phospholipid molecular species in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Postle
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Pruzanski W, Lambeau G, Lazdunski M, Cho W, Kopilov J, Kuksis A. Hydrolysis of minor glycerophospholipids of plasma lipoproteins by human group IIA, V and X secretory phospholipases A2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:5-19. [PMID: 17197234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the hydrolysis of the minor glycerophospholipids of human HDL(3), total HDL and LDL using human group IIA, V and X secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s). For this purpose we employed the enzyme and substrate concentrations and incubation times optimized for hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), the major glycerophospholipid of plasma lipoproteins. In contrast to PtdCho, which was readily hydrolyzed by group V and X sPLA(2)s, and to a lesser extent by group IIA sPLA(2), the minor ethanolamine, inositol and serine glycerophospholipids exhibited marked resistance to hydrolysis by all three sPLA(2)s. Thus, when PtdCho was hydrolyzed about 80%, the ethanolamine and inositol glycerophospholipids reached a maximum of 40% hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), which was examined to a more limited extent, showed similar resistance to group IIA, V and X sPLA(2)s, although the group V sPLA(2) attacked it more readily than group X sPLA(2) (52% versus 39% hydrolysis, respectively). Surprisingly, the group IIA sPLA(2) hydrolysis remained minimal at 10-15% for all minor glycerophospholipids, and was of the order seen for the PtdCho hydrolysis by group IIA sPLA(2) at the 4-h digestion time. All three enzymes attacked the oligo- and polyenoic species in proportion to their mole percentage in the lipoproteins, although there were exceptions. There was evidence of a more rapid destruction of the palmitoyl compared to the stearoyl arachidonoyl glycerophospholipids. Overall, the characteristics of hydrolysis of the molecular species of the lipoprotein-bound diradyl GroPEtn, GroPIns and GroPSer by group V and X sPLA(2)s differed significantly from those observed with lipoprotein-bound PtdCho. As a result, the acidic inositol and serine glycerophospholipids accumulated in the digestion residues of both LDL and HDL, and presumably increased the acidity of the residual particles. An accumulation of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids in the sPLA(2) digestion residues also had not been previously reported. These results further emphasize the diversity in the enzymatic activity of the group IIA, V and X sPLA(2)s. Since these sPLA(2)s possess comparable tissue distribution, their combined activity may exacerbate their known proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pruzanski
- Inflammation Research group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Pérez-Palacios T, Antequera T, Muriel E, Ruiz J. Stereospecific analysis of phospholipid classes in rat muscle. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Kuczynski B, Reo NV. Evidence that Plasmalogen is Protective Against Oxidative Stress in the Rat Brain. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:639-56. [PMID: 16770735 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant capabilities of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn), in vivo, against lipid peroxidation were investigated via acute phosphine (PH(3)) administration in rats. Oxidative stress was assessed from measures of malondialdehyde and various enzyme activities, while NMR analyses of lipid and aqueous tissue extracts provided metabolic information in cerebellum, brainstem, and cortex. Brainstem had the highest basal [PlsEtn], and showed only moderate PH(3)-induced oxidative damage with no loss of ATP. The lowest basal [PlsEtn] was observed in cortex, where PH(3) caused a 51% decrease in [ATP]. The largest oxidative effect occurred in cerebellum, but [ATP] was unaffected. Myo-inositol+ethanolamine pretreatment attenuated all PH(3) effects. Specifically, the pretreatment attenuated the ATP decrease in cortex, and elevated brain [PlsEtn] in the cerebellum, nearly abolishing the cerebellar oxidative effects. Our data suggest a high basal [PlsEtn], or the capacity to synthesize new ethanolamine lipids (particularly PlsEtn) may protect against PH(3) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Kuczynski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, WSU Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Cox Institute, Dayton, OH 45429, USA
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Stadelmann-Ingrand S, Pontcharraud R, Fauconneau B. Evidence for the reactivity of fatty aldehydes released from oxidized plasmalogens with phosphatidylethanolamine to form Schiff base adducts in rat brain homogenates. Chem Phys Lipids 2005; 131:93-105. [PMID: 15210368 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens could be among the first target of free radicals attack. Consequently, because of their location in the membranes of cells, plasmalogens represent a first shield against oxidative damages by protecting other macromolecules and are often considered as antioxidant molecules. However, under oxidative conditions their disruption leads to the release of fatty aldehydes. In this paper, we showed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses that fatty aldehydes released from plasmalogens after oxidation (UV irradiation and Fe2+/ascorbate) of cerebral cortex homogenates can generate covalent modifications of endogenous macromolecules such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), like the very reactive and toxic malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). These newly formed Schiff base adducts could be responsible for deleterious effects on cells thus making the protective role of plasmalogens potentially questionable.
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Kubo K, Sekine S, Saito M. Primary aminophospholipids in the external layer of liposomes protect their component polyunsaturated fatty acids from 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)- dihydrochloride-mediated lipid peroxidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:750-758. [PMID: 15686430 DOI: 10.1021/jf048867u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We showed in our previous study that docosahexaenoic acid-rich phosphatidylethanolamine in the external layer of small-size liposomes, as a model for biomembranes, protected its docosahexaenoic acid from 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride- (AAPH-) mediated lipid peroxidation in vitro. Besides phosphatidylethanolamine, both phosphatidylserine and an alkenyl-acyl analogue of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen, are reported to possess characteristic antioxidant activities. However, there are few reports about the relationship between the protective activity of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen and/or phosphatidylserine against lipid peroxidation and their distribution in a phospholipid bilayer. Furthermore, it is unclear whether phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen and/or phosphatidylserine protect their component polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from lipid peroxidation. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the transbilayer distribution of aminophospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine rich in arachidonic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen, and phosphatidylserine, and the oxidative stability of their component PUFAs. The transbilayer distribution of these aminophospholipids in liposomes was modulated by coexisting phosphatidylcholine bearing two types of acyl chain: dipalmitoyl or dioleoyl. The amounts of these primary aminophospholipids in the external layer became significantly higher in liposomes containing dioleoylphosphatidylcholine than in those containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylethanolamine rich in arachidonic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen or phosphatidylserine in the external layer of liposomes, as well as external docosahexaenoic acid-rich phosphatidylethanolamine, were able to protect their component PUFAs from AAPH-mediated lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kubo
- Division of Food Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan.
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50
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Hoffman-Kuczynski B, Reo NV. Administration of Myo-inositol Plus Ethanolamine Elevates Phosphatidylethanolamine Plasmalogen in the Rat Cerebellum. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:47-60. [PMID: 15756932 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-004-9685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are ether-linked phospholipids highly abundant in nervous tissue. Previously we demonstrated that acute administration of myo-inositol (myo-Ins) + [2-(13)C] ethanolamine ([2-(13)C]Etn) significantly elevated phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn) in rat whole brain. Current experiments investigated the effects of acute myo-Ins+[2-(13)C]Etn administration on [PlsEtn] and the biosynthesis of new Etn lipids using NMR spectroscopy in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, midbrain and cerebellum. Treated rats received a single dose of myo-Ins + [2-(13)C]Etn and controls received saline rather than myoIns. Data reveal that the cerebellum is the brain region most affected by treatment, which resulted in a 22% increase in [PlsEtn] and 89% increase in newly synthesized Etn lipids relative to controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the cerebellar PlsEtn/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and molar percentage of PlsEtn were significantly elevated by 12% and 8%, respectively (P < 0.05). These data suggest that myo-Ins influences Etn lipid metabolism in brain, particularly in the cerebellum where there is a stimulation in the biosynthesis of new Etn lipids with a preference towards PlsEtn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Hoffman-Kuczynski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, WSU Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Cox Institute, Dayton, Ohio 45429, USA
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