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Yousof TR, Bouchard CC, Alb M, Lynn EG, Lhoták S, Jiang H, MacDonald M, Li H, Byun JH, Makda Y, Athanasopoulos M, Maclean KN, Cherrington NJ, Naqvi A, Igdoura SA, Krepinsky JC, Steinberg GR, Austin RC. Restoration of the ER stress response protein TDAG51 in hepatocytes mitigates NAFLD in mice. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105655. [PMID: 38237682 PMCID: PMC10875272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with insulin resistance and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Deficiency of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) (TDAG51-/-) in mice promotes the development of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, fatty liver, and hepatic insulin resistance. However, whether this effect is due specifically to hepatic TDAG51 deficiency is unknown. Here, we report that hepatic TDAG51 protein levels are consistently reduced in multiple mouse models of liver steatosis and injury as well as in liver biopsies from patients with liver disease compared to normal controls. Delivery of a liver-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV) increased hepatic expression of a TDAG51-GFP fusion protein in WT, TDAG51-/-, and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. Restoration of hepatic TDAG51 protein was sufficient to increase insulin sensitivity while reducing body weight and fatty liver in HFD fed TDAG51-/- mice and in ob/ob mice. TDAG51-/- mice expressing ectopic TDAG51 display improved Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation, post-insulin stimulation. HFD-fed TDAG51-/- mice treated with AAV-TDAG51-GFP displayed reduced lipogenic gene expression, increased beta-oxidation and lowered hepatic and serum triglycerides, findings consistent with reduced liver weight. Further, AAV-TDAG51-GFP-treated TDAG51-/- mice exhibited reduced hepatic precursor and cleaved sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2). In vitro studies confirmed the lipid-lowering effect of TDAG51 overexpression in oleic acid-treated Huh7 cells. These studies suggest that maintaining hepatic TDAG51 protein levels represents a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamana R Yousof
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celeste C Bouchard
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mihnea Alb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward G Lynn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sárka Lhoták
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa MacDonald
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jae H Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yumna Makda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Asghar Naqvi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Oras A, Kallionpää H, Suomi T, Koskinen S, Laiho A, Elo LL, Knip M, Lahesmaa R, Aints A, Uibo R. Profiling of peripheral blood B-cell transcriptome in children who developed coeliac disease in a prospective study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13147. [PMID: 36718152 PMCID: PMC9883278 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In coeliac disease (CoD), the role of B-cells has mainly been considered to be production of antibodies. The functional role of B-cells has not been analysed extensively in CoD. Methods We conducted a study to characterize gene expression in B-cells from children developing CoD early in life using samples collected before and at the diagnosis of the disease. Blood samples were collected from children at risk at 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of age. RNA from peripheral blood CD19+ cells was sequenced and differential gene expression was analysed using R package Limma. Findings Overall, we found one gene, HNRNPL, modestly downregulated in all patients (logFC -0·7; q = 0·09), and several others downregulated in those diagnosed with CoD already by the age of 2 years. Interpretation The data highlight the role of B-cells in CoD development. The role of HNRPL in suppressing enteroviral replication suggests that the predisposing factor for both CoD and enteroviral infections is the low level of HNRNPL expression. Funding EU FP7 grant no. 202063, EU Regional Developmental Fund and research grant PRG712, The Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in Molecular Systems Immunology and Physiology Research (SyMMyS) 2012-2017, grant no. 250114) and, AoF Personalized Medicine Program (grant no. 292482), AoF grants 292335, 294337, 319280, 31444, 319280, 329277, 331790) and grants from the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation (SJF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Oras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Henna Kallionpää
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland
| | - Tomi Suomi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Koskinen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Finland,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alar Aints
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia,Corresponding author. Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, EE50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Raivo Uibo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
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Wang J, Yao N, Hu Y, Lei M, Wang M, Yang L, Patel S, Li X, Liu K, Dong Z. PHLDA1 promotes glioblastoma cell growth via sustaining the activation state of Ras. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:520. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Shu L, Du C. PHLDA1 promotes sevoflurane-induced pyroptosis of neuronal cells in developing rats through TRAF6-mediated activation of Rac1. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:140-151. [PMID: 36155068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane anesthesia induces neurocognitive impairment and pyroptosis in the developing brain. Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 (PHLDA1) was involved in neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation during ischemic stroke. The role of PHLDA1 in sevoflurane-induced pyroptosis in developing rats was investigated. Firstly, neonatal rats at day 7 was exposed to 2.0% sevoflurane for 6 h to induce neurotoxicity. Pathological analysis showed that sevoflurane anesthesia induced hippocampal injury and reduced the number of neurons. The expression of PHLDA1 was elevated in hippocampus of sevoflurane-treated rats. Secondly, sevoflurane anesthesia-treated neonatal rats were injected with adeno-associated virus serotype (AAV) to mediate knockdown of PHLDA1. Injection with AAV-shPHLDA1 ameliorated sevoflurane-induced hippocampal injury and neurocognitive impairment in rats. Moreover, knockdown of PHLDA1 increased the number of neurons in sevoflurane-treated rats. Silence of PHLDA1 suppressed neuronal apoptosis, and inhibited pyroptosis in sevoflurane-treated rats. Thirdly, PHLDA1 was also elevated in sevoflurane-treated primary neuronal cells. Loss of PHLDA1 also enhanced cell viability and suppressed pyroptosis of sevoflurane-treated primary neuronal cells. Lastly, silence of PHLDA1 reduced protein expression of TRAF6 and p-Rac1 in sevoflurane-treated rats and neuronal cells. Over-expression of TRAF6 attenuated PHLDA1 silence-induced increase of cell viability and decreased pyroptosis in neuronal cells. In conclusion, loss of PHLDA1 protected against sevoflurane-induced pyroptosis in developing rats through inhibition of TRAF6-mediated activation of Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of ICU, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chunfu Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ya'an people's Hospital, Sichuan, Ya'an, Sichuan 625000, China.
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Orita F, Ishikawa T, Ishiguro M, Okazaki S, Kikuchi A, Yamauchi S, Matsuyama T, Tokunaga M, Uetake H, Kinugasa Y. PHLDA1 expression in ulcerative colitis: A potential role in the management of dysplasia. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:192. [PMID: 34349991 PMCID: PMC8327077 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 (PHLDA1) is a protein involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and migration in colon cancer. In normal large intestinal mucosa, this protein is expressed only in the crypts. By contrast, its expression in adenomas and cancers of the large intestine is spread throughout the glandular ducts, and it has been reported that PHLDA1 may be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. PHLDA1 may also be involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). The expression levels of PHLDA1 in tissues from patients with UC were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, and its relationship with the development of UC-associated colorectal cancer (UC-CRC) was examined. Overall, tissue samples from 143 lesions (90 colitis lesions, 39 dysplastic lesions and 14 UC-CRC lesions) were prepared from excised specimens of 49 patients with UC who underwent surgery in Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital between January 2004 and December 2017. Subsequently, immunostaining for PHLDA1 was performed. PHLDA1 expression was evaluated in UC-CRC and dysplastic tissues within the entire lesion area on the slide and in colitis over the area of the accompanying duct. The cytoplasmic staining intensity was classified into four levels, and the expression score (0-2 points) was calculated. The median PHLDA1 expression score was 0.295 for colitis, 0.607 for dysplasia and 0.865 for UC-CRC. The dysplasia expression score was significantly higher than the colitis score (P<0.001), while the UC-CRC expression score was significantly higher than the dysplasia score (P=0.003). The expression levels of PHLDA1 in UC cases were higher in colitis, followed by dysplasia and UC-CRC, which suggested that this protein may be involved in the carcinogenesis of UC-CRC. In addition, PHLDA1 immunostaining may help in the diagnosis of dysplasia, which is a type of precancerous lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukuichiro Orita
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishikawa
- Department of Specialized Surgeries, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishiguro
- Department of Translational Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Specialized Surgeries, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamauchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Matsuyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Masanori Tokunaga
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uetake
- Department of Specialized Surgeries, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Han C, Yan P, He T, Cheng J, Zheng W, Zheng LT, Zhen X. PHLDA1 promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via regulating K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:640-653. [PMID: 32353516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 1 (PHLDA1) plays an important role in immunological regulation, particularly in the Toll-like receptor-mediated immune response. Here, we explored the potential roles of PHLDA1 in microglia-mediated inflammation and neuronal protection. We found that PHLDA1 expression was rapidly increased in response to inflammatory stimuli in microglia cells in vivo or in vitro. Knockdown of PHLDA1 using adeno-associated virus serotype (AAV) ameliorated MPTP-induced motor deficits and inhibited neuroinflammation in mice. In support of this observation in vivo, we found that LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression, including TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2, was decreased in PHLDA1-deficient microglial cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that increased expression of PHLDA1, upon LPS stimulation in microglia, led to direct interaction with TRAF6 and enhanced its K63-linked ubiquitination-mediated NF-κB signaling activation. PHLDA1 deficiency interfered with TRAF6 K63-linked ubiquitination and inhibited microglial inflammatory responses. These findings reveal the first evidence that PHLDA1 is an important modulator of microglial function that is associated with microglia-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity. The data therefore provided the first evidence that PHLDA1 may be a potent modulator for neuroinflammation, and PHLDA1 may be a novel drug target for treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pengju Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Long-Tai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Role of Eukaryotic Initiation Factors during Cellular Stress and Cancer Progression. J Nucleic Acids 2016; 2016:8235121. [PMID: 28083147 PMCID: PMC5204094 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8235121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis can be segmented into distinct phases comprising mRNA translation initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation initiation is a highly regulated and rate-limiting step of protein synthesis that requires more than 12 eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). Extensive evidence shows that the transcriptome and corresponding proteome do not invariably correlate with each other in a variety of contexts. In particular, translation of mRNAs specific to angiogenesis, tumor development, and apoptosis is altered during physiological and pathophysiological stress conditions. In cancer cells, the expression and functions of eIFs are hampered, resulting in the inhibition of global translation and enhancement of translation of subsets of mRNAs by alternative mechanisms. A precise understanding of mechanisms involving eukaryotic initiation factors leading to differential protein expression can help us to design better strategies to diagnose and treat cancer. The high spatial and temporal resolution of translation control can have an immediate effect on the microenvironment of the cell in comparison with changes in transcription. The dysregulation of mRNA translation mechanisms is increasingly being exploited as a target to treat cancer. In this review, we will focus on this context by describing both canonical and noncanonical roles of eIFs, which alter mRNA translation.
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Durbas M, Horwacik I, Boratyn E, Rokita H. Downregulation of the PHLDA1 gene in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells increases levels of Aurora A, TRKB and affects proteins involved in apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:823-37. [PMID: 27278006 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that mRNA and protein of PHLDA1 (pleckstrin-homology-like domain family A, member 1) were by far the most upregulated molecules upon treatment of IMR-32 cells with the anti-GD2 ganglioside monoclonal antibody 14G2a. Hence, we decided to study functions of PHLDA1 using human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells as a model. Here, we show that constitutive expression of mRNA and protein of the PHLDA1 gene in IMR-32 cells was inversely correlated with transcript of the AURKA gene and Aurora A oncoprotein. Next, we silenced PHLDA1 expression in IMR-32 cells using an shRNA interference method. We report that IMR-32 cells with stable downregulation of PHLDA1 showed enhanced cellular ATP levels and an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, as compared to control and non-transduced cells. We demonstrated that downregulation of PHLDA1 leads to a significant increase in expression of Aurora A and TRKB that are markers of poor prognosis in neuroblastoma. Also, we measured an increase in Aurora A and Akt kinases phosphorylation in the cells. Most importantly, PHLDA1-silenced cells were less susceptible to apoptosis than control cells, as shown by the lower expression of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP as well as a decreased activity of caspase-3 and -7. Our study negatively correlates expression of PHLDA1 and Aurora A in IMR-32 cells and sheds new light on functions of PHLDA1 in the neuroblastoma tumor cells, suggesting its role as a pro-apoptotic protein. Additionally, our results show possible links of the protein to regulation of features of mitochondria and formation of autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Durbas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Horwacik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Boratyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hanna Rokita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Nagai MA. Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 ( PHLDA1) and cancer. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:275-281. [PMID: 26998263 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 (PHLDA1) encodes a member of an evolutionarily conserved pleckstrin homology-related domain protein family. It was first identified as a potential transcription factor required for Fas expression and activation-induced apoptosis in mouse T cell hybridomas. The exact molecular and biological functions of PHLDA1 remain to be elucidated. However, its expression is induced by a variety of external stimuli and there is evidence that it may function as a transcriptional activator that acts as a mediator of apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and cell migration dependent on the cellular type and context. Recently, PHLDA1 has received attention due to its association with cancer. In the present review, the current knowledge of PHLDA1 protein structure, expression regulation and function is summarized. In addition, the current data in the literature is reviewed with regards to the role of PHLDA1 in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aparecida Nagai
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-000, Brazil
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Rapamycin induces apoptosis when autophagy is inhibited in T-47D mammary cells and both processes are regulated by Phlda1. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 66:567-87. [PMID: 23300026 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway and plays a critical role in the homeostatic process of recycling proteins and organelles. Functional relationships have been described between apoptosis and autophagy. Perturbations in the apoptotic machinery have been reported to induce autophagic cell deaths. Inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells has resulted in cell deaths that manifested hallmarks of apoptosis. However, the molecular relationships and the circumstances of which molecular pathways dictate the choice between apoptosis and autophagy are currently unknown. This study aims to identify specific gene expression of rapamycin-induced autophagy and the effects of rapamycin when the autophagy process is inhibited. In this study, we have demonstrated that rapamycin is capable of inducing autophagy in T-47D breast carcinoma cells. However, when the autophagy process was inhibited by 3-MA, the effects of rapamycin became apoptotic. The Phlda1 gene was found to be up-regulated in both autophagy and apoptosis and silencing this gene was found to reduce both activities, strongly suggests that Phlda1 mediates and positively regulates both autophagy and apoptosis pathways.
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Park ES, Kim J, Ha TU, Choi JS, Soo Hong K, Rho J. TDAG51 deficiency promotes oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e35. [PMID: 23928855 PMCID: PMC3789259 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis in cellular stress responses such as inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress. T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) is a member of the pleckstrin homology-like domain family and was first identified as a pro-apoptotic gene in T-cell receptor-mediated cell death. However, its pro-apoptotic function remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the role of TDAG51 in oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). TDAG51 expression was highly increased by oxidative stress responses. In response to oxidative stress, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species was significantly enhanced in TDAG51-deficient MEFs, resulting in the activation of caspase-3. Thus, TDAG51 deficiency promotes apoptotic cell death in MEFs, and these results indicate that TDAG51 has a protective role in oxidative stress-induced cell death in MEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Soon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Carlisle RE, Heffernan A, Brimble E, Liu L, Jerome D, Collins CA, Mohammed-Ali Z, Margetts PJ, Austin RC, Dickhout JG. TDAG51 mediates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human proximal tubular epithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F467-81. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00481.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a feature of many forms of kidney disease, results from the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER and leads to the unfolded protein response (UPR). We hypothesized that ER stress mediates EMT in human renal proximal tubules. ER stress is induced by a variety of stressors differing in their mechanism of action, including tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A. These ER stressors increased the UPR markers GRP78, GRP94, and phospho-eIF2α in human proximal tubular cells. Thapsigargin and cyclosporine A also increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and T cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) expression, whereas tunicamycin did not. Thapsigargin was also shown to increase levels of active transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the media of cultured human proximal tubular cells. Thapsigargin induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, β-catenin nuclear translocation, and α-smooth muscle actin and vinculin expression in proximal tubular cells, indicating an EMT response. Subconfluent primary human proximal tubular cells were induced to undergo EMT by TGF-β1 treatment. In contrast, tunicamycin treatment did not produce an EMT response. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of TDAG51 resulted in cell shape change and β-catenin nuclear translocation. These results allowed us to develop a two-hit model of ER stress-induced EMT, where Ca2+ dysregulation-mediated TDAG51 upregulation primes the cell for mesenchymal transformation via Wnt signaling and then TGF-β1 activation leads to a complete EMT response. Thus the release of Ca2+ from ER stores mediates EMT in human proximal tubular epithelium via the induction of TDAG51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Carlisle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alana Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elise Brimble
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Jerome
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celeste A. Collins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zahraa Mohammed-Ali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Margetts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C. Austin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G. Dickhout
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Dai H, Huang Y, Li Y, Meng G, Wang Y, Guo QN. TSSC3 overexpression associates with growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and enhances chemotherapeutic effects in human osteosarcoma. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:30-40. [PMID: 22021909 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of TSSC3, an apoptosis-related imprinted gene, has been reported in several cases of malignant tumors. However, the roles and mechanisms of TSSC3 in human osteosarcoma remain to be defined. In this study, we found TSSC3 to be downregulated during osteosarcoma transformation and progression in osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues. The SaOS2 cell line was used to further evaluate the precise role of TSSC3 in osteosarcoma development. Overexpression of TSSC3 markedly reduced cell vitality and growth, colony formation, Ki67 expression as well as cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) phase. Consistently, TSSC3 overexpression was associated with increased apoptosis assayed by annexin V/propidium iodide and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining. Subcutaneous injection of TSSC3 overexpressing SaOS2 cells into athymic nude mice showed that TSSC3 also inhibited tumorigenesis through growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in vivo. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was required for TSSC3-mediated cell apoptosis. These findings support a suppressor role for TSSC3 in osteosarcoma development by regulating apoptosis. In addition, constitutive TSSC3 expression greatly enhanced the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin and epirubicin. Conversely, TSSC3 knockdown increased SaOS2 cell growth and decreased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo and reduced sensitivity of the cells to chemotherapy. This is the first study to demonstrate that TSSC3 has a potent tumor suppressor role in osteosarcoma, probably by inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzi Dai
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Liu Y, Chen Z, Gu N, Wang J. Effects of DMSA-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on global gene expression of mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:130-9. [PMID: 21641980 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinnic acid (DMSA) are considered to be a promising nanomaterial with biocompatibility. In the present study, the effects of DMSA-coated Fe(3)O(4) MNPs on the expression of all identified mouse genes, which regulate various cellular biological processes, were determined to establish whether this nanoparticle is cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with 100μg/ml of DMSA-coated Fe(3)O(4) MNPs for 4, 24 and 48h, and the global gene expression was detected via Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 GeneChips(®) microarrays. It was found that gene expression of 711, 545 and 434 transcripts was significantly altered by 4-, 24- and 48-h treatments, respectively. Of these genes, 27 were consistently upregulated and 6 were consistently downregulated at the three treatment durations. Bioinformatic analysis of all differentially expressed genes revealed that this nanoparticle can strongly activate inflammatory and immune responses and can inhibit the biosynthesis and metabolism of RAW264.7 cells at a dose of 100μg/ml. These results demonstrated that DMSA-coated Fe(3)O(4) MNPs display cytotoxicity in this type of macrophage at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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15
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Oberst MD, Beberman SJ, Zhao L, Yin JJ, Ward Y, Kelly K. TDAG51 is an ERK signaling target that opposes ERK-mediated HME16C mammary epithelial cell transformation. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:189. [PMID: 18597688 PMCID: PMC2474852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Signaling downstream of Ras is mediated by three major pathways, Raf/ERK, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), and Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RalGEF). Ras signal transduction pathways play an important role in breast cancer progression, as evidenced by the frequent over-expression of the Ras-activating epidermal growth factor receptors EGFR and ErbB2. Here we investigated which signal transduction pathways downstream of Ras contribute to EGFR-dependent transformation of telomerase-immortalized mammary epithelial cells HME16C. Furthermore, we examined whether a highly transcriptionally regulated ERK pathway target, PHLDA1 (TDAG51), suggested to be a tumor suppressor in breast cancer and melanoma, might modulate the transformation process. Methods Cellular transformation of human mammary epithelial cells by downstream Ras signal transduction pathways was examined using anchorage-independent growth assays in the presence and absence of EGFR inhibition. TDAG51 protein expression was down-regulated by interfering small hairpin RNA (shRNA), and the effects on cell proliferation and death were examined in Ras pathway-transformed breast epithelial cells. Results Activation of both the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways was sufficient to induce cellular transformation, which was accompanied by up-regulation of EGFR ligands, suggesting autocrine EGFR stimulation during the transformation process. Only activation of the ERK pathway was sufficient to transform cells in the presence of EGFR inhibition and was sufficient for tumorigenesis in xenografts. Up-regulation of the PHLDA1 gene product, TDAG51, was found to correlate with persistent ERK activation and anchorage-independent growth in the absence or presence of EGFR inhibition. Knockdown of this putative breast cancer tumor-suppressor gene resulted in increased ERK pathway activation and enhanced matrix-detached cellular proliferation of Ras/Raf transformed cells. Conclusion Our results suggest that multiple Ras signal transduction pathways contribute to mammary epithelial cell transformation, but that the ERK signaling pathway may be a crucial component downstream of EGFR activation during tumorigenesis. Furthermore, persistent activation of ERK signaling up-regulates TDAG51. This event serves as a negative regulator of both Erk activation as well as matrix-detached cellular proliferation and suggests that TDAG51 opposes ERK-mediated transformation in breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Oberst
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 1066, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Comparison of the effects of Leishmania major or Leishmania donovani infection on macrophage gene expression. Infect Immun 2007; 76:1186-92. [PMID: 18086813 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01320-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Leishmania causes a wide spectrum of human disease, ranging from self-resolving cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral disease, depending on the species of Leishmania involved. The mechanisms by which different Leishmania species cause different pathologies are largely unknown. We have addressed this question by comparing the gene expression profiles of bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with either Leishmania donovani or L. major promastigotes. We found that the two species had very similar effects on macrophage gene expression. Both species caused a small (<2.5-fold) but statistically significant repression of several hundred genes. In addition, both species strongly induced and repressed about 60 genes. Comparing the effects of the two species showed that only 26 genes were regulated differently by L. major as opposed to L. donovani, including those for metallothioneins 1 and 2, HSP70 and -72, CCL4, Gadd45beta, Dsp1, matrix metalloprotease 13, T-cell death-associated gene 51 (Tdag51), RhoB, spermine/spermidine N1-acyl transferase 1 (SSAT), and Cox2. L. donovani-infected macrophages were also found to express higher levels of Cox2 protein and prostaglandin E synthase mRNA than L. major-infected macrophages. While both species have previously been shown to trigger prostaglandin E synthesis by bystander cells, this study suggests that infected macrophages themselves express prostaglandin E-synthesizing genes only in response to L. donovani.
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17
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Xi ZQ, Wang LY, Sun JJ, Liu XZ, Zhu X, Xiao F, Guan LF, Li JM, Wang L, Wang XF. TDAG51 in the anterior temporal neocortex of patients with intractable epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2007; 425:53-8. [PMID: 17870236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
TDAG51 (T cell death-associated gene 51) is an apoptosis-associated protein. Our aim was to investigate TDAG51 expression in the anterior temporal neocortex of patients with intractable epilepsy (IE), and then to discuss the possible role of TDAG51 in IE. Tissue samples from the anterior temporal neocortex of 33 patients who had surgery for IE were used to detect TDAG51 expression by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. We compared these tissues with nine histologically normal anterior temporal lobes from intracranial hypertension patients who had decompression procedures. TDAG51 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells. TDAG51 in IE was significantly higher than that in the controls. These findings were consistently observed using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry techniques. TDAG51 in patients with IE was significantly higher when compared with levels in the controls. This finding suggests TDAG51 is consistent with a possible role of this gene in the evolution of the pathology in IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-qin Xi
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 You Yi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
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18
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Galindo CL, Fadl AA, Sha J, Pillai L, Gutierrez C, Chopra AK. Microarray and proteomics analyses of human intestinal epithelial cells treated with the Aeromonas hydrophila cytotoxic enterotoxin. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2628-43. [PMID: 15845465 PMCID: PMC1087361 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.2628-2643.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed microarray analyses on RNA from human intestinal epithelial (HT-29) cells treated with the cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) of Aeromonas hydrophila to examine global cellular transcriptional responses. Based on three independent experiments, Act upregulated the expression of 34 genes involved in cell growth, adhesion, signaling, immune responses (including interleukin-8 [IL-8] production), and apoptosis. We verified the upregulation of 14 genes by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR and confirmed Act-induced production of IL-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on supernatants from nonpolarized and polarized HT-29 cells. Maximal production of IL-8 in response to Act required the presence of intracellular calcium, since chelation of calcium with BAPTA-AM significantly reduced Act-induced IL-8 production in HT-29 cells. We also examined activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis of apical side-treated polarized HT-29 cells, Act induced phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. In addition, KinetWorks proteomics screening of whole-cell lysates revealed Act-induced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB), c-Jun, adducin, protein kinase C, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase Balpha, v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (i.e., Raf1), and STAT1. We verified activation of CREB and activator protein 1 in polarized cells by gel shift assay. This is the first description of human intestinal epithelial cell transcriptional alterations, phosphorylation or activation of signaling molecules, cytokine production, and calcium mobilization in response to this toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Galindo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Research Building, 301 University Blvd., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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19
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Austin RC, Lentz SR, Werstuck GH. Role of hyperhomocysteinemia in endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombotic disease. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11 Suppl 1:S56-64. [PMID: 15243582 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Mutations in the enzymes responsible for homocysteine metabolism, particularly cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) or 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), result in severe forms of HHcy. Additionally, nutritional deficiencies in B vitamin cofactors required for homocysteine metabolism, including folic acid, vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate), and/or B12 (methylcobalamin), can induce HHcy. Studies using animal models of genetic- and diet-induced HHcy have recently demonstrated a causal relationship between HHcy, endothelial dysfunction, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Dietary enrichment in B vitamins attenuates these adverse effects of HHcy. Although oxidative stress and activation of proinflammatory factors have been proposed to explain the atherogenic effects of HHcy, recent in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that HHcy induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). This review summarizes the current role of HHcy in endothelial dysfunction and explores the cellular mechanisms, including ER stress, that contribute to atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Austin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and the Henderson Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Oberg HH, Sipos B, Kalthoff H, Janssen O, Kabelitz D. Regulation of T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) expression in human T-cells. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:674-84. [PMID: 15002043 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) has been described to regulate T-cell receptor/CD3-dependent induction of CD95/Fas and subsequent activation-induced cell death (AICD) in a murine T-cell hybridoma. Using well-defined pharmacological inhibitors, we investigated the regulation of TDAG51 expression in human T-cells and the correlation with cell death. TDAG51 was induced in resting T-cells, lymphoid cell lines and AICD-susceptible as well as AICD-resistant T-cell clones, and induction was inhibited by MAP-kinase inhibitors and PKC inhibitor Gö6983. No correlation between the effects of inhibitors on TDAG51 expression and cell death was observed. The constitutive TDAG51 expression in five pancreatic carcinoma cell lines was reduced by MAP-kinase inhibitors but not by Gö6983. Furthermore, the inducible overexpression of TDAG51 in TetOn Jurkat cells did not modulate cellular proliferation, phorbolester/ionomycin-induced growth arrest, or the expression of various cell surface molecules. Our results indicate that the expression of TDAG51 in human T-cells does not correlate with AICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Hardy K, Mansfield L, Mackay A, Benvenuti S, Ismail S, Arora P, O'Hare MJ, Jat PS. Transcriptional networks and cellular senescence in human mammary fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:943-53. [PMID: 15574883 PMCID: PMC545924 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-05-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence, the molecular program that limits the finite proliferative potential of a cell, acts as an important barrier to protect the body from cancer. Techniques for measuring transcriptome changes and for modulating their expression suggest that it may be possible to dissect the transcriptional networks underlying complex cellular processes. HMF3A cells are conditionally immortalized human mammary fibroblasts that can be induced to undergo coordinated senescence. Here, we used these cells in conjunction with microarrays, RNA interference, and in silico promoter analysis to promote the dissection of the transcriptional networks responsible for regulating cellular senescence. We first identified changes in the transcriptome when HMF3A cells undergo senescence and then compared them with those observed upon replicative senescence in primary human mammary fibroblasts. In addition to DUSP1 and known p53 and E2F targets, a number of genes such as PHLDA1, NR4A3, and a novel splice variant of STAC were implicated in senescence. Their role in senescence was then analyzed by RNA silencing followed by microarray analysis. In silico promoter analysis of all differential genes predicted that nuclear factor-kappaB and C/EBP transcription factors are activated upon senescence, and we confirmed this by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results suggest a putative signaling network for cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hardy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College School of Medicine, London W1W 7BS, United Kingdom
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22
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Meier-Noorden M, Flindt S, Kalinke U, Hinz T. A CpG-rich bidirectional promoter induces the T-cell death-associated gene 51 and downregulates an inversely oriented transcript during early T-cell activation. Gene 2004; 338:197-207. [PMID: 15315823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) is upregulated upon lymphocyte stimulation and in the context of ER stress. Moreover, TDAG51 plays a role in programmed cell death and tumorigenesis. We performed an extensive TDAG51 promoter analysis and found a strong CpG-rich bidirectional promoter within the first 582 nucleotides of the TDAG51 reference DNA complementary to RNA (cDNA). Upon stimulation of primary human T cells, this promoter modulated the downregulation of a newly detected head-to-head oriented transcript. Mapping of the transcription start points revealed that the 5' regions of the TDAG51 mRNA and of the newly identified transcript did not overlap in T cells. Thus, the TDAG51 locus shows an operon-like organization of two head-to-head oriented transcripts that are inversely regulated in T lymphocytes by a CpG-rich bidirectional promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Meier-Noorden
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
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Pruett SB, Schwab C, Zheng Q, Fan R. Suppression of innate immunity by acute ethanol administration: a global perspective and a new mechanism beginning with inhibition of signaling through TLR3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2715-24. [PMID: 15294990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of ethanol (EtOH) suppresses innate immunity, but the mechanisms have not been fully delineated. The present study was conducted to determine whether EtOH suppresses TLR signaling in vivo in mice and to characterize the downstream effects of such suppression. Degradation of IL-1R-associated kinase 1 induced by a TLR3 ligand in peritoneal cells ( approximately 90% macrophages) was suppressed by EtOH. Phosphorylation of p38 kinase in peritoneal macrophages (F4/80(+)) was suppressed, as was nuclear translocation of p-c-Jun and p65 in peritoneal cells. EtOH decreased IL-6 and IL-12 (p40), but did not significantly affect IL-10 in peritoneal lavage fluid or in lysates of peritoneal cells. Changes in cytokine mRNAs (by RNase protection assay) in macrophages isolated by cell sorting or using Ficoll were generally consistent with changes in protein levels in cell lysates and peritoneal lavage fluid. Thus, suppression of TLR signaling and cytokine mRNA occurred in the same cells, and this suppression generally corresponded to changes in i.p. and intracellular cytokine concentrations. DNA microarray analysis revealed the suppression of an IFN-related amplification loop in peritoneal macrophages, associated with decreased expression of numerous innate immune effector genes (including cytokines and a chemokine also suppressed at the protein level). These results indicate that EtOH suppresses innate immunity at least in part by suppressing TLR3 signaling, suppressing an IFN-related amplification loop, and suppressing the induction of a wide range of innate effector molecules in addition to proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Pruett
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Toyoshima Y, Karas M, Yakar S, Dupont J, LeRoith D. TDAG51 mediates the effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on cell survival. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:25898-904. [PMID: 15037619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400661200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors and insulin receptors belong to the same subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases and share a similar set of intracellular signaling pathways, despite their distinct biological actions. In the present study, we evaluated T cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51), which we previously identified by cDNA microarray analysis as a gene specifically induced by IGF-I. We characterized the signaling pathways by which IGF-I induces TDAG51 gene expression and the functional role of TDAG51 in IGF-I signaling in NIH-3T3 (NWTb3) cells, which overexpress the human IGF-I receptor. Treatment with IGF-I increased TDAG51 mRNA and protein levels in NWTb3 cells. This effect of IGF-I was specifically mediated by the IGF-IR, because IGF-I did not induce TDAG51 expression in NIH-3T3 cells overexpressing a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor. Through the use of specific inhibitors of various protein kinases, we found that IGF-I induced TDAG51 expression via the p38 MAPK pathway. The ERK, JNK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways were not involved in IGF-I-induced regulation of TDAG51. To assess the role of TDAG51 in IGF-I signaling, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression vectors directed at two different target sites to reduce the level of TDAG51 protein. In cells expressing these siRNA vectors, TDAG51 protein levels were decreased by 75-80%. Furthermore, TDAG51 siRNA expression abolished the ability of IGF-I to rescue cells from serum starvation-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that TDAG51 plays an important role in the anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Toyoshima
- Section on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Diabetes Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1758, USA
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Galindo CL, Sha J, Ribardo DA, Fadl AA, Pillai L, Chopra AK. Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila cytotoxic enterotoxin-induced genes in macrophages using microarrays. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40198-212. [PMID: 12824169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305788200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) of Aeromonas hydrophila possesses several biological activities, and it induces an inflammatory response in the host. In this study, we used microarrays to gain a global and molecular view of the cellular transcriptional responses to Act and to identify important genes up-regulated by this toxin. Total RNA was isolated at 0, 2, and 12 h from Act-treated macrophages and applied to Affymetrix MGU74 arrays, and the data were processed using a multi-analysis approach to identify genes that might be critical in the inflammatory process evoked by Act. Seventy-six genes were significantly and consistently up-regulated. Many of these genes were immune-related, and several were transcription factors, adhesion molecules, and cytokines. Additionally, we identified several apoptosis-associated genes that were significantly up-regulated in Act-treated macrophages. Act-induced apoptosis of macrophages was confirmed by annexin V staining and DNA laddering. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to verify increased expression of some inflammatory and apoptosis-associated genes identified by the microarray analysis. To further confirm Act-induced increases in gene expression, real-time RT-PCR was also used for selected genes. Taken together, the array data provided for the first time a global view of Act-mediated signal transduction and clearly demonstrated an inflammatory response and apoptosis mediated by this toxin in host cells at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi L Galindo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA
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Hossain GS, van Thienen JV, Werstuck GH, Zhou J, Sood SK, Dickhout JG, de Koning ABL, Tang D, Wu D, Falk E, Poddar R, Jacobsen DW, Zhang K, Kaufman RJ, Austin RC. TDAG51 is induced by homocysteine, promotes detachment-mediated programmed cell death, and contributes to the cevelopment of atherosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemia. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:30317-27. [PMID: 12738777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212897200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and accelerates atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice. Despite the observations that homocysteine causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and programmed cell death (PCD) in cultured human vascular endothelial cells, the cellular factors responsible for this effect and their relevance to atherogenesis have not been completely elucidated. We report here that homocysteine induces the expression of T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51), a member of the pleckstrin homology-related domain family, in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. This effect was observed for other ER stress-inducing agents, including dithiothreitol and tunicamycin. TDAG51 expression was attenuated in homozygous A/A mutant eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha mouse embryonic fibroblasts treated with homocysteine or tunicamycin, suggesting that ER stress-induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha is required for TDAG51 transcriptional activation. Transient overexpression of TDAG51 elicited significant changes in cell morphology, decreased cell adhesion, and promoted detachment-mediated PCD. In support of these in vitro findings, TDAG51 expression was increased and correlated with PCD in the atherosclerotic lesions from apoE-/- mice fed hyperhomocysteinemic diets, compared with mice fed a control diet. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that TDAG51 is induced by homocysteine, promotes detachment-mediated PCD, and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis observed in hyperhomocysteinemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Library
- Homocysteine/chemistry
- Homocysteine/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/complications
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/pathology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Tunicamycin/pharmacology
- Umbilical Veins
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazi S Hossain
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and the Henderson Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 1C3, Canada
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DaSilva L, Cote D, Roy C, Martinez M, Duniho S, Pitt MLM, Downey T, Dertzbaugh M. Pulmonary gene expression profiling of inhaled ricin. Toxicon 2003; 41:813-22. [PMID: 12782081 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol exposure to ricin causes irreversible pathological changes of the respiratory tract resulting in epithelial necrosis, pulmonary edema and ultimately death. The pulmonary genomic profile of BALB/c mice inhalationally exposed to a lethal dose of ricin was examined using cDNA arrays. The expression profile of 1178 mRNA species was determined for ricin-exposed lung tissue, in which 34 genes had statistically significant changes in gene expression. Transcripts identified by the assay included those that facilitate tissue healing (early growth response gene (egr)-1), regulate inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, tristetraproline (ttp)), cell growth (c-myc, cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (cish)- 3), apoptosis (T-cell death associated protein (tdag)51, pim-1) and DNA repair (ephrin type A receptor 2 (ephA2)). Manipulation of these gene products may provide a means of limiting the severe lung damage occurring at the cellular level. Transcriptional activation of egr-1, cish-3, c-myc and thrombospondin (tsp)-1 was already apparent when pathological and physiological changes were observed in the lungs at 12 h postexposure. These genes may well serve as markers for ricin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Ongoing studies are evaluating this aspect of the array data and the potential of several genes for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis DaSilva
- Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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