1
|
Li W, Cao J, Liu J, Chen S, Dai M, Zhang M, Hou X, Wang J, Kang Z. Protective effect of Tetrandrine on optic nerve by inhibiting glial activation through NF-κB pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24749. [PMID: 38370256 PMCID: PMC10867623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to explore the effect and molecular mechanism of Tetrandrine (Tet) onlipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induceduveitis andoptic nerve injury in vivo and in vitro. Methods Uveitis was induced by LPS injected into the hindlimb foot pad of Wistar rats and was intervened by retroeyeball injection of Tet (100 nM, 1 μM or 10 μM).The anterior segment inflammation was observed by slit lamp. Tunelassay was used to detect the survival state of ganglion cells and nuclear layers of inner and outer. The detection of characteristic markers in different activation states of glial cells were performed by qualitative and quantitative test of immunofluorescence and western blotting. Also, western blotting was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors in retina and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway. Meanwhile, routine blood test and function of liver and renal were performed. Results The ciliary hyperemia was obvious, and the iris vessels were dilated and tortuous in rats with LPS-induced uveitis. Tet-pretreated obviously elieved these symptoms. In addition, the dilation and hyperemia in Tet group were alleviated compared with LPS group, and the inflammatory scores in Tetgroup were significantly lower than those of LPS group. TUNEL Staining showed that the number ofretinal ganglion cell (RGCs) in Tetgroup was slightly less than that in normal group, but significantly more than that in LPS group, and the cells arranged orderly. Besides, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly less than that in LPS group. Tet reduced LPS-activated gliocyte in a dose-dependent manner. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon gamma (γ-IFN) and IL-2 in retina were increased by LPS but decreased significantly viaTet-pretreatment. Moreover, LPS activate NF-κB signal pathway, while Tet efficiently inhibited this effect.Furthermore, injection of Tet did not damage theroutineblood, liver and kidney. Conclusions Retrobulbar injection of Tet significantly alleviatedLPS-induced uveitisand optic nerve injuryof rats by activating gliocyte and NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Yinan Branch of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Linyi, 276300, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Shuiling Chen
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Min Dai
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Hou
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Jianquan Wang
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Zefeng Kang
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan, 100040, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yadav SK, Sharma P, Shah SD, Panettieri RA, Kambayashi T, Penn RB, Deshpande DA. Autocrine regulation of airway smooth muscle contraction by diacylglycerol kinase. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:603-616. [PMID: 34278583 PMCID: PMC8763953 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), a lipid kinase, catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid, thereby terminating DAG-mediated signaling by Gq-coupled receptors that regulate contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM). A previous study from our laboratory demonstrated that DGK inhibition or genetic ablation leads to reduced ASM contraction and provides protection for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the mechanism by which DGK regulates contractile signaling in ASM is not well established. Herein, we investigated the role of prorelaxant cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in DGK-mediated regulation of ASM contraction. Pretreatment of human ASM cells with DGK inhibitor I activated PKA as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of PKA substrates, VASP, Hsp20, and CREB, which was abrogated when PKA was inhibited pharmacologically or molecularly using overexpression of the PKA inhibitor peptide, PKI. Furthermore, inhibition of DGK resulted in induction of cyclooxygenase (COX) and generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) with concomitant activation of Gs-cAMP-PKA signaling in ASM cells in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) attenuated DGK-mediated production of PGE2 and activation of cAMP-PKA signaling in human ASM cells, suggesting that inhibition of DGK activates the COX-PGE2 pathway in a PKC-ERK-dependent manner. Finally, DGK inhibition-mediated attenuation of contractile agonist-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain 20 (MLC-20), a marker of ASM contraction, involves COX-mediated cAMP production and PKA activation in ASM cells. Collectively these findings establish a novel mechanism by which DGK regulates ASM contraction and further advances DGK as a potential therapeutic target to provide effective bronchoprotection in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Yadav
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Sushrut D. Shah
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond B. Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Deepak A. Deshpande
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107.,Corresponding author Deepak Deshpande, PhD, Professor, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sugioka K, Fukuda K, Nishida T, Kusaka S. The fibrinolytic system in the cornea: A key regulator of corneal wound healing and biological defense. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108459. [PMID: 33493476 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is a relatively unique tissue in the body in that it possesses specific features such as a lack of blood vessels that contribute to its transparency. The cornea is supplied with soluble blood components such as albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen as well as with nutrients, oxygen, and bioactive substances by diffusion from aqueous humor and limbal vessels as well as a result of its exposure to tear fluid. The healthy cornea is largely devoid of cellular components of blood such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes-macrophages, and platelets. The location of the cornea at the ocular surface renders it susceptible to external insults, and its avascular nature necessitates the operation of healing and defense mechanisms in a manner independent of a direct blood supply. The fibrinolytic system, which was first recognized for its role in the degradation of fibrin clots in the vasculature, has also been found to contribute to various biological processes outside of blood vessels. Fibrinolytic factors thus play an important role in biological defense of the cornea. In this review, we address the function of the fibrinolytic system in corneal defense including wound healing and the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sugioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1 Otodacho, Ikoma City, Nara, 630-0293, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osakasayama City, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku City, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1 Otodacho, Ikoma City, Nara, 630-0293, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan; Division of Cornea and Ocular Surface, Ohshima Eye Hospital, 11-8 Kamigofukumachi, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, 812-0036, Japan
| | - Shunji Kusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osakasayama City, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jang HS, Um SI, Lee SH, Whang WK, Min YS, Park SY, Sohn UD. The protective mechanism of QGC in feline esophageal epithelial cells by interleukin-1β treatment. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:204-213. [PMID: 28012047 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (QGC) has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. QGC is a flavonoid glucoside extracted from Rumex Aquaticus. We investigated the downstream target proteins involved in IL-1β-stimulated ROS production and the ability of QGC to inhibit ROS production. Cell viability was determined using the MTT reduction assay. Western blot analysis was performed with antibodies to investigate the activation of three MAPKs, NF-κB, and phosphorylated IκB-α (pIB), and the expression of COX-2. 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate was used to detect the generation of intracellular ROS species. When the cells were exposed to media containing IL-1β for 18 h, cell viability was not affected. QGC did not reduce the COX-2 expression induced by IL-1β. However; QGC attenuated the production of intracellular ROS induced by IL-1β. IL-1β increased the expression of ERK, p38 MAPK, and pIB, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were recovered by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and QGC, but not by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium. Pretreatment of cells with the ERK inhibitor PD98059, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190, NAC, and QGC attenuated nuclear translocation of NF-κB and activation of pIB. QGC has a scavenging effect on cytokine-induced ROS production, thereby preventing its downstream effects, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and activation of pIB is mediated by activation of ERK and p38 MAPK, although QGC does not inhibit IL-1β-stimulated COX-2 expression in feline esophageal epithelial cells. The data suggest that QGC exerts anti-oxidative effects and inhibitory effects against esophageal epithelial cells signals by the action of IL-1β treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung In Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Kyunn Whang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sil Min
- Department of Medical Plant Science, Jung Won University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogata S, Kubota Y, Yamashiro T, Takeuchi H, Ninomiya T, Suyama Y, Shirasuna K. Signaling Pathways Regulating IL-1α-induced COX-2 Expression. J Dent Res 2016; 86:186-91. [PMID: 17251521 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1α(IL-1α) stimulates the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in odontogenic keratocyst fibroblasts. However, the signaling pathways remain obscure. In this study, we investigated IL-1αsignaling pathways that regulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in odontogenic keratocyst fibroblasts. IL-1αincreased the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein, and PGE2 secretion in the fibroblasts. IL-1αincreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). PD-98059, SB-203580, SP-600125, and PDTC—which are inhibitors of ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), respectively—attenuated the IL-1α-induced COX-2 mRNA expression and activated protein kinase C PGE2 secretion. IL-1α(PKC), and PKC inhibitor staurosporine inhibited IL-1α-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, and decreased IL-1α-induced COX-2 mRNA expression. Thus, in odontogenic keratocyst fibroblasts, IL-1αmay stimulate COX-2 expression both through the PKC-dependent activation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK signaling pathways, and through the NF-κB cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ogata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin CC, Lin WN, Cho RL, Wang CY, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. TNF-α-Induced cPLA 2 Expression via NADPH Oxidase/Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent NF-κB Cascade on Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:447. [PMID: 27932980 PMCID: PMC5122718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) triggers activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and then enhancing the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) in inflammatory diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms of TNF-α induced cPLA2 expression were not fully defined in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). We found that TNF-α-stimulated increases in cPLA2 mRNA (5.2 folds) and protein (3.9 folds) expression, promoter activity (4.3 folds), and PGE2 secretion (4.7 folds) in HPAEpiCs, determined by Western blot, real-time PCR, promoter activity assay and PGE2 ELISA kit. These TNF-α-mediated responses were abrogated by the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase [apocynin (APO) and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)], ROS [N-acetyl cysteine, (NAC)], NF-κB (Bay11-7082) and transfection with siRNA of ASK1, p47 phox , TRAF2, NIK, IKKα, IKKβ, or p65. TNF-α markedly stimulated NADPH oxidase activation and ROS including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production which were inhibited by pretreatment with a TNFR1 neutralizing antibody, APO, DPI or transfection with siRNA of TRAF2, ASK1, or p47 phox . In addition, TNF-α also stimulated p47 phox phosphorylation and translocation in a time-dependent manner. On the other hand, TNF-α induced TNFR1, TRAF2, ASK1, and p47 phox complex formation in HPAEpiCs, which were attenuated by a TNF-α neutralizing antibody. We found that pretreatment with NAC, DPI, or APO also attenuated the TNF-α-stimulated IKKα/β and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, NF-κB (p65) translocation, and NF-κB promoter activity in HPAEpiCs. Finally, we observed that TNF-α-stimulated NADPH oxidase activation and ROS generation activates NF-κB through the NIK/IKKα/β pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrated that in HPAEpiCs, up-regulation of cPLA2 by TNF-α is, at least in part, mediated through the cooperation of TNFR1, TRAF2, ASK1, and NADPH oxidase leading to ROS generation and ultimately activates NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Ling Cho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTao-Yuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shih RH, Wang CY, Yang CM. NF-kappaB Signaling Pathways in Neurological Inflammation: A Mini Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:77. [PMID: 26733801 PMCID: PMC4683208 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) transcription factor family is a pleiotropic regulator of many cellular signaling pathways, providing a mechanism for the cells in response to a wide variety of stimuli linking to inflammation. The stimulated cells will be regulated by not only the canonical but also non-canonical NF-κB pathways. To initiate both of these pathways, IκB-degradation triggers NF-κB release and the nuclear translocated-heterodimer (or homodimer) can associate with the κB sites of promoter to regulate the gene transcriptions. NF-κB ubiquitously expresses in neurons and the constitutive NF-κB activation is associated with processing of neuronal information. NF-κB can regulate the transcription of genes such as chemokines, cytokines, proinflammatory enzymes, adhesion molecules, proinflammatory transcription factors, and other factors to modulate the neuronal survival. In neuronal insult, NF-κB constitutively active in neuron cell bodies can protect neurons against different injuries and regulate the neuronal inflammatory reactions. Besides neurons, NF-κB transcription factors are abundant in glial cells and cerebral blood vessels and the diverse functions of NF-κB also regulate the inflammatory reaction around the neuronal environment. NF-κB transcription factors are abundant in the brain and exhibit diverse functions. Several central nerve system (CNS) diseases are linked to NF-κB activated by inflammatory mediators. The RelA and c-Rel expression produce opposite effects on neuronal survival. Importantly, c-Rel expression in CNS plays a critical role in anti-apoptosis and reduces the age-related behaviors. Moreover, the different subunits of NF-κB dimer formation can modulate the neuroninflammation, neuronal protection, or neurotoxicity. The diverse functions of NF-κB depend on the subunits of the NF-κB dimer-formation which enable us to develop a therapeutic approach to neuroinflammation based on a new concept of inflammation as a strategic tool in neuronal cells. However, the detail role of NF-κB in neuroinflammation, remains to be clarified. In the present article, we provide an updated review of the current state of our knowledge about relationship between NF-κB and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Horng Shih
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsuchiya H, Nakano R, Konno T, Okabayashi K, Narita T, Sugiya H. Activation of MEK/ERK pathways through NF-κB activation is involved in interleukin-1β-induced cyclooxygenease-2 expression in canine dermal fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:223-32. [PMID: 26549149 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 release and in a time- and dose-dependent manner in canine dermal fibroblasts. The MEK inhibitor U0126 and the ERK inhibitor FR180204 clearly inhibited IL-1β-induced prostaglandin E2 release and COX-2 mRNA expression. IL-1β enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which was attenuated by inhibitors of MEK and ERK. The NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 also suppressed IL-1β-induced prostaglandin E2 release and COX-2 mRNA expression. Treatment of fibroblasts with IL-1β led to the phosphorylation of p65 and degradation of IκBα occurred, indicating that IL-1β treatment activated NF-κB. MEK and ERK1/2 inhibitors had no effect on the phosphorylation of p65 subunit induced by IL-1β, whereas the NF-κB inhibitor completely blocked IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. We also observed that IκBα-knockdown enhanced the phosphorylation of p65 and ERK1/2. These findings suggest that stimulation of MEK/ERK signaling pathway by NF-κB activation regulates IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression and subsequent prostaglandin E2 release in canine dermal fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Tsuchiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Konno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ken Okabayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takanori Narita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Z, Guo W, Ma X, Zhang B, Dong P, Huang L, Wang X, Wang C, Huo X, Yu W, Yi C, Xiao Y, Yang W, Qin Y, Yuan Y, Meng S, Liu Q, Deng W. Gamabufotalin, a bufadienolide compound from toad venom, suppresses COX-2 expression through targeting IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:203. [PMID: 25175164 PMCID: PMC4161895 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamabufotalin (CS-6), a major bufadienolide of Chansu, has been used for cancer therapy due to its desirable metabolic stability and less adverse effect. However, the underlying mechanism of CS-6 involved in anti-tumor activity remains poorly understood. METHODS The biological functions of gamabufotalin (CS-6) were investigated by migration, colony formation and apoptosis assays in NSCLC cells. The nuclear localization and interaction between transcriptional co-activator p300 and NF-κB p50/p65 and their binding to COX-2 promoter were analyzed after treatment with CS-6. Molecular docking study was used to simulate the interaction of CS-6 with IKKβ. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of CS-6 was also analyzed in xenografts nude mice. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level. RESULTS Gamabufotalin (CS-6) strongly suppressed COX-2 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKβ via targeting the ATP-binding site, thereby abrogating NF-κB binding and p300 recruitment to COX-2 promoter. In addition, CS-6 induced apoptosis by activating the cytochrome c and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, CS-6 markedly down-regulated the protein levels of COX-2 and phosphorylated p65 NF-κB in tumor tissues of the xenograft mice, and inhibited tumor weight and size. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides pharmacological evidence that CS-6 exhibits potential use in the treatment of COX-2-mediated diseases such as lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Yu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wei Guo
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Peipei Dong
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Lin Huang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Chao Wang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wendan Yu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Canhui Yi
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yao Xiao
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yu Qin
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yuhui Yuan
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Songshu Meng
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Quentin Liu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
- />Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Canter of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
- />Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Canter of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang CM, Lee IT, Chi PL, Cheng SE, Hsiao LD, Hsu CK. TNF-α induces cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression via Jak2/PDGFR-dependent Elk-1/p300 activation in human lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L543-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00320.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) plays a pivotal role in mediating agonist-induced arachidonic acid release for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis during inflammation triggered by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the mechanisms underlying TNF-α-induced cPLA2 expression in human lung epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) were not completely understood. Here, we demonstrated that TNF-α induced cPLA2 mRNA and protein expression, promoter activity, and PGE2 secretion in HPAEpiCs. These responses induced by TNF-α were inhibited by pretreatment with the inhibitor of Jak2 (AG490), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) (AG1296), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) (LY294002), or MEK1/2 (PD98059) and transfection with siRNA of Jak2, PDGFR, Akt, or p42. We showed that TNF-α markedly stimulated Jak2, PDGFR, Akt, and p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation, which were attenuated by their respective inhibitors. Moreover, TNF-α stimulated Akt activation via a Jak2/PDGFR pathway in HPAEpiCs. In addition, TNF-α-induced p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation was reduced by AG1296 or LY294002. On the other hand, TNF-α could induce Akt and p42/p44 MAPK translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus, which was inhibited by AG490, AG1296, or LY294002. Finally, we showed that TNF-α stimulated Elk-1 phosphorylation, which was reduced by LY294002 or PD98059. We also observed that TNF-α time dependently induced p300/Elk-1 and p300/Akt complex formation in HPAEpiCs, which was reduced by AG490, AG1296, or LY294002. The activity of cPLA2 protein upregulated by TNF-α was reflected on the PGE2 release, which was reduced by AG490, AG1296, LY294002 , or PD98059. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TNF-α-induced cPLA2 expression and PGE2 release were mediated through a Jak2/PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/p42/p44 MAPK/Elk-1 pathway in HPAEpiCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine and
| | - I-Ta Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine and
| | - Pei-Ling Chi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine and
| | - Shin-Ei Cheng
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine and
| | - Chih-Kai Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine and
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee IT, Lin CC, Cheng SE, Hsiao LD, Hsiao YC, Yang CM. TNF-α induces cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression in human lung epithelial cells via JNK1/2- and p38 MAPK-dependent AP-1 activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72783. [PMID: 24069158 PMCID: PMC3777958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) plays a pivotal role in mediating agonist-induced arachidonic acid (AA) release for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis during inflammation triggered by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the mechanisms underlying TNF-α-induced cPLA2 expression in human lung epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) were not completely understood. Principal Findings We demonstrated that TNF-α induced cPLA2 mRNA and protein expression, promoter activity, and PGE2 secretion in HPAEpiCs. These responses induced by TNF-α were inhibited by pretreatment with the inhibitor of MEK1/2 (PD98059), p38 MAPK (SB202190), JNK1/2 (SP600125), or AP-1 (Tanshinone IIA) and transfection with siRNA of TNFR1, p42, p38, JNK2, c-Jun, c-Fos, or ATF2. We showed that TNF-α markedly stimulated p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 phosphorylation which were attenuated by their respective inhibitors. In addition, TNF-α also stimulated c-Jun and ATF2 phosphorylation which were inhibited by pretreatment with SP600125 and SB202190, respectively, but not PD98059. Furthermore, TNF-α-induced cPLA2 promoter activity was abrogated by transfection with the point-mutated AP-1 cPLA2 construct. Finally, we showed that TNF-α time-dependently induced p300/c-Fos/c-Jun/ATF2 complex formation in HPAEpiCs. On the other hand, TNF-α induced in vivo binding of c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF2, and p300 to the cPLA2 promoter in these cells. In an in vivo study, we found that TNF-α induced leukocyte count in BAL fluid of mice and cPLA2 mRNA levels in lung tissues via MAPKs and AP-1. Significance Taken together, these results demonstrated that TNF-α-induced cPLA2 expression was mediated through p38 MAPK- and JNK1/2-dependent p300/c-Fos/c-Jun/ATF2 complex formation in HPAEpiCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ta Lee
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ei Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mechanism underlying anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic properties of anomalin in both acute and chronic inflammatory pain models in mice through inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs and CREB signaling cascades. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:448-58. [PMID: 23911882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The numerous mediators of pain and inflammation are products of injury-induced gene expression that lead to changes in the nervous system and immune responses. These multiple molecules and mechanisms suggest novel strategies that could be used for analgesic drug development. The present study investigated the possible anti-hyperalgesic effects of anomalin in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced acute and chronic inflammatory pain models. Acute pretreatment of mice with anomalin (10 and 50mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant anti-nociceptive effect against CFA- and carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. In a chronic pain model, administration of anomalin inhibited CFA-induced hyperalgesia, and it did not cause any apparent toxicity. Another set of experiments observed that anomalin inhibited CFA- and carrageenan-induced paw edema in acute and chronic models. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-nociceptive effect of anomalin, the various pain signaling pathways [NF-κB, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs)/AP-1] that are involved were examined. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment of anomalin exhibited potent inhibitory effects on direct mediators of hyperalgesia (iNOS and COX-2). The release of CFA-induced plasma nitrite and paw tissue hyperalgesic cytokine (TNF-α) was reduced remarkably. In addition, the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in plasma and substance P (SP) in paw tissue were markedly suppressed by anomalin. These results demonstrate that anomalin exhibits an analgesic effect in a consistent manner and that its mechanisms involve the inhibition of the NF-κB, CREB, and MAPKs/AP-1 signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim DH, Park MH, Choi YJ, Chung KW, Park CH, Jang EJ, An HJ, Yu BP, Chung HY. Molecular study of dietary heptadecane for the anti-inflammatory modulation of NF-kB in the aged kidney. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59316. [PMID: 23555655 PMCID: PMC3608635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heptadecane is a volatile component of Spirulina platensis, and blocks the de novo synthesis of fatty acids and ameliorates several oxidative stress-related diseases. In a redox state disrupted by oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory genes are upregulated by the activation of NF-kB via diverse kinases. Thus, the search and characterization of new substances that modulate NF-kB are lively research topics. In the present study, heptadecane was examined in terms of its ability to suppress inflammatory NF-kB activation via redox-related NIK/IKK and MAPKs pathway in aged rats. In the first part of the study, Fischer 344 rats, aged 9 and 20 months, were administered on average approximately 20 or 40 mg/Kg body weight over 10 days. The potency of heptadecane was investigated by examining its ability to suppress the gene expressions of COX-2 and iNOS (both NF-κB-related genes) and reactive species (RS) production in aged kidney tissue. In the second part of the study, YPEN-1 cells (an endothelial cell line) were used to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of heptadecane by examining its modulation of NF-kB and NF-kB signal pathway. Results showed that heptadecane exhibited a potent anti-oxidative effect by protecting YPEN-1 cells from tert-butylhydroperoxide induced oxidative stress. Further molecular investigations revealed that heptadecane attenuated RS-induced NF-kB via the NIK/IKK and MAPKs pathways in YPEN-1 cells and aged kidney tissues. Based on these results, we conclude that heptadecane suppresses age-related increases in pro-inflammatory gene expressions by reducing NF-kB activity by upregulating the NIK/IKK and MAPKs pathways induced by RS. These findings provide molecular insight of the mechanisms by which heptadecane exerts its antiinflammatory effect in aged kidney tissues. We conclude that heptadecane suppresses age-related increases in pro-inflammatory gene expressions then travel upstream set by step by reducing NF-kB activity by downregulating the NIK/IKK and MAPKs pathways induced by RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hi Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin An
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Histamine, carbachol, and serotonin induce hyperresponsiveness to ATP in guinea pig tracheas: involvement of COX-2 pathway. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1171-9. [PMID: 23475395 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP promotes an indirect contraction of airway smooth muscle via the secondary release of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) from airway epithelium. Our aim was to evaluate if common contractile agonists modify this response to ATP. Tracheas from sensitized guinea pigs were used to evaluate ATP-induced contractions before and after a transient contraction produced by histamine, carbachol, or serotonin. Epithelial mRNA for COX-1 and COX-2 was measured by RT-PCR and their expression assessed by immunohistochemistry. Compared with the initial response, ATP-induced contraction was potentiated by pretreatment with histamine, carbachol, or serotonin. Either suramin (antagonist of P2X and P2Y receptors) plus RB2 (antagonist of P2Y receptors) or indomethacin (inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2) annulled the ATP-induced contraction, suggesting that it was mediated by P2Y receptor stimulation and TXA2 production. When COX-2 was inhibited by SC-58125 or thromboxane receptors were antagonized by SQ-29548, just the potentiation was abolished, leaving the basal response intact. Airway epithelial cells showed increased COX-2 mRNA after stimulation with histamine or carbachol, but not serotonin, while COX-1 mRNA was unaffected. Immunochemistry corroborated this upregulation of COX-2. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that histamine and carbachol cause hyperresponsiveness to ATP by upregulating COX-2 in airway epithelium, which likely increases TXA2 production. Serotonin-mediated hyperresponsiveness seems to be independent of COX-2 upregulation, but nonetheless is TXA2 dependent. Because acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin can be present during asthmatic exacerbations, their potential interactions with ATP might be relevant in its pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chi PL, Chen YW, Hsiao LD, Chen YL, Yang CM. Heme oxygenase 1 attenuates interleukin-1β-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression via a decrease in NADPH oxidase/reactive oxygen species/activator protein 1 activation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2114-25. [PMID: 22231145 DOI: 10.1002/art.34371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cytokines induce the expression of inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) exerts an antiinflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms underlying interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) expression through ROS generation as modulated by HO-1 in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). METHODS IL-1β-induced ROS generation was determined by flow cytometry. The involvement of MAPKs and NADPH oxidase (NOX)/ROS in IL-1β-induced cPLA2 expression was investigated using pharmacologic inhibitors and transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and was analyzed by Western blotting and promoter assay. Overexpression of HO-1 was performed by transfection of RASFs with a recombinant adenovirus containing human HO-1 plasmid. SCID mice with inflammation caused by IL-1β were infected with adenovirus containing HO-1. Histologic characterization of joint inflammation and local expression of cPLA2 were evaluated after treatment. RESULTS IL-1β-induced cPLA2 expression was mediated through NOX activation/ROS production, which was attenuated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC; a scavenger of ROS), the inhibitors of NOX (diphenyleneiodonium chloride and apocynin), MEK-1/2 (U0126), and JNK-1/2 (SP600125), transfection with the respective siRNAs, and the overexpression of HO-1 in RASFs. IL-1β-induced cPLA2 expression was mediated through recruitment of activator protein 1 (AP-1) to the cPLA2 promoter region, which was attenuated by NAC and overexpression of HO-1. Furthermore, HO-1 overexpression inhibited IL-1β-mediated cPLA2 expression in SCID mice. CONCLUSION In RASFs, IL-1β induced cPLA2 expression via activation of p42/p44 MAPK and JNK-1/2, leading to p47phox phosphorylation, ROS production, and AP-1 activation. The induction of HO-1 exerted protective effects on the pathogenesis of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Chi
- Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
MEKK1-MKK4-JNK-AP1 pathway negatively regulates Rgs4 expression in colonic smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35646. [PMID: 22545125 PMCID: PMC3335800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulator of G-protein Signaling 4 (RGS4) plays an important role in regulating smooth muscle contraction, cardiac development, neural plasticity and psychiatric disorder. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Our recent studies have shown that upregulation of Rgs4 by interleukin (IL)-1β is mediated by the activation of NFκB signaling and modulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase. Here we investigate the effect of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway on Rgs4 expression in rabbit colonic smooth muscle cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cultured cells at first passage were treated with or without IL-1β (10 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of the selective JNK inhibitor (SP600125) or JNK small hairpin RNA (shRNA). The expression levels of Rgs4 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. SP600125 or JNK shRNA increased Rgs4 expression in the absence or presence of IL-1β stimulation. Overexpression of MEKK1, the key upstream kinase of JNK, inhibited Rgs4 expression, which was reversed by co-expression of JNK shRNA or dominant-negative mutants for MKK4 or JNK. Both constitutive and inducible upregulation of Rgs4 expression by SP600125 was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with the transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D. Dual reporter assay showed that pretreatment with SP600125 sensitized the promoter activity of Rgs4 in response to IL-1β. Mutation of the AP1-binding site within Rgs4 promoter increased the promoter activity. Western blot analysis confirmed that IL-1β treatment increased the phosphorylation of JNK, ATF-2 and c-Jun. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays validated that IL-1β increased the in vitro and ex vivo binding activities of AP1 within rabbit Rgs4 promoter. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Activation of MEKK1-MKK4-JNK-AP1 signal pathway plays a tonic inhibitory role in regulating Rgs4 transcription in rabbit colonic smooth muscle cells. This negative regulation may aid in maintaining the transient level of RGS4 expression.
Collapse
|
17
|
Luo LJ, Liu F, Lin ZK, Xie YF, Xu JL, Tong QC, Shu R. Genistein regulates the IL-1 beta induced activation of MAPKs in human periodontal ligament cells through G protein-coupled receptor 30. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 522:9-16. [PMID: 22521737 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are fibroblasts that play key roles in tissue integrity, periodontal inflammation and tissue regeneration in the periodontium. The periodontal tissue destruction in periodontitis is mediated by host tissue-produced inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Here, we report the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30, also known as G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 GPER) in human PDL cells and its regulation by IL-1β. IL-1β-induced GPR30 expression in human PDL cells leads to the activation of multiple signaling pathways, including MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K. In contrast, genistein, an estrogen receptor ligand, postpones the activation of MAPKs induced by IL-1β. Moreover, the inhibition of GPR30 by G15, a GPR30-specific antagonist, eliminates this delay. Thus, genistein plays a role in the regulation of MAPK activation via GPR30, and GPR30 represents a novel target regulated by steroid hormones in PDL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiading Central Hospital, and Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong, University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee CW, Lin CC, Lee IT, Lee HC, Yang CM. Activation and induction of cytosolic phospholipase A2 by TNF-α mediated through Nox2, MAPKs, NF-κB, and p300 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2103-14. [PMID: 21520062 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) plays a pivotal role in mediating agonist-induced arachidonic acid (AA) release for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis during inflammation triggered by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the mechanisms underlying TNF-α-induced cPLA(2) expression and PGE(2) synthesis in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) remain unknown. Here, we report that TNF-α-induced cPLA(2) protein and mRNA expression, PGE(2) production, and phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2, which were attenuated by pretreatment with a ROS scavenger [N-acetyl-L-cysteine, (NAC)] and the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase [apocynin (APO) and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)], MEK1/2 (U0126), p38 MAPK (SB202190), and JNK1/2 (SP600125) or transfection with siRNA of Nox2, p47(phox) , MEK1, p42, p38, or JNK2. TNF-α-induced cPLA(2) expression was also inhibited by pretreatment with a selective NF-κB inhibitor [helenalin (HLN)] or transfection with dominant negative mutants of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) or IκB kinase (IKK)α/β. TNF-α-induced NF-κB translocation was blocked by pretreatment with NAC, DPI, APO, or HLN, but not by U0126, SB202190, or SP600125. In addition, pretreatment with curcumin (a p300 inhibitor) or transfection with p300 siRNA blocked cPLA(2) expression and PGE(2) synthesis induced by TNF-α. We further confirmed that p300 was associated with the cPLA(2) promoter which was dynamically linked to histone H4 acetylation stimulated by TNF-α, determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Association of p300 and histone H4 to cPLA(2) promoter was inhibited by U0126, SB202190, and SP600125. These results suggested that in HTSMCs, activation of p47(phox) , MAPKs, NF-κB, and p300 is essential for TNF-α-induced cPLA(2) expression and PGE(2) release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Murayama R, Kobayashi M, Takeshita A, Yasui T, Yamamoto M. MAPKs, activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB mediate production of interleukin-1β-stimulated cytokines, prostaglandin E₂ and MMP-1 in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:568-75. [PMID: 21615409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Determination of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling cascades that lead to the production of various inflammatory mediators and catabolic factors may clarify attractive targets for therapeutic intervention for periodontitis. We comprehensively assessed the involvement of MAPKs, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in IL-1β-induced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) and MMP-1 in human periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament cells were pretreated with an inhibitor for each of the MAPKs or NF-κB and subsequently treated with IL-1β. Following treatment, phosphorylation of three types of MAPK (ERK, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase), IκB kinase (IKK) α/β/γ and IκB-α, as well as the DNA binding activity of AP-1 and NF-κB and the production of IL-6, IL-8, PGE(2) and MMP-1, were determined by western blotting, a gel mobility shift assay and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The three MAPKs, simultaneously activated by IL-1β, mediated the subsequent DNA binding of AP-1 at various magnitudes, while IKKα/β/γ, IκB-α and NF-κB were also involved in the IL-1 signaling cascade. Furthermore, IL-1β stimulated the production of IL-6, IL-8, PGE(2) and MMP-1 via activation of the three MAPKs and NF-κB, because inhibitors of these significantly suppressed the IL-1β-stimulated production of these factors. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that MAPK, AP-1 and NF-κB mediate the IL-1β-stimulated synthesis of IL-6, IL-8, PGE(2) and MMP-1 in human periodontal ligament cells. Therefore, inhibition of activation of MAPK, AP-1 and/or NF-κB may lead to therapeutic effects on progression of periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Murayama
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cheng SE, Lin CC, Lee IT, Hsu CK, Kou YR, Yang CM. Cigarette smoke extract regulates cytosolic phospholipase A2expression via NADPH oxidase/MAPKs/AP-1 and p300 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:589-99. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
21
|
Kumar VBS, Viji RI, Kiran MS, Sudhakaran PR. Angiogenic effect of laminin involves modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin levels. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 236:44-51. [PMID: 21148739 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the angiogenic effect of laminin (Ln) was studied using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) maintained in culture on Ln-1 substratum. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed that in cells maintained on Ln, the levels of proangiogenic prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) increased and that of antiangiogenic PGD(2) decreased. The angiogenic effect of PGE(2) and PGD(2) was confirmed by assessing the expression of CD31 and E-selectin in HUVECs. Immunoblot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cyclooxygenase (COX) assay showed increase in the expression and activity of COX-2 in cells maintained on Ln. Use of pharmacological inhibitors suggested that the modulation in the expression of COX-2 and thereby the levels of PGE(2) and PGD(2) in endothelial cells by Ln is mediated through the α(6)β(4) integrin-p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V B Sameer Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee CW, Lee IT, Lin CC, Lee HC, Lin WN, Yang CM. Activation and induction of cytosolic phospholipase A2 by IL-1beta in human tracheal smooth muscle cells: role of MAPKs/p300 and NF-kappaB. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:1045-56. [PMID: 20069553 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) plays a pivotal role in mediating agonist-induced arachidonic acid (AA) release for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis during inflammation triggered by IL-1beta. However, the mechanisms underlying IL-1beta-induced cPLA(2) expression and PGE(2) synthesis in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) remain unknown. IL-1beta-induced cPLA(2) protein and mRNA expression, PGE(2) production, or phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2, which was attenuated by pretreatment with the inhibitors of MEK1/2 (U0126), p38 MAPK (SB202190), and JNK1/2 (SP600125) or transfection with siRNAs of MEK1, p42, p38, and JNK2. IL-1beta-induced cPLA(2) expression was also inhibited by pretreatment with a NF-kappaB inhibitor, helenalin or transfection with siRNA of NIK, IKKalpha, or IKKbeta. IL-beta-induced NF-kappaB translocation was blocked by pretreatment with helenalin, but not U0126, SB202190, and SP600125. In addition, transfection with p300 siRNA blocked cPLA(2) expression induced by IL-1beta. Moreover, p300 was associated with the cPLA(2) promoter, which was dynamically linked to histone H4 acetylation stimulated by IL-1beta. These results suggest that in HTSMCs, activation of MAPKs, NF-kappaB, and p300 are essential for IL-1beta-induced cPLA(2) expression and PGE(2) secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Aggeli IK, Kefaloyianni E, Beis I, Gaitanaki C. HOX-1 and COX-2: Two differentially regulated key mediators of skeletal myoblast tolerance under oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:679-93. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003742985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
24
|
NF-kappaB-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid-derived metabolites, in human colonic fibroblasts. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:503-12. [PMID: 20338073 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the anti-inflammatory properties of pomegranate extracts, suggesting that ellagitannins (ET) and ellagic acid (EA) are the main anti-inflammatory compounds. However, both ET and EA are metabolised in vivo by the gut microbiota to yield urolithins (Uro) which can be found in the gut and in systemic bloodstream. The present study was carried out to evaluate the individual effect of EA and their microbiota-derived metabolites Uro on colon fibroblasts upon IL-1beta treatment as an in vitro inflammation model. Uro-A and Uro-B (10 microm) inhibited PGE2 production (85 and 40 %, respectively) after IL-1beta stimulation, whereas EA did not show any effect. Uro-A, but not Uro-B, down-regulated cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) mRNA expression and protein levels. Both Uro inhibited NF-kappaB translocation to nucleus. Slight but significant effects were found in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Uro-A lowered c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation state, and both Uro inhibited p38 activation. No metabolites derived from Uro or EA were found in the cell media upon incubation of EA or Uro with the cells, and only traces of the compounds were found inside the cells. The present results suggest that Uro, mainly Uro-A, are the main compounds that are responsible for the pomegranate anti-inflammatory properties. The mechanism of action implicated seems to be via the inhibition of activation of NF-kappaB and MAPK, down-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 expressions, and consequently,via the reduction of PGE2 production. Taking into account that Uro did not enter the cells, a competitive binding for IL-1beta membrane receptor cannot be discarded.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee IT, Lee CW, Tung WH, Wang SW, Lin CC, Shu JC, Yang CM. Cooperation of TLR2 with MyD88, PI3K, and Rac1 in lipoteichoic acid-induced cPLA2/COX-2-dependent airway inflammatory responses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1671-84. [PMID: 20167866 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) plays a role in the pathogenesis of severe inflammatory responses induced by Gram-positive bacterial infection. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and interleukin (IL)-6 have been demonstrated to engage in airway inflammation. In this study, LTA-induced cPLA(2) and COX-2 expression and PGE(2) or IL-6 synthesis were attenuated by transfection with siRNAs of TLR2, MyD88, Akt, p42, p38, JNK2, and p65 or pretreatment with the inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002), p38 (SB202190), MEK1/2 (U0126), JNK1/2 (SP600125), and NF-kappaB (helenalin) in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs). LTA also induced cPLA(2) and COX-2 expression and leukocyte count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in mice. LTA-regulated PGE(2) or IL-6 production was inhibited by pretreatment with the inhibitors of cPLA(2) (AACOCF(3)) and COX-2 (NS-398) or transfection with cPLA(2) siRNA or COX-2 siRNA, respectively. LTA-stimulated NF-kappaB translocation or cPLA(2) phosphorylation was attenuated by pretreatment with LY294002, SB202190, U0126, or SP600125. Furthermore, LTA could stimulate TLR2, MyD88, PI3K, and Rac1 complex formation. We also demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus could trigger these responses through a similar signaling cascade in HTSMCs. It was found that PGE(2) could directly stimulate IL-6 production in HTSMCs or leukocyte count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in mice. These results demonstrate that LTA-induced MAPKs activation is mediated through the TLR2/MyD88/PI3K/Rac1/Akt pathway, which in turn initiates the activation of NF-kappaB, and ultimately induces cPLA(2)/COX-2-dependent PGE(2) and IL-6 generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ta Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nakao S, Inoue D. Involvement of protein kinase C in IL-1beta-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gingival fibroblasts. J Oral Sci 2010; 51:417-23. [PMID: 19776509 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) stimulates expression of the highly inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), and consequently provokes prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis, which induces inflammatory responses. In this study, the contribution of protein kinase C (PKC) to IL-1beta-induced PGE(2) synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts was investigated. The PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulated PGE(2) release and COX-2 mRNA expression, as shown in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated by IL-1beta. However, PMA showed only a weak effect on the formation of COX-2-NFkappaB DNA-protein complex, whereas IL-1beta had a clearly stimulatory effect. In cells in which PMA-dependent PKC was down-regulated, PMA failed to induce the formation of NFkappaB DNA-protein complex and reduced the release of PMA-induced PGE(2), whereas IL-1beta stimulated the formation of COX-2-NFkappaB DNA-protein complex and PGE(2) release. The atypical PKC (aPKC) inhibitor Gö6983 clearly suppressed the formation of COX-2-NFkappaB DNA-protein complex and PGE(2) release stimulated by IL-1beta but not the inhibitor of conventional PKC (cPKC) and the novel PKC (nPKC) inhibitor Gö6976. These observations suggest that aPKC is involved in IL-1beta-induced PGE(2) synthesis, which is controlled by transcription of the COX-2 gene via the NFkappaB-dependent pathway in human gingival fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Nakao
- Department of Oral Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ling H, Jia X, Zhang Y, Gapter LA, Lim YS, Agarwal R, Ng KY. Pachymic acid inhibits cell growth and modulates arachidonic acid metabolism in nonsmall cell lung cancer A549 cells. Mol Carcinog 2009; 49:271-82. [PMID: 19918789 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mendes RA, Carvalho JF, Waal IVD. An overview on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in tumors of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:e124-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
29
|
Yang CM, Lee IT, Lin CC, Yang YL, Luo SF, Kou YR, Hsiao LD. Cigarette smoke extract induces COX-2 expression via a PKCalpha/c-Src/EGFR, PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-kappaB pathway and p300 in tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L892-902. [PMID: 19717552 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00151.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) leads to airway or lung inflammation, which may be mediated through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CSE-induced COX-2 expression in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs). Here, we describe that COX-2 induction is dependent on PKCalpha/c-Src/EGFR, PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-kappaB signaling in HTSMCs. CSE stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Src, EGFR, PDGFR, and Akt, which were inhibited by pretreatment with the inhibitor of PKCalpha (Gö6976 or Gö6983), c-Src (PP1), EGFR (AG1478), PDGFR (AG1296), or PI3K (LY294002). Moreover, CSE induced a significant increase in COX-2 expression, which was reduced by pretreatment with these inhibitors or transfection with siRNA of PKCalpha, Src, or Akt. Furthermore, CSE-stimulated NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation and translocation were also attenuated by pretreatment with Gö6976, PP1, AG1478, AG1296, or LY294002. CSE-induced COX-2 expression was also mediated through the recruitment of p300 associated with NF-kappaB in HTSMCs, revealed by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. In addition, pretreatment with the inhibitors of NF-kappaB (helenalin) and p300 (garcinol) or transfection with p65 siRNA and p300 siRNA markedly inhibited CSE-regulated COX-2 expression. However, CSE-induced PGE2 generation was reduced by pretreatment with the inhibitor of COX-2 (NS-398). These results demonstrated that in HTSMCs, CSE-induced COX-2-dependent PGE2 generation was mediated through PKCalpha/c-Src/EGFR, PDGFR/PI3K/Akt leading to the recruitment of p300 with NF-kappaB complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moxnes JF, Albert christophersen O. The Spanish flu as a worst case scenario? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600701699067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
31
|
Hu W, Li F, Mahavadi S, Murthy KS. Upregulation of RGS4 expression by IL-1beta in colonic smooth muscle is enhanced by ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and inhibited by the PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1310-20. [PMID: 19369446 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00573.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Initial Ca(2+)-dependent contraction of intestinal smooth muscle is inhibited upon IL-1beta treatment. The decrease in contraction reflects the upregulation of regulator of G protein signaling-4 (RGS4) via the canonical inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase-2 (IKK2)/IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB pathway. Here, we show that the activation of various protein kinases, including ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), differentially modulates IL-1beta-induced upregulation of RGS4 in rabbit colonic muscle cells. IL-1beta treatment caused a transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. It also caused the phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), sequential downstream effectors of PI3K. Pretreatment with PD-98059 (an ERK inhibitor) and SB-203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) significantly inhibited IL-1beta-induced RGS4 expression. In contrast, LY-294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) augmented, whereas GSK3beta inhibitors inhibited, IL-1beta-induced RGS4 expression. PD-98059 blocked IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of IKK2, degradation of IkappaB-alpha, and phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB subunit p65, whereas SB-203580 had a marginal effect, implying that the effect of ERK1/2 is exerted on the canonical IKK2/IkappaB-alpha/p65 pathway of NF-kappaB activation but that the effect of p38 MAPK may not predominantly involve NF-kappaB signaling. The increase in RGS4 expression enhanced by LY-294002 was accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of IKK2/IkappaB-alpha/p65 and blocked by pretreatment with inhibitors of IKK2 (IKK2-IV) and IkappaB-alpha (MG-132). Inhibition of GSK3beta abolished IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of IKK2/p65. These findings suggest that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK enhance IL-1beta-induced upregulation of RGS4; the effect of ERK1/2 reflects its ability to promote IKK2 phosphorylation and increase NF-kappaB activity. GSK3beta acts normally to augment the activation of the canonical NF-kappaB signaling. The PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta pathway attenuates IL-1beta-induced upregulation of RGS4 expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hai CM. Mechanistic systems biology of inflammatory gene expression in airway smooth muscle as tool for asthma drug development. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2009; 5:279-88. [PMID: 19075608 DOI: 10.2174/157016308786733582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that airway smooth muscle cells may function as inflammatory cells in the airway system by producing multiple inflammatory cytokines in response to a large array of external stimuli such as acetylcholine, bradykinin, inflammatory cytokines, and toll-like receptor activators. However, how multiple extracellular stimuli interact in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression in an airway smooth muscle cell remains poorly understood. This review addresses the mechanistic systems biology of inflammatory gene expression in airway smooth muscle by discussing: a) redundancy underlying multiple stimulus-product relations in receptor-mediated inflammatory gene expression, and their regulation by convergent activation of Erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), b) Erk1/2 MAPK-dependent induction of phosphatase expression as a negative feedback mechanism in the robust maintenance of inflammatory gene expression, and c) cyclooxygenase 2-dependent regulation of the differential temporal dynamics of early and late inflammatory gene expression. It is becoming recognized that a single-target approach is unlikely to be effective for the treatment of inflammatory airway diseases because airway inflammation is a result of complex interactions among multiple inflammatory mediators and cells types in the airway system. Understanding the mechanistic systems biology of inflammatory gene expression in airway smooth muscle and other cell types in the airway system may lead to the development of multi-target drug regimens for the treatment of inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Hai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology & Biotechnology, Brown University, Box G-B3, 171 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang L, Lim EJ, Toborek M, Hennig B. The role of fatty acids and caveolin-1 in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced endothelial cell activation. Metabolism 2008; 57:1328-39. [PMID: 18803934 PMCID: PMC3349996 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia and associated high circulating free fatty acids are important risk factors for atherosclerosis. In contrast to omega-3 fatty acids, linoleic acid, the major omega-6 unsaturated fatty acid in the American diet, may be atherogenic by amplifying an endothelial inflammatory response. We hypothesize that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids can differentially modulate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced endothelial cell activation and that functional plasma membrane microdomains called caveolae are required for endothelial cell activation. Caveolae are particularly abundant in endothelial cells and play a major role in endothelial trafficking and the regulation of signaling pathways associated with the pathology of vascular diseases. To test our hypothesis, endothelial cells were preenriched with either linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid before TNF-alpha-induced endothelial activation. Measurements included oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB-dependent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) under experimental conditions with intact caveolae and with cells in which caveolin-1 was silenced by small interfering RNA. Exposure to TNF-alpha induced oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappaB, COX-2, and PGE(2), which were all amplified by preenrichment with linoleic acid but blocked or reduced by alpha-linolenic acid. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 blocked TNF-alpha-mediated induction of COX-2 protein expression, suggesting a regulatory mechanism through p38 MAPK signaling. Image overlay demonstrated TNF-alpha-induced colocalization of TNF receptor type 1 with caveolin-1. Caveolin-1 was significantly induced by TNF-alpha, which was further amplified by linoleic acid and blocked by alpha-linolenic acid. Furthermore, silencing of the caveolin-1 gene completely blocked TNF-alpha-induced production of COX-2 and PGE(2) and significantly reduced the amplified response of linoleic acid plus TNF-alpha. These data suggest that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids can differentially modulate TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory stimuli and that caveolae and its fatty acid composition play a regulatory role during TNF-alpha-induced endothelial cell activation and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
- Molecular and Cell Nutrition Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Eun-Jin Lim
- Molecular and Cell Nutrition Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
- Molecular and Cell Nutrition Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hsieh HL, Sun CC, Wang TS, Yang CM. PKC-δ/c-Src-mediated EGF receptor transactivation regulates thrombin-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1563-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Abstract
Both tumors and normal tissues need a blood supply for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal. However, whereas normal vasculature is hierarchically assembled into efficient networks of arteries, capillaries, and veins, the blood vessels of tumors are a mess-chaotic, leaky, inefficient, and barely making do. Why the difference? Do tumor vessels lack the signals to mature or, instead, is their maturation actively suppressed? What triggers and maintains tumor vasculature? In a recent study using a switchable Myc-driven mouse tumor model, we addressed these fundamental questions. We identified the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta as an essential initiating trigger of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis. Here, we consider how kinetic studies using regulatable forms of Myc or other oncogenes can shed new light on the way tumors initiate and maintain their aberrant blood supplies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenya Shchors
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fang IM, Yang CH, Yang CM, Chen MS. Linoleic acid-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase II via p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:667-77. [PMID: 17825288 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High linoleic acid (LA) intake is known to correlate with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of LA on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) and their associated signaling pathways in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. ARPE-19 cells were treated with different concentrations of LA. Expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were examined using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the culture medium were determined by enzyme-link immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activation of p42/44, p38, JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factors (NF)-kappaB were evaluated by Western blot analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). We found that LA induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RPE cells at the mRNA and protein levels in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Upregulation of iNOS and COX-2 resulted in increased production of NO and PGE(2). Moreover, LA caused degradation of IkappaB and increased NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Effects of LA-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression were inhibited by a NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). LA activated p42/44, but not p38 or JNK MAPK. Inhibition of p42/44 activity by PD98059 significantly reduced LA-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Linoleic acid-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 as well as PGE(2) and NO release in RPE cells were sequentially mediated through activation of p42/p44, MAPK, then NF-kappaB. These results may provide new insights into both mechanisms of LA action on RPE cells and pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Mo Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Oikawa A, Kobayashi M, Okamatsu Y, Shinki T, Kamijo R, Yamamoto M, Hasegawa K. Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate interleukin-1?-induced receptor activator of nuclear factor-?B ligand expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:367-76. [PMID: 17559635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Interleukin-1beta-stimulated receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression in human periodontal ligament cells is partially mediated by endogenous prostaglandin E2, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in regulating various interleukin-1-responsive genes. We investigated herein the involvement of MAPKs in interleukin-1beta-stimulated RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament cells were pretreated separately with specific inhibitors of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and subsequently treated with interleukin-1beta. Following each treatment, the phosphorylation of each MAPK, the expression of RANKL, and the production of prostaglandin E2 were determined. RANKL activity was evaluated using an assay to determine the survival of prefusion osteoclasts. RESULTS Interleukin-1beta induced RANKL expression at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as RANKL activity in human periodontal ligament cells. Interleukin-1beta also activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Pretreatment with each MAPK inhibitor partially, but significantly, suppressed interleukin-1beta-induced RANKL expression and its activity, as well as prostaglandin E2 production. CONCLUSION In human periodontal ligament cells, three types of MAPK inhibitor may abrogate RANKL expression and activity induced by interleukin-1beta, directly or indirectly through partial suppression of prostaglandin E2 synthesis. In addition, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signals may co-operatively mediate interleukin-1beta-stimulated RANKL expression and its activity in those cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Oikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hsieh HL, Wang HH, Wu CY, Jou MJ, Yen MH, Parker P, Yang CM. BK-induced COX-2 expression via PKC-δ-dependent activation of p42/p44 MAPK and NF-κB in astrocytes. Cell Signal 2007; 19:330-40. [PMID: 16935468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) is an inflammatory mediator, elevated levels in the region of several brain injury and inflammatory diseases. It has been shown to induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression implicating in inflammatory responses in various cell types. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying BK-induced COX-2 expression in astrocytes remain unclear. First, RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that BK induced the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein, which was inhibited by B(2) BK receptor antagonist Hoe140, suggesting the involvement of B(2) BK receptors. BK-induced COX-2 expression and translocation of PKC-delta from cytosol to membrane fraction were inhibited by rottlerin, suggesting that PKC-delta might be involved in these responses. This hypothesis was further supported by the transfection with a dominant negative plasmid of PKC-delta significantly blocked BK-induced COX-2 expression. BK-stimulated p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation, COX-2 mRNA expression, and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release were attenuated by PD98059, indicating the involvement of MEK/p42/p44 MAPK in this pathway. Accordingly, BK-stimulated phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK was attenuated by rottlerin, indicating that PKC-delta might be an upstream component of p42/p44 MAPK. Moreover, BK-induced COX-2 expression might be mediated through the translocation of NF-kappaB into nucleus which was blocked by helenalin, rottlerin and PD98059, implying the involvement of NF-kappaB. These results suggest that in RBA-1 cells, BK-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) release was sequentially mediated through PKC-delta-dependent activation of p42/p44 MAPK and NF-kappaB. Understanding the regulation of COX-2 expression and PGE(2) release induced by BK in astrocytes might provide a new therapeutic strategy of brain injury and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liang KC, Lee CW, Lin WN, Lin CC, Wu CB, Luo SF, Yang CM. Interleukin-1β induces MMP-9 expression via p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK, and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways in human tracheal smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:759-70. [PMID: 17311279 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix and play important roles in cell migration, proliferation, and tissue remodeling related to airway inflammation. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) has been shown to induce MMP-9 production in many cell types and contribute to airway inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms underlying MMP-9 expression induced by IL-1beta in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB pathways for IL-1beta-induced MMP-9 production in HTSMCs. IL-1beta induced production of MMP-9 protein and mRNA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner determined by zymographic, Western blotting, and RT-PCR analyses, which was attenuated by inhibitors of MEK1/2 (U0126), p38 MAPK (SB202190), JNK (SP600125), and NF-kappaB (helenalin), and transfection with dominant negative mutants of MEK1/2, p38 and JNK, respectively. IL-1beta-stimulated phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK was attenuated by pretreatment with U0126, SB202190, SP600125, or transfection with these dominant negative mutants of MEK, ERK, p38 and JNK, respectively. Furthermore, IL-1beta-stimulated translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus and degradation of IkappaB-alpha was blocked by helenalin. Finally, the reporter gene assay revealed that MAPKs and NF-kappaB are required for IL-1beta-induced MMP-9 luciferase activity in HTSMCs. MMP-9 promoter activity was enhanced by IL-1beta in HTSMCs transfected with MMP-9-Luc, which was inhibited by helenalin, U0126, SB202190, and SP600125. Taken together, the transcription factor NF-kappaB, p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK that are involved in MMP-9 expression in HTSMCs exposed to IL-1beta have now been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Chih Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Juergens UR, Gillissen A, Uen S, Racké K, Stöber M, Darlath W, Vetter H. New Evidence of H 1-Receptor Independent COX-2 Inhibition by Fexofenadine HCl in vitro. Pharmacology 2006; 78:129-35. [PMID: 17016062 DOI: 10.1159/000096016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Fexofenadine HCl (FEX) has previously been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in relieving nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis. The objective of this study was to further elucidate the mechanism of action behind the anti-inflammatory properties of FEX in addition to its H(1)-receptor antagonism. METHODS The effects of two antihistamines, FEX and loratadine (LOR), were investigated on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 enzymes in vitro. FEX (10(-9)-10(-3) mol/l) and LOR (10(-9)-10(-4) mol/l) were incubated with arachidonic acid in a COX screening assay with either ovine COX-1 or COX-2 or human COX-2. COX-2 enzyme inhibitory activity for the antihistamines was compared with the known selective COX-2 inhibitor DuP-679. RESULTS High concentrations of FEX (10(-3) mol/l) significantly inhibited arachidonic acid-mediated ovine COX-1 activity, but low concentrations had no effect. Low concentrations of FEX (10(-8) mol/l) inhibited ovine COX-2 activity, and this inhibition decreased with increasing concentrations. The inhibition of COX-2 activity by FEX was similar to that seen with the selective COX-2 inhibitor, DuP-679. Conversely, LOR inhibited COX-1 activity at low concentrations (10(-8) mol/l), but had little inhibitory effect on COX-1 at high concentrations. LOR (10(-5) mol/l) markedly stimulated COX-2 activity. CONCLUSION FEX showed selective arachidonic acid-mediated COX-2 inhibitory enzyme activity, which differed markedly from the COX inhibitory enzyme activity of LOR. This selective COX-2 inhibitor activity by FEX may contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties in relieving nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe R Juergens
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Outpatient Clinic, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kosone T, Takagi H, Kakizaki S, Sohara N, Horiguchi N, Sato K, Yoneda M, Takeuchi T, Mori M. Integrative roles of transforming growth factor-alpha in the cytoprotection mechanisms of gastric mucosal injury. BMC Gastroenterol 2006; 6:22. [PMID: 16879752 PMCID: PMC1552080 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor α (TGFα) protects against gastric mucosal injury and facilitates wound healing. However, its overexpression is known to induce hypertrophic gastropathy resembling Menetrier's disease in transgenic (TG) mice on an FVB background, as one of the authors reported previously. We studied another TGFα-expressing mouse line on a CD1 background, whose gastric mucosa appears normal. Since this TG mouse had a strong resistance to ethanol-induced gastric injury, we considered the long-term effect of TGFα on several gastric protection mechanisms. Methods TGFα-expressing transgenic (TG) mouse lines bearing human TGFα cDNA under the control of the mouse metallothionein gene I promoter were generated on a CD1 mouse background, and analyzed their ethanol injury-resistant phenotypes produced by TGFα. Results In the TG mucosa, blood flow was well maintained after ethanol injury. Further, neural and inducible types of NO synthases were consistently and widely expressed in the TG mucosa, compared with the limited distribution of neural type NO synthase in the luminal pit region of the wild-type (WT) mucosa. COX-2 and its upstream transcription factor NfkB were constitutively elevated in the TG mucosa even before ethanol administration, whereas they were induced in the same region of the WT mucosa only after ethanol injury. Two anti-apoptotic proteins, HSP70 and Bcl-2, were upregulated in the TG mucosa even before ethanol administration, while they were not expressed in the WT mucosa before the injury. Furthermore, pro-caspase 3 activation was inhibited in the TG mucosa, while it was converted to the active form in the WT mucosa following ethanol administration. Conclusion We conclude that TGFα maintains the gastric mucosal defense against gastric injury by integrating other cytoprotective mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kosone
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Satoru Kakizaki
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Naondo Sohara
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Norio Horiguchi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Masatomo Mori
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cui X, Yang SC, Sharma S, Heuze-Vourc'h N, Dubinett SM. IL-4 regulates COX-2 and PGE2 production in human non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:995-1001. [PMID: 16574063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 is a type 2 cytokine that may mediate pleiotropic effects in the NSCLC microenvironment. Here, we investigated whether IL-4 regulates PGE(2) production in NSCLC cells. We found that IL-4 inhibited constitutive COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production in A427 and H2122 NSCLC cell lines, and also suppressed IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression in A549 and RH2 NSCLC cell lines. COX-2 mRNA was decreased in response to IL-4, and promoter analysis indicated that IL-4 inhibited both constitutive and IL-1beta-induced COX-2 transcription. IL-4 inhibited IL-1beta-stimulated ERK phosphorylation, which may mediate the inhibition of IL-1beta-induced COX-2 by IL-4. IL-4 did not modulate additional arachidonic acid pathway enzymes mPGES-1 and 15-PGDH, which could potentially be responsible for regulating PGE(2) production. Overall, our studies demonstrate that IL-4 has the capacity to inhibit COX-2 mRNA transcription in NSCLC cells and the inhibition of PGE(2) appears to be predominately COX-2 dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Lung Cancer Research Program of the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee TS, Song HJ, Jeong JH, Min YS, Shin CY, Sohn UD. IL-1β activates p44/42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases via different pathways in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:716-22. [PMID: 16521184 PMCID: PMC4066121 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i5.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the pathway related to the IL-1β-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells.
METHODS: Culture of the esophageal smooth muscle cells from cat was prepared. Specific inhibitors were treated before applying the IL-1β. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of COX, iNOS and MAP kinases.
RESULTS: In the primary cultured cells, although IL-1β failed to upregulate the COX and iNOS levels, the levels of the phosphorylated forms of p44/42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase increased in both concentration- and time-dependent manner, of which the level of activation reached a maximum within 3 and 18 h, respectively. The pertussis toxin reduced the level of p44/42 MAP kinase phosphorylation. Tyrphostin 51 and genistein also inhibited this activation. Neomycin decreased the density of the p44/42 MAP kinase band to the basal level. Phosphokinase C (PKC) was found to play a mediating role in the IL-1β-induced p44/42 MAP kinase activity. In contrast, the activation of p38 MAP kinase was inhibited only by a pretreatment with forskolin, and was unaffected by the other compounds.
CONCLUSION: Based on these results, IL-1β-induced p44/42 MAP kinase activation is mediated by the Gi protein, tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C (PLC) and PKC. The pathway for p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation is different from that of p44/42 MAP kinase, suggesting that it plays a different role in the cellular response to IL-1β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai Sang Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hsieh HL, Wu CB, Sun CC, Liao CH, Lau YT, Yang CM. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces COX-2 expression via PI3K/Akt and p42/p44 MAPK pathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:757-66. [PMID: 16508949 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been shown to regulate smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and vascular maturation. S1P increases the expression of several proteins including COX-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and contributes to arteriosclerosis. However, the mechanisms regulating COX-2 expression by S1P in VSMCs remain unclear. Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses showed that S1P induced the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which was attenuated by inhibitors of MEK1/2 (U0126) and PI3K (wortmannin), and transfection with dominant negative mutants of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK2) or Akt. These results suggested that both p42/p44 MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways participated in COX-2 expression induced by S1P in VSMCs. In accordance with these findings, S1P stimulated phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK and Akt, which was attenuated by U0126, LY294002, or wortmannin, respectively. Furthermore, this up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein was blocked by a selective NF-kappaB inhibitor helenalin. Consistently, S1P-stimulated translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus was revealed by immnofluorescence staining. Moreover, S1P-stimulated activation of NF-kappaB promoter activity was blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 and helenalin, but not by U0126, suggesting that involvement of PI3K/Akt in the activation of NF-kappaB. COX-2 promoter assay showed that S1P induced COX-2 promoter activity mediated through p42/p44 MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-kappaB. These results suggested that in VSMCs, activation of p42/p44 MAPK, Akt and NF-kappaB pathways was essential for S1P-induced COX-2 gene expression. Understanding the mechanisms involved in S1P-induced COX-2 expression on VSMCs may provide potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of arteriosclerosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Butadienes/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Transport
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gomez AB, MacKenzie C, Paul A, Plevin R. Selective inhibition of inhibitory kappa B kinase-beta abrogates induction of nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 146:217-25. [PMID: 15997236 PMCID: PMC1576261 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we utilised a number of adenoviral constructs in order to examine the role of intermediates of the NF-kappaB pathway in the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated a significant increase in iNOS induction and NF-kappaB DNA binding. These parameters were substantially reduced by overexpression of a wild-type Ikappa-Balpha adenoviral construct (Ad.Ikappa-Balpha), confirming a role for NF-kappaB in iNOS induction. Infection with a dominant-negative IKKalpha adenoviral construct (Ad.IKKalpha+/-) did not significantly affect iNOS induction, NF-kappaB DNA binding or Ikappa-Balpha loss. Infection of RASMCs with adenovirus encoding a dominant-negative IKKbeta (Ad.IKKbeta+/-) essentially abolished iNOS induction and activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Pretreatment of RASMCs with a novel specific inhibitor of IKKbeta, SC-514, significantly reduced iNOS induction, NF-kappaB DNA binding and I-kappaBalpha loss in a concentration-dependent manner. In both RASMCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), infection with Ad.IKKbeta+/- also inhibited COX-2 expression in response to LPS. However, Ad.IKKalpha+/- was again without effect. These data suggest that IKKbeta plays a predominant, selective role in the regulation of NF-kappaB-dependent induction of iNOS in RASMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Bermejo Gomez
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland
| | - Christopher MacKenzie
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland
| | - Andrew Paul
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland
| | - Robin Plevin
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lim WC, Park M, Bahn JJ, Inoue H, Lee YJ. Hypertonic sodium chloride induction of cyclooxygenase-2 occurs independently of NF-kappaB and is inhibited by the glucocorticoid receptor in A549 cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5430-6. [PMID: 16198345 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellular response to a hypertonic environment is important for fluid clearance in the lung. Hypertonicity modulates prostaglandin synthesis by influencing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in tissues such as liver and kidney via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathway. However, little is known about COX-2 expression in response to hypertonicity in the lung. COX-2 mRNA accumulation induced by hypertonic NaCl was detected after 1 h of treatment, and COX-2 mRNA continued to accumulate until 18 h, the longest time point examined, in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. This induction was a transcriptional event that occurred in the absence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and was the result of enhanced promoter activity, as examined with the use of full-length COX-2 promoter-driven reporter plasmids. The induction of COX-2 expression by hypertonic NaCl did not require the activation of NF-kappaB. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, inhibited hypertonic induction of COX-2 expression. We examined whether the hypertonic induction of COX-2 was under the influence of glucocorticoid; we found that COX-2 promoter activity and mRNA and protein levels were depressed by dexamethasone and antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486. Our data demonstrate that the induction of COX-2 expression by hypertonic NaCl occurs independently of NF-kappaB and is inhibited by the GR in A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Chung Lim
- College of Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Kwang-Jin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Machida T, Hiramatsu M, Hamaue N, Minami M, Hirafuji M. Docosahexaenoic Acid Enhances Cyclooxygenase-2 Induction by Facilitating p44/42, but Not p38, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 99:113-6. [PMID: 16141635 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.sc0050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cyclooxygenase expression induced by interleukin (IL)-1beta and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was investigated in order to clarify the cellular mechanism of cardiovascular protective effects. DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid slightly enhanced IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, but not COX-1, expression, whereas arachidonic acid had no effect. DHA also slightly enhanced PMA-induced COX-2 expression. DHA stimulated both rapid and prolonged activation of p44/42, but not p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) induced by IL-1beta and PMA. These results suggest that DHA enhances the COX-2 expression by selectively facilitating p44/42 MAPK activation in VSMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zaric J, Rüegg C. Integrin-mediated Adhesion and Soluble Ligand Binding Stabilize COX-2 Protein Levels in Endothelial Cells by Inducing Expression and Preventing Degradation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:1077-85. [PMID: 15525653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, is highly expressed during inflammation and cellular transformation and promotes tumor progression and angiogenesis. We have previously demonstrated that endothelial cell COX-2 is required for integrin alphaVbeta3-dependent activation of Rac-1 and Cdc-42 and for endothelial cell spreading, migration, and angiogenesis (Dormond, O., Foletti, A., Paroz, C., and Ruegg, C. (2001) Nat. Med. 7, 1041-1047; Dormond, O., Bezzi, M., Mariotti, A., and Ruegg, C. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 45838-45846). In this study, we addressed the question of whether integrin-mediated cell adhesion may regulate COX-2 expression in endothelial cells. We report that cell detachment from the substrate caused rapid degradation of COX-2 protein in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) independent of serum stimulation. This effect was prevented by broad inhibition of cellular proteinases and by neutralizing lysosomal activity but not by inhibiting the proteasome. HUVEC adhesion to laminin, collagen I, fibronectin, or vitronectin induced rapid COX-2 protein expression with peak levels reached within 2 h and increased COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 production. In contrast, nonspecific adhesion to poly-L-lysine was ineffective in inducing COX-2 expression. Furthermore, the addition of matrix proteins in solution promoted COX-2 protein expression in suspended or poly-L-lysine-attached HUVEC. Adhesion-induced COX-2 expression was strongly suppressed by pharmacological inhibition of c-Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p38, extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2, and, to a lesser extent, protein kinase C and by the inhibition of mRNA or protein synthesis. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that integrin-mediated cell adhesion and soluble integrin ligands contribute to maintaining COX-2 steady-state levels in endothelial cells by the combined prevention of lysosomal-dependent degradation and the stimulation of mRNA synthesis involving multiple signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zaric
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie (CePO) and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Oncology, CH-1066 Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gong FY, Deng JY, Shi YF. Stimulatory effect of interleukin-1beta on growth hormone gene expression and growth hormone release from rat GH3 cells. Neuroendocrinology 2005; 81:217-28. [PMID: 16043966 DOI: 10.1159/000087160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that interferon gamma increases the human (h) growth hormone (GH) gene promoter activity in rat pituitary GH3 cells, and its regulatory mechanism may be different from the classical GH-releasing hormone-induced regulatory mechanism. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is thought to induce the release of GH by pituitary cells, but whether or not and by which mechanisms IL-1beta regulates GH synthesis remains unclear. The purpose of our study was thus to investigate the effect of IL-1beta on the hGH gene expression in GH3 rat pituitary tumor cells using stable transfection of the hGH promoter fused to a luciferase reporter gene. Our results showed that IL-1beta (10-10(4) U/ml) increased GH secretion and synthesis and that 10(2) to 10(4) U/ml IL-1beta promoted the luciferase expression in stable GH3 cells, with a maximal action of 1.61 times over that of controls. Among inhibitors of intracellular signaling transduction pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK/MEK) inhibitor PD98059 (40 microM) and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (5 microM)blocked completely the stimulatory effect of IL-1beta, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 (10 microM) blocked partially the induction of IL-1beta. Western blot analysis demonstrated that IL-1beta increased the activation of phosphorylated MEK and p38 MAPK in GH3 cells. Neither overexpression of Pit-1 nor inhibiting Pit-1 expression affected IL-1beta induction of hGH promoter activity. To identify the DNA sequence that mediated the effect of IL-1beta, six deletion constructs of hGH promoter were created. The stimulatory effect of IL-1beta was abolished following deletion of the -196- to -132-bp fragment. In conclusion, our data show that IL-1beta promotes GH secretion and synthesis by rat pituitary GH3 cells. The stimulatory effect of IL-1beta on the hGH gene promoter appears to require the activation of MEK, p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase and a fragment of promoter sequence that spans the -196- to -132-bp fragment of the gene, but is unrelated to the Pit-1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|