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Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Correspondence:
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2
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Bao Y, Yao Y, Wang Z, Wu S, Jiang X, Ma H. Analysis of mRNA and circRNA Expression Profiles of Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Infected With Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:796922. [PMID: 35046920 PMCID: PMC8761944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.796922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the pathogen of Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis), which mainly causes chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis in ruminants and has brought huge economic losses to animal husbandry. As a specific intracellular pathogen, when MAP invades the body, it is internalized by macrophages where it is able to replicate by inhibition of the phagosome maturation, escaping the host immune system and surviving, which leads to the spread of the disease. More recent studies have shown that circRNA is involved in many pathological and physiological processes of the body as the molecular sponge of miRNA, the scaffold of RNA binding protein and having the characteristic of being able to translate into protein. In this study, the mRNA and circRNA expression profiles of MAP-infected bovine monocyte-macrophages and uninfected bovine cells were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. A total of 618 differentially expressed mRNA were screened out, including 322 upregulated mRNA and 296 downregulated mRNA. In addition, the analysis of circRNA differential expression profile showed 39 differentially expressed genes including 12 upregulated and 27 downregulated genes. Moreover, differential genes belonging to cytokine activity, chemokine activity, inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, and other functional groups related to macrophage immune response were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO). Multiple signal pathways including NF-κB, MAPK, Toll-like receptor, IL-17, JAK-STAT, and other signaling pathways related to activating macrophage immune response were significantly enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In addition, RT-qPCR technology verified the accuracy of the mRNA sequencing results. In this study, we have obtained the transcriptome information of mRNA and circRNA of bovine monocyte-macrophage infected with MAP. These results will provide data support for the further study of mRNA–miRNA–circRNA network and immune escape mechanism of MAP and will enrich the knowledge of the molecular immune mechanisms of Johne’s disease as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Shuiyin Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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3
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Ben Hsouna A, Ben Saad R, Dhifi W, Mnif W, Brini F. Novel non-specific lipid-transfer protein (TdLTP4) isolated from durum wheat: Antimicrobial activities and anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104869. [PMID: 33774106 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are members of the family of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-14) that play a key role in plant defense mechanisms. In this study, a novel gene TdLTP4 encoding an antifungal protein from wheat (cv. Om Rabiaa) was cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL-21 (DE3) and enriched using ammonium sulfate fractionation. The TdLTP4 fusion protein was then tested against a panel of pathogens, food-borne and spoilage bacteria and fungi in order to evaluate the antimicrobial properties. TdLTP4 was applied to 0.5 μg/mL LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro at different concentrations (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μg/mL). Levels of nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β (IL-1 β), interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the supernatant fraction were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected via Western blot. The inhibition zones and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of bacterial strains were in the range of 14-26 mm and 62.5-250 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, a remarkable activity against several fungal strains was revealed. TdLTP4 (5-100 μg/mL) decreased the production of NO (IC50 = 4.32 μg/mL), IL-6 (IC50 = 11.52 μg/mL), IL-1β (IC50 = 7.87 μg/mL) and TNF-α (IC50 = 8.66 μg/mL) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. TdLTP4 could modulate the macrophages inflammatory mode by causing reduction in iNOS and COX-2. According to these findings, TdLTP4 fusion protein could be used as natural anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent in food preservation and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ben Hsouna
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Zarroug, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia.
| | - Rania Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wissal Dhifi
- LR17-ES03 Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn, University of Bisha, P.O. BOX 199, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia; University of Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia
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Influence of aging on T cell response and renin-angiotensin system imbalance during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunol Lett 2021; 232:35-38. [PMID: 33581170 PMCID: PMC7874963 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Miners S, Kehoe PG, Love S. Cognitive impact of COVID-19: looking beyond the short term. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:170. [PMID: 33380345 PMCID: PMC7772800 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease but up to two thirds of hospitalised patients show evidence of central nervous system (CNS) damage, predominantly ischaemic, in some cases haemorrhagic and occasionally encephalitic. It is unclear how much of the ischaemic damage is mediated by direct or inflammatory effects of virus on the CNS vasculature and how much is secondary to extracranial cardiorespiratory disease. Limited data suggest that the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus may enter the CNS via the nasal mucosa and olfactory fibres, or by haematogenous spread, and is capable of infecting endothelial cells, pericytes and probably neurons. Extracranially, SARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells and pericytes, causing endothelial cell dysfunction, vascular leakage and immune activation, sometimes leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation. It remains to be confirmed whether endothelial cells and pericytes in the cerebral vasculature are similarly targeted. Several aspects of COVID-19 are likely to impact on cognition. Cerebral white matter is particularly vulnerable to ischaemic damage in COVID-19 and is also critically important for cognitive function. There is accumulating evidence that cerebral hypoperfusion accelerates amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and is linked to tau and TDP-43 pathology, and by inducing phosphorylation of α-synuclein at serine-129, ischaemia may also increase the risk of development of Lewy body disease. Current therapies for COVID-19 are understandably focused on supporting respiratory function, preventing thrombosis and reducing immune activation. Since angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are predicted to increase ACE-2 expression, it was initially feared that their use might exacerbate COVID-19. Recent meta-analyses have instead suggested that these medications are protective. This is perhaps because SARS-CoV-2 entry may deplete ACE-2, tipping the balance towards angiotensin II-ACE-1-mediated classical RAS activation: exacerbating hypoperfusion and promoting inflammation. It may be relevant that APOE ε4 individuals, who seem to be at increased risk of COVID-19, also have lowest ACE-2 activity. COVID-19 is likely to leave an unexpected legacy of long-term neurological complications in a significant number of survivors. Cognitive follow-up of COVID-19 patients will be important, especially in patients who develop cerebrovascular and neurological complications during the acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School (THS), University of Bristol, Learning & Research level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School (THS), University of Bristol, Learning & Research level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School (THS), University of Bristol, Learning & Research level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
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Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I. COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation. Cytokine 2020; 133:155151. [PMID: 32544563 PMCID: PMC7260598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet. The attachment of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as its cellular receptor, triggers complex molecular events that leads to hyperinflammation. Four molecular axes that may be involved in SARS-CoV-2 driven inflammatory cytokine overproduction are addressed in this work. The virus-mediated down-regulation of ACE2 causes a burst of inflammatory cytokine release through dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACE/angiotensin II/AT1R axis), attenuation of Mas receptor (ACE2/MasR axis), increased activation of [des-Arg9]-bradykinin (ACE2/bradykinin B1R/DABK axis), and activation of the complement system including C5a and C5b-9 components. The molecular clarification of these axes will elucidate an array of therapeutic strategies to confront the cytokine storm in order to prevent and treat COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mahmudpour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Shokrollah Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Future Studies Group, The Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R., Iran.
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7
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Hsouna AB, Dhibi S, Dhifi W, Saad RB, Brini F, Hfaidh N, Mnif W. Essential oil from halophyte Lobularia maritima: protective effects against CCl 4-induced hepatic oxidative damage in rats and inhibition of the production of proinflammatory gene expression by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36758-36770. [PMID: 35539073 PMCID: PMC9075115 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05885k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the chemical profiling of the essential oil of a halophyte, L. maritima (LmEO), and its protective potential against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rats. Forty compounds have been identified in LmEO. The major components are α-pinene (3.51%), benzyl alcohol (8.65%), linalool (22.43%), pulegone (3.33%), 1-phenyl butanone (7.33%), globulol (4.32%), γ-terpinene (6.15%), terpinen-4-ol (4.31%), α-terpineol (3.9%), ledol (3.59%), epi-α-cadinol (3.05%) and α-cadinol (4.91%). In comparison with the CCl4-intoxicated group, LmEO treatment resulted in decreased liver serum marker enzymes, decreased lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme levels, with overall further amelioration of oxidative stress. The administration of LmEO to CCl4-treated rats at a dose of 250 mg kg-1 body weight significantly reduced the toxic effects and the oxidative stress on the liver, thus validating the traditional medicinal claim of this plant. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of LmEO was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. Our oil could modulate the inflammatory mode of the macrophages by causing reduction in iNOS and COX2 enzymes as well as in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokine levels. These findings suggest that LmEO exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ben Hsouna
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa Zarroug 2112 Gafsa Tunisia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax Tunisia
| | - Sabah Dhibi
- Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk, 2112 Gafsa Tunisia
| | - Wissal Dhifi
- LR17-ES03 Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020 Ariana Tunisia
| | - Rania Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax Tunisia
| | - Faical Brini
- Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk, 2112 Gafsa Tunisia
| | - Najla Hfaidh
- Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk, 2112 Gafsa Tunisia
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn, University of Bisha Bisha 61922, P. O. Box 199 Saudi Arabia
- University of Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020 Ariana Tunisia
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8
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Shen J, Wang L, Peng M, Liu Z, Zhang B, Zhou T, Sun X, Wu Z. Recombinant Sj16 protein with novel activity alleviates hepatic granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum associated with M2 macrophages in a mouse model. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:457. [PMID: 31547847 PMCID: PMC6755699 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potent granulomatous inflammation responses induced by schistosome eggs and resultant fibrosis are the primary causes of morbidity in schistosomiasis. Recombinant Sj16 (rSj16), a 16-kDa protein of Schistosoma japonicum produced in Escherichia coli, has been demonstrated to have novel immunoregulatory effects in vivo and in vitro. Thus, this study investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of rSj16 treatment in S. japonicum-infected mice and demonstrated the immune modulation between the schistosome and the host. METHODS Schistosoma japonicum infected mice were treated with the rSj16 protein and Sj16 peptide at different time points post-infection to assess their efficacy at the optimal time point. Sj16 peptide and/or Praziquantel (PZQ) treatments were initiated at week 5 post-infection to compare the therapeutic efficacy of each regimen. Hepatic granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis and cytokine production (pro-inflammatory, Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory cytokines IL-10) were detected. Moreover, M2 macrophages were measured to illuminate the mechanisms of Sj16. RESULTS The rSj16 protein and Sj16 peptide had significant protective effects in S. japonicum-infected mice, as shown by decreased granuloma formation, areas of collagen deposition and inhibition of pro-inflammatory Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokine production. These protective activities were more obvious when animals were treated with either the Sj16 protein or peptide at early stages post-infection. Interestingly, the combined treatment of PZQ and Sj16 was more effective and upregulated IL-10 production than administration of PZQ alone in infected mice. Furthermore, the Sj16 treatment alleviated the pathological effects associated with activated M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of rSj16 in schistosomiasis. Therefore, the combination of rSj16 with PZQ could be a viable and promising therapeutic strategy for schistosomiasis. In addition, this investigation provides additional information on schistosome-mediated immune modulation and host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifu Wang
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Peng
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Scarabelot VL, de Oliveira C, Medeiros LF, de Macedo IC, Cioato SG, Adachi LNS, Paz AH, de Souza A, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Transcranial direct-current stimulation reduces nociceptive behaviour in an orofacial pain model. J Oral Rehabil 2018; 46:40-50. [PMID: 30281821 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method of brain stimulation suggested as a therapeutic tool for pain and is related to the reversal of maladaptive plasticity associated with chronic pain. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effect of tDCS, a non-pharmacological therapy, on local mechanical hyperalgesia, and remote thermal hyperalgesia in rats submitted to orofacial inflammatory pain model, by facial von Frey and hot plate tests, respectively. In addition, we evaluated levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-10 and IL-6 in the brainstem and blood serum of these animals at 24 hours and 7 days after the end of tDCS treatment. METHODS Rats were subjected to temporomandibular joint pain and treated with tDCS. The animals were divided into control, pain and pain + treatment groups. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated at baseline, 7 days after administration of complete Freund's adjuvant, and immediately, 24 hours, and 7 days after the tDCS treatment. Neuroimmunomodulators levels were determined by ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed by (GEE)/Bonferroni (behavioural tests), three-way ANOVA/SNK (neurochemical tests) and Kruskal-Wallis (histological analysis). RESULTS Transcranial direct-current stimulation reduced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia (P < 0.01). We observed interaction between factors (pain and treatment) increasing brainstem BDNF (P < 0.01) and NGF (P < 0.05) levels. Furthermore, we found an increase in IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the brainstem at 24 hours and 7 days after tDCS, respectively. CONCLUSION We showed that tDCS reduces thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by orofacial pain until 7 days after treatment. These findings demonstrate that tDCS was effective in the control of orofacial inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Scarabelot
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Liciane F Medeiros
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isabel C de Macedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefania G Cioato
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lauren Naomi S Adachi
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Paz
- Morphological Sciences Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Department of Surgery in Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Sabet S, El-Sayed SK, Mohamed HT, El-Shinawi M, Mohamed MM. Inflammatory breast cancer: High incidence of GCC haplotypes (−1082A/G, −819T/C, and −592A/C) in the interleukin-10 gene promoter correlates with over-expression of interleukin-10 in patients’ carcinoma tissues. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317713393. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317713393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 is involved in carcinogenesis by supporting tumor escape from the immune response. The aim of this study was to assess the single nucleotide polymorphisms, −1082A/G, −819T/C and −592A/C, in interleukin-10 gene promoter in inflammatory breast cancer compared to non–inflammatory breast cancer and association of these polymorphisms with interleukin-10 gene expression. We enrolled 105 breast cancer tissue (72 non–inflammatory breast cancer and 33 inflammatory breast cancer) patients and we determined the three studied single nucleotide polymorphisms in all samples by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and investigated their association with the disease and with various prognostic factors. In addition, we assessed the expression of interleukin-10 gene by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the correlation between studied single nucleotide polymorphisms and interleukin-10 messenger RNA expression. We found co-dominant effect as the best inheritance model (in the three studied single nucleotide polymorphisms in non–inflammatory breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer samples), and we didn’t identify any association between single nucleotide polymorphisms genotypes and breast cancer prognostic factors. However, GCC haplotype was found highly associated with inflammatory breast cancer risk (p < 0.001, odds ratio = 43.05). Moreover, the expression of interleukin-10 messenger RNA was significantly higher (p < 0.001) by 5.28-fold and 8.95-fold than non–inflammatory breast cancer and healthy control, respectively, where GCC haplotype significantly increased interleukin-10 gene expression (r = 0.9, p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Sabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Wang YT, Zhu L, Zeng D, Long W, Zhu SM. Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil from Trachydium roylei. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:602-609. [PMID: 28911567 PMCID: PMC9336664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity, and cytotoxicity of essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Trachydium roylei were investigated in this study. The chemical composition of T. roylei essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifty-nine components, representing 98.87% of the oils, were characterized. The oils were predominated by aromatic compounds and monoterpene hydrocarbons, and the main components were myristicin (25.35%), β-phellandrene (22.95%), elemicine (7.69%), isoelemicin (5.48%), and cedrol (5.26%). The anti-inflammatory activity of the oil in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated. The oils downregulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, and significantly increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels. Results indicated that the oils effectively inhibited the secretion of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Western blot analyses were performed to determine whether the inhibitory effects of the oils on proinflammatory mediators (nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2) were related to the modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. These findings suggest that T. roylei essential oils exert an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tao Wang
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashgar University, Kashgar, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Ecology and Biological Resources in Yarkand Oasis at Colleges and Universities Under the Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashgar University, Kashgar, PR China
| | - Liang Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Di Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Long
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Si-Ming Zhu
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashgar University, Kashgar, PR China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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12
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Soares-Silva M, Diniz FF, Gomes GN, Bahia D. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway: Role in Immune Evasion by Trypanosomatids. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 26941717 PMCID: PMC4764696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi are the causative agents of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively, two neglected tropical diseases that affect about 25 million people worldwide. These parasites belong to the family Trypanosomatidae, and are both obligate intracellular parasites that manipulate host signaling pathways and the innate immune system to establish infection. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine and threonine protein kinases that are highly conserved in eukaryotes, and are involved in signal transduction pathways that modulate physiological and pathophysiological cell responses. This mini-review highlights existing knowledge concerning the mechanisms that Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi have evolved to target the host’s MAPK signaling pathways and highjack the immune response, and, in this manner, promote parasite maintenance in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Soares-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Diniz
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMinas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Soares-Silva M, Diniz FF, Gomes GN, Bahia D. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway: Role in Immune Evasion by Trypanosomatids. Front Microbiol 2016. [PMID: 26941717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00183/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi are the causative agents of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively, two neglected tropical diseases that affect about 25 million people worldwide. These parasites belong to the family Trypanosomatidae, and are both obligate intracellular parasites that manipulate host signaling pathways and the innate immune system to establish infection. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine and threonine protein kinases that are highly conserved in eukaryotes, and are involved in signal transduction pathways that modulate physiological and pathophysiological cell responses. This mini-review highlights existing knowledge concerning the mechanisms that Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi have evolved to target the host's MAPK signaling pathways and highjack the immune response, and, in this manner, promote parasite maintenance in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Soares-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Diniz
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMinas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, Muro A, Mollinedo F. Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003893. [PMID: 26191954 PMCID: PMC4507859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions, involving different immune cell populations, including T cells and granulocytes. Granulomas lead to collagen fibers deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating all species of schistosomes. However, PZQ kills only adult Schistosoma worms, not immature stages. The inability of PZQ to abort early infection or prevent re-infection, and the lack of prophylactic effect prompt the need for novel drugs and strategies for the prevention of schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have found that the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine kills schistosomula, and displays anti-inflammatory activity. The combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine during a few days before and after cercariae infection in a schistosomiasis mouse model, simulating a prophylactic treatment, led to seven major effects: a) killing of Schistosoma parasites at early and late development stages; b) reduction of hepatomegaly; c) granuloma size reduction; d) down-regulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses at late post-infection times, thus inhibiting granuloma formation; e) upregulation of IL-10 at early post-infection times, thus potentiating anti-inflammatory actions; f) down-regulation of IL-10 at late post-infection times, thus favoring resistance to re-infection; g) reduction in the number of blood granulocytes in late post-infection times as compared to infected untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that the combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine promotes a high decrease in granuloma formation, as well as in the cellular immune response that underlies granuloma development, with changes in the cytokine patterns, and may provide a promising and effective strategy for a prophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zheng W, Huang W, Liu S, Levitt RC, Candiotti KA, Lubarsky DA, Hao S. IL-10 mediated by herpes simplex virus vector reduces neuropathic pain induced by HIV gp120 combined with ddC in rats. Mol Pain 2014; 10:49. [PMID: 25078297 PMCID: PMC4126348 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-associated sensory neuropathy affects over 50% of HIV patients and is a common peripheral nerve complication of HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Evidence shows that painful HIV sensory neuropathy is influenced by neuroinflammatory events that include the proinflammatory molecules, MAP Kinase, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), stromal cell-derived factor 1-α (SDF1α), and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). However, the exact mechanisms of painful HIV sensory neuropathy are not known, which hinders our ability to develop effective treatments. In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of proinflammatory factors reduces the HIV-associated neuropathic pain state. Results Neuropathic pain was induced by peripheral HIV coat protein gp120 combined with 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC, one of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)). Mechanical threshold was tested using von Frey filament fibers. Non-replicating herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors expressing interleukin 10 (IL10) were inoculated into the hindpaws of rats. The expression of TNFα, SDF1α, and CXCR4 in the lumbar spinal cord and L4/5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was examined using western blots. IL-10 expression mediated by the HSV vectors resulted in a significant elevation of mechanical threshold. The anti-allodynic effect of IL-10 expression mediated by the HSV vectors lasted more than 3 weeks. The area under the effect-time curves (AUC) in mechanical threshold in rats inoculated with the HSV vectors expressing IL-10, was increased compared with the control vectors, indicating antinociceptive effect of the IL-10 vectors. The HSV vectors expressing IL-10 also concomitantly reversed the upregulation of p-p38, TNFα, SDF1α, and CXCR4 induced by gp120 in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn and/or the DRG at 2 and/or 4 weeks. Conclusion The blocking of the signaling of these proinflammatory molecules is able to reduce HIV-related neuropathic pain, which provide a novel mechanism-based approach to treating HIV-associated neuropathic pain using gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1550 NW 10th Ave, Fox BLDG, Rm 304C, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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16
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Kalli F, Machiorlatti R, Battaglia F, Parodi A, Conteduca G, Ferrera F, Proietti M, Tardito S, Sanguineti M, Millo E, Fenoglio D, De Palma R, Inghirami G, Filaci G. Comparative analysis of cancer vaccine settings for the selection of an effective protocol in mice. J Transl Med 2013; 11:120. [PMID: 23663506 PMCID: PMC3659084 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer vaccines are considered a promising therapeutic approach. However, their clinical results are not yet satisfactory. This may be due to the the difficulty of selection of an efficient tumor associated antigen (TAA) and immunization protocol. Indeed, the weak antigenicity of many TAA impairs the design of robust procedures, therefore a systematic analysis to identify the most efficient TAA is mandatory. Here, we performed a study to compare different gp100 vaccination strategies to identify the best strategy to provide a 100% protection against experimental melanoma in a reproducible manner. Methods C57BL/6J mice were challenged subcutaneously with B16F10 melanoma cells, after vaccination with: a) mouse or human gp10025-33 peptide plus CpG adjuvant; b) mouse or human gp100 gene; c) mouse or human gp10025-33 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC). Alternatively, a neutralizing anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was subcutaneously administered at the site of tumor challenge to counteract regulatory cells. Finally, combinatorial treatment was performed associating human gp10025-33 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination with administration of the anti-IL-10 mAb. Results Vaccination with human gp10025-33 peptide-pulsed DC was the most effective immunization protocol, although not achieving a full protection. Administration of the anti-IL-10 mAb showed also a remarkable protective effect, replicated in mice challenged with a different tumor, Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. When immunization with gp10025-33 peptide-pulsed DC was associated with IL-10 counteraction, a 100% protective effect was consistently achieved. The analysis on the T-cell tumor infiltrates showed an increase of CD4+granzyme+ T-cells and a decreased number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg elements from mice treated with either gp10025-33 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination or anti-IL-10 mAb administration. These data suggest that processes of intratumoral re-balance between effector and regulatory T cell subpopulations may play a critical protective role in immunotherapy protocols. Conclusions Here we demonstrate that, in the setting of a cancer vaccine strategy, a comparative analysis of different personalized approaches may favour the unveiling of the most effective protocol. Moreover, our findings suggest that counteraction of IL-10 activity may be critical to revert the intratumoral environment promoting Treg polarization, thus increasing the effects of a vaccination against selected TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Kalli
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 7, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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Ding T, Zhou X, Kouadir M, Shi F, Yang Y, Liu J, Wang M, Yin X, Yang L, Zhao D. Cellular Prion Protein Participates in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis in BV2 Microglia During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:118-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-9962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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MacHugh DE, Taraktsoglou M, Killick KE, Nalpas NC, Browne JA, DE Park S, Hokamp K, Gormley E, Magee DA. Pan-genomic analysis of bovine monocyte-derived macrophage gene expression in response to in vitro infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2012; 43:25. [PMID: 22455317 PMCID: PMC3411445 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease, an intestinal disease of ruminants with major economic consequences. Infectious bacilli are phagocytosed by host macrophages upon exposure where they persist, resulting in lengthy subclinical phases of infection that can lead to immunopathology and disease dissemination. Consequently, analysis of the macrophage transcriptome in response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection can provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie Johne's disease. Here, we investigate pan-genomic gene expression in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) purified from seven age-matched females, in response to in vitro infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (multiplicity of infection 2:1) at intervals of 2 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours post-infection (hpi). Differentially expressed genes were identified by comparing the transcriptomes of the infected MDM to the non-infected control MDM at each time point (adjusted P-value threshold ≤ 0.10). 1050 differentially expressed unique genes were identified 2 hpi, with 974 and 78 differentially expressed unique genes detected 6 and 24 hpi, respectively. Furthermore, in the infected MDM the number of upregulated genes exceeded the number of downregulated genes at each time point, with the fold-change in expression for the upregulated genes markedly higher than that for the downregulated genes. Inspection and systems biology analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed an enrichment of genes involved in the inflammatory response, cell signalling pathways and apoptosis. The transcriptional changes associated with cellular signalling and the inflammatory response may reflect different immuno-modulatory mechanisms that underlie host-pathogen interactions during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Maria Taraktsoglou
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kate E Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stephen DE Park
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity College, Belfield, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Wilkerson JL, Gentry KR, Dengler EC, Wallace JA, Kerwin AA, Armijo LM, Kuhn MN, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Intrathecal cannabilactone CB(2)R agonist, AM1710, controls pathological pain and restores basal cytokine levels. Pain 2012; 153:1091-1106. [PMID: 22425445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal glial and proinflammatory cytokine actions are strongly implicated in pathological pain. Spinal administration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 abolishes pathological pain and suppresses proinflammatory IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Drugs that bind the cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB(2)R) expressed on spinal glia reduce mechanical hypersensitivity. To better understand the CB(2)R-related anti-inflammatory profile of key anatomical nociceptive regions, we assessed mechanical hypersensitivity and protein profiles following intrathecal application of the cannabilactone CB(2)R agonist, AM1710, in 2 animal models; unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI), and spinal application of human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120), a model of peri-spinal immune activation. In CCI animals, lumbar dorsal spinal cord and corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of IL-10, IL-1β, phosphorylated p38-mitogen-activated-kinase (p-p38MAPK), a pathway associated with proinflammatory cytokine production, glial cell markers, and degradative endocannabinoid enzymes, including monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). AM1710 reversed bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity. CCI revealed decreased IL-10 expression in dorsal spinal cord and DRG, while AM1710 resulted in increased IL-10, comparable to controls. Adjacent DRG and spinal sections revealed increased IL-1β, p-p38MAPK, glial markers, and/or MAGL expression, while AM1710 suppressed all but spinal p-p38MAPK and microglial activation. In spinal gp120 animals, AM1710 prevented bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity. For comparison to immunohistochemistry, IL-1β and TNF-α protein quantification from lumbar spinal and DRG homogenates was determined, and revealed increased DRG IL-1β protein levels from gp120, that was robustly prevented by AM1710 pretreatment. Cannabilactone CB(2)R agonists are emerging as anti-inflammatory agents with pain therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Magee DA, Taraktsoglou M, Killick KE, Nalpas NC, Browne JA, Park SDE, Conlon KM, Lynn DJ, Hokamp K, Gordon SV, Gormley E, MacHugh DE. Global gene expression and systems biology analysis of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages in response to in vitro challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32034. [PMID: 22384131 PMCID: PMC3284544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, is a major cause of mortality in global cattle populations. Macrophages are among the first cell types to encounter M. bovis following exposure and the response elicited by these cells is pivotal in determining the outcome of infection. Here, a functional genomics approach was undertaken to investigate global gene expression profiles in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) purified from seven age-matched non-related females, in response to in vitro challenge with M. bovis (multiplicity of infection 2∶1). Total cellular RNA was extracted from non-challenged control and M. bovis-challenged MDM for all animals at intervals of 2 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours post-challenge and prepared for global gene expression analysis using the Affymetrix® GeneChip® Bovine Genome Array. Results Comparison of M. bovis-challenged MDM gene expression profiles with those from the non-challenged MDM controls at each time point identified 3,064 differentially expressed genes 2 hours post-challenge, with 4,451 and 5,267 differentially expressed genes detected at the 6 hour and 24 hour time points, respectively (adjusted P-value threshold ≤0.05). Notably, the number of downregulated genes exceeded the number of upregulated genes in the M. bovis-challenged MDM across all time points; however, the fold-change in expression for the upregulated genes was markedly higher than that for the downregulated genes. Systems analysis revealed enrichment for genes involved in: (1) the inflammatory response; (2) cell signalling pathways, including Toll-like receptors and intracellular pathogen recognition receptors; and (3) apoptosis. Conclusions The increased number of downregulated genes is consistent with previous studies showing that M. bovis infection is associated with the repression of host gene expression. The results also support roles for MyD88-independent signalling and intracellular PRRs in mediating the host response to M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Taraktsoglou
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate E. Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicolas C. Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John A. Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen D. E. Park
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin M. Conlon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J. Lynn
- Animal Bioscience Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Changkija B, Konwar R. Role of interleukin-10 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:11-21. [PMID: 22057973 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are low molecular weight regulatory proteins or glycoprotein that modulates the intensity and duration of immune response by stimulating or inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation of target cells. Different cytokines are known to have diverse role in breast cancer initiation and progression. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a pleiotropic anti-inflammatory cytokine, induces immunosuppression and assists in escape from tumor immune surveillance. Like several other cytokines, IL-10 also can exert dual proliferative and inhibitory effect on breast tumor cells indicating a complex role of IL-10 in breast cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we tried to put together a comprehensive current view on significance of IL-10 in promotion, inhibition, and importance as prognosticator in breast cancer based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidences. For literature collection, we conducted PubMed search with keywords "IL-10" and "breast cancer".
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Abstract
The HELLP syndrome is a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by hemolysis (H), elevated liver (EL) enzymes, and low platelet (LP) count that occurs in 0.2-0.6% of all pregnancies and in 10-20% of cases with severe preeclampsia and frequently leads to adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. The exact pathobiology of HELLP syndrome has not been clearly defined. As it is considered a form or a complication of severe preeclampsia, it likely has its origin in aberrant placental development and function resulting in ischemia-producing oxidative stress. However, there is still a debate on whether HELLP must be considered a severe form of preeclampsia or a separate disease entity. It can be described as a placenta-induced disease, as is preeclampsia itself, but with a more acute and predominant inflammatory process typically targeting the liver and with a greater activation of the coagulation system. This occurs during a disordered immunologic process and may be due to a genetic predisposition. In this review, we discuss the main biochemical characteristics of HELLP syndrome, particularly focusing on molecular aspects of placental involvement and maternal systemic responses.
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Shimizu K, Guo W, Wang H, Zou S, LaGraize SC, Iwata K, Wei F, Dubner R, Ren K. Differential involvement of trigeminal transition zone and laminated subnucleus caudalis in orofacial deep and cutaneous hyperalgesia: the effects of interleukin-10 and glial inhibitors. Mol Pain 2009; 5:75. [PMID: 20025765 PMCID: PMC2806354 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to caudal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) of the spinal trigeminal complex, recent studies indicate that the subnuclei interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition zone plays a unique role in processing deep orofacial nociceptive input. Studies also suggest that glia and inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of persistent pain. By systematically comparing the effects of microinjection of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and two glial inhibitors, fluorocitrate and minocycline, we tested the hypothesis that there was a differential involvement of Vi/Vc and caudal Vc structures in deep and cutaneous orofacial pain. Results Deep or cutaneous inflammatory hyperalgesia, assessed with von Frey filaments, was induced in rats by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the masseter muscle or skin overlying the masseter, respectively. A unilateral injection of CFA into the masseter or skin induced ipsilateral hyperalgesia that started at 30 min, peaked at 1 d and lasted for 1-2 weeks. Secondary hyperalgesia on the contralateral site also developed in masseter-, but not skin-inflamed rats. Focal microinjection of IL-10 (0.006-1 ng), fluorocitrate (1 μg), and minocycline (0.1-1 μg) into the ventral Vi/Vc significantly attenuated masseter hyperalgesia bilaterally but without an effect on hyperalgesia after cutaneous inflammation. Injection of the same doses of these agents into the caudal Vc attenuated ipsilateral hyperalgesia after masseter and skin inflammation, but had no effect on contralateral hyperalgesia after masseter inflammation. Injection of CFA into the masseter produced significant increases in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR1 serine 896 phosphorylation and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, a marker of reactive astrocytes, in Vi/Vc and caudal Vc. In contrast, cutaneous inflammation only produced similar increases in the Vc. Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that the Vi/Vc transition zone is involved in deep orofacial injury and suggest that glial inhibition and interruption of the cytokine cascade after inflammation may provide pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shimizu
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Yao G, Yang L, Hou Y. Phenotype and functions of spleen dendritic cells in RICK-knockout mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:130-3. [PMID: 19853061 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RICK (receptor-interacting caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory kinase), a protein kinase, promotes nuclear factor kappa B and caspase activation. Herein, in order to further learn the immune role of RICK, its gene in mice was knocked out. Then the phenotype, cytokine, endocytosis and stimulatory capacity of spleen dendritic cells (SDCs) from RICK(-) (knockout) and RICK(+) (wild type) mice were analyzed. Our results showed that the levels of I-Ad, CD11b, CD80 on SDCs from RICK(-) mice were higher while the levels of CD8alpha, CD40, CD45R were lower compared with those from RICK(+) mice; The intracellular levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in SDCs from RICK(-) mice were higher than those from RICK(+) mice; The endocytosis and stimulatory capacities of SDCs from RICK(-) mice were higher and lower than those from RICK(+) mice respectively. These data suggested that RICK had a profound influence on the maturation and functions of murine SDCs and subsequently regulated the organ immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhong Yao
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab, Medical School & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PRChina
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Abstract
Melanocytes are pigmented cells derived from the neural crest; their proliferation is restrained by immune system. The eruption of nevi after an immunosuppressive condition is a peculiar phenomenon indicating that the immune system may play a major role in limiting proliferation of melanocytes. In this review, we analyze the role of immunosuppressive regimens on melanocyte proliferation. In particular, we discuss the eruptive nevi phenomenon, which is determined by the inability of the immune system to inhibit melanocyte proliferation. These clinical observations indicate that the immune system has a pivotal role in restraining melanocyte proliferation. However, although the role of the immune system in the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer has been shown clearly in several studies involving organ transplant patients, the role of immunosuppression in melanoma genesis has not yet been established. Further investigations are required to establish the real immunogenicity of melanoma, particularly in the light of the dichotomy between the eruptive nevi phenomenon in immunosuppressed patients and the low incidence of melanoma in transplanted patients.
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Endoh Y, Chung YM, Clark IA, Geczy CL, Hsu K. IL-10-dependent S100A8 gene induction in monocytes/macrophages by double-stranded RNA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2258-68. [PMID: 19201880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The S100 calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 are elevated systemically in patients with viral infections. The S100A8-S100A9 complex facilitated viral replication in human CD4(+) T lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1- and S100A8-induced HIV-1 transcriptional activity. Mechanisms inducing the S100 genes and the potential source of these proteins following viral activation are unknown. In this study, we show that S100A8 was induced in murine macrophages, and S100A8 and S100A9 in human monocytes and macrophages, by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, a dsRNA mimetic. Induction was at the transcriptional level and was IL-10 dependent. Similar to LPS-induced S100A8, induction by dsRNA was dependent on p38 and ERK MAPK. Protein kinase R (PKR) mediates antiviral defense and participates in MyD88-dependent/independent signaling triggered by TLR4 or TLR3. Like IL-10, S100 induction by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and by LPS was inhibited by the specific PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine, indicating a novel IL-10, PKR-dependent pathway. Other mediators such as IFN-beta, which synergized with dsRNA, may also be involved. C/EBPbeta bound the defined promoter region in response to dsRNA. S100A8 was expressed in lungs of mice infected with influenza virus and was maximal at day 8 with strong immunoreactivity in epithelial cells lining the airways and in mononuclear cells and declined early in the recovery phase, implying down-regulation by mediator(s) up-regulated during resolution of the infection. IL-10 is implicated in viral persistence. Since S100A8/S100A9 levels are likely to be maintained in conditions where IL-10 is raised, these proteins may contribute to viral persistence in patients infected by some RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumi Endoh
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Weiss DJ, Souza CD. Review paper: modulation of mononuclear phagocyte function by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:829-41. [PMID: 18984786 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-6-829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria are highly adapted for survival within host mononuclear phagocytes. This is largely due to the organism's capacity to prevent macrophage activation, block phagosome acidification and maturation, and attenuate presentation of antigens to the immune system. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is one such organism that modulates the ruminant innate immune response. It is the causative agent in paratuberculosis, a chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. MAP initially interacts with cell membrane receptors on bovine mononuclear phagocytes and initiates cell signaling responses and phagocytosis. Mannosylated liparabinomannan (Man-LAM) is a major component of the MAP cell wall that interacts with the cell membrane of mononuclear phagocytes and may be a major virulence factor. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been incriminated as major signaling receptor that binds to MAP and initiates signaling though the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-p38 pathway. This pathway induces transcription of interleukin (IL)-10. Early production of IL-10 suppresses proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, IL-12, and major histocompatability factor class-II expression. Both IL-10 dependent and IL-10 independent mechanisms appear to be involved in attenuation of phagosome acidification and phagolysosome fusion. Many of the suppressive effects of MAP on bovine mononuclear phagocytes can be reproduced by exposure of bovine monocytes to Man-LAM. Therefore, MAP Man-LAM-induced TLR2-MAPK-p38 signaling with resultant excessive IL-10 expression has emerged as one of the mechanisms by which MAP organisms suppress inflammatory, immune, and antimicrobial responses and promote their survival within host mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Otsuka K, Koana T, Tomita M, Ogata H, Tauchi H. Rapid myeloid recovery as a possible mechanism of whole-body radioadaptive response. Radiat Res 2008; 170:307-15. [PMID: 18763856 DOI: 10.1667/rr1146.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism underlying the radioadaptive response that rescues mice from hematopoietic failure. C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with low-dose acute X rays (0.5 Gy) for priming 2 weeks prior to a high-dose (6 Gy) challenge irradiation. Bone marrow cells, erythrocytes and platelets in low-dose-preirradiated mice showed earlier recovery after the challenge irradiation than those in mice subjected only to the challenge irradiation. This suggests that hematopoiesis is enhanced after a challenge irradiation in preirradiated mice. The rapid recovery of bone marrow cells after the challenge irradiation was consistent with the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors expressing the cell surface markers Lin-, Sca-1- and c-Kit+ in low-dose-preirradiated mice. A subpopulation of myeloid (Mac-1+/Gr-1+) cells, which were descendants of Lin-, Sca-1- and c-Kit+ cells, rapidly recovered in the bone marrow of low-dose-preirradiated mice, whereas the number of B-lymphoid (CD19+/B220+) cells did not show a statistically significant increase. Plasma cytokine profiles were analyzed using antibody arrays, and results indicated that the concentrations of several growth factors for myelopoiesis after the challenge irradiation were considerably increased by low-dose preirradiation. The rapid recovery of erythrocytes and platelets but not leukocytes was observed in the peripheral blood of preirradiated mice, suggesting that low-dose preirradiation triggered the differentiation to myelopoiesis. Thus the adaptive response induced by low-dose preirradiation in terms of the recovery kinetics of the number of hematopoietic cells may be due to the rapid recovery of the number of myeloid cells after high-dose irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Otsuka
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan.
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Weiss DJ, Souza CD, Evanson OA. Effects of nuclear factor-κB on regulation of cytokine expression and apoptosis in bovine monocytes exposed toMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:804-10. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bundoc VG, Keane-Myers A. IL-10 confers protection from mast cell degranulation in a mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:575-9. [PMID: 17765892 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a regulatory cytokine known to inhibit allergic and inflammatory events. Mast cells (MC) are effector cells which when stimulated release histamine, chemokines and cytokines that initiate the allergic inflammatory response. Recent studies have shown that IL-10 regulates MC function by affecting cytokine production and expression of FcvarepsilonR1 in in vitro assays. Using IL-10 knockout (IL10KO) mice, we examined the effect of its absence on MC susceptibility to degranulation by the basic secretagogue, Compound 48/80 (C48/80). C48/80 is a receptor mimetic that directly activates G proteins and stimulates vigorous MC degranulation. For these studies we stimulated conjunctival MC with C48/80 and found that conjunctival MC of IL10KO mice exhibit increased degranulation compared with wild type mice. Reconstitution of IL10KO mice by adding rIL-10 24h prior to challenge with C48/80 conferred increased resistance of MC to the degranulatory effects of C48/80. The protective effect therefore appears to be due to the presence of IL-10. This is the first in vivo rodent study which reports a novel role of IL-10 in stabilizing mast cells from degranulation by a secretagogue, by as of yet an unknown mechanism.
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Strle K, McCusker RH, Tran L, King A, Johnson RW, Freund GG, Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Novel activity of an anti-inflammatory cytokine: IL-10 prevents TNFalpha-induced resistance to IGF-I in myoblasts. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 188:48-55. [PMID: 17572510 PMCID: PMC2078530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors. Here we tested the possibility that TNFalpha-induced hormone resistance in myoblasts might be overcome by IL-10. We found that IL-10 restores myogenesis by suppressing the ability of exogenous TNFalpha to inhibit IGF-I-induced myogenin. This protection occurs without decreasing global activity of TNF receptors since IL-10 does not impair TNFalpha-induced IL-6 synthesis or ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Instead, IL-10 acts to prevent TNFalpha-induced phosphorylation of JNK. These findings demonstrate that IL-10 serves a previously unrecognized protective role in muscle progenitors by overcoming TNFalpha-induced resistance to IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Strle
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Lynn Tran
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Alexandra King
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Laboratories of Integrative Biology, Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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Emre Y, Hurtaud C, Nübel T, Criscuolo F, Ricquier D, Cassard-Doulcier AM. Mitochondria contribute to LPS-induced MAPK activation via uncoupling protein UCP2 in macrophages. Biochem J 2007; 402:271-8. [PMID: 17073824 PMCID: PMC1798432 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a major organelle contributing to energy metabolism but also a main site of ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced ROS signalling is a critical event in macrophage activation. In the present paper we report that part of LPS-mediated ROS signalling comes from mitochondria inside a signal amplification loop that enhances MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation. More precisely, we have identified the inner mitochondrial membrane UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2) as a physiological brake on ROS signalling. Stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages by LPS quickly down-regulated UCP2 through the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 pathways. UCP2 down-regulation was shown to be necessary to increase mitochondrial ROS production in order to potentiate MAPK activation. Consistent with this, UCP2-deficient macrophages exhibit an enhanced inflammatory state characterized by increased nitric oxide production and elevated migration ability. Additionally, we found that the absence of UCP2 renders macrophages more resistant to nitric oxide-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Emre
- CNRS UPR 9078, Faculté de Médecine Paris 5 Descartes-Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Corinne Hurtaud
- CNRS UPR 9078, Faculté de Médecine Paris 5 Descartes-Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Tobias Nübel
- CNRS UPR 9078, Faculté de Médecine Paris 5 Descartes-Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - François Criscuolo
- CNRS UPR 9078, Faculté de Médecine Paris 5 Descartes-Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Ricquier
- CNRS UPR 9078, Faculté de Médecine Paris 5 Descartes-Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard-Doulcier
- CNRS UPR 9078, Faculté de Médecine Paris 5 Descartes-Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email ). Present address: Institut Paris-Sud des Cytokines, INSERM IFR13, U764, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France
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Souza CD, Evanson OA, Weiss DJ. Regulation by Jun N-terminal kinase/stress activated protein kinase of cytokine expression in Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis-infected bovine monocytes. Am J Vet Res 2007; 67:1760-5. [PMID: 17014329 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate activation of Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway in bovine monocytes after incubation with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Mptb) organisms. SAMPLE POPULATION Bovine monocytes obtained from 4 healthy adult Holstein dairy cows. PROCEDURES Bovine monocytes were incubated with Mptb organisms with or without a specific inhibitor of the JNK/SAPK pathway (SP600125) for 2, 6, 24, or 72 hours. Expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18; transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta); and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and the capacity of Mptb-infected monocytes to acidify phagosomes and kill Mptb organisms were evaluated. Phosphorylation status of JNK/SAPK was evaluated at 10, 30, and 60 minutes after Mptb incubation. RESULTS Compared with uninfected control monocytes, Mptb-infected monocytes had increased expression of IL-10 at 2 and 6 hours after incubation and had increased expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-18, and TGF-beta at 2, 4, and 6 hours. Additionally, Mptb-infected monocytes had increased expression of IL-12 at 6 and 24 hours. Addition of SP600125 (specific chemical inhibitor of JNK/SAPK) resulted in a decrease in TNF-alpha expression at 2, 6, and 24 hours, compared with untreated Mptb-infected cells. Addition of SP600125 resulted in a decrease in TGF-beta expression at 24 hours and an increase in IL-18 expression at 6 hours. Addition of SP600125 failed to alter phagosome acidification but did enhance the capacity of monocytes to kill Mptb organisms. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Activation of JNK/SAPK may be an important mechanism used by Mptb to regulate cytokine expression in bovine monocytes for survival and to alter inflammatory and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleverson D Souza
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55018, USA
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Mitra AK, Singh RK, Krishna M. MAP kinases: Differential activation following in vivo and ex vivo irradiation. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 294:65-72. [PMID: 17136441 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) play a critical role in controlling cell survival and repopulation following exposure to ionising radiation. Most investigations on these pathways have been done using cultured cells or by ex vivo treatments. The present study was carried out to determine whether the response of MAPKs in mouse lymphocytes differs following in vivo and ex vivo irradiation with 60Co gamma-rays. We observed that ex vivo treatment resulted in a very significant decrease in the activated p44/42 and p38 MAPK as compared to in vivo. However, stress activated protein kinase (SAPK) response showed no significant difference between in vivo and ex vivo treatments. These observations point towards the differences in response elicited when the treatment is given in vivo as compared to in vitro. Therefore the findings reported from in vitro or ex vivo treatments should be treated with caution especially if it has to be clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Kumar Mitra
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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Owaki T, Asakawa M, Fukai F, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. IL-27 Induces Th1 Differentiation via p38 MAPK/T-bet- and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/LFA-1/ERK1/2-Dependent Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:7579-87. [PMID: 17114427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-27, a novel member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, activates both STAT1 and STAT3 through its receptor, which consists of WSX-1 and gp130 subunits, resulting in positive and negative regulations of immune responses. We recently demonstrated that IL-27 induces Th1 differentiation through ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction in a STAT1-dependent, but T-bet-independent mechanism. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms by focusing on p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation was partially inhibited by lack of T-bet expression or by blocking ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction with anti-ICAM-1 and/or anti-LFA-1, and further inhibited by both. Similarly, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or the inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, PD98059, partially suppressed IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation and the combined treatment completely suppressed it. p38 MAPK was then revealed to be located upstream of T-bet, and SB203580, but not PD98059, inhibited T-bet-dependent Th1 differentiation. In contrast, ERK1/2 was shown to be located downstream of ICAM-1/LFA-1, and PD98059, but not SB203580, inhibited ICAM-1/LFA-1-dependent Th1 differentiation. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that STAT1 is important for IL-27-induced activation of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK, and that IL-27 directly induces mRNA expression of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45gamma, which is known to mediate activation of p38 MAPK. Finally, IL-12Rbeta2 expression was shown to be up-regulated by IL-27 in both T-bet- and ICAM-1/LFA-1-dependent mechanisms. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-27 induces Th1 differentiation via two distinct pathways, p38 MAPK/T-bet- and ICAM-1/LFA-1/ERK1/2-dependent pathways. This is in contrast to IL-12, which induces it via only p38 MAPK/T-bet-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Owaki
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Liu YW, Chen CC, Tseng HP, Chang WC. Lipopolysaccharide-induced transcriptional activation of interleukin-10 is mediated by MAPK- and NF-κB-induced CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ in mouse macrophages. Cell Signal 2006; 18:1492-500. [PMID: 16413748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously revealed that LPS can activate transcription of the IL-10 gene promoter through transcription factors Sp1, C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta in mouse macrophages. In this study, we determined that NF-kappaB and MAPK signal pathways, including ERK, JNK, and p38, were all involved in LPS-induced IL-10 gene expression. Treatment of cells with the pharmacological inhibitors of ERK, JNK, p38 and NF-kappaB respectively inhibited LPS-induced IL-10 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors also decreased the LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA expression at a high concentration used. With transient overexpression of the IkappaB expression plasmids, or the dominant negative plasmids of ERK2, JNK, p38 together with reporter vector containing IL-10 promoter region, all four expression plasmids inhibited LPS-induced IL-10 promoter activity individually. It is known that the increase in protein and DNA binding of C/EBPbeta and delta could activate IL-10 gene expression. In this study, we also identified that all four pharmacological inhibitors inhibited the protein expression of C/EBPdelta individually, but not C/EBPbeta. In the presence of all three MAPK inhibitors, or only NF-kappaB inhibitor, LPS-induced protein expression and DNA binding of C/EBPdelta were completely inhibited simultaneously, and LPS-induced expression of IL-10 protein and mRNA was also inhibited totally. Taken together, these results suggested that LPS-induced IL-10 expression was mediated at least through the pathway of NF-kappaB- and MAPK-induced protein expression and DNA binding of C/EBPdelta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biopharmaceutics, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Souza CD, Evanson OA, Weiss DJ. Mitogen activated protein kinasep38 pathway is an important component of the anti-inflammatory response in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected bovine monocytes. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:59-66. [PMID: 16716561 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of cell signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase-p38 (MAPK p38) pathway on the antimicrobial functions and cytokine expression by bovine monocytes after ingestion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We evaluated the dynamic secretion of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as phagosome acidification and organism killing at several time points after in vitro infection of bovine monocytes with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Monocytes treated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis had a significant increase in IL-10 expression at 2, 4, and 6h post-infection and an increase expression of TNF-alpha at 2, 4, 6, and 24h post-infection. In contrast, IL-12 expression did not increase at any time point post-infection. Moreover, MAPK p38 was rapidly phosphorylated at 10 and 60 min after M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ingestion. Chemical inhibition of the MAPK p38 signaling pathway (SB203580) resulted in decreased expression of IL-10 and increased expression of IL-12 at 6h post-infection. Chemically blocking the MAPK p38 pathway also increased acidification of phagosomes as well as increasing the capacity of macrophages to kill organisms. Taken together, these results indicated that selective activation of MAPK p38 may be a major mechanism exploited by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to circumvent the antimycobacterial effects of mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleverson D Souza
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Nishiyama A, Tsuji S, Yamashita M, Henriksen RA, Myrvik QN, Shibata Y. Phagocytosis of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine particles, a Th1 adjuvant, by RAW 264.7 cells results in MAPK activation and TNF-alpha, but not IL-10, production. Cell Immunol 2006; 239:103-12. [PMID: 16781693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A practical and highly effective Th1 adjuvant should induce Th1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-alpha) but not the Th2 cytokine IL-10, an inhibitor of Th1 responses. In this study, phagocytosis of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine polymer (chitin) particles by RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage-like cell line, resulted in phosphorylation of MAPK (p38, Erk 1/2, and JNK), and production of relatively high levels of TNF-alpha and COX-2 with increased PGE(2) release. Similar results were observed in response to oligonucleotides with CpG motifs, mycobacterial components and endotoxin. However, these bacterial components also induced a large amount of IL-10. Chitin particles, in contrast, failed to induce detectable levels of IL-10, although the production of high levels of PGE(2) and TNF-alpha and the activation of MAPK's are potentially positive signals for IL-10 production. Thus, our results indicate that chitin particles act as a unique Th1 adjuvant for macrophages without inducing increased production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Nishiyama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA.
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39
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Haddad JJ. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways: a revolving neurochemical axis for therapeutic intervention? Prog Neurobiol 2006; 77:252-82. [PMID: 16343729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) is mediated by the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals onto postsynaptic channels gated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA (AMPA and KA) receptors. Extracellular signals control diverse neuronal functions and are responsible for mediating activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength and neuronal survival. Influx of extracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](e)) through the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is required for neuronal activity to change the strength of many synapses. At the molecular level, the NMDAR interacts with signaling modules, which, like the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily, transduce excitatory signals across neurons. Recent burgeoning evidence points to the fact that MAPKs play a crucial role in regulating the neurochemistry of NMDARs, their physiologic and biochemical/biophysical properties, and their potential role in pathophysiology. It is the purpose of this review to discuss: (i) the MAPKs and their role in a plethora of cellular functions; (ii) the role of MAPKs in regulating the biochemistry and physiology of NMDA receptors; (iii) the kinetics of MAPK-NMDA interactions and their biologic and neurochemical properties; (iv) how cellular signaling pathways, related cofactors and intracellular conditions affect NMDA-MAPK interactions and (v) the role of NMDA-MAPK pathways in pathophysiology and the evolution of disease conditions. Given the versatility of the NMDA-MAPK interactions, the NMDA-MAPK axis will likely form a neurochemical target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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Zhang DC, Shao YQ, Huang YQ, Jiang SG. Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of interleukin-10 from the zebrafish (Danio rerion). BMB Rep 2005; 38:571-6. [PMID: 16202237 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.5.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are proteins produced by many different cells of the immune system and play a significant role in initiating and regulating the inflammatory process. In this research, an important cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene, has been identified and characterized from zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome database. Zebrafish IL-10 is located within a 2690 bp fragment and contains five exons and four introns, sharing the same organization with mammalian IL-10 genes. An open reading frame of 543 bp was found to encode a putative 180 amino acid protein with a signal peptide of 22 amino acids, which shares 29.7-80.9 % homology with amino acid sequences of other known IL-10. The signature motif of IL-10 is also conserved in zebrafish IL-10. The predicted transcript was finally confirmed by sequencing of cDNA clones. Multi-tissue reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to examine the tissue distribution and expression regulation of this gene in seven organs of normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation zebrafish. The results demonstrated that this gene was expressed slightly in normal kidney, gill and gut, no expression was detected in other four tissues. The expression was clearly upregulated after LPS stimulation. Using the ideal zebrafish model, further study of IL-10 characterization and function may provide insight on the understanding of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Chang Zhang
- Aquaculture and Biotechnology Division, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou
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41
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Haddad JJ, Harb HL. Cytokines and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:461-83. [PMID: 15683844 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)--an oxygen sensor? The HIF-oxygen sensing association type of dogma is, unequivocally, well anchored. But this is only one face of, at least, a double-sided coin. Current concepts charge HIF of taking sides with a yet not well-founded identity--an immunologic sensor and/or regulator. Or, is it really a sensor, put it more correctly, a key player in sensing mechanisms? The evolving association between HIF and immunity emanates from an established linkage that bonds oxidative stress and inflammation--notably the 'biologic response modifiers', or cytokines. HIF is a redox(y)-sensitive transcription factor, and so are cytokines. Recently, cytokines emerged as major regulators of HIF, under physiologic conditions extending the realm of hypoxia. Alternatively, can HIF, like the so infamous inflammatory transcription factor NF-(kappa)B, prove itself as a key player in the regulation of cytokines and, subsequently, the inflammatory process. The targeting of HIF would be, at least theoretically, of therapeutic value, but does it make sense given its intricate role in hypoxia signaling? It is the theme of HIF being an immunologic sensor that will be explored therein--with special emphasis on the regulatory role of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences [corrected] Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University [corrected] Beirut, Lebanon.
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Wei YH, Li Y, Qiang CJ. Effects and mechanisms of FR167653, a dual inhibitor of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, on adjuvant arthritis in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1625-32. [PMID: 15454115 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Effects and mechanisms of FR167653, 1-[7-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-(4-pyridyl)pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4] triazin-2-yl]-2-phenylethanedione sulfate monohydrate, a dual inhibitor of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), on rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) was investigated. Complete Freund's adjuvant was used to induce AA in rats. Secondary paw swelling of AA rats was measured, and polyarthritis index was scored. Synoviocytes were separated by the method of collagenase and DNase digestion. Synoviocytes proliferation was assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. TNF-alpha, IL-1 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production of synoviocytes was measured with ELISA. The expression of IL-10 mRNA of synoviocytes was determined using RT-PCR. There were significant secondary inflammatory reactions in AA rats, which accompanied with the decrease of body and immune organs weight simultaneously. The administration of FR167653 (4, 12, 36 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) inhibited the inflammatory response and restored the weight of body and immune organs of AA rats. Synoviocytes proliferation of AA rats significantly increased, and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 in supernatants of synoviocytes in AA rats were also elevated compared with the sham group. The administration of FR167653 (4, 12, 36 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced the above changes significantly. In contrast to TNF-alpha and IL-1, IL-10 production and the level of its mRNA of synoviocytes in AA rats were apparently decreased. FR167653 (4, 12, 36 mg/kg, s.c.) markedly increased IL-10 in synoviocytes at protein and transcription level. The results indicated that FR167653 had a beneficial effect on rats AA due to modulating inflammatory cytokines production of synoviocytes, which played a crucial role in pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hong Wei
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drugs Administration of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China.
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Moore ME, Piazza A, McCartney Y, Lynch MA. Evidence that vitamin D3 reverses age-related inflammatory changes in the rat hippocampus. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:573-7. [PMID: 16042547 DOI: 10.1042/bst0330573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in neuroscience is to identify the changes which accompany aging and which contribute to the well-documented age-related deterioration in cognitive function. This is a particular challenge in the light of the vast array of reported changes, which include morphological changes like synaptic and perhaps cell loss, alteration in membrane composition and the resultant changes in function of membrane proteins, modulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary axis, impaired calcium homoeostatic mechanisms, alteration in enzyme function and decreased neurotransmitter release. In the past few years, evidence suggesting that an aged brain exhibits signs of oxidative stress and inflammatory stress has been accumulating, and recent evidence using microarray analysis has added support to this view. In this paper, we provide evidence to suggest that vitamin D3 acts as an anti-inflammatory agent and reverses the age-related increase in microglial activation and the accompanying increase in IL-1β (interleukin-1β) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Moore
- Department of Physiology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, de Souza C, Abrahamsen MS. A critical role of interleukin-10 in the response of bovine macrophages to infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:721-6. [PMID: 15900955 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the inability of monocyte-derived bovine macrophages to kill Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis organisms in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION Monocytes were obtained from healthy adult Holstein dairy cows that had negative results when tested for infection with M avium subsp paratuberculosis. PROCEDURE Monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with M avium subsp paratuberculosis for 2, 6, 24, 72, or 96 hours with or without addition of saturating concentrations of a goat anti-human IL-10 that has been documented to neutralize bovine IL-10 activity. Variables assessed included ingestion and killing of M avium subsp paratuberculosis; expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12, IL-8, major histocompatability (MHC) class II, vacuolar H+ ATPase, and B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2); production of nitric oxide; acidification of phagosomes; and apoptosis of macrophages. RESULTS Neutralization of IL-10 enabled macrophages to kill 57% of M avium subsp paratuberculosis organisms within 96 hours. It also resulted in an increase in expression of TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-8, MHC class II, and vacuolar H+ ATPase; decrease in expression of BCL-2; increase in acidification of phagosomes; apoptosis of macrophages; and production of nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The capacity of M avium subsp paratuberculosis to induce IL-10 expression may be a major determinant of virulence for this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Bendicho MT, Guedes JC, Silva NN, Santana GO, dos Santos RR, Lyra AC, Lyra LG, Meyer R, Lemaire DC. Polymorphism of cytokine genes (TGF-beta1, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha) in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2005; 30:333-6. [PMID: 15841043 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000161809.24284.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The polymorphisms in cytokine genes have allowed for the understanding of the genetic determinants of diseases. The aims of this study were to describe and compare the frequencies of polymorphisms on the interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and interferon (IFN)-gamma genes between patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and healthy individuals from Bahia, Brazil. METHODS Twenty-eight individuals were evaluated at a university gastroenterology outpatient service (4 women and 24 men), all diagnosed with CP based on clinical and radiologic aspects. The control group was composed of 94 (11 women and 83 men) blood donors. The polymorphisms studied were TNF-alpha (-308G/A), TGF-beta1 (codon 10C/T, codon 25C/G), IL-10 (-1082A/G; -819T/C; -592A/C), IL-6 (-174G/C), and IFN-gamma (+874T/A). RESULTS A statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of the polymorphisms between the group of patients with CP and the group of healthy individuals with the polymorphism of the TGF-beta1 gene on codon 10. No statistically significant differences were found for the allele and genotypic frequencies on the genes that code TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TGF-beta1 codon 25, and IL-6 between the control and case groups. CONCLUSION The genotypes corresponding to the high TGF-beta1 producer phenotypes can be associated with the fibrogenesis shown with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresita Bendicho
- Laboratório de Imunogenética e Transplante de Orgãos, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos/Instituto de Cièncias da saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil.
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Santiago-Lomelí M, Gómez-Quiroz LE, Ortíz-Ortega VM, Kershenobich D, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC. Differential effect of interleukin-10 on hepatocyte apoptosis. Life Sci 2005; 76:2569-79. [PMID: 15769481 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Current data suggests that hepatocyte apoptosis is an essential feature contributing to several chronic liver diseases. It has been shown that IL-10 has diverse and potentially pleiotropic actions that suggest that it may have a direct effect on apoptosis. It has been established that NF-kappaB activation is essential to protect hepatocytes from apoptosis. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the effect of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 on the activation of NF-kappaB in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cell line and explore its consequences on apoptosis. Apoptosis was induced by TNF-alpha and cicloheximide in HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells and by ethanol and a glutathione depletor in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. NF-kappaB activation was determined by EMSA. IL-10 increased ethanol induced apoptosis in primary culture rat hepatocytes (28%). These effects were enhanced when the cells were pre-treated with IL-10 under conditions of oxidative stress (glutathione depletion). The effects of IL-10 on primary cultured hepatocytes were independent of NF-kappaB activation. When apoptosis was induced by cicloheximide and TNF-alpha in hepatoblastoma cells, pretreatment with IL-10 was accompanied by a decrease of 38% in apoptosis. IL-10 did not have any effect on the signaling cascade of apoptosis but caused a significant increase in NF-kappaB activation. When NF-kappaB activation was inhibited by sulfazalazine the decrease in apoptosis was reversed. The present study demonstrates the importance of differential cell marking when trying to characterize the effects of cytokines in their contribution to liver cell apoptosis. The study provides insight into the mechanisms by which IL-10 affects apoptosis through a differential effect on NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Santiago-Lomelí
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México, D.F. México.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritonitis involves cascading interactions between cytokines that initiate robust signalling processes via the interferon-g and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. The present study evaluates the interplay between various putative inducers of peritonitis and a battery of inflammation-related cytokines. METHODS Cultures of peritoneal mesothelial cells were isolated from omenta harvested from male Wistar rats. These cultures were exposed to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, lipopolysaccharide, zymosan, myeloperoxidase, peritoneal fluid from rats with zymosan-induced peritonitis, and peritoneal fluid from control animals. The production of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 was assessed after 4, 12 and 24 h. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide and zymosan stimulated TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-10 production; and peritoneal fluids from both control animals and animals with zymosan-induced peritonitis stimulated the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1RII, and IL-6. Expression and secretion of TNF-alpha occurred in a constitutive manner and was regulation at the protein level. The decoy molecule IL-1 receptor type II (IL-1RII) was produced at the same time as IL-1beta and production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was evident within 4 h. IL-6 was constitutively expressed and regulated at the transcriptional level as indicated by a marked discontinuity between the amount of IL-6 produced and the extent IL-6 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. CONCLUSIONS Tumour necrosis factor-alpha might not be the sole primary mediator of peritonitis. The anti-inflammatory molecules IL-1RII and IL-10 are induced at the same time as the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. This suggests that complex control systems are set in place by the factors that stimulate peritoneal mesothelial cells and might have the potential to cause peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Yao
- School of Surgery and Pathology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Haddad JJ, Harb HL. L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: a signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)? Mol Immunol 2004; 42:987-1014. [PMID: 15829290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Of the antioxidant/prooxidant mechanisms mediating the regulation of inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines, oxidative stress-related pathways remain a cornerstone. It is conspicuous that there is a strong association between free radical accumulation (ROS/RNS; oxidative stress) and the evolution of inflammation and inflammatory-related responses. The scenario that upholds a consensus on the aforementioned is still evolving to unravel, from an immunologic perspective, the molecular mechanisms associated with ROS/RNS-dependent inflammation. Cytokines are keynote players when it comes to defining an intimate relationship among reduction-oxidation (redox) signals, oxidative stress and inflammation. How close we are to identifying the molecular basis of this intricate association should be weighed against the involvement of specific signaling molecules and, potentially, transcription factors. L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, or glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant thiol, has shaped, and still is refining, the face of oxidative signaling in terms of regulating the milieu of inflammatory mediators, ostensibly via the modulation (expression/repression) of oxygen- and redox-responsive transcription factors, hence termed redox(y)-sensitive cofactors. When it comes to the arena of oxygen sensing, oxidative stress and inflammation, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) are key players that determine antioxidant/prooxidant responses with oxidative challenge. It is the theme therein to underlie current understanding of the molecular association hanging between oxidative stress and the evolution of inflammation, walked through an elaborate discussion on the role of transcription factors and cofactors. Would that classify glutathione and other redox signaling cofactors as potential anti-inflammatory molecules emphatically remains of particular interest, especially in the light of identifying upstream and downstream molecular pathways for conceiving therapeutic, alleviating strategy for oxidant-mediated, inflammatory-related disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Haddad JJ. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and the evolution of Alzheimer's: a revolutionary neurogenetic axis for therapeutic intervention? Prog Neurobiol 2004; 73:359-77. [PMID: 15312913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2002] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurogenetic condition that affects the processes via which the brain functions. Major observable hallmarks of AD are accumulated clusters of proteins in the brain. These clusters, termed neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), resemble pairs of threads wound around each other in a helix fashion accumulating within neurons. These tangles consist of a protein called Tau, which binds to tubulin, thus forming microtubules. Unlike NFTs, deposits of amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) gather in the spaces between nerve cells. The nearby neurons often look swollen and deformed, and the clusters of protein are usually accompanied by reactive inflammatory cells, microglia, which are part of the brain's immune system responsible for degrading and removing damaged neurons or plaques. Since phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanisms are crucial in the regulation of Tau and beta-APP, a superfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) has recently emerged as key regulators of the formation of plagues, eventually leading to dementia and AD. The complex molecular interactions between MAPKs and proteins (plagues) associated with the evolution of AD form a cornerstone in the knowledge of a still burgeoning field of neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. This review overviews current understanding of the molecular pathways related to MAPKs and their role in the development of AD and, possibly, dementia. MAPKs, therefore, may constitute a neurogenetic, therapeutic target for the diagnosis and evolution of a preventative medical strategy for early detection, and likely treatment, of Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Haddad JJ. Redox and oxidant-mediated regulation of apoptosis signaling pathways: immuno-pharmaco-redox conception of oxidative siege versus cell death commitment. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:475-93. [PMID: 15099526 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling apoptosis remain largely obscure. Because apoptosis is an integral part of the developmental program and is frequently the end-result of a temporal course of cellular events, it is referred to as programmed cell death. While there is considerable variation in the signals and requisite cellular metabolic events necessary to induce apoptosis in diverse cell types, the morphological features associated with apoptosis are highly conserved. Free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), have been proposed as common mediators for apoptosis. Many agents that induce apoptosis are either oxidants or stimulators of cellular oxidative metabolism. Conversely, many inhibitors of apoptosis have antioxidant activities or enhance cellular antioxidant defenses. Mammalian cells, therefore, exist in a state of oxidative siege in which survival requires an optimum balance of oxidants and antioxidants. The respiratory tract is subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, including oxidizing agents, particulates and airborne microorganisms that, together, may injure structural and functional lung components and thereby jeopardize the primary lung function of gas exchange. To cope with this challenge, the lung has developed elaborate defense mechanisms that include inflammatory-immune pathways as well as efficient antioxidant defense systems. In the absence of adequate antioxidant defenses, the damage produced is detected by the cell leading to the activation of genes responsible for the regulation of apoptosis, conceivably through stress-responsive transcription factors. Oxidative stress, in addition, may cause a shift in cellular redox state, which thereby modifies the nature of the stimulatory signal and which results in cell death as opposed to proliferation. ROS/redox modifications, therefore, may disrupt signal transduction pathways, can be perceived as abnormal and, under some conditions, may trigger apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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