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Marsicano G, Bertini C, Ronconi L. Decoding cognition in neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurological conditions with multivariate pattern analysis of EEG data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105795. [PMID: 38977116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of electroencephalographic (EEG) data represents a revolutionary approach to investigate how the brain encodes information. By considering complex interactions among spatio-temporal features at the individual level, MVPA overcomes the limitations of univariate techniques, which often fail to account for the significant inter- and intra-individual neural variability. This is particularly relevant when studying clinical populations, and therefore MVPA of EEG data has recently started to be employed as a tool to study cognition in brain disorders. Here, we review the insights offered by this methodology in the study of anomalous patterns of neural activity in conditions such as autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, dyslexia, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, within different cognitive domains (perception, attention, memory, consciousness). Despite potential drawbacks that should be attentively addressed, these studies reveal a peculiar sensitivity of MVPA in unveiling dysfunctional and compensatory neurocognitive dynamics of information processing, which often remain blind to traditional univariate approaches. Such higher sensitivity in characterizing individual neurocognitive profiles can provide unique opportunities to optimise assessment and promote personalised interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Marsicano
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna 40121, Italy; Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, Cesena 47023, Italy.
| | - Caterina Bertini
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna 40121, Italy; Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, Cesena 47023, Italy.
| | - Luca Ronconi
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Bella-Fernández M, Martin-Moratinos M, Li C, Wang P, Blasco-Fontecilla H. Differences in Ex-Gaussian Parameters from Response Time Distributions Between Individuals with and Without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:320-337. [PMID: 36877328 PMCID: PMC10920450 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Differences in reaction times (RT) in cognitive tasks have been consistently observed between ADHD and typical participants. Instead of estimating means and standard deviations, fitting non-symmetrical distributions like the ex-Gaussian, characterized by three parameters (µ, σ, and τ), account for the whole RT distributions. A meta-analysis is performed with all the available literature using ex-Gaussian distributions for comparisons between individuals with ADHD and controls. Results show that τ and σ are generally greater for ADHD samples, while µ tends to be larger for typical groups but only for younger ages. Differences in τ are also moderated by ADHD subtypes. τ and σ show, respectively, quadratic and linear relationships with inter-stimulus intervals from Continuous Performance Test and Go/No Go tasks. Furthermore, tasks and cognitive domains influence the three parameters. Interpretations of ex-Gaussian parameters and clinical implications of these findings are also discussed. Fitting ex-Gaussian distributions to RT data is a useful way to explore differences between individuals with ADHD and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martin-Moratinos
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Li
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ping Wang
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERSAM Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- ITA Mental Health, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Kuba M, Kremláček J, Vít F, Masopust J, Hubeňák J, Kubová Z, Szanyi J, Ramešová L, Chutná M, Langrová J. New portable device for an examination of visual cognitive evoked potentials might extend their diagnostic applications in psychiatry. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 337:111768. [PMID: 38128365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite positive prior results obtained by using event-related potentials (ERPs) in psychiatric patients, they are not routinely used in the clinical setting. This may in part be due to problems regarding a lack of transportable equipment availability. It can be difficult for these patients to repeatedly visit electrophysiological laboratories. To address this issue, we propose using a new, fully portable device for visually evoked potentials (VEP) and cognitive function assessment, that can be used for quick examinations (https://www.veppeak.com). Our device, called "VEPpeak", is built into a headset with a color LED visual stimulator. It weighs 390 g and is connected to a notebook (PC) with evaluation software via USB. In this pilot study, we verified the device's usability in 31 patients with schizophrenia. We used the oddball paradigm with the recognition of colors for the P300 wave and choice reaction time evaluation. The examination lasted only about ten minutes. The results indicated good reproducibility of large cognitive potentials (P300) with prolonged P300 latencies and reduced amplitudes in patients compared to 15 control subjects. The P300 latency and reaction time prolongation in patients correlated with their age and the sedative effect of the pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kuba
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kremláček
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Medical Biophysics, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Vít
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Masopust
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hubeňák
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kubová
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Szanyi
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Ramešová
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Chutná
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Langrová
- Electrophysiological lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Charles University - Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Diao M, Demchenko I, Asare G, Quan J, Debruille JB. Finding normal-to-better neurocognitive indexes in individuals with schizotypal traits using a social role task. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:66. [PMID: 37773255 PMCID: PMC10541438 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients make more errors and have longer reaction times (RTs) than healthy controls in most cognitive tasks. Deficits are also observed in subclinical participants having high scores on the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ). They are accompanied by smaller amplitudes of the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that index attention and semantic- and working-memory. These functions are thus thought to be impaired in individuals having various schizophrenia attributes (SzAs). Nevertheless, normal RTs were recently found in SzAs during a particular self-referential task where half of the stimuli were names of extraordinary social roles (e.g., genius). Each name (ordinary or extraordinary) was presented individually, and participants were asked to decide whether or not they would consider themselves performing the role at any moment of their lives. To further test an absence of cognitive deficits in this task, the ERPs elicited by names of social roles were also examined in 175 healthy participants. The absence of longer RTs in high- than in low-SPQs was replicated. Moreover, the ERPs of high SPQs had larger occipital N1s, larger P2s and larger occipital N400s than those of low SPQs while late positive potentials (LPPs) were of similar amplitudes. Such results are consistent with clinical observations of greater attention and faster processing of stimuli related to extraordinary/delusional beliefs. Further studies should test whether the cognitive deficits found in SzAs are due to the use of tasks and stimuli that are less within their focus of interest than within that of healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Diao
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Ilya Demchenko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Gifty Asare
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Jingyan Quan
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - J Bruno Debruille
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Neurosciences, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
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Słowiński P, White A, Lison S, Sullivan S, Emmens T, Self P, Wileman J, Karl A, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. The potential of digital behavioural tests as a diagnostic aid for psychosis. PLOS DIGITAL HEALTH 2023; 2:e0000339. [PMID: 37713385 PMCID: PMC10503702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Timely interventions have a proven benefit for people experiencing psychotic illness. One bottleneck to accessing timely interventions is the referral process to the specialist team for early psychosis (STEP). Many general practitioners lack awareness or confidence in recognising psychotic symptoms or state. Additionally, referrals for people without apparent psychotic symptoms, although beneficial at a population level, lead to excessive workload for STEPs. There is a clear unmet need for accurate stratification of STEPs users and healthy cohorts. Here we propose a new approach to addressing this need via the application of digital behavioural tests. To demonstrate that digital behavioural tests can be used to discriminate between the STEPs users (SU; n = 32) and controls (n = 32, age and sex matched), we compared performance of five different classifiers applied to objective, quantitative and interpretable features derived from the 'mirror game' (MG) and trail making task (TMT). The MG is a movement coordination task shown to be a potential socio-motor biomarker of schizophrenia, while TMT is a neuropsychiatric test of cognitive function. All classifiers had AUC in the range of 0.84-0.92. The best of the five classifiers (linear discriminant classifier) achieved an outstanding performance, AUC = 0.92 (95%CI 0.75-1), Sensitivity = 0.75 (95%CI 0.5-1), Specificity = 1 (95%CI 0.75-1), evaluated on 25% hold-out and 1000 folds. Performance of all analysed classifiers is underpinned by the large effect sizes of the differences between the cohorts in terms of the features used for classification what ensures generalisability of the results. We also found that MG and TMT are unsuitable in isolation to successfully differentiate between SU with and without at-risk-mental-state or first episode psychosis with sufficient level of performance. Our findings show that standardised batteries of digital behavioural tests could benefit both clinical and research practice. Including digital behavioural tests into healthcare practice could allow precise phenotyping and stratification of the highly heterogenous population of people referred to STEPs resulting in quicker and more personalised diagnosis. Moreover, the high specificity of digital behavioural tests could facilitate the identification of more homogeneous clinical high-risk populations, benefiting research on prognostic instruments for psychosis. In summary, our study demonstrates that cheap off-the-shelf equipment (laptop computer and a leap motion sensor) can be used to record clinically relevant behavioural data that could be utilised in digital mental health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Słowiński
- Translational Research Exchange @ Exeter, Living Systems Institute, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander White
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Lison
- Research & Development Department, Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Sullivan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tobit Emmens
- Research & Development Department, Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Self
- Research & Development Department, Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Wileman
- Specialist Team for Early Psychosis, Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Karl
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Translational Research Exchange @ Exeter, Living Systems Institute, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Wootton O, Dalvie S, MacGinty R, Ngqengelele L, Susser ES, Gur RC, Stein DJ. Predictors of within-individual variability in cognitive performance in schizophrenia in a South African case-control study. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37340804 PMCID: PMC10733548 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia may be assessed by measuring within-individual variability (WIV) in performance across a range of cognitive tests. Previous studies have found increased WIV in people with schizophrenia, but no studies have been conducted in low- to middle-income countries where the different sociocultural context may affect WIV. We sought to address this gap by exploring the relationship between WIV and a range of clinical and demographic variables in a large study of people with schizophrenia and matched controls in South Africa. METHODS 544 people with schizophrenia and 861 matched controls completed an adapted version of The University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB). Demographic and clinical information was collected using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Diagnoses. Across-task WIV for performance speed and accuracy on the PennCNB was calculated. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relationship between WIV and a diagnosis of schizophrenia in the whole sample, and WIV and selected demographic and clinical variables in people with schizophrenia. RESULTS Increased WIV of performance speed across cognitive tests was significantly associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In people with schizophrenia, increased speed WIV was associated with older age, a lower level of education and a lower score on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Increased accuracy WIV was significantly associated with a younger age in people with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of WIV of performance speed can add to the knowledge gained from studies of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda Ngqengelele
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ezra S. Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, South Africa
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Wu C, Dagg P, Molgat C. Comparable repetition blindness effect in patients with schizophrenia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 78:101796. [PMID: 36435538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Repetition blindness (RB) refers to the difficulty to report repetitions of stimuli visually presented in a rapid list. To date only two studies have examined RB in patients with schizophrenia and the results are not clear-cut. The current study was designed to employ a task with reduced memory load, more trials in each experimental condition, and more participants to obtain a more reliable RB effect. METHODS A 2x2x3x2 mixed factor repeated measure design was used, with stimulus repetition, lag, and presentation rate as within-subject factors, and group (patient or control) as a between-subject factor. A rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) procedure was used. Twenty eight inpatients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls participated in the experiment. RESULTS The patient group showed significantly impaired performance when compared tothe control group in every experimental condition. Nevertheless, the patient group demonstrated similar RB effect as the control group. Furthermore, the overall RB effect observed in patients did not relate to their illness severity or psychotic symptoms. Neither was it related to their age or education. LIMITATIONS It was difficult to match the age and education of the control group to that of the inpatient group. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia performed worse than healthy controls in each experimental condition. Both the control and patient group showed robust RB effect in the short lag with faster rates. In addition, RB effect seemed to be irrelevant to patients' illness severity and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Wu
- Hillside Psychiatric Centre, Interior Health Authority, Tertiary Mental Health & Substance Use Services, Kamloops, BC, V2C 2T1, Canada.
| | - Paul Dagg
- Hillside Psychiatric Centre, Interior Health Authority, Tertiary Mental Health & Substance Use Services, Kamloops, BC, V2C 2T1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carmen Molgat
- Hillside Psychiatric Centre, Interior Health Authority, Tertiary Mental Health & Substance Use Services, Kamloops, BC, V2C 2T1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Hui CLM, See SHW, Chiu TC, Pintos AS, Kroyer JM, Suen YN, Lee EHM, Chan SKW, Chang WC, Elvevåg B, Chen EYH. What Drives Animal Fluency Performance in Cantonese-Speaking Chinese Patients with Adult-Onset Psychosis? Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030372. [PMID: 36979182 PMCID: PMC10046392 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the numerous studies investigating semantic factors associated with functioning in psychotic patients, most have been conducted on western populations. By contrast, the current cross-sectional study involved native Cantonese-speaking Chinese participants. Using the category fluency task, we compared performance between patients and healthy participants and examined clinical and sociodemographic correlates. First-episode psychosis patients (n = 356) and gender- and age-matched healthy participants (n = 35) were asked to generate as many ‘animals’ as they could in a minute. As expected, patients generated fewer correct responses (an average of 15.5 vs. 22.9 words), generated fewer clusters (an average of 3.7 vs. 5.4 thematically grouped nouns), switched less between clusters (on average 8.0 vs. 11.9 switches) and, interestingly, produced a larger percentage of Chinese zodiac animals than healthy participants (an average of 37.7 vs. 24.2). However, these significant group differences in the clusters and switches disappeared when the overall word production was controlled for. Within patients, education was the strongest predictor of category fluency performance (namely the number of correct responses, clusters, and switches). The findings suggest that an overall slowness in patients may account for the group differences in category fluency performance rather than any specific abnormality per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Lai-Ming Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2255-3064; Fax: +852-2855-1345
| | - Sally Hiu-Wah See
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Ching Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea Stephanie Pintos
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johanna M. Kroyer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Nam Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edwin Ho-Ming Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sherry Kit-Wa Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Chung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brita Elvevåg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eric Yu-Hai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wootton O, Dalvie S, Susser E, Gur RC, Stein DJ. Within-individual variability in cognitive performance in schizophrenia: A narrative review of the key literature and proposed research agenda. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:329-334. [PMID: 36708623 PMCID: PMC9974859 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Deficits in cognitive function are characteristic of schizophrenia and are predictors of functional outcomes in the disorder. Within-individual variability (WIV) in cognitive performance is elevated in schizophrenia and has been suggested to provide additional insight into cognitive function over and above mean performance measures. Despite growing interest in WIV in schizophrenia, research on the clinical significance and neural correlates of WIV in the disorder remains sparse. The present narrative review summarizes the key literature linking WIV in schizophrenia to clinical, neural, and genetic correlates. Here, we aim to highlight key knowledge gaps and provide directions for future research into WIV in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, South Africa
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Maleninska K, Jandourkova P, Brozka H, Stuchlik A, Nekovarova T. Selective impairment of timing in a NMDA hypofunction animal model of psychosis. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113671. [PMID: 34788697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is severe neuropsychiatric disease, which is commonly accompanied not only by positive or negative symptoms, but also by cognitive impairment. To study neuronal mechanisms underlying cognitive distortions and mechanisms underlying schizophrenia, animal pharmacological models of cognitive symptoms are commonly used. Between various cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients, disturbed time perception has often been reported. Here, we examined temporal and spatial cognition in a modified Carousel maze task in the animal model of schizophrenia induced by non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonists MK-801. Male Long-Evans rats (n = 18) first learned to avoid the aversive sector on a rotating arena in both dark and light intervals. We verified that during dark, rats used temporal cues, while during light they relied predominantly on spatial cues. We demonstrated that the timing strategy depends on the stable rotation speed of the arena and on the repositioning clues such as aversive stimuli. During testing (both in light and dark intervals), half of the rats received MK-801 and the control half received saline solution. We observed dose-dependent disruptions of both temporal and spatial cognition. Namely, both doses of MK-801 (0.1 and 0.12 mg/kg) significantly impaired timing strategy in the dark and increased locomotor activity. MK-801 dose 0.1 mg/kg, but not 0.12, also impaired spatial avoidance strategy in light. We found that the timing strategy is more sensitive to NMDA antagonist MK-801 than the spatial strategy. To conclude, a modified version of the Carousel maze is a useful and sensitive tool for detecting timing impairments in the MK-801 induced rodent model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Maleninska
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Jandourkova
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brozka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Nekovarova
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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11
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Steinkamp SR, Fink GR, Vossel S, Weidner R. Simultaneous modeling of reaction times and brain dynamics in a spatial cueing task. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 43:1850-1867. [PMID: 34953009 PMCID: PMC8933333 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how brain activity translates into behavior is a grand challenge in neuroscientific research. Simultaneous computational modeling of both measures offers to address this question. The extension of the dynamic causal modeling (DCM) framework for blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) responses to behavior (bDCM) constitutes such a modeling approach. However, only very few studies have employed and evaluated bDCM, and its application has been restricted to binary behavioral responses, limiting more general statements about its validity. This study used bDCM to model reaction times in a spatial attention task, which involved two separate runs with either horizontal or vertical stimulus configurations. We recorded fMRI data and reaction times (n= 26) and compared bDCM with classical DCM and a behavioral Rescorla–Wagner model using Bayesian model selection and goodness of fit statistics. Results indicate that bDCM performed equally well as classical DCM when modeling BOLD responses and as good as the Rescorla–Wagner model when modeling reaction times. Although our data revealed practical limitations of the current bDCM approach that warrant further investigation, we conclude that bDCM constitutes a promising method for investigating the link between brain activity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Steinkamp
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simone Vossel
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Weidner
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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12
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Almeida VN, Radanovic M. Semantic priming and neurobiology in schizophrenia: A theoretical review. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108058. [PMID: 34655651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this theoretical review we bridge the cognitive and neurobiological sciences to shed light on the neurocognitive foundations of the semantic priming effect in schizophrenia. We review and theoretically evaluate the neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic) and neurobiological underpinnings of behavioural and electrophysiological (N400) semantic priming in the pathology, and the main hypotheses on their geneses: a disinhibition of the semantic spread of activation, a disorganised semantic storage or noisy lexical-semantic associations, a psychomotor artefact, an artefact of relatedness proportions, or an inability to mobilise contextual information. We further assess the literature on the endophenotype of Formal Thought Disorder from multiple standpoints, ranging from neurophysiology to cognition: considerations are weaved on neuronal (PV basket cell, SST, VIP) and receptor deficits (DRD1, NMDA), neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine), cortical and dopaminergic lateralisation, inter alia. In conclusion, we put forth novel postulates on the underlying causes of controlled hypopriming, automatic hyperpriming, N400 reversals (larger amplitudes for close associations), indirect versus direct hyperpriming, and the endophenotype of lexical-semantic disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Almeida
- Faculdade de Letras, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Radanovic
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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The role of intraindividual cognitive variability in posttraumatic stress syndromes and cognitive aging: a literature search and proposed research agenda. Int Psychogeriatr 2021; 33:677-687. [PMID: 32172714 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610220000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairments are directly related to severity of symptoms and are a primary cause for functional impairment. Intraindividual cognitive variability likely plays a role in both risk and resiliency from symptoms. In fact, such cognitive variability may be an earlier marker of cognitive decline and emergent psychiatric symptoms than traditional psychiatric or behavioral symptoms. Here, our objectives were to survey the literature linking intraindividual cognitive variability, trauma, and dementia and to suggest a potential research agenda. DESIGN A wide body of literature suggests that exposure to major stressors is associated with poorer cognitive performance, with intraindividual cognitive variability in particular linked to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of severe trauma. MEASUREMENTS In this narrative review, we survey the empirical studies to date that evaluate the connection between intraindividual cognitive variability, PTSD, and pathological aging including dementia. RESULTS The literature suggests that reaction time (RT) variability within an individual may predict future cognitive impairment, including premature cognitive aging, and is significantly associated with PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we argue that intraindividual RT variability may serve as a common pathological indicator for trauma-related dementia risk and should be investigated in future studies.
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14
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Comprehensive characterization of motor and coordination functions in three adolescent wild-type mouse strains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6497. [PMID: 33753800 PMCID: PMC7985312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are often associated with motor and coordination abnormalities that have important implications on the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of these disorders. Although the onset of many neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder emerges mainly during infancy and adolescence, most of the behavioral studies in mice modeling neuropsychiatric phenotypes are performed in adult animals, possibly missing valuable phenotypic information related to the effect of synaptic maturation during development. Here, we examined which behavioral tests assessing both motor and coordination functions can be performed in mice at two different adolescent stages. As strain and sex affect mouse behavior, our experiments covered both male and female mice of three inbred wild-type strains, C57BL/6N, DBA/2, and FVB/N. Adolescent mice of both postnatal days (P)22-30 and P32-40 developmental stages were capable of mastering common motor and coordination tests. However, results differed significantly between strains and sexes. Moreover, the 10-day interval between the two tested cohorts uncovered a strong difference in the behavioral results, confirming the significant impact of maturation on behavioral patterns. Interestingly, the results of distinct behavioral experiments were directly correlated with the weight of mice, which may explain the lack of reproducibility of some behavioral results in genetically-modified mice. Our study paves the way for better reproducibility of behavioral tests by addressing the effect of the developmental stage, strain, sex, and weight of mice on achieving the face validity of neuropsychiatric disorder-associated motor dysfunctions.
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15
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Zhou HY, Yang HX, Cui XL, Shi LJ, Gong JB, Lui SSY, Cheung EFC, Watanabe K, Chan RCK. Self-reported sensory responsiveness patterns in typically-developing and early-onset schizophrenia adolescents: Its relationship with schizotypal and autistic traits. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 131:255-262. [PMID: 33035958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Altered behavioural responses to sensory stimuli, including both hypo- and hyper-reactivity, have been found in individuals with schizophrenia. However, how specific sensory responsiveness patterns are associated with symptomatology of schizophrenia remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to examine sensory responsiveness in typically-developing (TD) adolescents (n = 98) and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) (n = 29) and investigate the relationship between schizotypal traits and sensory responsiveness patterns. All participants completed the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile (AASP), the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Results showed that higher levels of hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity coexisted in EOS patients and were correlated with positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Atypical sensory experiences except for sensory seeking were found to be positively correlated with higher levels of schizotypal traits regardless of diagnostic status. Moreover, the strength and pattern of such correlations were comparable in both EOS and TD groups. This study also provided evidence that higher levels of autistic traits would intensify the positive correlation between schizotypal traits and sensory responsiveness abnormalities, suggesting an additive effect of co-occurring schizotypal and autistic traits on atypical sensory experiences. These findings extend previous research by depicting sensory responsiveness patterns in younger populations with schizophrenia, and may have implications for future development of sensory-related interventions in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Zhou
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Xue Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Long Cui
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Juan Shi
- School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jing-Bo Gong
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Psychiatry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Art & Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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16
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Stephenson DD, El Shaikh AA, Shaff NA, Bustillo JR, Dodd AB, Wertz CJ, Ryman SG, Hanlon FM, Hogeveen JP, Ling JM, Yeo RA, Stromberg SF, Lin DS, Abrams S, Mayer AR. Differing functional mechanisms underlie cognitive control deficits in psychotic spectrum disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2020; 45:430-440. [PMID: 32869961 PMCID: PMC7595736 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional underpinnings of cognitive control deficits in unbiased samples (i.e., all comers) of patients with psychotic spectrum disorders (PSD) remain actively debated. While many studies suggest hypofrontality in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and greater deficits during proactive relative to reactive control, few have examined the full hemodynamic response. METHODS Patients with PSD (n = 154) and healthy controls (n = 65) performed the AX continuous performance task (AX-CPT) during rapid (460 ms) functional neuroimaging and underwent full clinical characterization. RESULTS Behavioural results indicated generalized cognitive deficits (slower and less accurate) across proactive and reactive control conditions in patients with PSD relative to healthy controls. We observed a delayed/prolonged neural response in the left dorsolateral PFC, the sensorimotor cortex and the superior parietal lobe during proactive control for patients with PSD. These proactive hemodynamic abnormalities were better explained by negative rather than by positive symptoms or by traditional diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), with subsequent simulations unequivocally demonstrating how these abnormalities could be erroneously interpreted as hypoactivation. Conversely, true hypoactivity, unassociated with clinical symptoms or DSM-IV-TR diagnoses, was observed within the ventrolateral PFC during reactive control. LIMITATIONS In spite of guidance for AX-CPT use in neuroimaging studies, one-third of patients with PSD could not perform the task above chance and were more clinically impaired. CONCLUSION Current findings question the utility of the AX-CPT for neuroimaging-based appraisal of cognitive control across the full spectrum of patients with PSD. Previously reported lateral PFC "hypoactivity" during proactive control may be more indicative of a delayed/prolonged neural response, important for rehabilitative purposes. Negative symptoms may better explain certain behavioural and hemodynamic abnormalities in patients with PSD relative to DSM-IV-TR diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Stephenson
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Ansam A El Shaikh
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Nicholas A Shaff
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Juan R Bustillo
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Andrew B Dodd
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Christopher J Wertz
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Sephira G Ryman
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Faith M Hanlon
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Jeremy P Hogeveen
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Josef M Ling
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Ronald A Yeo
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Shannon F Stromberg
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Denise S Lin
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Swala Abrams
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
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17
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Bae GY, Leonard CJ, Hahn B, Gold JM, Luck SJ. Assessing the information content of ERP signals in schizophrenia using multivariate decoding methods. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 25:102179. [PMID: 31954988 PMCID: PMC6965722 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study took multivariate decoding methods that are widely used to assess the nature of neural representations in neurotypical people and applied them to a comparison of people with schizophrenia and matched control subjects. Participants performed a visual working memory task that required remembering 1–5 items from one side of the display and ignoring an equal number of items on the other side of the display. We attempted to decode which side was being held in working memory from the scalp distribution of the ERP activity during the delay period of the working memory task, and we found greater decoding accuracy in people with schizophrenia than in control subjects when a single item was being held in memory. These results support the hyperfocusing hypothesis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, and they provide an important proof of concept for applying multivariate decoding methods to comparisons of neural representations in psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations.
Multivariate pattern classification (decoding) methods are commonly employed to study mechanisms of neurocognitive processing in typical individuals, where they can be used to quantify the information that is present in single-participant neural signals. These decoding methods are also potentially valuable in determining how the representation of information differs between psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations. Here, we examined ERPs from people with schizophrenia (PSZ) and healthy control subjects (HCS) in a working memory task that involved remembering 1, 3, or 5 items from one side of the display and ignoring the other side. We used the spatial pattern of ERPs to decode which side of the display was being held in working memory. One might expect that decoding accuracy would be inevitably lower in PSZ as a result of increased noise (i.e., greater trial-to-trial variability). However, we found that decoding accuracy was greater in PSZ than in HCS at memory load 1, consistent with previous research in which memory-related ERP signals were larger in PSZ than in HCS at memory load 1. We also observed that decoding accuracy was strongly related to the ratio of the memory-related ERP activity and the noise level. In addition, we found similar noise levels in PSZ and HCS, counter to the expectation that PSZ would exhibit greater trial-to-trial variability. Together, these results demonstrate that multivariate decoding methods can be validly applied at the individual-participant level to understand the nature of impaired cognitive function in a psychiatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Yeul Bae
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Carly J Leonard
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado - Denver, USA
| | - Britta Hahn
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center and School of Medicine, University of Maryland, USA
| | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center and School of Medicine, University of Maryland, USA
| | - Steven J Luck
- Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California - Davis, USA
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18
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Fradkin SI, Erickson MA, Demmin DL, Silverstein SM. Absence of Excess Intra-Individual Variability in Retinal Function in People With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:543963. [PMID: 33329084 PMCID: PMC7714716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
People with schizophrenia exhibit increased intra-individual variability in both behavioral and neural signatures of cognition. Examination of intra-individual variability may uncover a unique functionally relevant aspect of impairment that is not captured by typical between-group comparisons of mean or median values. We and others have observed that retinal activity measured using electroretinography (ERG) is significantly reduced in people with schizophrenia; however, it is currently unclear whether greater intra-individual variability in the retinal response can also be observed. To investigate this, we examined intra-individual variability from 25 individuals with schizophrenia and 24 healthy controls under two fERG conditions: (1) a light-adapted condition in which schizophrenia patients demonstrated reduced amplitudes; and (2) a dark-adapted condition in which the groups did not differ in amplitudes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were generated to measure intra-individual variability for each subject, reflecting the consistency of activation values (in μv) across all sampling points (at a 2 kHz sampling rate) within all trials within a condition. Contrary to our predictions, results indicated that the schizophrenia and healthy control groups did not differ in intra-individual variability in fERG responses in either the light- or dark-adapted conditions. This finding remained consistent when variability was calculated as the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of maximum positive and negative microvolt values within the a- and b-wave time windows. This suggests that although elevated variability in schizophrenia may be observed at perceptual and cognitive levels of processing, it is not present in the earliest stages of sensory processing in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha I Fradkin
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Molly A Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Docia L Demmin
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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19
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Relationships between intra-individual variability and subclinical psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2019; 281:112592. [PMID: 31586835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research indicates that elevated intra-individual variability (IIV) of reaction time is associated with subclinical psychosis, as well as clinically diagnosed psychotic disorder. However, findings regarding the details of this relationship are equivocal. In particular, it is unknown whether associations between elevated IIV and subclinical psychosis are specific to certain psychotic symptoms or to complex reaction time tasks. Data from 492 undergraduates from the University of Otago were used to address this issue. Schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) were assessed via interview and questionnaire, and participants completed both a simple reaction time (SRT) task and a continuous performance task-identical pairs version (CPT-IP). The individual standard deviation and coefficient of variation (ICV) were used as measures of IIV. Participants reporting PLE were more likely to have elevated ICV on the CPT-IP. These associations were specific to paranoid psychotic experiences, and to the suspiciousness subscale of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. There were also weak associations between SRT ICV and PLE. The inclusion of a battery of reaction time tasks assessing different aspects of cognitive control is suggested for future research, and the findings are discussed in relation to theoretical approaches to paranoia and delusions.
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20
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Panagiotaropoulou G, Thrapsanioti E, Pappa E, Grigoras C, Mylonas D, Karavasilis E, Velonakis G, Kelekis N, Smyrnis N. Hypo-activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relates to increased reaction time variability in patients with schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101853. [PMID: 31096180 PMCID: PMC6520565 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased reaction time intra-subject variability (RT-ISV) in fast decision tasks has been confirmed in patients with schizophrenia and has been hypothesized to result from a deficit in the control of attention. Here, an attentional task and functional brain imaging were used to probe the neural correlates of increased RT-ISV in schizophrenia. Thirty patients and 30 age and sex matched controls performed the Eriksen flanker spatial attention task with concurrent measurement of brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral measures included accuracy, mean, standard deviation of RT (RTSD), coefficient of variation of RT (RTCV) and ex-Gaussian model of RT distribution parameters (mu, sigma and tau). Larger mean RT and Ex-Gaussian mu was observed for patients compared to controls. The group difference was larger for incongruent (attentionally demanding) versus congruent trials confirming a deficit in the control of spatial attention for patients. Significant increase in RT-ISV measures (RTSD, sigma and tau) for patients compared to controls was observed and was not modulated by trial congruency. Attention modulation (congruency effect) resulted in activation of bilateral frontal and parietal areas that was not different between patients and controls. Right middle frontal, right superior temporal and bilateral cingulate areas were more active in controls compared to patients independent of congruency. Activation in ROIs extracted from attention (congruency) and group related areas correlated with RT-ISV measures (especially RTCV and tau). Hypo-activation of the right middle frontal area correlated with increased tau specifically in patients. Hypo-activity of the right prefrontal cortex predicted increased RT-ISV in schizophrenia. This effect was unrelated to the effects of spatial attention and might be linked to a deficit in the inhibitory control of action for these patients. Schizophrenia patients show increased reaction time intra-subject variability (RT-ISV). fMRI of patients and aged matched controls while performing a spatial attention task. RT-ISV measures were increased in patients independent of spatial attention load. Activity of the right middle frontal cortex predicted RT-ISV increase in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Panagiotaropoulou
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - E Thrapsanioti
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - E Pappa
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - C Grigoras
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - D Mylonas
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Karavasilis
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - G Velonakis
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - N Kelekis
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - N Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece.
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21
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Spanlang B, Nierula B, Haffar M, Debruille JB. Mimicking Schizophrenia: Reducing P300b by Minimally Fragmenting Healthy Participants' Selves Using Immersive Virtual Reality Embodiment. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:504. [PMID: 30662398 PMCID: PMC6328438 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most robust and clear biological index differentiating persons with schizophrenia from healthy controls is the drastic reduction of the amplitude of their P300b event-related brain potential (ERP). However, the cause of that reduction remains obscure. Nevertheless, the P300b belongs to the family of the late posterior positivities (LPPs) which are closely related to the consciousness of the meaning of the stimulus in the task for the participants themselves (e.g., the: I am seeing the target stimulus for which I have to respond). The fragmentation of the self present in schizophrenia, could thus be the cause. If this were true, then P300bs should be somewhat reduced in healthy participants when their self representations are temporarily and minimally fragmented. We tested this hypothesis by using the innocuous fragmentation of the self that occurs in virtual reality (VR). There, participants can have a fragment of their self in an avatar they feel embodied in, within a VR room, while having another fragment of their self in their real body in the real room where they know they are. Our participants were thus equipped with a head mounted display in which they viewed a virtual room where a female humanoid avatar was facing them. She was lifting her right hand in synchrony with the participants, in order to induce in them a feeling of embodiment. Stimuli were a frequent green- and a rare red-disk, the oddball stimulus, occurring over the right hand of the avatar. Participants had to perform a Go/NoGo task, lifting their right hand to the frequent green disk and repressing this action for the oddball red disk. In the syncMove block of trials the avatar was lifting her right hand synchronously with the participant, disturbing her self representation as confirmed by the debriefing session. In the noMove block, the avatar remained immobile. In the classic block, only the red and the green disk were displayed on a monochrome background, neither the room nor the avatar were shown. As predicted, P300bs were found to be smaller in the syncMove block than in the noMove- and the classic-block in participants who had the classically large P300b oddball effect between ERPs to the frequent and those to the rare stimuli. Reduced P300bs of schizophrenia could thus be partly due to self fragmentation. Results may also open an avenue of research to the functional significance of LPPs and the content of the consciousness indexed by these potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Spanlang
- Event-Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Birgit Nierula
- Event-Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maud Haffar
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J. Bruno Debruille
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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22
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Fish S, Toumaian M, Pappa E, Davies TJ, Tanti R, Saville CWN, Theleritis C, Economou M, Klein C, Smyrnis N. Modelling reaction time distribution of fast decision tasks in schizophrenia: Evidence for novel candidate endophenotypes. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:212-220. [PMID: 30153599 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased reaction time (RT) and variability of RT in fast decision tasks is observed in patients with schizophrenia and their first degree relatives. This study used modelling of the RT distribution with the aim of identifying novel candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia. 20 patients with schizophrenia, 15 siblings of patients and 25 healthy controls performed an oddball task of varying working memory load. Increases in mean and standard deviation (SD) of RT were observed for both patients and siblings compared to controls and they were again independent of working memory load. Ex-Gaussian modelling of the RT distribution confirmed that parameters μ, σ and τ increased significantly in patients and siblings compared to controls. The Drift Diffusion Model was applied on RT distributions. A decrease in the diffusion drift rate (v) modeling the accumulation of evidence for reaching the decision to choose one stimulus over the other, was observed in patients and siblings compared to controls. The mean time of the non-decisional sensorimotor processes (t0) and it's variance (st0) was also increased in patients and siblings compared to controls. In conclusion modeling of the RT distribution revealed novel potential cognitive endophenotypes in the quest of heritable risk factors for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fish
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maida Toumaian
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Pappa
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy J Davies
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ruth Tanti
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christos Theleritis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Economou
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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23
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Sanfratello L, Aine C, Stephen J. Neuroimaging investigations of dorsal stream processing and effects of stimulus synchrony in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 278:56-64. [PMID: 29884441 PMCID: PMC6252286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in auditory and visual processing are common in schizophrenia (SP). In the unisensory realm visual deficits are primarily noted for the dorsal visual stream. In addition, insensitivity to timing offsets between stimuli are widely reported for SP. The aim of the present study was to test at the physiological level differences in dorsal/ventral stream visual processing and timing sensitivity between SP and healthy controls (HC) using MEG and a simple auditory/visual task utilizing a variety of multisensory conditions. The paradigm included all combinations of synchronous/asynchronous and central/peripheral stimuli, yielding 4 task conditions. Both HC and SP groups showed activation in parietal areas (dorsal visual stream) during all multisensory conditions, with parietal areas showing decreased activation for SP relative to HC, and a significantly delayed peak of activation for SP in intraparietal sulcus (IPS). We also observed a differential effect of stimulus synchrony on HC and SP parietal response. Furthermore, a (negative) correlation was found between SP positive symptoms and activity in IPS. Taken together, our results provide evidence of impairment of the dorsal visual stream in SP during a multisensory task, along with an altered response to timing offsets between presented multisensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Sanfratello
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
| | - Cheryl Aine
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA
| | - Julia Stephen
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA
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24
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Wallace S, Linscott RJ. Intra-individual variability and psychotic-like experiences in adolescents: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:154-159. [PMID: 29074331 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between elevated intra-individual variability (IIV) of reaction time and psychotic disorders. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between performance stability and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in adolescence, before psychotic disorder onset. Data from 6702 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were used to address this issue. Children took part in a semi-structured clinical interview regarding psychotic symptoms at age 12 and 18, and reaction time variability was assessed at age 13 and 15. Children who had elevated IIV at age 15 were more likely to report suspected or definite PLE at age 18, with larger associations being found for more frequent or bizarre symptoms. Elevated IIV at age 15 was also associated with persistent PLE between age 12 and 18. These findings tentatively suggest that elevated IIV in early adolescence may be predictive of later PLE, and offer some support for the notion of a psychosis continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Richard J Linscott
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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25
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Perri RL, Di Russo F. Executive Functions and Performance Variability Measured by Event-Related Potentials to Understand the Neural Bases of Perceptual Decision-Making. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:556. [PMID: 29187818 PMCID: PMC5694828 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo L Perri
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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26
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Cheng J, Bosma R, Hemington K, Kucyi A, Lindquist M, Davis K. Slow-5 dynamic functional connectivity reflects the capacity to sustain cognitive performance during pain. Neuroimage 2017; 157:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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27
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Meyhöfer I, Kumari V, Hill A, Petrovsky N, Ettinger U. Sleep deprivation as an experimental model system for psychosis: Effects on smooth pursuit, prosaccades, and antisaccades. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:418-433. [PMID: 28347256 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116675511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current antipsychotic medications fail to satisfactorily reduce negative and cognitive symptoms and produce many unwanted side effects, necessitating the development of new compounds. Cross-species, experimental behavioural model systems can be valuable to inform the development of such drugs. The aim of the current study was to further test the hypothesis that controlled sleep deprivation is a safe and effective model system for psychosis when combined with oculomotor biomarkers of schizophrenia. Using a randomized counterbalanced within-subjects design, we investigated the effects of 1 night of total sleep deprivation in 32 healthy participants on smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM), prosaccades (PS), antisaccades (AS), and self-ratings of psychosis-like states. Compared with a normal sleep control night, sleep deprivation was associated with reduced SPEM velocity gain, higher saccadic frequency at 0.2 Hz, elevated PS spatial error, and an increase in AS direction errors. Sleep deprivation also increased intra-individual variability of SPEM, PS, and AS measures. In addition, sleep deprivation induced psychosis-like experiences mimicking hallucinations, cognitive disorganization, and negative symptoms, which in turn had moderate associations with AS direction errors. Taken together, sleep deprivation resulted in psychosis-like impairments in SPEM and AS performance. However, diverging somewhat from the schizophrenia literature, sleep deprivation additionally disrupted PS control. Sleep deprivation thus represents a promising but possibly unspecific experimental model that may be helpful to further improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the pathophysiology of psychosis and aid the development of antipsychotic and pro-cognitive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Meyhöfer
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veena Kumari
- 2 Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,3 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antje Hill
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,4 Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Ettinger
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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28
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Słowiński P, Alderisio F, Zhai C, Shen Y, Tino P, Bortolon C, Capdevielle D, Cohen L, Khoramshahi M, Billard A, Salesse R, Gueugnon M, Marin L, Bardy BG, di Bernardo M, Raffard S, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. Unravelling socio-motor biomarkers in schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:8. [PMID: 28560254 PMCID: PMC5441525 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-016-0009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present novel, low-cost and non-invasive potential diagnostic biomarkers of schizophrenia. They are based on the 'mirror-game', a coordination task in which two partners are asked to mimic each other's hand movements. In particular, we use the patient's solo movement, recorded in the absence of a partner, and motion recorded during interaction with an artificial agent, a computer avatar or a humanoid robot. In order to discriminate between the patients and controls, we employ statistical learning techniques, which we apply to nonverbal synchrony and neuromotor features derived from the participants' movement data. The proposed classifier has 93% accuracy and 100% specificity. Our results provide evidence that statistical learning techniques, nonverbal movement coordination and neuromotor characteristics could form the foundation of decision support tools aiding clinicians in cases of diagnostic uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Słowiński
- Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
| | - Francesco Alderisio
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers’ Building, Exeter, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Chao Zhai
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers’ Building, Exeter, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Yuan Shen
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Peter Tino
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Catherine Bortolon
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier-1 University, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier-1 University, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U-1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Cohen
- LASA Laboratory, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne—EPFL, Station 9, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Khoramshahi
- LASA Laboratory, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne—EPFL, Station 9, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Aude Billard
- LASA Laboratory, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne—EPFL, Station 9, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Robin Salesse
- EuroMov, Montpellier University, 700 Avenue du Pic Saint-Loup, Montpellier, 34090 France
| | - Mathieu Gueugnon
- EuroMov, Montpellier University, 700 Avenue du Pic Saint-Loup, Montpellier, 34090 France
| | - Ludovic Marin
- EuroMov, Montpellier University, 700 Avenue du Pic Saint-Loup, Montpellier, 34090 France
| | - Benoit G. Bardy
- EuroMov, Montpellier University, 700 Avenue du Pic Saint-Loup, Montpellier, 34090 France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Mario di Bernardo
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers’ Building, Exeter, BS8 1UB UK
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80125 Italy
| | - Stephane Raffard
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier-1 University, Montpellier, France
- Epsylon Laboratory Dynamic of Human Abilities & Health Behaviors, Montpellier-3 University, Montpellier, France
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ UK
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29
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Fernandez-Cruz AL, Ali OM, Asare G, Whyte MS, Walpola I, Segal J, Debruille JB. Embrained drives to perform extraordinary roles predict schizotypal traits in the general population. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2016; 2:16035. [PMID: 27738648 PMCID: PMC5060951 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Some personal drives correspond to extraordinary social roles. Given that behavioral strategies associated with such drives may conflict with those associated with ordinary roles, they could cause behavioral disorganization. To test whether they do so independent of the factors responsible for full-blown schizotypy and schizophrenia, these drives were assessed in the general population. Two hundred and nine healthy volunteers were individually presented with hundreds of names of social roles in experimental psychology conditions. The task of the participant was to decide whether or not (s)he would consider performing the role at any moment of his/her life. Schizotypal traits were measured with the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ), and delusion-like ideations were assessed by the Peters et al. Delusion Inventory. Demographics and social desirability were controlled for. Participants accepting a greater percentage of extraordinary roles had higher SPQ scores. Among the three factors of the SPQ, disorganization was the one best predicted by those percentages. This correlation (r=0.40, P=7.2E−09) was significantly greater (Fisher Z-transform, P=0.003) than the correlation between the percentages of ordinary roles accepted and the SPQ scores (r=0.145, P=0.044). Reaction times revealed no suboptimal cognitive functioning in high accepters of extraordinary roles and further strengthened the drive hypothesis. Their acceptances of roles were done faster and their rejections took longer than those of low accepters (P=5E−12). Culturally embrained drives to do extraordinary roles could thus be an independent factor of the symptoms measured in the normality to schizophrenia continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Fernandez-Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ola Mohamed Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gifty Asare
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Morgan S Whyte
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ishan Walpola
- Department of Psychology, McGill University , Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Segal
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Bruno Debruille
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Kane MJ, Meier ME, Smeekens BA, Gross GM, Chun CA, Silvia PJ, Kwapil TR. Individual differences in the executive control of attention, memory, and thought, and their associations with schizotypy. J Exp Psychol Gen 2016; 145:1017-1048. [PMID: 27454042 PMCID: PMC4965188 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A large correlational study took a latent-variable approach to the generality of executive control by testing the individual-differences structure of executive-attention capabilities and assessing their prediction of schizotypy, a multidimensional construct (with negative, positive, disorganized, and paranoid factors) conveying risk for schizophrenia. Although schizophrenia is convincingly linked to executive deficits, the schizotypy literature is equivocal. Subjects completed tasks of working memory capacity (WMC), attention restraint (inhibiting prepotent responses), and attention constraint (focusing visual attention amid distractors), the latter 2 in an effort to fractionate the "inhibition" construct. We also assessed mind-wandering propensity (via in-task thought probes) and coefficient of variation in response times (RT CoV) from several tasks as more novel indices of executive attention. WMC, attention restraint, attention constraint, mind wandering, and RT CoV were correlated but separable constructs, indicating some distinctions among "attention control" abilities; WMC correlated more strongly with attentional restraint than constraint, and mind wandering correlated more strongly with attentional restraint, attentional constraint, and RT CoV than with WMC. Across structural models, no executive construct predicted negative schizotypy and only mind wandering and RT CoV consistently (but modestly) predicted positive, disorganized, and paranoid schizotypy; stalwart executive constructs in the schizophrenia literature-WMC and attention restraint-showed little to no predictive power, beyond restraint's prediction of paranoia. Either executive deficits are consequences rather than risk factors for schizophrenia, or executive failures barely precede or precipitate diagnosable schizophrenia symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt E Meier
- Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University
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31
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Hwang SSH, Ahn YM, Kim YS. Neurocognitive functioning as an intermediary variable between psychopathology and insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:792-9. [PMID: 26602231 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the neuropsychological deficit model of insight in schizophrenia, we constructed exploratory prediction models for insight, designating neurocognitive measures as the intermediary variables between psychopathology and insight into patients with schizophrenia. The models included the positive, negative, and autistic preoccupation symptoms as primary predictors, and activation symptoms as an intermediary variable for insight. Fifty-six Korean patients, in the acute stage of schizophrenia, completed the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, as well as a comprehensive neurocognitive battery of tests at the baseline, 8-weeks, and 1-year follow-ups. Among the neurocognitive measures, the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS) picture arrangement, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) perseverative response, and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) standard error of reaction time showed significant correlations with the symptoms and the insight. When these measures were fitted into the model as intermediaries between the symptoms and the insight, only the perseverative response was found to have a partial mediating effect - both cross-sectionally, and in the 8-week longitudinal change. Overall, the relationship between insight and neurocognitive functioning measures was found to be selective and weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Suk-Hyun Hwang
- Department Psychology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea.
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, 27 Dongguk-Ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, Korea.
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Francois J, Gastambide F, Conway MW, Tricklebank M, Gilmour G. Dissociation of mGlu2/3 agonist effects on ketamine-induced regional and event-related oxygen signals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4219-29. [PMID: 25943169 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Validating preclinical biomarkers that predict treatment efficacy remains a critical imperative for neuropsychiatric drug discovery. With the establishment of novel in vivo imaging methods, it has become possible to think how such translational proof-of-concept studies may look. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to use in vivo oxygen (O2) amperometry to simultaneously assess the regional and event/task-related O2 changes induced by ketamine challenge in rats, and to determine whether both of these signals are equivalently affected by the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268. METHODS O2 signals were measured via carbon paste electrodes implanted in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of rats trained to perform a simple reaction time task (SRT). SRT performance, event-related ACC O2 responses, and regional ACC O2 signal were recorded simultaneously in animals treated with ketamine (10 mg/kg) and/or LY379268 (3 mg/kg). RESULTS A consistent relationship was observed between baseline SRT performance and related ACC O2 signals, suggesting that ACC engagement is likely to be a requirement for optimal task performance. Ketamine induced a robust and consistent slowing in reaction times that was reflected by a delayed event-related ACC O2 signal increase compared to vehicle controls. Ketamine also produced a regional and task-independent 60-min increase in ACC O2 levels which was effectively attenuated by LY379268. However, LY379238 failed to reverse alterations in event-related O2 signals and associated SRT task performance. CONCLUSIONS These findings raise questions about the degree to which such reversals of regional ketamine O2 signals could potentially be claimed to predict drug treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Francois
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, England, UK
| | - Francois Gastambide
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, England, UK.
| | - Michael Warwick Conway
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, England, UK
| | - Mark Tricklebank
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, England, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, England, UK
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Cacciari C, Pesciarelli F, Gamberoni T, Ferlazzo F, Russo LL, Pedrazzi F, Melati E. Is black always the opposite of white? An investigation on the comprehension of antonyms in people with schizophrenia and in healthy participants. Behav Sci (Basel) 2015; 5:93-112. [PMID: 25760930 PMCID: PMC4384065 DOI: 10.3390/bs5010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation sought to expand our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying the recognition of antonyms and to evaluate whether these processes differed in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls. Antonymy is the most robust of the lexico-semantic relations and is relevant to both the mental organization of the lexicon and the organization of coherent discourse, as attested by the resurgence of interest in antonymy in the linguistic and psychological domains. In contrast, the vast literature on semantic processing in schizophrenia almost ignored antonymy. In this study, we tested the online comprehension of antonyms in 39 Italian patients with paranoid schizophrenia and in an equal number of pairwise-matched healthy controls. Participants read a definitional sentence fragment (e.g., the opposite of black is), followed by the correct antonym (white) or by a semantically unrelated word (nice), and judged whether or not the target word was correct. Patients were rather accurate in identifying antonyms, but compared to controls, they showed longer response times and higher priming scores, suggesting an exaggerated contextual facilitation. Presumably, this reflects a deficient controlled semantic processing and an overreliance on stored semantic representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cacciari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena, Via Campi 287, Modena 41100, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pesciarelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena, Via Campi 287, Modena 41100, Italy.
| | - Tania Gamberoni
- Centro Salute Mentale, Via Martiri 63, Pavullo 41126, Italy.
- Villa Igea Private Hospital, Via Stradella 73, Modena 41100, Italy.
| | - Fabio Ferlazzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Leo Lo Russo
- Villa Igea Private Hospital, Via Stradella 73, Modena 41100, Italy.
| | | | - Ermanno Melati
- Centro Salute Mentale Polo Ovest, Via Newton 150, Modena 41126, Italy.
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RT distributional analysis of cognitive-control-related brain activity in first-episode schizophrenia. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:175-88. [PMID: 24615691 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in cognitive control are a defining feature of schizophrenia. Aspects of cognitive control include proactive control-the maintenance of task rules or goals to bias attention and maintain preparedness-and reactive control-the engagement of attention in reaction to changing cognitive demands. Proactive control is thought to be particularly impaired in schizophrenia. We sought to examine proactive and reactive control in schizophrenia, as measured by reaction time (RT) variability, and especially long RTs, which are thought to represent lapses in proactive control, during the Stroop paradigm. Furthermore, we sought to examine the neural underpinnings of lapses in proactive control and the subsequent engagement of reactive control in those with schizophrenia, as compared to healthy controls, using fMRI. We found that patients with schizophrenia displayed greater RT variability and more extremely long RTs than controls suggesting that proactive control was weaker in the schizophrenia than in the control group. All of the subjects engaged regions of the cognitive control network during long RTs, consistent with an engagement of reactive control following a failure in proactive control on these trials. The schizophrenia group, however, displayed significantly diminished activity in these regions relative to controls. Our results suggest increased failures in proactive control, but also impaired reactive control, in schizophrenia as compared to healthy subjects.
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Pesciarelli F, Gamberoni T, Ferlazzo F, Lo Russo L, Pedrazzi F, Melati E, Cacciari C. Is the comprehension of idiomatic sentences indeed impaired in paranoid Schizophrenia? A window into semantic processing deficits. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:799. [PMID: 25346676 PMCID: PMC4190991 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients have been reported to be more impaired in comprehending non-literal than literal language since early studies on proverbs. Preference for literal rather than figurative interpretations continues to be documented. The main aim of this study was to establish whether patients are indeed able to use combinatorial semantic processing to comprehend literal sentences and both combinatorial analysis, and retrieval of pre-stored meanings to comprehend idiomatic sentences. The study employed a sentence continuation task in which subjects were asked to decide whether a target word was a sensible continuation of a previous sentence fragment to investigate idiomatic and literal sentence comprehension in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Patients and healthy controls were faster in accepting sensible continuations than in rejecting non-sensible ones in both literal and idiomatic sentences. Patients were as accurate as controls in comprehending literal and idiomatic sentences, but they were overall slower than controls in all conditions. Once the contribution of cognitive covariates was partialled out, the response times (RTs) to sensible idiomatic continuations of patients did not significantly differ from those of controls. This suggests that the state of residual schizophrenia did not contribute to slower processing of sensible idioms above and beyond the cognitive deficits that are typically associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pesciarelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena Modena, Italy
| | - Tania Gamberoni
- Centro Salute Mentale Pavullo Modena, Italy ; Villa Igea Private Hospital Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferlazzo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Cacciari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena Modena, Italy
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Karantinos T, Tsoukas E, Mantas A, Kattoulas E, Stefanis NC, Evdokimidis I, Smyrnis N. Increased intra-subject reaction time variability in the volitional control of movement in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:26-32. [PMID: 24238920 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased Reaction Time (RT) studies intra-subject variability is an emerging and consistent finding in RT studies of schizophrenia. A group of 23 patients suffering from DSM-IV schizophrenia and a group of 23 age-matched control subjects performed two RT tasks requiring basic sensorimotor processing and engaging two different motor systems: the Finger Lift Reaction Time task and the Voluntary Saccade Reaction Time task. The Ex-Gaussian model was applied to the RT distributions measuring the mean (mu), and standard deviation (sigma) of a Gaussian component thought to reflect sensorimotor processing and an exponential component (tau), thought to reflect an intermediate decision process. In both tasks, a significantly larger RT intra-subject variability effectively dissociated patients from controls. RT intra-subject variability in the two tasks was highly correlated only for patients. Both sigma and tau were significantly higher in the patient group with tau being the best predictor of schizophrenia. Furthermore, only in the patient group were sigma and tau highly correlated between the two tasks. The results reflect a deficit in information processing that may not be confined to decision processes related to the frontal cortex; rather, they may indicate dysfunction in distributed neural networks modulating adaptive regulation of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karantinos
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 72 V. Sofias Ave, Athens 11528, Greece
| | - Evangelos Tsoukas
- Neurology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Asimakis Mantas
- Neurology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kattoulas
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 72 V. Sofias Ave, Athens 11528, Greece
| | - Nicholas C Stefanis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 72 V. Sofias Ave, Athens 11528, Greece; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry(CCRN), Perth, Australia
| | - Ioannis Evdokimidis
- Neurology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 72 V. Sofias Ave, Athens 11528, Greece.
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Theleritis C, Evdokimidis I, Smyrnis N. Variability in the decision process leading to saccades: a specific marker for schizophrenia? Psychophysiology 2014; 51:327-36. [PMID: 24397400 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, deviance in the reaction time (RT) distribution of saccades for patients with schizophrenia was explained using an oculomotor decision model. Here, RTs of visually guided saccades in young healthy men, healthy children, older adults, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) were modeled to study the specificity of this decision process deviance for schizophrenia. The mean decision rate to saccade decreased with age in children and increased in older adults while the decision rate intrasubject variability (ISV) was not modulated by age. A significant increase in ISV of the decision rate was confirmed for patients with schizophrenia but not OCD compared to healthy controls. There was no effect of medication on model parameters in the OCD patient group. These results confirm the specificity of the deviance in a simple oculomotor decision process in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Theleritis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Measuring the construct of executive control in schizophrenia: Defining and validating translational animal paradigms for discovery research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2125-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Swick D, Honzel N, Larsen J, Ashley V. Increased response variability as a marker of executive dysfunction in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:3033-40. [PMID: 24157540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The stability of cognitive control processes over time can be indexed by trial-to-trial variability in reaction time (RT). Greater RT variability has been interpreted as an indicator of executive dysfunction, inhibitory inefficiency, and excessive mental noise. Previous studies have demonstrated that combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show substantial impairments in inhibitory control, but no studies have examined response variability in this population. In the current experiment, RT variability in the Go/NoGo response inhibition task was assessed for 45 veterans with PTSD and 34 control veterans using the intra-individual coefficient of variation (ICV) and ex-Gaussian analysis of RT distributions. Despite having mean RTs that were indistinguishable from controls, the PTSD patients had significantly greater RT variability as measured by ICV. More variable RTs were in turn associated with a greater number of false alarm errors in the patients, suggesting that less consistent performers were less successful at inhibiting inappropriate responses. RT variability was also highly correlated with self-reported symptoms of PTSD, depression, and attentional impulsiveness. Furthermore, response variability predicted diagnosis even when controlling for PTSD symptom severity. In turn, PTSD severity was correlated with self-rated attentional impulsiveness. Deficits in the top-down cognitive control processes that cause greater response variability might contribute to the maintenance of PTSD symptomology. Thus, the distractibility issues that cause more variable reaction times might also result in greater distress related to the trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Swick
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Rd., Martinez, CA 94553, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA USA.
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Roalf DR, Gur RC, Almasy L, Richard J, Gallagher RS, Prasad K, Wood J, Pogue-Geile MF, Nimgaonkar VL, Gur RE. Neurocognitive performance stability in a multiplex multigenerational study of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:1008-17. [PMID: 22927671 PMCID: PMC3756767 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Certain cognitive measures are heritable and differentiate individuals at risk for schizophrenia from unaffected family members and healthy comparison subjects. These deficits in neurocognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia appear stable in the short-term. However, the duration of most, but not all, longitudinal studies is modest and the majority have relied on traditional average performance measures to examine stability. Using a computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB), we assessed mean performance (accuracy and speed) and intra-individual variability (IIV) in a longitudinal study aimed to examine neurocognitive stability in European-American multiplex families with schizophrenia. Thirty-four patients with schizophrenia, 65 unaffected relatives, and 45 healthy comparison subjects completed the same computerized neurocognitive assessment over approximately 5 years. Measures of mean performance showed that patients had stable accuracy performance but were slower in many neurocognitive domains over time as compared with unaffected family members and healthy subjects. Furthermore, patients and family members showed dissociable patterns of change in IIV for speed across cognitive domains: compared with controls, patients showed higher across-task IIV in performance compared with family members, who showed lower across-task IIV. Patients showed an increase in IIV over time, whereas family members showed a decrease. These findings suggest that measures of mean performance and IIV of speed during a CNB may provide useful information about the genetic susceptibility in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Roalf
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed; 3400 Spruce St., Gates Building 10th Floor,Philadelphia PA, 19104; tel: +215-615-4116, fax: +215-662-7903, e-mail:
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jan Richard
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - R. Sean Gallagher
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Raquel E. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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White matter organization and neurocognitive performance variability in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 143:172-8. [PMID: 23148898 PMCID: PMC3540127 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter alterations in schizophrenia are associated with deficits in neurocognitive performance. Recently, across task within-individual variability (WIV) has emerged as a useful construct for assessing the profile in cognitive performance in schizophrenia. However, the neural basis of WIV has not been studied in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Twenty-five patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 27 healthy comparison subjects (HC) performed a computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB) and underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). WIV for performance accuracy and speed on the CNB was calculated across-tasks. Voxel-wise group comparisons of white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) were performed using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). The relationship between accuracy and speed WIV on the CNB and white matter FA was examined within the regions that differentiated patients and healthy comparison subjects. RESULTS SZ had higher WIV for performance accuracy and speed as compared to HC. FA in SZ compared to HC was reduced in bilateral frontal, temporal and occipital white matter including a large portion of the corpus callosum. In white matter regions that differed between patients and comparison subjects, higher FA in the left cingulum bundle and left fronto-occipital fasciculus were associated with lower CNB speed WIV for HC, but not SZ. Accuracy WIV was not associated with differences in white matter FA between SZ and HC. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that WIV is greater in patients with SZ and that this greater within-individual variability in performance in patients is associated with disruptions of WM integrity in specific brain regions.
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Kattoulas E, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Stefanis CN, Evdokimidis I, Smyrnis N. Schizophrenia-related RGS4 gene variations specifically disrupt prefrontal control of saccadic eye movements. Psychol Med 2012; 42:757-767. [PMID: 21910931 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171100167x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene encoding the regulator of G-protein signaling subtype 4 (RGS4), located on chromosome 1q23-3, has been proposed as a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and has been specifically linked to prefrontal cortical structural and functional integrity. METHOD The effects of four core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the RGS4 gene on oculomotor parameters in a battery of oculomotor tasks (saccade, antisaccade, smooth eye pursuit, fixation) were investigated in a sample of 2243 young male military conscripts. RESULTS The risk allele of RGS4SNP18 was found to be associated with two variables of antisaccade performance, increased error rate and variation in the correct antisaccade latency. By contrast, the same allele and also the risk allele of RGS4SNP4 led to an improvement in smooth eye pursuit performance (increased gain). Structural equation modeling confirmed that the combined gene variation of RGS4SNP4 and RGS4SNP18 was a significant predictor of antisaccade but not smooth eye pursuit performance. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence for a specific effect of schizophrenia-related RGS4 genotype variations to prefrontal dysfunction measured by oculomotor indices of performance in normal individuals, further validating the hypothesis that RGS4 is related to prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kattoulas
- Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Varlet M, Marin L, Raffard S, Schmidt RC, Capdevielle D, Boulenger JP, Del-Monte J, Bardy BG. Impairments of social motor coordination in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29772. [PMID: 22272247 PMCID: PMC3260163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that motor coordination of interacting people plays a crucial role in the success of social exchanges. Abnormal movements have been reported during interpersonal interactions of patients suffering from schizophrenia and a motor coordination breakdown could explain this social interaction deficit, which is one of the main and earliest features of the illness. Using the dynamical systems framework, the goal of the current study was (i) to investigate whether social motor coordination is impaired in schizophrenia and (ii) to determine the underlying perceptual or cognitive processes that may be affected. We examined intentional and unintentional social motor coordination in participants oscillating hand-held pendulums from the wrist. The control group consisted of twenty healthy participant pairs while the experimental group consisted of twenty participant pairs that included one participant suffering from schizophrenia. The results showed that unintentional social motor coordination was preserved while intentional social motor coordination was impaired. In intentional coordination, the schizophrenia group displayed coordination patterns that had lower stability and in which the patient never led the coordination. A coupled oscillator model suggests that the schizophrenia group coordination pattern was due to a decrease in the amount of available information together with a delay in information transmission. Our study thus identified relational motor signatures of schizophrenia and opens new perspectives for detecting the illness and improving social interactions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Varlet
- Movement to Health Laboratory, EuroMov, Montpellier-1 University, Montpellier, France.
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Schmidt-Hansen M, Honey RC. Working memory and multidimensional schizotypy: dissociable influences of the different dimensions. Cogn Neuropsychol 2011; 26:655-70. [PMID: 21793793 DOI: 10.1080/02643291003644501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Compromised working memory is considered a core deficit of schizophrenia and a potential endophenotype for the liability to develop schizophrenia. In keeping with this suggestion, working memory has also been found to be disrupted in people with high levels of schizotypy. However, it is unclear whether this disruption is linked to positive, negative, or disorganized symptoms/characteristics. This issue is the focus of the present investigation. The relationship between multidimensional schizotypy and working memory performance was investigated in 289 participants. Working memory was measured using an n-back task with three conditions; 0-back, 1-back, and 2-back. Covarying for the effect of shared variance between the schizotypy dimensions, we found reduced working memory performance in participants who displayed high levels of positive schizotypy and, to some extent, in participants with low levels of negative schizotypy. The results are discussed in terms of Baddeley's (1986) model of working memory and potential underlying neurological mechanisms.
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Ode S, Robinson MD, Hanson DM. Cognitive-emotional dysfunction among noisy minds: predictions from individual differences in reaction time variability. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:307-27. [PMID: 21432673 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.494387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mental noise can be defined as less reliable information processing. Individuals with high levels of mental noise are thought to be disadvantaged in cognitive, emotional, and behavioural realms. The present five studies (total N=298) investigated such potential disadvantages among normally functioning college undergraduates. Mental noise was operationalised in terms of the reaction time coefficient of variation (RTCV), a measure of RT variability that corrects for average levels of mental speed. Individuals with higher RTCV exhibited less effective cognitive control (Studies 1 and 5), less controlled behaviour (Study 2), and were more prone to negative emotional experiences (Study 3) and depressive symptoms (Study 4). Study 5 extended these results and found that individuals higher (versus lower) in RTCV were more adversely affected by their attentional lapses in daily life. Results converge on the idea that mental noise is an important individual difference dimension with multiple adverse correlates and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ode
- Psychology Department, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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Matsuda Y, Matsui M, Tonoya Y, Ebihara N, Kurachi M. Useful visual field in patients with schizophrenia: a choice reaction time study. Percept Mot Skills 2011; 112:369-81. [PMID: 21667748 DOI: 10.2466/15.19.22.27.pms.112.2.369-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the size of the useful visual field in patients (9 men, 6 women) with schizophrenia. A choice reaction task was conducted, and performances at 2.5, 5, 7, 10, and 25 degrees in both visual fields were measured. Three key findings were shown. First, patients had slower choice reaction times (choice RTs) than normal controls. Second, patients had slower choice RTs in the right visual field than in the left visual field. Third, patients and normal controls showed the same U-shaped choice RT pattern. The first and second findings were consistent with those of other studies. The third finding was a clear indication of the patients' performance in peripheral vision, and a comparison with normal controls suggested that there was no difference in the size of the useful visual field, at least within
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Cole VT, Weinberger DR, Dickinson D. Intra-individual variability across neuropsychological tasks in schizophrenia: a comparison of patients, their siblings, and healthy controls. Schizophr Res 2011; 129:91-3. [PMID: 21470829 PMCID: PMC3771365 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, higher degrees of intra-individual variability (IIV) across neuropsychological tasks have been linked to risk for developing schizophrenia. Extending these findings to examine not only disease risk but genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia, we examined IIV across five factor-based cognitive scores in a sample of schizophrenia patients, their unaffected siblings, and healthy volunteers. IIV was significantly different among probands, siblings, and controls, with groups showing decreasing variability in that order. In addition, modest associations between IIV, age, and functioning ability were found. In light of these results, IIV indices might represent useful tools in understanding cognition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica T. Cole
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Corresponding Author: Dwight Dickinson, Ph.D., Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, NIMH; 10 Center Drive 7SE-5350; Bethesda, MD 20892 Tel: (+1) 301-451-2123 Fax: (+1) 301-480-4678
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Saville CW, Dean RO, Daley D, Intriligator J, Boehm S, Feige B, Klein C. Electrocortical correlates of intra-subject variability in reaction times: Average and single-trial analyses. Biol Psychol 2011; 87:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kuntsi J, Klein C. Intraindividual variability in ADHD and its implications for research of causal links. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 9:67-91. [PMID: 21769722 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intraindividual variability (IIV) - reflecting short-term (within-session), within-person fluctuations in behavioral performance - and, specifically, reaction time (RT) variability, is strongly linked with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both at the phenotypic and genetic levels. Phenotypic case-control comparisons show a consistent and robust association between ADHD and RT variability across a broad range of cognitive tasks, samples, and age ranges (from childhood to adulthood). The association does not appear to be a nonspecific effect mediated by lower general cognitive ability. The finding from quantitative genetic studies of the shared genetic etiology between ADHD and RT variability is similarly robust, replicating across tasks, samples, and definitions of ADHD. Molecular genetic studies have produced intriguing initial findings: increasing sample sizes and replications across datasets remain priorities for future efforts. While the field has come a long way from considering increased RT variability in ADHD as the "noise" or "error" that we need to reduce in our data, the investigation of the causal pathways is only beginning. The neural basis of IIV is being investigated, with initial data pointing to a crucial role of fronto-striatal systems in controlling behavioral consistency. Several theories have been put forward to account for the observed IIV in ADHD, including accounts of arousal regulation, temporal processing and the "default-mode network." For the wider implications of the IIV phenomenon to be fully realized, we need to learn further about the underlying processes, their developmental context, and about shared and unique causal pathways across disorders where high RT variability is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK,
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50
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Shin YW, Krishnan G, Hetrick WP, Brenner CA, Shekhar A, Malloy FW, O'Donnell BF. Increased temporal variability of auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Schizophr Res 2010; 124:110-8. [PMID: 20817485 PMCID: PMC3009463 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that deficits in neural synchronization and temporal integration are characteristic of schizophrenia. These phenomena have been rarely studied in SPD, which shares phenomenological and genetic similarities with schizophrenia. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained using an auditory oddball task from 21 patients with schizophrenia, 19 subjects with SPD and 19 healthy control subjects. Inter-trial coherence (ITC) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) were measured across trials to target tones using time-frequency analysis. ITC measures phase locking or consistency, while ERSP measures changes in power relative to baseline activity. P300 latency and amplitude were also measured from the averaged ERP to target tones. In the time-frequency analysis, subjects with SPD showed intact power but a deficit in the ITC in delta and theta frequencies compared to control subjects. Patients with schizophrenia showed deficits for both ERSP and ITC in the delta and theta frequencies. While patients with schizophrenia showed reduced P300 amplitude and delayed latency for averaged ERPs, subjects with SPD did not differ from either group. Synchronization or timing abnormalities may represent a biomarker for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and contribute to aberrant perceptual and cognitive integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wook Shin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1111 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Department of Psychiatry, Ulsan University School of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea, 138–736
| | - Giri Krishnan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1111 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222-2273
| | - Colleen A. Brenner
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1111 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222-2273
| | - Frederick W. Malloy
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1111 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222-2273
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1111 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222-2273
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