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Sponseller BA, Clark SK, Gilbertie J, Wong DM, Hepworth K, Wiechert S, Chandramani P, Sponseller BT, Alcott CJ, Bellaire B, Petersen AC, Jones DE. Macrophage effector responses of horses are influenced by expression of CD154. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 180:40-44. [PMID: 27692094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive intermediates contribute to innate immunity by providing phagocytes with a mechanism of defense against bacteria, viruses and parasites. To better characterize the role of CD154 in the production of reactive intermediates, we cloned and expressed recombinant equine CD154 (reqCD154) in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO). In co-culture experiments, CHO cells ectopically expressing reqCD154 elicited superoxide production in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Collectively, our results indicate that regulation of CD154 expression plays a role in innate host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Sandra K Clark
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Jessica Gilbertie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - David M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Kate Hepworth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Sarah Wiechert
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Prashanth Chandramani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Beatrice T Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Cody J Alcott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Bryan Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Andrew C Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Douglas E Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Porat Y, Assa-Kunik E, Belkin M, Krakovsky M, Lamensdorf I, Duvdevani R, Sivak G, Niven MJ, Bulvik S. A novel potential therapy for vascular diseases: blood-derived stem/progenitor cells specifically activated by dendritic cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:623-34. [PMID: 24638886 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in diabetic patients. Stem/progenitor cell treatments with bone marrow-derived cells show safety and promising outcomes, albeit not without some preprocedural adverse events related to cell collection and mobilization. We describe a novel technology for generating a therapeutic population (BGC101) of enriched endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from non-mobilized blood, using dendritic cells to specifically direct stem/progenitor cell activity in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Selected immature plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells from 24 healthy and two diabetic donors were activated with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic molecules to induce specific activation signals. Co-culturing of activated dendritic cells with stem/progenitor cells for 12-66 h generated 83.7 ± 7.4 × 10(6) BGC101 cells with 97% viability from 250 mL of blood. BGC101, comprising 52.4 ± 2.5% EPCs (expressing Ulex-lectin, AcLDL uptake, Tie2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2, and CD31), 16.1 ± 1.9% stem/progenitor cells (expressing CD34 and CD184) and residual B and T helper cells, demonstrated angiogenic and stemness potential and secretion of interleukin-8, interleukin-10, vascular endothelial growth factor and osteopontin. When administered to immunodeficient mice with limb ischemia (n = 40), BGC101 yielded a high safety profile and significantly increased blood perfusion, capillary density and leg function after 21 days. Cell tracking and biodistribution showed that engraftment was restricted to the ischemic leg. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide preliminary evidence that alternatively activated dendritic cells can promote the generation of EPC-enriched stem/progenitor cells within a 1-day culture. The resulting product BGC101 has the potential for treatment of various vascular conditions such as coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Porat
- BioGenCell Ltd, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel; Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
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3
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Wachsmann MB, Pop LM, Vitetta ES. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a review of immunologic aspects. J Investig Med 2014. [PMID: 22406516 DOI: 10.231/jim.0b013e31824a4d79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the continued failures of both early diagnosis and treatment options for pancreatic cancer, it is now time to comprehensively evaluate the role of the immune system on the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. It is important to develop strategies that harness the molecules and cells of the immune system to treat this disease. This review will focus primarily on the role of immune cells in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and to evaluate what is known about the interaction of immune cells with the tumor microenvironment and their role in tumor growth and metastasis. We will conclude with a brief discussion of therapy for pancreatic cancer and the potential role for immunotherapy. We hypothesize that the role of the immune system in tumor development and progression is tissue specific. Our hope is that better understanding of this process will lead to better treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Wachsmann
- Masters Program in Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Abstract
With the continued failures of both early diagnosis and treatment options for pancreatic cancer, it is now time to comprehensively evaluate the role of the immune system on the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. It is important to develop strategies that harness the molecules and cells of the immune system to treat this disease. This review will focus primarily on the role of immune cells in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and to evaluate what is known about the interaction of immune cells with the tumor microenvironment and their role in tumor growth and metastasis. We will conclude with a brief discussion of therapy for pancreatic cancer and the potential role for immunotherapy. We hypothesize that the role of the immune system in tumor development and progression is tissue specific. Our hope is that better understanding of this process will lead to better treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B. Wachsmann
- Masters Program in Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
| | - Laurentiu M. Pop
- The Cancer Immunobiology Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
| | - Ellen S. Vitetta
- The Cancer Immunobiology Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
- The Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
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Zhang R, Zhang S, Li M, Chen C, Yao Q. Incorporation of CD40 ligand into SHIV virus-like particles (VLP) enhances SHIV-VLP-induced dendritic cell activation and boosts immune responses against HIV. Vaccine 2010; 28:5114-27. [PMID: 20471443 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of CD40 with CD40L induces dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation, thereby promoting immune responses. The objective of this study was to investigate whether immunization with chimeric CD40L/SHIV virus-like particles (CD40L/SHIV-VLP) could enhance immune responses to SIV Gag and HIV Env proteins by directly activating DCs. We found that CD83, CD40, and CD86 were significantly up-regulated and significantly increased cytokines production were observed after hCD40L/SHIV-VLP treatment in human CD14(+) monocyte-derived DCs as compared to SHIV-VLP treatment. Mice immunized with mCD40L/SHIV-VLP showed more than a two-fold increase in HIV Env-specific IgG antibody production, an increase in SIV Gag and HIV Env-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 producing cells, and an increase in HIV Env-specific cytotoxic activity compared to that in SHIV-VLP immunized mice. Furthermore, multifunctional CD4(+) Th1 cells, which simultaneously produce IFN-gamma, IL-2 and TNF-alpha triple cytokines, and CD8(+) T-cells, which produce IFN-gamma were elevated in the mCD40L/SHIV-VLP immunized group. These data demonstrate that chimeric CD40L/SHIV-VLP potently induce DC activation and enhance the magnitude of both humoral and cellular immune responses to the SIV Gag and HIV Env proteins in the mouse model. Therefore, incorporation of CD40L into VLP may represent a novel strategy to develop effective HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Zhang
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Yu X, Zhang Y, Chen C, Yao Q, Li M. Targeted drug delivery in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1805:97-104. [PMID: 19853645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective drug delivery in pancreatic cancer treatment remains a major challenge. Because of the high resistance to chemo and radiation therapy, the overall survival rate for pancreatic cancer is extremely low. Recent advances in drug delivery systems hold great promise for improving cancer therapy. Using liposomes, nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes to deliver cancer drugs and other therapeutic agents such as siRNA, suicide gene, oncolytic virus, small molecule inhibitor, and antibody has been a success in recent preclinical trials. However, how to improve the specificity and stability of the delivered drug using ligand or antibody directed delivery represent a major problem. Therefore, developing novel, specific, tumor-targeted drug delivery systems is urgently needed for this terrible disease. This review summarizes the current progress on targeted drug delivery in pancreatic cancer and provides important information on potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Yu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Elkins Pancreas Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kaminski DA, Lee BO, Eaton SM, Haynes L, Randall TD. CD28 and inducible costimulator (ICOS) signalling can sustain CD154 expression on activated T cells. Immunology 2008; 127:373-85. [PMID: 19191918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological outcome of receptor-mediated signalling often depends on the duration of engagement. Because CD40 signalling is controlled by the regulated expression of its ligand, CD154, the mechanisms that regulate CD154 expression probably determine the strength and duration of CD40 signalling. Here, we demonstrate that CD154 expression on the surface of mouse CD4 T cells can be separated into an early phase, occurring between 0 and 24 hr after T-cell activation, and a later extended phase, occurring after 24 hr. The early phase of CD154 expression did not require costimulation and was probably influenced by the strength of T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling alone. However, later CD154 expression was highly dependent on costimulation through either CD28 or inducible costimulator (ICOS). Although CD28 signalling interleukin (IL)-2 secretion, ICOS not, suggesting that costimulation enhance CD154 expression independently of IL-2 production. In fact, anti-CD28 treatment could still induce late-phase CD154 on anti-CD3-stimulated CD4 T cells expressing a mutated form of CD28 that not lead to the induction of IL-2. However, this CD154 induction was somewhat weaker than that of wild-type CD28-expressing cells, suggesting that direct signalling and IL-2-mediated signalling co-operatively responsible for the levels of CD154 induced by CD28. Finally, we show that the second phase of CD154 expression negatively regulated B-cell terminal differentiation and antibody secretion. These results demonstrate that TCR signalling and costimulation each regulate different phases of CD154 expression and control the biological outcome of CD40 signalling on B cells.
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Tcherepanova IY, Adams MD, Feng X, Hinohara A, Horvatinovich J, Calderhead D, Healey D, Nicolette CA. Ectopic expression of a truncated CD40L protein from synthetic post-transcriptionally capped RNA in dendritic cells induces high levels of IL-12 secretion. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:90. [PMID: 18928538 PMCID: PMC2576345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA transfection into dendritic cells (DCs) is widely used to achieve antigen expression as well as to modify DC properties. CD40L is expressed by activated T cells and interacts with CD40 receptors expressed on the surface of the DCs leading to Th1 polarization. Previous studies demonstrated that ectopic CD40L expression via DNA transfection into DCs can activate the CD40 receptor signal transduction cascade. In contrast to previous reports, this study demonstrates that the same effect can be achieved when RNA encoding CD40L is electroporated into DCs as evidenced by secretion of IL-12. To achieve higher levels of IL-12 secretion, a systematic approach involving modification of coding and noncoding regions was implemented to optimize protein expression in the DCs for the purpose of increasing IL-12 secretion. RESULTS Site-directed mutagenesis of each of the first five in-frame methionine codons in the CD40L coding sequence demonstrated that DCs expressing a truncated CD40L protein initiated from the second methionine codon secreted the highest levels of IL-12. In addition, a post-transcriptional method of capping was utilized for final modification of the CD40L RNA. This method enzymatically creates a type I cap structure identical to that found in most eukaryotic mRNAs, in contrast to the type 0 cap incorporated using the conventional co-transcriptional capping reaction. CONCLUSION The combination of knocking out the first initiation methionine and post-transcriptional capping of the CD40L RNA allowed for approximately a one log increase in IL-12 levels by the transfected DCs. We believe this is a first report describing improved protein expression of post-transcriptionally capped RNA in DCs. The post-transcriptional capping which allows generation of a type I cap may have broad utility for optimization of protein expression from RNA in DCs and other cell types.
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Sui Z, Sniderhan LF, Schifitto G, Phipps RP, Gelbard HA, Dewhurst S, Maggirwar SB. Functional Synergy between CD40 Ligand and HIV-1 Tat Contributes to Inflammation: Implications in HIV Type 1 Dementia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3226-36. [PMID: 17312171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia (HAD) is believed to occur due to aberrant activation of monocyte-derived macrophages and brain-resident microglial cells by viral proteins as well as by the proinflammatory mediators released by infected cells. To investigate the inflammatory aspects of the disease, we examined the levels of soluble CD40L (sCD40L) in paired samples of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 25 HIV-infected individuals. A significantly higher level of sCD40L was detected in both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from HIV-infected patients with cognitive impairment, compared with their nonimpaired counterparts. The contribution of sCD40L to the pathogenesis of HAD was then examined by in vitro experiments. rCD40L synergized with HIV-1 Tat to increase TNF-alpha release from primary human monocytes and microglia, in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. The mechanistic basis for this synergism was attributed to a Tat-mediated up-regulation of CD40 in monocytes and microglia. Finally, the CD40L-mediated increase in TNF-alpha production by monocytes was shown to be biologically important; immunodepletion experiments revealed that TNF-alpha was essential for the neurotoxic effects of conditioned medium recovered from Tat/CD40L-treated monocytes. Taken together, our results show that CD40 signaling in microglia and monocytes can synergize with the effects of Tat, further amplifying inflammatory processes within the CNS and influencing neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Sui
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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McGregor CM, Schoenberger SP, Green EA. CD154 is a negative regulator of autoaggressive CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9345-50. [PMID: 15192149 PMCID: PMC438979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402807101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF/CD80 mice, a CD8(+) T cell-mediated model for type 1 diabetes, transgenically express tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the costimulatory molecule CD80 in their pancreatic islets. Here we show that these molecules bypass the need for CD40-CD154 costimulatory interactions in activation of CD8(+) T cells, allowing us to determine the role of CD40-CD154 signals in regulation of autoaggressive CD8(+) T cells after their in vivo priming. TNF/CD80 CD154-deficient mice rapidly develop diabetes, whereas CD154-sufficient mice do not. This finding correlates with the decreased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (T(R)) cells in the islets and pancreatic lymph nodes, in comparison to disease-protected CD154-sufficient mice. Administration of a CD40 agonistic antibody induces a systemic and tissue-specific increase in T(R) cells. However, this increase fails to delay diabetes development in the absence of CD154. Adoptive transfer studies show that CD8(+) T cells from TNF/CD80 CD154-deficient, but not CD154-sufficient, mice are resistant to regulation in vivo. This study provides evidence that CD40-transduced signals initiate T(R) cell increase in vivo and that CD154-transduced signals sensitize autoaggressive CD8(+) T cells to suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin M McGregor
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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Kaufman J, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. Expression of CD154 (CD40 ligand) by human lung fibroblasts: differential regulation by IFN-gamma and IL-13, and implications for fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1862-71. [PMID: 14734771 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) system (CD154) is a central means of immune cell communication crucial for Ig class switching and enhanced Ag presentation. CD40 is also a key signaling conduit to activate nonhematopoietic cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, to produce proinflammatory mediators. Disruption of the CD40-CD40L pathway reduces lung inflammation and fibrosis, autoimmune disease and atherosclerosis. Non-bone marrow-derived structural cells are not known to express CD40L. In this study, we reveal the intriguing finding that primary strains of human lung fibroblasts derived from normal and scarred lung express both CD40L mRNA and protein. Interestingly, CD40L expression is down-regulated by IFN-gamma, a type 1 cytokine with antiscarring properties, and is up-regulated by the profibrogenic type 2 cytokine IL-13. Flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy revealed that the majority of CD40L was located intracellularly. Importantly, fibroblast strains from human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis tissue expressed increased levels of CD40L compared with fibroblasts from nonscarred lung. Fibroblasts in the scarred areas of human lung tissue expressed high levels of CD40L. Finally, the blood and lung lavage levels of CD40L are significantly elevated in fibrosis patients compared with normals. These new findings demonstrate that fibroblasts are a new source of CD40L and that those involved in scarring may have undergone a selected expansion for high CD40L expression. Moreover, the antifibrotic activity of IFN-gamma may involve the down-regulation of fibroblast CD40L levels. We speculate that fibroblast-derived CD40L plays a role in promoting fibroblast activation and possibly in interaction with CD40 bearing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kaufman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Citores MJ, Rua-Figueroa I, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Durántez A, García-Laorden MI, Rodríguez-Lozano C, Rodríguez-Pérez JC, Vargas JA, Pérez-Aciego P. The dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the 3'UTR of the CD154 gene has a functional role on protein expression and is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:310-7. [PMID: 14962968 PMCID: PMC1754911 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.006148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of the (CA)n dinucleotide repeat in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the CD154 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and its functional role in protein expression. METHODS The allelic and genotypic distributions of the polymorphism were compared in 80 patients with SLE and 80 controls. A complete clinical and analytical database was recorded in each patient in order to correlate the clinical manifestations in SLE with different alleles. To investigate the functional role of the polymorphism, the CD154 protein expression on activated lymphocytes from healthy homozygous controls was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS The 24 CA allele was the most represented in controls (p = 0.029), whereas the alleles containing >24 CA repeats were found in patients (p = 0.0043). Furthermore, when only homozygous women were considered, most controls carried two 24 CA alleles (p = 0.041), whereas most patients carried two alleles containing >24 CA repeats (p = 0.032). Also, patients carrying at least one 24 CA allele had less neurological involvement (p = 0.034), and carriers of at least one allele with fewer than 24 CA repeats presented more livedo reticularis (p = 0.006) and anti-Sm (p = 0.01) and anti-RNP (p = 0.038) autoantibodies. CD154 maximum expression in activated lymphocytes from all controls was reached after 54 hours, but it was more prolonged in controls carrying two alleles with >24 CA repeats (p = 0.0068). CONCLUSION The CD154 3'UTR microsatellite is associated with SLE, and the most represented alleles in patients were accompanied by a more prolonged protein expression in activated lymphocytes from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Korokhov N, Mikheeva G, Krendelshchikov A, Belousova N, Simonenko V, Krendelshchikova V, Pereboev A, Kotov A, Kotova O, Triozzi PL, Aldrich WA, Douglas JT, Lo KM, Banerjee PT, Gillies SD, Curiel DT, Krasnykh V. Targeting of adenovirus via genetic modification of the viral capsid combined with a protein bridge. J Virol 2003; 77:12931-40. [PMID: 14645549 PMCID: PMC296051 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.24.12931-12940.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 09/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential barrier to the development of genetically targeted adenovirus (Ad) vectors for cell-specific delivery of gene therapeutics lies in the fact that several types of targeting protein ligands require posttranslational modifications, such as the formation of disulfide bonds, which are not available to Ad capsid proteins due to their nuclear localization during assembly of the virion. To overcome this problem, we developed a new targeting strategy, which combines genetic modifications of the Ad capsid with a protein bridge approach, resulting in a vector-ligand targeting complex. The components of the complex associate by virtue of genetic modifications to both the Ad capsid and the targeting ligand. One component of this mechanism of association, the Fc-binding domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A, is genetically incorporated into the Ad fiber protein. The ligand is comprised of a targeting component fused with the Fc domain of immunoglobulin, which serves as a docking moiety to bind to these genetically modified fibers during the formation of the Ad-ligand complex. The modular design of the ligand solves the problem of structural and biosynthetic compatibility with the Ad and thus facilitates targeting of the vector to a variety of cellular receptors. Our study shows that targeting ligands incorporating the Fc domain and either an anti-CD40 single-chain antibody or CD40L form stable complexes with protein A-modified Ad vectors, resulting in significant augmentation of gene delivery to CD40-positive target cells. Since this gene transfer is independent of the expression of the native Ad5 receptor by the target cells, this strategy results in the derivation of truly targeted Ad vectors suitable for tissue-specific gene therapy.
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Lee BO, Moyron-Quiroz J, Rangel-Moreno J, Kusser KL, Hartson L, Sprague F, Lund FE, Randall TD. CD40, but Not CD154, Expression on B Cells Is Necessary for Optimal Primary B Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:5707-17. [PMID: 14634078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is an important costimulatory molecule for B cells as well as dendritic cells, monocytes, and other APCs. The ligand for CD40, CD154, is expressed on activated T cells, NK cells, mast cells, basophils, and even activated B cells. Although both CD40(-/-) and CD154(-/-) mice have impaired ability to isotype switch, form germinal centers, make memory B cells, and produce Ab, it is not entirely clear whether these defects are intrinsic to B cells, to other APCs, or to T cells. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we investigated whether CD40 or CD154 must be expressed on B cells for optimal B cell responses in vivo. We demonstrate that CD40 expression on B cells is required for the generation of germinal centers, isotype switching, and sustained Ab production, even when other APCs express CD40. In contrast, the expression of CD154 on B cells is not required for the generation of germinal centers, isotype switching, or sustained Ab production. In fact, B cell responses are completely normal when CD154 expression is limited exclusively to Ag-specific T cells. These results suggest that the interaction of CD154 expressed by activated CD4 T cells with CD40 expressed by B cells is the primary pathway necessary to achieve B cell activation and differentiation and that CD154 expression on B cells does not noticeably facilitate B cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung O Lee
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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Buhlmann JE, Elkin SK, Sharpe AH. A role for the B7-1/B7-2:CD28/CTLA-4 pathway during negative selection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5421-8. [PMID: 12759417 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although costimulation plays an important role in activating naive T cells, its role in negative selection is controversial. By following thymocyte deletion induced by endogenous superantigens in mice lacking B7-1 and/or B7-2, we have identified a role for both B7-1 and B7-2 in negative selection. Studies using CD28-deficient and CD28/CTLA-4-double-deficient mice have revealed that either CD28 or another as yet undefined coreceptor can mediate these B7-dependent signals that promote negative selection. Finally, CTLA-4 delivers signals that inhibit selection, suggesting that CTLA-4 and CD28 have opposing functions in thymic development. Combined, the data demonstrate that B7-1/B7-2-dependent signals help shape the T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Buhlmann
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Research Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chang GJ, Liu T, Feng S, Bedolli M, O'rourke RW, Schmidt G, Roberts JP, Stock PG. Targeted gene therapy with CD40Ig to induce long-term acceptance of liver allografts. Surgery 2002; 132:149-56. [PMID: 12219005 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2002.125169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to modulate the immune response of rat liver transplant recipients by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CD40Ig, a secretable fusion protein designed to block the CD40-CD154 T-cell costimulation pathway. METHODS CD40Ig complementary DNA was created by joining the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction complementary DNA products for the extracellular domain of murine CD40 to the Fc portion of murine IgG2a. AdCD40Ig and AdSIg (IgG2a-Fc control) recombinant adenoviruses were used to transduce donor liver grafts before nonarterialized orthotopic rat liver transplantation. Donor specific unresponsiveness was examined with skin transplants. RESULTS All rats (n = 6) that received liver allografts transduced with AdCD40Ig survived >100 days with normal liver histology. Serum levels of CD40Ig at 10, 30, 60, and 100 days after transplantation ranged from 100 to 500, 100 to 250, 5 to 40, and 2 to 10 microg/mL, respectively. Mean survival of rats (n = 4) that received liver allografts transduced with AdSIg control adenovirus was 9.25 +/- 2.9 days. Long-term survivors were rechallenged with skin grafts 100 days after liver transplantations. Survival was 72, >100 (x4) days for donor specific allogeneic skin grafts and 14, 14, 18, 19, and 21 days for third-party allogeneic skin grafts. CONCLUSIONS Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CD40Ig into cold-preserved liver allografts before transplantation results in high levels of transgene expression with resultant long-term survival of hepatic allografts and donor specific unresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Chang
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 94143, USA
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Takahashi K, Kenji A, Norihiro T, Eisaku K, Takashi O, Kazuhiko H, Tadashi Y, Tadaatsu A. Morphological interactions of interdigitating dendritic cells with B and T cells in human mesenteric lymph nodes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:131-8. [PMID: 11438461 PMCID: PMC1850413 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interdigitating dendritic cells (IDC) of the human mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) were examined by two-color immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry to clarify their exact localization, immunophenotype, and relationships with T and B cells. IDC were identified as HLA-DR(bright) large dendriform cells of the T cell areas co-expressing CD40, CD54 (ICAM-1), CD80 (B7/B7-1), CD83, and CD86 (B70/B7-2). The majority of IDC directly attached to a few IgD+ naive B cells as well as to numerous CD4+ T cells. When LN cells were singly suspended and briefly incubated in vitro, IDC formed clusters with IgD+ IgM+ naive B cells, but not with IgA+ or IgG+ B cells. When suspended LN cells were cultured, clustered B cells disappeared within 7 days, and on prolonged culture, some IDC developed into extensively dendriform cells forming stable complexes with several or sometimes numerous CD4+ IL-2R+ CD40L+ activated T cells. These findings indicate that resting naive B cells actually interact with IDC directly in T cell areas of human secondary lymphoid tissues. IDC have a non-antigen (Ag)-specific, strong affinity for resting naive B cells, but this affinity is transient and IDC cannot form stable complexes with B cells, although they can form stable complexes with activated T cells. It is suggested that the stable IDC/Ag-activated T cell complexes make it possible to capture and to stimulate rare Ag-specific resting naive B cells with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takahashi
- Faculty of Health Science, the Department of Dermatology, and the Department of Pathology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Krasnykh
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Division of Human Gene Therapy and Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Ahonen CL, Gibson SJ, Smith RM, Pederson LK, Lindh JM, Tomai MA, Vasilakos JP. Dendritic cell maturation and subsequent enhanced T-cell stimulation induced with the novel synthetic immune response modifier R-848. Cell Immunol 1999; 197:62-72. [PMID: 10555997 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Agents that enhance dendritic cell maturation can enhance T-cell activation and therefore may improve the efficiency of vaccines or improve cellular immunotherapy. Previously, we demonstrated that a novel low-molecular-weight synthetic immune response modifier, R-848, induces IL-12 and IFN-alpha secretion from monocytes and macrophages. Here we report that R-848 induces the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Characteristic of dendritic cell maturation, R-848 treatment induces cell surface expression of CD83 and increases cell surface expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR. Additionally, R-848 induces cytokine (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha) and chemokine (IL-8, MIP-1alpha, MCP-1) secretion from dendritic cells. Most significantly, R-848 enhances dendritic cell antigen presenting function, as measured by increased T-cell proliferation and T-cell cytokine secretion in both allogeneic and autologous T-cell systems. Consequently, low-molecular-weight synthetic molecules such as R-848 and its derivatives may be useful as vaccine adjuvants or as ex vivo stimulators of dendritic cells for cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Ahonen
- Department of Pharmacology, 3M Pharmaceuticals, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55144-1000, USA
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22
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Calcium Ionophore-Treated Myeloid Cells Acquire Many Dendritic Cell Characteristics Independent of Prior Differentiation State, Transformation Status, or Sensitivity to Biologic Agents. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.4.1359.416k25_1359_1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that treatment of human peripheral blood monocytes or dendritic cells (DC) with calcium ionophore (CI) led to the rapid (18 hour) acquisition of many characteristics of mature DC, including CD83 expression. We therefore investigated whether less-mature myeloid cells were similarly susceptible to rapid CI activation. Although the promyelocytic leukemia line HL-60 was refractory to cytokine differentiation, CI treatment induced near-uniform overnight expression of CD83, CD80 (B7.1), and CD86 (B7.2), as well as additional characteristics of mature DC. Several cytokines that alone had restricted impact on HL-60 could enhance CI-induced differentiation and resultant T-cell sensitizing capacity. In parallel studies, CD34pos cells cultured from normal donor bone marrow developed marked DC-like morphology after overnight treatment with either rhCD40L or CI, but only CI simultaneously induced upregulation of CD83, CD80, and CD86. This contrasted to peripheral blood monocytes, in which such upregulation could be induced with either CI or rhCD40L treatment. We conclude that normal and transformed myeloid cells at many stages of ontogeny possess the capacity to rapidly acquire many properties of mature DC in response to CI treatment. This apparent ability to respond to calcium mobilization, even when putative signal-transducing agents are inoperative, suggests strategies for implementing host antileukemic immune responses.
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23
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Calcium Ionophore-Treated Myeloid Cells Acquire Many Dendritic Cell Characteristics Independent of Prior Differentiation State, Transformation Status, or Sensitivity to Biologic Agents. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.4.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We previously reported that treatment of human peripheral blood monocytes or dendritic cells (DC) with calcium ionophore (CI) led to the rapid (18 hour) acquisition of many characteristics of mature DC, including CD83 expression. We therefore investigated whether less-mature myeloid cells were similarly susceptible to rapid CI activation. Although the promyelocytic leukemia line HL-60 was refractory to cytokine differentiation, CI treatment induced near-uniform overnight expression of CD83, CD80 (B7.1), and CD86 (B7.2), as well as additional characteristics of mature DC. Several cytokines that alone had restricted impact on HL-60 could enhance CI-induced differentiation and resultant T-cell sensitizing capacity. In parallel studies, CD34pos cells cultured from normal donor bone marrow developed marked DC-like morphology after overnight treatment with either rhCD40L or CI, but only CI simultaneously induced upregulation of CD83, CD80, and CD86. This contrasted to peripheral blood monocytes, in which such upregulation could be induced with either CI or rhCD40L treatment. We conclude that normal and transformed myeloid cells at many stages of ontogeny possess the capacity to rapidly acquire many properties of mature DC in response to CI treatment. This apparent ability to respond to calcium mobilization, even when putative signal-transducing agents are inoperative, suggests strategies for implementing host antileukemic immune responses.
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Chaperot L, Plumas J, Jacob MC, Bost F, Molens JP, Sotto JJ, Bensa JC. Functional expression of CD80 and CD86 allows immunogenicity of malignant B cells from non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Exp Hematol 1999; 27:479-88. [PMID: 10089910 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(98)00059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the accessory function of malignant B cells from non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). Among the 70 samples of malignant B cells included, four patterns of expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 were distinguished (+/+, +/-, -/+ and -/-). In two-thirds of the cases, CD80, CD86, or both were expressed. To investigate the relevance of these molecules for tumor immunogenicity, mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were performed with allogeneic responding T cells and malignant B cells from nine NHL patients. Regardless of the level of expression of CD80 and CD86, significant proliferation was induced in the responder cells. The addition of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD80 and CD86 at the beginning of MLR almost completely inhibited this proliferation. We show that, during MLR, a high level of expression of CD80 and CD86 was induced in NHL B cells. Thus, cooperation between responding and stimulator cells seems to occur during MLR, allowing induction of optimal accessory function of B cells. We investigated whether malignant B cells cultured with CD40-L-transfected L cells in the presence of IL-4 could augment their antigen-presenting cell (APC) functions. The culture of NHL B cells in this sytem induced strong upregulation of the expression of CD80 and CD86 as well as other molecules involved in accessory cell functions (HLA class I, CD54, and CD58). In half of the cases, this activation resulted in enhanced proliferation of allo-T cells as compared to the proliferation induced by nonactivated malignant B cells. Our results show that NHL B cells are able to express functional CD80 and CD86 and to be fully competent APC. This suggests that the absence of an efficient T cell-mediated antitumor response in vivo is not related to a deficiency in the APC functions of malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chaperot
- Immunology Laboratory, ETS de l'Isère et de la Savoie, La Tronche, France
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Dubois B, Massacrier C, Vanbervliet B, Fayette J, Brière F, Banchereau J, Caux C. Critical Role of IL-12 in Dendritic Cell-Induced Differentiation of Naive B Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent APCs initiating immune responses. In a previous report, we demonstrated that DC directly enhance both proliferation and differentiation of CD40-activated naive and memory B cells. The present study deciphers the molecular mechanisms involved in DC-dependent regulation of B cell responses. Herein, we have identified IL-12 as the mandatory molecule secreted by CD40-activated DC that promote the differentiation of naive B cells into plasma cells secreting high levels of IgM. In fact, IL-12 synergizes with soluble IL-6R α-chain (sgp80), produced by DC, to drive naive B cell differentiation. IL-12 is critical for the differentiation of naive B cells into IgM plasma cells, whereas IL-6R signaling mainly promotes Ig secretion by already differentiated B cells. The differentiation of naive B cells in cocultures of B cells, T cells, and DC is IL-12 dependent, definitely demonstrating that the role of DC in humoral responses is not confined to the activation of T cells and further extending the physiologic relevance of DC/B cell interaction. Finally, this study also identifies differential requirements for DC-dependent naive and memory B cell differentiation, the latter being IL-12 independent. Altogether these results indicate that, in addition to prime T cells toward Th1 development, DC, through the production of IL-12, may also directly signal naive B cell during the initiation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Dubois
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | | | | | - Jérome Fayette
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | - Francine Brière
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
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Abstract
An increasing amount of literature has been published concerning the interaction of the CD40 antigen and its ligand with regard to normal B cell ontogeny. In this review, an overview of the CD40 antigen and the CD40 ligand is given, focussing on their possible role in B cell malignancies. Data on the expression of the CD40 antigen on various B cell malignancies (acute and chronic leukemias, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma) are presented. The recently developed novel culture "CD40 system" is described. This system is a powerful tool used to culture normal B cells, but also most malignant B cells. We demonstrate in addition a more prominent role of the human Fc receptor presenting murine fibroblasts in the "CD40 system", especially in relation to cultured plasma cells. Finally, some important applications of the "CD40 system" are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Planken
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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