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Lamothe H, Baleyte JM, Smith P, Pelissolo A, Mallet L. Individualized Immunological Data for Precise Classification of OCD Patients. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E149. [PMID: 30096863 PMCID: PMC6119917 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive⁻compulsive disorder (OCD) affects about 2% of the general population, for which several etiological factors were identified. Important among these is immunological dysfunction. This review aims to show how immunology can inform specific etiological factors, and how distinguishing between these etiologies is important from a personalized treatment perspective. We found discrepancies concerning cytokines, raising the hypothesis of specific immunological etiological factors. Antibody studies support the existence of a potential autoimmune etiological factor. Infections may also provoke OCD symptoms, and therefore, could be considered as specific etiological factors with specific immunological impairments. Finally, we underline the importance of distinguishing between different etiological factors since some specific treatments already exist in the context of immunological factors for the improvement of classic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Lamothe
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Baleyte
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Pauline Smith
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Pelissolo
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- INSERM, U955, Team 15, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Luc Mallet
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France.
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Barichello T, Simões LR, Collodel A, Giridharan VV, Dal-Pizzol F, Macedo D, Quevedo J. The translocator protein (18 kDa) and its role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:183-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Costa B, Da Pozzo E, Cavallini C, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Martini C. Long Residence Time at the Neurosteroidogenic 18 kDa Translocator Protein Characterizes the Anxiolytic Ligand XBD173. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1041-6. [PMID: 27385308 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data have demonstrated a positive correlation between the residence time (RT) and neurosteroidogenic efficacy of a ligand at the translocator protein (TSPO), an attractive anxyolitic target. To explore the potential impact of RT on TSPO ligand anxiolytic activity, the RT and the steroidogenic activity of XBD173, a ligand exerting anxiolytic activity in humans, were retrospectively evaluated. To this aim, XBD173 association and dissociation rate constants were measured (1.23 × 10(7) M(-1) min(-1) and 0.0079 min(-1), respectively). XBD173 resulted to have a long RT (127 min) and to stimulate efficaciously neurosteroidogenesis, in terms of pregnenolone production. The present findings corroborate the importance of TSPO ligand RT to predict their effective neurosteroidogenic activity and promising anxiolytic action. These positive results prompted us to set up a fast and high-throughput kinetic method to improve the efficiency of RT-based TSPO drug-discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavallini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Wang Z, Xiao Z, Inslicht SS, Tong H, Jiang W, Wang X, Metzler T, Marmar CR, Jiang S. Low expression of catecholamine-O-methyl-transferase gene in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:660-4. [PMID: 19269131 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined peripheral catecholamine-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) gene expression in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and healthy controls. Participants included 35 first episode OCD patients and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Relative COMT gene expression levels were examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in peripheral blood of all the subjects. COMT gene expression levels, normalized by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), were significantly decreased in the OCD group compared with healthy controls (F=6.244, p=0.015). OCD patients showed a 32% down-regulation. We also found lower COMT gene expression levels in female in comparison to male participants (F=5.366, p=0.024) in the sample as a whole. COMT gene expression down-regulation of male OCD patients relative to male controls is 38%, and that of female OCD patients relative to female controls is 27%. These results suggest that COMT gene expression down-regulation might play an important role in the development of OCD and that there may be gender differences in this alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
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Chelli B, Pini S, Abelli M, Cardini A, Lari L, Muti M, Gesi C, Cassano GB, Lucacchini A, Martini C. Platelet 18 kDa Translocator Protein density is reduced in depressed patients with adult separation anxiety. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:249-54. [PMID: 18054208 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent studies indicate that Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder (ASAD) may represent a discrete diagnostic entity worthy of attention. Adults with separation anxiety report extreme anxiety and fear about separations from major attachment figures (partner, children or parents). These symptoms affect individual's behavior, lead to severe impairment in social relationships and are not better accounted for by the presence of agoraphobia. In a previous study we found platelet expression reduction of the 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) (the new nomenclature for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor) in patients with panic disorder who also fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for ASAD. OBJECTIVES To explore whether separation anxiety might be a factor differentiating TSPO expression in a sample of patients with major depression. METHODS The equilibrium binding parameters of the specific TSPO ligand [3H]PK 11195 were estimated on platelet membranes from 40 adult outpatients with DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD, with or without separation anxiety symptoms, and 20 healthy controls. Patients were assessed by SCID-I, HAM-D, the Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms (SCI-SAS-A) and the Adult Separation Anxiety Self-report Checklist (ASA-27). RESULTS A significant reduction of platelet TSPO density mean value was found in depressed patients with associated ASAD symptoms, while no significant differences were found between depressed patients without ASAD and the control group. Individual TSPO density values were significantly and negatively correlated with both SCI-SAS-A and ASA-27 total scores, but not with HAM-D total score or HAM-D anxiety/somatization factor score. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of platelet TSPO density in our sample of patients with depression was specifically related to the presence of ASAD. These data suggest that TSPO expression evaluation is a useful biological marker of ASAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Chelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Veenman L, Gavish M. The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and the cardiovascular system. Implications for drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:503-24. [PMID: 16337685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are abundant in the cardiovascular system. In the cardiovascular lumen, PBRs are present in platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and mononuclear cells. In the walls of the cardiovascular system, PBR can be found in the endothelium, the striated cardiac muscle, the vascular smooth muscles, and the mast cells. The subcellular location of PBR is primarily in mitochondria. The PBR complex includes the isoquinoline binding protein (IBP), voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT). Putative endogenous ligands for PBR include protoporphyrin IX, diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), triakontatetraneuropeptide (TTN), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Classical synthetic ligands for PBR are the isoquinoline 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-propyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11195) and the benzodiazepine 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Ro5 4864). Novel PBR ligands include N,N-di-n-hexyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide (FGIN-1-27) and 7-chloro-N,N,5-trimethyl-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-4H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole-1-acetamide (SSR180575), both possessing steroidogenic properties, but while FGIN-1-27 is pro-apoptotic, SSR180575 is anti-apoptotic. Putative PBR functions include regulation of steroidogenesis, apoptosis, cell proliferation, the mitochondrial membrane potential, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, voltage-dependent calcium channels, responses to stress, and microglial activation. PBRs in blood vessel walls appear to take part in responses to trauma such as ischemia. The irreversible PBR antagonist, SSR180575, was found to reduce damage correlated with ischemia. Stress, anxiety disorders, and neurological disorders, as well as their treatment, can affect PBR levels in blood cells. PBRs in blood cells appear to play roles in several aspects of the immune response, such as phagocytosis and the secretion of interleukin-2, interleukin-3, and immunoglobulin A (IgA). Thus, alterations in PBR density in blood cells may have immunological consequences in the affected person. In conclusion, PBR in the cardiovascular system may represent a new target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Veenman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Pharmacology, Ephron Street, P.O. Box 9649, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Pini S, Martini C, Abelli M, Muti M, Gesi C, Montali M, Chelli B, Lucacchini A, Cassano GB. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor binding sites in platelets of patients with panic disorder associated to separation anxiety symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 181:407-11. [PMID: 15830231 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although it is still a matter of debate whether panic disorder (PD) and separation anxiety (SA) are associated or causally linked disorders, some investigators have suggested that SA may be a specific subtype of panic-agoraphobic spectrum. Several psychiatric disorders, including PD, are associated with lower levels of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the kinetic binding parameters of the specific PBR ligand, PK 11195, in platelets from patients with PD in relation to the presence and severity of adulthood SA. METHODS Using the specific radioligand, [(3)H] PK 11195, the kinetic binding parameters of PBR were determined on platelet membranes of 27 adult outpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PD and 18 healthy controls. Patients were assessed with the SCID-I, the Panic Disorder Severity Scale, the Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms and the Adult Separation Anxiety Checklist. RESULTS PD patients had significantly lower PBR density than controls. However, the lower density was only evident in the subgroup of PD patients who also fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for adult separation anxiety disorder. PBR density was negatively correlated with each of the two SA scales total scores. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SA symptoms had significantly lower densities of PBRs. PBR expression might become a useful biological marker of these two associated conditions.
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a brain disorder with recognizable periods of onset, course, familial occurrence, epidemiology, phenomenology, and treatment response. Several manifestations of pathophysiology are beginning to be defined, although they may represent intermediate pathophysiology rather than primary etiology. Positron emission tomography studies have consistently identified hypermetabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and, sometimes, anterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychologic testing frequently identifies abnormalities in visuospatial function. Abnormal levels of cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are identifiable in untreated patients with OCD and return toward normal levels after effective treatment. The most consistent pathophysiologic finding in OCD points toward an abnormality in serotonin neurotransmission. Therapeutic response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the absence of improvement with norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and dopamine antagonists argue strongly for a role of serotonin in the pathophysiology and treatment of OCD. Despite this clear indication from treatment trials, probes and manipulations of the serotonin system and its specific receptors have not provided a useful understanding of specific abnormalities. Clomipramine or potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the pharmacotherapy of choice for OCD, with a more limited role reserved for monoamine oxidase inhibitors. If one selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is ineffective, others may be beneficial, in addition to the different proserotonergic and nonserotonergic augmentation strategies that could be useful in treatment of resistant OCD patients. Nondrug therapies are also important in OCD: behavioral therapy is frequently helpful and neurosurgery is sometimes helpful when other treatments fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Micallef
- Centre de Pharmacologie et d'Evaluations Therapeutiques and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Université de la Méditerranée, Développement et Pathologie du Mouvement, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
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