1
|
Depicolzuane LC, Roberts CM, Thomas NJ, Anderson-Fears K, Liu D, Barbosa JPP, Souza FR, Pimentel AS, Floros J, Gandhi CK. Hydrophilic But Not Hydrophobic Surfactant Protein Genetic Variants Are Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922956. [PMID: 35903101 PMCID: PMC9317530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection-related hospitalization in the first year of life. Surfactant dysfunction is central to pathophysiologic mechanisms of various pulmonary diseases including RSV. We hypothesized that RSV severity is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of surfactant proteins (SPs). We prospectively enrolled 405 RSV-positive children and divided them into moderate and severe RSV disease. DNA was extracted and genotyped for sixteen specific SP gene SNPs. SP-A1 and A2 haplotypes were assigned. The association of RSV severity with SP gene SNPs was investigated by multivariate logistic regression. A likelihood ratio test was used to test the goodness of fit between two models (one with clinical and demographic data alone and another that included genetic variants). p ≤ 0.05 denotes statistical significance. A molecular dynamics simulation was done to determine the impact of the SFTPA2 rs1965708 on the SP-A behavior under various conditions. Infants with severe disease were more likely to be younger, of lower weight, and exposed to household pets and smoking, as well as having co-infection on admission. A decreased risk of severe RSV was associated with the rs17886395_C of the SFTPA2 and rs2243639_A of the SFTPD, whereas an increased risk was associated with the rs1059047_C of the SFTPA1. RSV severity was not associated with SNPs of SFTPB and SFTPC. An increased risk of severe RSV was associated with the 1A0 genotype of SFTPA2 in its homozygous or heterozygous form with 1A3. A molecular dynamic simulation study of SP-A variants that differ in amino acid 223, an important amino acid change (Q223K) between 1A0 and 1A3, showed no major impact on the behavior of these two variants except for higher thermodynamic stability of the K223 variant. The likelihood ratio test showed that the model with multi-allelic variants along with clinical and demographic data was a better fit to predict RSV severity. In summary, RSV severity was associated with hydrophilic (but not with hydrophobic) SPs gene variants. Collectively, our findings show that SP gene variants may play a key role in RSV infection and have a potential role in prognostication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynnlee C. Depicolzuane
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Catherine M. Roberts
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Neal J. Thomas
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Keenan Anderson-Fears
- Department of Public Health Science, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Dajiang Liu
- Department of Public Health Science, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Felipe Rodrigues Souza
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Silva Pimentel
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joanna Floros, ; Chintan K. Gandhi,
| | - Chintan K. Gandhi
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joanna Floros, ; Chintan K. Gandhi,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abbasi A, Chen C, Gandhi CK, Wu R, Pardo A, Selman M, Floros J. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) and SNP-SNP Interactions of the Surfactant Protein Genes Are Associated With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Mexican Study Group; Comparison With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842745. [PMID: 35720392 PMCID: PMC9201215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SPs) are important for normal lung function and innate immunity of the lungs and their genes have been identified with significant genetic variability. Changes in quantity or quality of SPs due to genetic mutations or natural genetic variability may alter their functions and contribute to the host susceptibility for particular diseases. Alternatively, SP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can serve as markers to identify disease risk or response to therapies, as shown for other genes in a number of other studies. In the current study, we evaluated associations of SFTP SNPs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by studying novel computational models where the epistatic effects (dominant, additive, recessive) of SNP-SNP interactions could be evaluated, and then compared the results with a previously published hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) study where the same novel models were used. Mexican Hispanic patients (IPF=84 & HP=75) and 194 healthy control individuals were evaluated. The goal was to identify SP SNPs and SNP-SNP interactions that associate with IPF as well as SNPs and interactions that may be unique to each of these interstitial diseases or common between them. We observed: 1) in terms of IPF, i) three single SFTPA1 SNPs to associate with decreased IPF risk, ii) three SFTPA1 haplotypes to associate with increased IPF risk, and iii) a number of three-SNP interactions to associate with IPF susceptibility. 2) Comparison of IPF and HP, i) three SFTPA1 and one SFTPB SNP associated with decreased risk in IPF but increased risk in HP, and one SFTPA1 SNP associated with decreased risk in both IPF and HP, ii) a number of three-SNP interactions with the same or different effect pattern associated with IPF and/or HP susceptibility, iii) one of the three-SNP interactions that involved SNPs of SFTPA1, SFTPA2, and SFTPD, with the same effect pattern, was associated with a disease-specific outcome, a decreased and increased risk in HP and IPF, respectively. This is the first study that compares the SP gene variants in these two phenotypically similar diseases. Our findings indicate that SNPs of all SFTPs may play an important role in the genetic susceptibility to IPF and HP. Importantly, IPF and HP share some SP genetic variants, suggesting common pathophysiological mechanisms and pathways regarding surfactant biogenesis, but also some differences, highlighting the diverse underlying pathogenic mechanisms between an inflammatory-driven fibrosis (HP) and an epithelial-driven fibrosis (IPF). Alternatively, the significant SNPs identified here, along with SNPs of other genes, could serve as markers to distinguish these two devastating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ata Abbasi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Department of Public Health Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Chintan K Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rongling Wu
- Department of Public Health Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moises Selman
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phelps DS, Chinchilli VM, Yang L, Shearer D, Weisz J, Zhang X, Floros J. The alveolar macrophage toponome of female SP-A knockout mice differs from that of males before and after SP-A1 rescue. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5039. [PMID: 35322074 PMCID: PMC8943067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the Toponome Imaging System (TIS), a serial immunostainer, we studied the patterns of expression of multiple markers in alveolar macrophages (AM) from female mice lacking surfactant protein A (SP-A knockouts; KO) after "rescue" with exogenous SP-A1. We also used a 7-marker subset to compare with AM from males. AM were harvested 18 h after intrapharyngeal SP-A1 or vehicle, attached to slides, and subjected to serial immunostaining for 12 markers. Expression of the markers in each pixel of the image was analyzed both in the whole image and in individual selected cells. The marker combination in each pixel is referred to as a combinatorial molecular phenotype (CMP). A subset of antibodies was used to compare AM from male mice to the females. We found: (a) extensive AM heterogeneity in females by CMP analysis and by clustering analysis of CMPs in single cells; (b) AM from female KO mice respond to exogenous SP-A1 by increasing CMP phenotypic diversity and perhaps enhancing their potential innate immune capabilities; and (c) comparison of male and female AM responses to SP-A1 revealed that males respond more vigorously than females and clustering analysis was more effective in distinguishing males from females rather than treated from control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Phelps
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Penn State Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Lili Yang
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Penn State Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Debra Shearer
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Judith Weisz
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Penn State Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Penn State Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA ,grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Floros J, Tsotakos N. Differential Regulation of Human Surfactant Protein A Genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and Their Corresponding Variants. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766719. [PMID: 34917085 PMCID: PMC8669794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes encode the surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1) and SP-A2, respectively, and they have been identified with significant genetic and epigenetic variability including sequence, deletion/insertions, and splice variants. The surfactant proteins, SP-A1 and SP-A2, and their corresponding variants play important roles in several processes of innate immunity as well in surfactant-related functions as reviewed elsewhere [1]. The levels of SP-A have been shown to differ among individuals both under baseline conditions and in response to various agents or disease states. Moreover, a number of agents have been shown to differentially regulate SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 transcripts. The focus in this review is on the differential regulation of SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 with primary focus on the role of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) and flanking sequences on this differential regulation as well molecules that may mediate the differential regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nikolaos Tsotakos
- School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Floros J, Thorenoor N, Tsotakos N, Phelps DS. Human Surfactant Protein SP-A1 and SP-A2 Variants Differentially Affect the Alveolar Microenvironment, Surfactant Structure, Regulation and Function of the Alveolar Macrophage, and Animal and Human Survival Under Various Conditions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681639. [PMID: 34484180 PMCID: PMC8415824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human innate host defense molecules, SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants, differentially affect survival after infection in mice and in lung transplant patients. SP-A interacts with the sentinel innate immune cell in the alveolus, the alveolar macrophage (AM), and modulates its function and regulation. SP-A also plays a role in pulmonary surfactant-related aspects, including surfactant structure and reorganization. For most (if not all) pulmonary diseases there is a dysregulation of host defense and inflammatory processes and/or surfactant dysfunction or deficiency. Because SP-A plays a role in both of these general processes where one or both may become aberrant in pulmonary disease, SP-A stands to be an important molecule in health and disease. In humans (unlike in rodents) SP-A is encoded by two genes (SFTPA1 and SFTPA2) and each has been identified with extensive genetic and epigenetic complexity. In this review, we focus on functional, structural, and regulatory differences between the two SP-A gene-specific products, SP-A1 and SP-A2, and among their corresponding variants. We discuss the differential impact of these variants on the surfactant structure, the alveolar microenvironment, the regulation of epithelial type II miRNome, the regulation and function of the AM, the overall survival of the organism after infection, and others. Although there have been a number of reviews on SP-A, this is the first review that provides such a comprehensive account of the differences between human SP-A1 and SP-A2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nikolaos Tsotakos
- School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, PA, United States
| | - David S Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang S, Li Z, Wang X, Zhang S, Gao P, Shi Z. The Role of Pulmonary Surfactants in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:698905. [PMID: 34267664 PMCID: PMC8276044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.698905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar type-II (AT-II) cells produce pulmonary surfactant (PS), consisting of proteins and lipids. The lipids in PS are primarily responsible for reducing the air-fluid surface tension inside the alveoli of the lungs and to prevent atelectasis. The proteins are of two types: hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surfactants are primarily responsible for opsonisation, thereby protecting the lungs from microbial and environmental contaminants. Hydrophobic surfactants are primarily responsible for respiratory function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the lungs through ACE-2 receptors on lungs and replicates in AT-II cells leading to the etiology of Coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV-2 virus damages the AT-II cells and results in decreased production of PS. The clinical symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients are like those of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). The PS treatment is first-line treatment option for NRDS and found to be well tolerated in ARDS patients with inconclusive efficacy. Over the past 70°years, a lot of research is underway to produce natural/synthetic PS and developing systems for delivering PS directly to the lungs, in addition to finding the association between PS levels and respiratory illnesses. In the present COVID-19 pandemic situation, the scientific community all over the world is searching for the effective therapeutic options to improve the clinical outcomes. With a strong scientific and evidence-based background on role of PS in lung homeostasis and infection, few clinical trials were initiated to evaluate the functions of PS in COVID-19. Here, we connect the data on PS with reference to pulmonary physiology and infection with its possible therapeutic benefit in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengguang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zuorong Shi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Can Prophylactic High Flow of Humidified and Warmed Filtered Air Improve Survival from Bacterial Pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 in Elderly Individuals? The Role of Surfactant Protein A. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050640. [PMID: 33922049 PMCID: PMC8143458 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this opinion article, we discuss a serendipitous observation we made in a study investigating survival in aged mice after bacterial infection. This observation involved a non-invasive ventilation approach that led to variable and higher survival in male and female mice with different genetic backgrounds for the innate immune molecule, surfactant protein A (SP-A). We suggest that employing the best ventilatory modality, whether that be HFNC or another method, may augment the role of other factors such as SP-A genetics and sex in a personalized approach, and may ultimately improve the outcome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Thorenoor N, Phelps DS, Floros J. Differential Sex-Dependent Regulation of the Alveolar Macrophage miRNome of SP-A2 and co-ex (SP-A1/SP-A2) and Sex Differences Attenuation after 18 h of Ozone Exposure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121190. [PMID: 33260937 PMCID: PMC7768498 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human SP-A1 and SP-A2, encoded by SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and their genetic variants differentially impact alveolar macrophage (AM) functions and regulation, including the miRNome. We investigated whether miRNome differences previously observed between AM from SP-A2 and SP-A1/SP-A2 mice are due to continued qualitative differences or a delayed response of mice carrying a single gene. Methods: Human transgenic (hTG) mice, carrying SP-A2 or both SP-A genes, and SP-A-KO mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or ozone (O3). AM miRNA levels, target gene expression, and pathways determined 18 h after O3 exposure. RESULTS: We found (a) differences in miRNome due to sex, SP-A genotype, and exposure; (b) miRNome of both sexes was largely downregulated by O3, and co-ex had fewer changed (≥2-fold) miRNAs than either group; (c) the number and direction of the expression of genes with significant changes in males and females in co-ex are almost the opposite of those in SP-A2; (d) the same pathways were found in the studied groups; and (e) O3 exposure attenuated sex differences with a higher number of genotype-dependent and genotype-independent miRNAs common in both sexes after O3 exposure. Conclusion: Qualitative differences between SP-A2 and co-ex persist 18 h post-O3, and O3 attenuates sex differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (N.T.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David S. Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (N.T.); (D.S.P.)
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (N.T.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu HN, Lin Z, Gandhi CK, Amatya S, Wang Y, Li LZ, Floros J. Sex and SP-A2 Dependent NAD(H) Redox Alterations in Mouse Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Ozone Exposure: Potential Implications for COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100915. [PMID: 32992843 PMCID: PMC7601279 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) redox plays a key role in macrophage function. Surfactant protein (SP-) A modulates the functions of alveolar macrophages (AM) and ozone (O3) exposure in the presence or absence of SP-A and reduces mouse survival in a sex-dependent manner. It is unclear whether and how NAD(H) redox status plays a role in the innate immune response in a sex-dependent manner. We investigated the NAD(H) redox status of AM from SP-A2 and SP-A knockout (KO) mice in response to O3 or filtered air (control) exposure using optical redox imaging technique. We found: (i) In SP-A2 mice, the redox alteration of AM in response to O3 showed sex-dependence with AM from males being significantly more oxidized and having a higher level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species than females; (ii) AM from KO mice were more oxidized after O3 exposure and showed no sex differences; (iii) AM from female KO mice were more oxidized than female SP-A2 mice; and (iv) Two distinct subpopulations characterized by size and redox status were observed in a mouse AM sample. In conclusions, the NAD(H) redox balance in AM responds to O3 in a sex-dependent manner and the innate immune molecule, SP-A2, contributes to this observed sex-specific redox response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He N. Xu
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.N.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhenwu Lin
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.N.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chintan K. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.K.G.); (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shaili Amatya
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.K.G.); (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.K.G.); (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lin Z. Li
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.N.X.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Joanna Floros
- Departments of Pediatric and Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.L.); (J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tekos F, Skaperda Z, Goutzourelas N, Phelps DS, Floros J, Kouretas D. The Importance of Redox Status in the Frame of Lifestyle Approaches and the Genetics of the Lung Innate Immune Molecules, SP-A1 and SP-A2, on Differential Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090784. [PMID: 32854247 PMCID: PMC7554878 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 is of great concern to the scientific community. This mainly affects the elderly and people with underlying diseases. People with obesity are more likely to experience unpleasant disease symptoms and increased mortality. The severe oxidative environment that occurs in obesity due to chronic inflammation permits viral activation of further inflammation leading to severe lung disease. Lifestyle affects the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. It has been shown that a careful diet rich in antioxidants, regular exercise, and fasting regimens, each and/or together, can reduce the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress and strengthen the immune system as they lead to weight loss and activate cellular antioxidant mechanisms and reduce oxidative damage. Thus, a lifestyle change based on the three pillars: antioxidants, exercise, and fasting could act as a proactive preventative measure against the adverse effects of COVID-19 by maintaining redox balance and well-functioning immunity. Moreover, because of the observed diversity in the expression of COVID-19 inflammation, the role of genetics of innate immune molecules, surfactant protein A (SP-A)1 and SP-A2, and their differential impact on the local lung microenvironment and host defense is reviewed as genetics may play a major role in the diverse expression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Tekos
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Zoi Skaperda
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nikolaos Goutzourelas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
| | - David S. Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) and Departments of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) and Departments of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (J.F.)
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2410-565-277; Fax: +30-2410-565-290
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thorenoor N, S. Phelps D, Kala P, Ravi R, Floros Phelps A, M. Umstead T, Zhang X, Floros J. Impact of Surfactant Protein-A Variants on Survival in Aged Mice in Response to Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection and Ozone: Serendipity in Action. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091276. [PMID: 32825654 PMCID: PMC7570056 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune molecules, SP-A1 (6A2, 6A4) and SP-A2 (1A0, 1A3), differentially affect young mouse survival after infection. Here, we investigated the impact of SP-A variants on the survival of aged mice. hTG mice carried a different SP-A1 or SP-A2 variant and SP-A-KO were either infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae or exposed to filtered air (FA) or ozone (O3) prior to infection, and their survival monitored over 14 days. In response to infection alone, no gene- or sex-specific (except for 6A2) differences were observed; variant-specific survival was observed (1A0 > 6A4). In response to O3, gene-, sex-, and variant-specific survival was observed with SP-A2 variants showing better survival in males than females, and 1A0 females > 1A3 females. A serendipitous, and perhaps clinically important observation was made; mice exposed to FA prior to infection exhibited significantly better survival than infected alone mice. 1A0 provided an overall better survival in males and/or females indicating a differential role for SP-A genetics. Improved ventilation, as provided by FA, resulted in a survival of significant magnitude in aged mice and perhaps to a lesser extent in young mice. This may have clinical application especially within the context of the current pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (T.M.U.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (J.F.)
| | - David S. Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (T.M.U.); (X.Z.)
| | - Padma Kala
- Independent Consultant, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA;
| | - Radhika Ravi
- Division of Anesthesia, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA;
| | | | - Todd M. Umstead
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (T.M.U.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (T.M.U.); (X.Z.)
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (T.M.U.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
King SD, Chen SY. Recent progress on surfactant protein A: cellular function in lung and kidney disease development. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C316-C320. [PMID: 32639871 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00195.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a heterogeneous active surface complex made up of lipids and proteins. The major glycoprotein in surfactant is surfactant protein A (SP-A), which is released into the alveolar lumen from cytoplasmic lamellar bodies in type II alveolar epithelial cells. SP-A is involved in phospholipid absorption. SP-A together with other surfactant proteins and phospholipids prevent alveolar collapse during respiration by decreasing the surface tension of the air-liquid interface. Additionally, SP-A interacts with pathogens to prevent their propagation and regulate host immune responses. Studies in human and animal models have shown that deficiencies or mutations in surfactant components result in various lung or kidney pathologies, suggesting a role for SP-A in the development of lung and kidney diseases. In this mini-review, we discuss the current understanding of SP-A functions, recent findings of its dysfunction in specific lung and kidney pathologies, and how SP-A has been used as a biomarker to detect the outcome of lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skylar D King
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thorenoor N, Kawasawa YI, Gandhi CK, Floros J. Sex-Specific Regulation of Gene Expression Networks by Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) Variants in Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1290. [PMID: 32670284 PMCID: PMC7326812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) in addition to its surfactant-related functions interacts with alveolar macrophages (AM), the guardian cells of innate immunity in the lungs, and regulates many of its functions under basal condition and in response to various pressures, such as infection and oxidative stress. The human SP-A locus consists of two functional genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and one pseudogene. The functional genes encode human SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins, respectively, and each has been identified with several genetic variants. SP-A variants differ in their ability to regulate lung function mechanics and survival in response to bacterial infection. Here, we investigated the effect of hSP-A variants on the AM gene expression profile in response to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. We used four humanized transgenic (hTG) mice that each carried SP-A1 (6A2, 6A4) or SP-A2 (1A0, 1A3), and KO. AM gene expression profiling was performed after 6 h post-infection. We found: (a) significant sex differences in the expression of AM genes; (b) in response to infection, 858 (KO), 196 (6A2), 494 (6A4), 276 (1A0), and 397 (1A3) genes were identified (P < 0.05) and some of these were differentially expressed with ≥2 fold, specific to either males or females; (c) significant SP-A1 and SP-A2 variant-specific differences in AM gene expression; (d) via Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), key pathways and molecules were identified that had direct interaction with TP53, TNF, and cell cycle signaling nodes; (e) of the three pathways (TNF, TP-53, and cell cycle signaling nodes) studied here, all variants except SP-A2 (1A3) female, showed significance for at least 2 of these pathways, and KO male showed significance for all three pathways; (f) validation of key molecules exhibited variant-specific significant differences in the expression between sexes and a similarity in gene expression profile was observed between KO and SP-A1. These results reveal for the first time a large number of biologically relevant functional pathways influenced in a sex-specific manner by SP-A variants in response to infection. These data may assist in studying molecular mechanisms of SP-A-mediated AM gene regulation and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets for K. pneumoniae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Pharmacology & Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Chintan K Gandhi
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
D'Ovidio F, Floros J, Aramini B, Lederer D, DiAngelo SL, Arcasoy S, Sonett JR, Robbins H, Shah L, Costa J, Urso A. Donor surfactant protein A2 polymorphism and lung transplant survival. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.00618-2019. [PMID: 31831583 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00618-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene polymorphisms of surfactant proteins, key players in lung innate immunity, have been associated with various lung diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between variations within the surfactant protein (SP)-A gene of the donor lung allograft and recipient post-transplant outcome. METHODS Lung-transplant patients (n=192) were prospectively followed-up with pulmonary function tests, bronchoscopies with bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsies. Donor lungs were assayed for SP-A1 (6An) and SP-A2 (1An) gene polymorphism using the pyrosequencing method. Unadjusted and adjusted stratified Cox survival models are reported. RESULTS SP-A1 and SP-A2 genotype frequency and lung transplant recipient and donor characteristics as well as cause of death are noted. Recipients were grouped per donor SP-A2 variants. Individuals that received lungs from donors with the SP-A2 1A0 (n=102) versus 1A1 variant (n=68) or SP-A2 genotype 1A01A0 (n=54) versus 1A0A1 (n=38) had greater survival at 1 year (log-rank p<0.025). No significant association was noted for SP-A1 variants. Stratified adjusted survival models for 1-year survival and diagnosis showed a reduced survival for 1A1 variant and the 1A01A1 genotype. Furthermore, when survival was conditional on 1-year survival no significance was observed, indicating that the survival difference was due to the first year's outcome associated with the 1A1 variant. CONCLUSION Donor lung SP-A gene polymorphisms are associated with post-transplant clinical outcome. Lungs from donors with the SP-A2 variant 1A1 had a reduced survival at 1 year. The observed donor genetic differences, via innate immunity relate to the post-transplant clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank D'Ovidio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Beatrice Aramini
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Lederer
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan L DiAngelo
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Selim Arcasoy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua R Sonett
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hillary Robbins
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lory Shah
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Costa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreacarola Urso
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nalian A, Umstead TM, Yang CH, Silveyra P, Thomas NJ, Floros J, McCormack FX, Chroneos ZC. Structural and Functional Determinants of Rodent and Human Surfactant Protein A: A Synthesis of Binding and Computational Data. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2613. [PMID: 31781112 PMCID: PMC6856657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) provides surfactant stability, first line host defense, and lung homeostasis by binding surfactant phospholipids, pathogens, alveolar macrophages (AMs), and epithelial cells. Non-primates express one SP-A protein whereas humans express two: SP-A1 and SP-A2 with core intra- and inter-species differences in the collagen-like domain. Here, we used macrophages and solid phase binding assays to discern structural correlates of rat (r) and human (h) SP-A function. Binding assays using recombinant rSP-A expressed in insect cells showed that lack of proline hydroxylation, truncations of amino-terminal oligomerization domains, and site-directed serine (S) or alanine (A) mutagenesis of cysteine 6 (C6S), glutamate 195 (E195A), and glutamate 171 (E171A) in the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) all impaired SP-A binding. Replacement of arginine 197 with alanine found in hSP-A (R197A), however, restored the binding of hydroxyproline-deficient rSP-A to the SP-A receptor SP-R210 similar to native rat and human SP-A. In silico calculation of Ca++ coordination bond length and solvent accessibility surface area revealed that the “humanized” R197A substitution alters topology and solvent accessibility of the Ca++ coordination residues of the CRD domain. Binding assays in mouse AMs that were exposed to either endogenous SP-A or hSP-A1 (6A2) and hSP-A2 (1A0) isoforms in vivo revealed that mouse SP-A is a functional hybrid of hSP-A1 and hSP-A2 in regulating SP-A receptor occupancy and binding affinity. Binding assays using neonatal and adult human AMs indicates that the interaction of SP-A1 and SP-A2 with AMs is developmentally regulated. Furthermore, our data indicate that the auxiliary ion coordination loop encompassing the conserved E171 residue may comprise a conserved site of interaction with macrophages, and SP-R210 specifically, that merits further investigation to discern conserved and divergent SP-A functions between species. In summary, our findings support the notion that complex structural adaptation of SP-A regulate conserved and species specific AM functions in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armen Nalian
- Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, United States.,The Center of Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ching-Hui Yang
- The Center of Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States.,Center of Host Defense and Inflammatory Disease Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Francis X McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- The Center of Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and PennState Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thorenoor N, Kawasawa YI, Gandhi CK, Zhang X, Floros J. Differential Impact of Co-expressed SP-A1/SP-A2 Protein on AM miRNome; Sex Differences. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1960. [PMID: 31475015 PMCID: PMC6707024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans there are two surfactant protein A (SP-A) functional genes SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 encoding innate immune molecules, SP-A1 and SP-A2, respectively, with numerous genetic variants each. SP-A interacts and regulates many of the functions of alveolar macrophages (AM). It is shown that SP-A variants differ in their ability to regulate the AM miRNome in response to oxidative stress (OxS). Because humans have both SP-A gene products, we were interested to determine the combined effect of co-expressed SP-A1/SP-A2 (co-ex) in response to ozone (O3) induced OxS on AM miRNome. Human transgenic (hTG) mice, carrying both SP-A1/SP-A2 (6A2/1A0, co-ex) and SP-A- KO were utilized. The hTG and KO mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or O3 and miRNA levels were measured after AM isolation with or without normalization to KO. We found: (i) The AM miRNome of co-ex males and females in response to OxS to be largely downregulated after normalization to KO, but after Bonferroni multiple comparison analysis only in females the AM miRNome remained significantly different compared to control (FA); (ii) The targets of the significantly changed miRNAs were downregulated in females and upregulated in males; (iii) Several of the validated mRNA targets were involved in pro-inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis, cell cycle, cellular growth and proliferation; (iv) The AM of SP-A2 male, shown, previously to have major effect on the male AM miRNome in response to OxS, shared similarities with the co-ex, namely in pathways involved in the pro-inflammatory response and anti-apoptosis but also exhibited differences with the cell-cycle, growth, and proliferation pathway being involved in co-ex and ROS homeostasis in SP-A2 male. We speculate that the presence of both gene products vs. single gene products differentially impact the AM responses in males and females in response to OxS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Chintan K Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Casals C, García-Fojeda B, Minutti CM. Soluble defense collagens: Sweeping up immune threats. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Wang G, Umstead TM, Hu S, Mikerov AN, Phelps DS, Floros J. Differential Effects of Human SP-A1 and SP-A2 on the BAL Proteome and Signaling Pathways in Response to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Ozone Exposure. Front Immunol 2019; 10:561. [PMID: 30972061 PMCID: PMC6443908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays critical roles in host defense, regulation of inflammation and surfactant metabolism in the lung. The human SP-A locus consists of two functional genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 encoding surfactant proteins SP-A1 and SP-A2, respectively. Structural and functional differences exist between SP-A1 and SP-A2 in vitro and in vivo. Ozone is a major air pollutant with a negative impact on many biological processes. In this study we used humanized transgenic (hTG) SP-A1 and SP-A2 mice, and SP-A KO mice to study in vivo effects of SP-A1 and SP-A2 on the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) proteomic profile and associated signaling pathways in response to ozone or filtered air (FA) exposure and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. The BAL samples were harvested 24 h after ozone (2 ppm for 3 h) or FA exposure and infection and analyzed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and MALDI-ToF/ToF. We found: that (1) Ozone exposure, but not infection, is a major factor for increases in total BAL protein content. (2) A total of 36 proteins were identified, accounting for 89.62% of the BAL proteins resolved by the 2D-DIGE system. (3) The number of proteins in which levels were altered more than 25% following infection and FA exposure was: SP-A2 > SP-A1 > KO for male mice, and SP-A2 ≈ SP-A1 > KO for female mice. (4) The number of proteins with more than 25% increase/decrease after ozone exposure and infection was: SP-A2 > SP-A1 ≈ KO, with the majority being increases in male mice and decreases in female mice. (5) Eleven out of the 36 proteins, including annexin A5, glutathione S-transferase A4, SP-A1/SP-A2, and 14-3-3 zeta protein, exhibited significant differences among SP-A genotypes. The acute phase response (APR) that includes the NF-kB signaling pathway plays a critical role, followed by Nrf2-mediated oxidative response, and others. These associated with SP-A genotype, sex, and ozone-induced oxidative stress in response to infection. We concluded that human SP-A2 and SP-A1 exhibit differential genotype-and sex-dependent innate immune responses to microbial pathogens and/or ozone-induced oxidative stress by modulating proteomic patterns and signaling pathways in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Sanmei Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Anatoly N Mikerov
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - David S Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lin J. Commentary: Surfactant protein A and D polymorphisms: Personalized medicine or a day at the SP-A. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:2119-2120. [PMID: 30853229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jules Lin
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Surfactant protein A and D polymorphisms and methylprednisolone pharmacogenetics in donor lungs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:2109-2117. [PMID: 30827536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surfactant proteins A and D are important molecules involved in lung allograft innate immunity. Genetic polymorphisms of surfactant proteins A and D are associated with various lung diseases. In this study, surfactant protein A and D expression responses were investigated during pharmacogenetics upon methylprednisolone treatment as observed during lung transplantation. METHODS A human cell line (NCI-H441) and precision-cut lung slices from 16 human donors were incubated with methylprednisolone, and surfactant protein A1, surfactant protein A2, and surfactant protein D messenger RNA and surfactant protein A protein expression were assayed. Surfactant protein A1, A2, and D polymorphisms and surfactant protein A gene and protein expressions were determined. RESULTS In NCI-H441 cells, methylprednisolone treatment at 10-5 M and 10-6 M reduced surfactant protein A1 and surfactant protein A2 messenger RNA and surfactant protein A protein expression (P < .05). A pharmacogenetic relationship was observed in human donor precision-cut lung slices between the surfactant protein A2 (1Ax) variants: Surfactant protein A1, A2, and D messenger RNA expression were greater for 1A0 versus 1A1 (P < .05); surfactant protein A1/surfactant protein A2 genotype 6A26A2/1A01A0 (n = 5) showed greater surfactant protein A1, A2, and D messenger RNA expression and surfactant protein A protein expression compared with the other surfactant protein A1/surfactant protein A2 genotypes (n = 11) (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The surfactant protein A genotype and methylprednisolone stimuli influence donor lung surfactant protein A and D expression. Lungs carrying the surfactant protein A2 variant 1A0 have a greater expression of surfactant protein A when treated with methylprednisolone. Surfactant protein A polymorphisms could be used to personalize immunosuppressive regimens.
Collapse
|
21
|
Thorenoor N, Umstead TM, Zhang X, Phelps DS, Floros J. Survival of Surfactant Protein-A1 and SP-A2 Transgenic Mice After Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection, Exhibits Sex-, Gene-, and Variant Specific Differences; Treatment With Surfactant Protein Improves Survival. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2404. [PMID: 30459763 PMCID: PMC6232836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is involved in lung innate host defense and surfactant-related functions. The human SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes encode SP-A1 and SP-2 proteins, and each gene has been identified with numerous genetic variants. SP-A1 and SP-A2 differentially enhance bacterial phagocytosis. Sex differences have been observed in pulmonary disease and in survival of wild type and SP-A knockout (KO) mice. The impact of human SP-A variants on survival after infection is unknown. In this study, we determined whether SP-A variants differentially affect survival of male and female mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Transgenic (TG) mice, where each carries a different human (h) SP-A1 (6A2, 6A4), SP-A2 (1A0, 1A3) variant or both variants SP-A1/SP-A2 (6A2/1A0, co-ex), and SP-A- KO, were utilized. The hTG and KO mice were infected intratracheally with K. pneumoniae bacteria, and groups of KO mice were treated with SP-A1 or SP-A2 either prior to and/or at the time of infection and survival for both experimental groups was monitored over 14 days. The binding of purified SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins to phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells and expression of cell surface proteins in alveolar macrophages (AM) from SP-A1 and SP-A2 mice was examined. We observed gene-, variant-, and sex-specific (except for co-ex) differences with females showing better survival: (a) Gene-specific differences: co-ex = SP-A2 > SP-A1 > KO (both sexes); (b) Variant-specific survival co-ex (6A2/1A0) = 1A0 > 1A3 = 6A2 > 6A4 (both sexes); (c) KO mice treated with SPs (SP-A1 or SP-A2) proteins exhibit significantly (p < 0.05) better survival; (d) SP-A1 and SP-A2 differentially bind to phagocytic, but not to non-phagocytic cells, and AM from SP-A1 and SP-A2 hTG mice exhibit differential expression of cell surface proteins. Our results indicate that sex and SP-A genetics differentially affect survival after infection and that exogenous SP-A1/SP-A2 treatment significantly improves survival. We postulate that the differential SP-A1/SP-A2 binding to the phagocytic cells and the differential expression of cell surface proteins that bind SP-A by AM from SP-A1 and SP-A2 mice play a role in this process. These findings provide insight into the importance of sex and innate immunity genetics in survival following infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - David S Phelps
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin Z, Thorenoor N, Wu R, DiAngelo SL, Ye M, Thomas NJ, Liao X, Lin TR, Warren S, Floros J. Genetic Association of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein Genes, SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, and SFTPD With Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2256. [PMID: 30333828 PMCID: PMC6175982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP) are involved in surfactant function and innate immunity in the human lung. Both lung function and innate immunity are altered in CF, and altered SP levels and genetic association are observed in Cystic Fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the SP genes associate with CF or severity subgroups, either through single SNP or via SNP-SNP interactions between two SNPs of a given gene (intragenic) and/or between two genes (intergenic). We genotyped a total of 17 SP SNPs from 72 case-trio pedigree (SFTPA1 (5), SFTPA2 (4), SFTPB (4), SFTPC (2), and SFTPD (2)), and identified SP SNP associations by applying quantitative genetic principles. The results showed (a) Two SNPs, SFTPB rs7316 (p = 0.0083) and SFTPC rs1124 (p = 0.0154), each associated with CF. (b) Three intragenic SNP-SNP interactions, SFTPB (rs2077079, rs3024798), and SFTPA1 (rs1136451, rs1059057 and rs4253527), associated with CF. (c) A total of 34 intergenic SNP-SNP interactions among the 4 SP genes to be associated with CF. (d) No SNP-SNP interaction was observed between SFTPA1 or SFTPA2 and SFTPD. (e) Equal number of SNP-SNP interactions were observed between SFTPB and SFTPA1/SFTPA2 (n = 7) and SP-B and SFTPD (n = 7). (f) SFTPC exhibited significant SNP-SNP interactions with SFTPA1/SFTPA2 (n = 11), SFTPB (n = 4) and SFTPD (n = 3). (g) A single SFTPB SNP was associated with mild CF after Bonferroni correction, and several intergenic interactions that are associated (p < 0.01) with either mild or moderate/severe CF were observed. These collectively indicate that complex SNP-SNP interactions of the SP genes may contribute to the pulmonary disease in CF patients. We speculate that SPs may serve as modifiers for the varied progression of pulmonary disease in CF and/or its severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rongling Wu
- Public Health Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Susan L DiAngelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Meixia Ye
- Public Health Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.,Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xiaojie Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Tony R Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Stuart Warren
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against pathogens and comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Fluid-phase pattern recognition molecules (PRMs), which include collectins, ficolins, and pentraxins, are key components of the humoral arm of innate immunity and are expressed by a variety of cells, including myeloid, epithelial, and endothelial cells, mainly in response to infectious and inflammatory conditions. Soluble PRMs share basic multifunctional properties including activation and regulation of the complement cascade, opsonization of pathogens and apoptotic cells, regulation of leukocyte extravasation, and fine-tuning of inflammation. Therefore, soluble PRMs are part of the immune response and retain antibody-like effector functions. Here, we will review the expression and general function of soluble PRMs, focusing our attention on the long pentraxin PTX3.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gupta A, Zheng SL. Genetic disorders of surfactant protein dysfunction: when to consider and how to investigate. Arch Dis Child 2017; 102:84-90. [PMID: 27417306 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-303143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutations affecting proteins required for normal surfactant protein function are a rare cause of respiratory disease. The genes identified that cause respiratory disease are surfactant protein B, surfactant protein C, ATP binding cassette number A3 and thyroid transcription factor-1. Surfactant protein dysfunction syndromes are highly variable in their onset and presentation, and are dependent on the genes involved and environmental factors. This heterogeneous group of conditions can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Presentation may be in a full-term neonate with acute and progressive respiratory distress with a high mortality or later in childhood or adulthood with signs and symptoms of interstitial lung disease. Genetic testing for these disorders is now available, providing a non-invasive diagnostic test. Other useful investigations include radiological imaging and lung biopsy. This review will provide an overview of the genetic and clinical features of surfactant protein dysfunction syndromes, and discuss when to suspect this diagnosis, how to investigate it and current treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Gupta
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sean Lee Zheng
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang W, Cuperus T, van Dijk A, Skjødt K, Hansen S, Haagsman HP, Veldhuizen EJA. Developmental regulation of chicken surfactant protein A and its localization in lung. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:80-87. [PMID: 26976230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) is a collagenous C-type lectin (collectin) that plays an important role in the early stage of the host immune response. In chicken, SP-A (cSP-A) is expressed as a 26 kDa glycosylated protein in the lung. Using immunohistochemistry, cSP-A protein was detected mainly in the lung lining fluid covering the parabronchial epithelia. Specific cSP-A producing epithelial cells, resembling mammalian type II cells, were identified in the parabronchi. Gene expression of cSP-A markedly increased from embryonic day 14 onwards until the time of hatch, comparable to the SP-A homologue chicken lung lectin, while mannan binding lectin and collectins CL-L1 and CL-K1 only showed slightly changed expression during development. cSP-A protein could be detected as early as ED 18 in lung tissue using Western blotting, and expression increased steadily until day 28 post-hatch. Our observations are a first step towards understanding the role of this protein in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tryntsje Cuperus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Skjødt
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Hansen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tsotakos N, Silveyra P, Lin Z, Thomas N, Vaid M, Floros J. Regulation of translation by upstream translation initiation codons of surfactant protein A1 splice variants. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L58-75. [PMID: 25326576 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00058.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a molecule with roles in lung innate immunity and surfactant-related functions, is encoded by two genes in humans: SFTPA1 (SP-A1) and SFTPA2 (SP-A2). The mRNAs from these genes differ in their 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR) due to differential splicing. The 5'-UTR variant ACD' is exclusively found in transcripts of SP-A1, but not in those of SP-A2. Its unique exon C contains two upstream AUG codons (uAUGs) that may affect SP-A1 translation efficiency. The first uAUG (u1) is in frame with the primary start codon (p), but the second one (u2) is not. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of uAUGs on SP-A1 expression. We employed RT-qPCR to determine the presence of exon C-containing SP-A1 transcripts in human RNA samples. We also used in vitro techniques including mutagenesis, reporter assays, and toeprinting analysis, as well as in silico analyses to determine the role of uAUGs. Exon C-containing mRNA is present in most human lung tissue samples and its expression can, under certain conditions, be regulated by factors such as dexamethasone or endotoxin. Mutating uAUGs resulted in increased luciferase activity. The mature protein size was not affected by the uAUGs, as shown by a combination of toeprint and in silico analysis for Kozak sequence, secondary structure, and signal peptide and in vitro translation in the presence of microsomes. In conclusion, alternative splicing may introduce uAUGs in SP-A1 transcripts, which in turn negatively affect SP-A1 translation, possibly affecting SP-A1/SP-A2 ratio, with potential for clinical implication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsotakos
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhenwu Lin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neal Thomas
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Mudit Vaid
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Foster MW, Thompson JW, Ledford JG, Dubois LG, Hollingsworth JW, Francisco D, Tanyaratsrisakul S, Voelker DR, Kraft M, Moseley MA, Foster WM. Identification and Quantitation of Coding Variants and Isoforms of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3722-32. [PMID: 25025725 PMCID: PMC4123939 DOI: 10.1021/pr500307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A), a heterooligomer of SP-A1 and SP-A2, is an important regulator of innate immunity of the lung. Nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants of SP-A have been linked to respiratory diseases, but the expressed repertoire of SP-A protein in human airway has not been investigated. Here, we used parallel trypsin and Glu-C digestion, followed by LC-MS/MS, to obtain sequence coverage of common SP-A variants and isoform-determining peptides. We further developed a SDS-PAGE-based, multiple reaction monitoring (GeLC-MRM) assay for enrichment and targeted quantitation of total SP-A, the SP-A2 isoform, and the Gln223 and Lys223 variants of SP-A, from as little as one milliliter of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This assay identified individuals with the three genotypes at the 223 position of SP-A2: homozygous major (Gln223/Gln223), homozygous minor (Lys223/Lys223), or heterozygous (Gln223/Lys223). More generally, our studies demonstrate the challenges inherent in distinguishing highly homologous, copurifying protein isoforms by MS and show the applicability of MRM mass spectrometry for identification and quantitation of nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants and other proteoforms in airway lining fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis R Voelker
- ‡Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Phelps DS, Umstead TM, Floros J. Sex differences in the acute in vivo effects of different human SP-A variants on the mouse alveolar macrophage proteome. J Proteomics 2014; 108:427-44. [PMID: 24954098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is involved in lung innate immunity. Humans have two SP-A genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, each with several variants. We examined the in vivo effects of treatment with specific SP-A variants on the alveolar macrophage (AM) proteome from SP-A knockout (KO) mice. KO mice received either SP-A1, SP-A2, or both. AM were collected and their proteomes examined with 2D-DIGE. We identified 90 proteins and categorized them as related to actin/cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, protease balance/chaperones, regulation of inflammation, and regulatory/developmental processes. SP-A1 and SP-A2 had different effects on the AM proteome and these effects differed between sexes. In males more changes occurred in the oxidative stress, protease/chaperones, and inflammation groups with SP-A2 treatment than with SP-A1. In females most SP-A1-induced changes were in the actin/cytoskeletal and oxidative stress groups. We conclude that after acute SP-A1 and SP-A2 treatment, sex-specific differences were observed in the AM proteomes from KO mice, and that these sex differences differ in response to SP-A1 and SP-A2. Females are more responsive to SP-A1, whereas the gene-specific differences in males were minimal. These observations not only demonstrate the therapeutic potential of exogenous SP-A, but also illustrate sex- and gene-specific differences in the response to it. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that changes occur in the alveolar macrophage proteome in response to a single in vivo treatment with exogenous SP-A1 and/or SP-A2. We demonstrate that SP-A1 and SP-A2 have different effects on the AM proteome and that sex differences exist in the response to each SP-A1 and SP-A2 gene product. This study illustrates the potential of exogenous SP-A1 and SP-A2 treatment for the manipulation of macrophage function and indicates that the specific SP-A variant used for treatment may vary with sex and with the cellular functions being modified. The observed changes may contribute to sex differences in the incidence of some lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Phelps
- The Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- The Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- The Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aramini B, Kim C, DiAngelo S, Petersen E, Lederer D, Shah L, Robbins H, Floros J, Arcasoy SM, Sonett JR, D’Ovidio F. Donor surfactant protein D (SP-D) polymorphisms are associated with lung transplant outcome. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2130-6. [PMID: 23841811 PMCID: PMC3819598 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the major factor limiting long-term success of lung transplantation. Polymorphisms of surfactant protein D (SP-D), an important molecule within lung innate immunity, have been associated with various lung diseases. We investigated the association between donor lung SP-D polymorphisms and posttransplant CLAD and survival in 191 lung transplant recipients consecutively transplanted. Recipients were prospectively followed with routine pulmonary function tests. Donor DNA was assayed by pyrosequencing for SP-D polymorphisms of two single-nucleotide variations altering amino acids in the mature protein N-terminal domain codon 11 (Met(11) Thr), and in codon 160 (Ala(160) Thr) of the C-terminal domain. CLAD was diagnosed in 88/191 patients, and 60/191 patients have died. Recipients of allografts that expressed the homozygous Met(11) Met variant of aa11 had significantly greater freedom from CLAD development and better survival compared to those with the homozygous Thr(11) Th variant of aa11. No significant association was noted for SP-D variants of aa160. Lung allografts with the SP-D polymorphic variant Thr(11) Th of aa11 are associated with development of CLAD and reduced survival. The observed genetic differences of the donor lung, potentially with their effects on innate immunity, may influence the clinical outcomes after lung transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Aramini
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - C. Kim
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - S. DiAngelo
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - E. Petersen
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - D.J. Lederer
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - L. Shah
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - H. Robbins
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - J. Floros
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - S. M. Arcasoy
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - J. R. Sonett
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - F. D’Ovidio
- Lung Transplant Program, Columbia University, New York, NY,Corresponding author: Frank D’Ovidio,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Phelps DS, Umstead TM, Silveyra P, Hu S, Wang G, Floros J. Differences in the alveolar macrophage proteome in transgenic mice expressing human SP-A1 and SP-A2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:2-26. [PMID: 24729982 DOI: 10.14302/issn.2326-0793.jpgr-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays a number of roles in lung host defense and innate immunity. There are two human genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and evidence indicates that the function of SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins differ in several respects. To investigate the impact of SP-A1 and SP-A2 on the alveolar macrophage (AM) phenotype, we generated humanized transgenic (hTG) mice on the SP-A knockout (KO) background, each expressing human SP-A1 or SP-A2. Using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) we studied the AM cellular proteome. We compared mouse lines expressing high levels of SPA1, high levels of SP-A2, low levels of SP-A1, and low levels of SP-A2, with wild type (WT) and SP-A KO mice. AM from mice expressing high levels of SP-A2 were the most similar to WT mice, particularly for proteins related to actin and the cytoskeleton, as well as proteins regulated by Nrf2. The expression patterns from mouse lines expressing higher levels of the transgenes were almost the inverse of one another - the most highly expressed proteins in SP-A2 exhibited the lowest levels in the SP-A1 mice and vice versa. The mouse lines where each expressed low levels of SP-A1 or SP-A2 transgene had very similar protein expression patterns suggesting that responses to low levels of SP-A are independent of SP-A genotype, whereas the responses to higher amounts of SP-A are genotype-dependent. Together these observations indicate that in vivo exposure to SP-A1 or SP-A2 differentially affects the proteomic expression of AMs, with SP-A2 being more similar to WT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Phelps
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sanmei Hu
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Guirong Wang
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. ; Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Silveyra P, Floros J. Genetic complexity of the human surfactant-associated proteins SP-A1 and SP-A2. Gene 2012; 531:126-32. [PMID: 23069847 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays a key role in innate lung host defense, in surfactant-related functions, and in parturition. In the course of evolution, the genetic complexity of SP-A has increased, particularly in the regulatory regions (i.e. promoter, untranslated regions). Although most species have a single SP-A gene, two genes encode SP-A in humans and primates (SFTPA1 and SFTPA2). This may account for the multiple functions attributed to human SP-A, as well as the regulatory complexity of its expression by a relatively diverse set of protein and non-protein cellular factors. The interplay between enhancer cis-acting DNA sequences and trans-acting proteins that recognize these DNA elements is essential for gene regulation, primarily at the transcription initiation level. Furthermore, regulation at the mRNA level is essential to ensure proper physiological levels of SP-A under different conditions. To date, numerous studies have shown significant complexity of the regulation of SP-A expression at different levels, including transcription, splicing, mRNA decay, and translation. A number of trans-acting factors have also been described to play a role in the control of SP-A expression. The aim of this report is to describe the genetic complexity of the SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes, as well as to review regulatory mechanisms that control SP-A expression in humans and other animal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silveyra
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Silveyra P, Floros J. Genetic variant associations of human SP-A and SP-D with acute and chronic lung injury. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2012; 17:407-29. [PMID: 22201752 DOI: 10.2741/3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant, a lipoprotein complex, maintains alveolar integrity and plays an important role in lung host defense, and control of inflammation. Altered inflammatory processes and surfactant dysfunction are well described events that occur in patients with acute or chronic lung disease that can develop secondary to a variety of insults. Genetic variants of surfactant proteins, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, and other genetic variations have been associated with acute and chronic lung disease throughout life in several populations and study groups. The hydrophilic surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D, also known as collectins, in addition to their surfactant-related functions, are important innate immunity molecules as these, among others, exhibit the ability to bind and enhance clearance of a wide range of pathogens and allergens. This review focuses on published association studies of human surfactant proteins A and D genetic polymorphisms with respiratory, and non-respiratory diseases in adults, children, and newborns. The potential role of genetic variations in pulmonary disease or pathogenesis is discussed following an evaluation, and comparison of the available literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silveyra
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin Z, John G, Hegarty JP, Berg A, Yu W, Wang Y, Kelly AA, Peterson BZ, Poritz LS, Floros J, Koltun WA. Genetic variants and monoallelic expression of surfactant protein-D in inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Hum Genet 2011; 75:559-68. [PMID: 21790524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is expressed on mucosal surfaces and functions in the innate immune response to microorganisms. We studied the genetic association of the two nonsynonymous SP-D single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs721917 and rs2243639 in 256 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cases (123 CD and 133 UC) and 376 unrelated healthy individuals from an IBD population from Central Pennsylvania. Case-control analysis revealed a significant association of rs2243639 with susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD) (p= 0.0036), but not ulcerative colitis (UC) (p= 0.883), and no association of rs721917 with CD (p= 0.328) or UC (p= 0.218). Using intestinal tissues from 19 individuals heterozygous for each SNP, we compared allelic expression of these two SNPs between diseased and matched normal tissues. rs2243639 exhibited balanced biallelic (BB) expression; while rs721917 exhibited differential allelic expression (BB 37%, imbalanced biallelic [IB] 45%, and dominant monoallelic [DM] 18%). Comparison of allelic expression pattern between diseased and matched normal tissues, 13 of 19 individuals (14 UC, 5 CD) showed a similar pattern. The six patients exhibiting a different pattern were all UC patients. The results suggest that differential allelic expression may affect penetrance of the SNP rs721917 disease-susceptibility allele in IBD. The potential impact of SP-D monoallelic expression on incomplete penetrance is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Lin
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Snegovskikh VV, Bhandari V, Wright JR, Tadesse S, Morgan T, Macneill C, Foyouzi N, Park JS, Wang Y, Norwitz ER. Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) selectively inhibits prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) production in term decidua: implications for the onset of labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E624-32. [PMID: 21270323 PMCID: PMC3070253 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Labor is characterized by "decidual activation" with production of inflammatory mediators. Recent data suggest that surfactant protein-A (SP-A) may be critical to the onset of labor in mice. Whether this is also true in humans is unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate: 1) the expression of SP-A at the maternal-fetal interface; 2) the effect of SP-A on the production of inflammatory mediators by human decidua; and 3) the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in maternal SP-A genes and spontaneous preterm birth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In situ expression of SP-A was investigated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. Term decidual stromal cells were isolated, purified, and treated with/without SP-A (1-100 μg/ml), IL-1β, and/or thrombin. Levels of inflammatory mediators [IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, matrix metalloproteinase-3, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-1β, PGE(2), prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α))] and angiogenic factors (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, vascular endothelial growth factor) were measured in conditioned supernatant by ELISA and corrected for protein content. The effect of SP-A on eicosanoid gene expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS SP-A localized to endometrium/decidua. High-dose SP-A (100 μg/ml) inhibited PGF(2α) by term decidual stromal cells without affecting the production of other inflammatory mediators, and this effect occurred at a posttranscriptional level. Decidual SP-A expression decreased significantly with labor. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SP-A genes do not appear to be associated with preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS SP-A is produced by human endometrium/decidua, where it significantly and selectively inhibits PGF(2α) production. Its expression decreases with labor. These novel observations suggest that decidual SP-A likely plays a critical role in regulating prostaglandin production within the uterus, culminating at term in decidual activation and the onset of labor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V Snegovskikh
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
García-Laorden MI, Rodríguez de Castro F, Solé-Violán J, Rajas O, Blanquer J, Borderías L, Aspa J, Briones ML, Saavedra P, Marcos-Ramos JA, González-Quevedo N, Sologuren I, Herrera-Ramos E, Ferrer JM, Rello J, Rodríguez-Gallego C. Influence of genetic variability at the surfactant proteins A and D in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective, observational, genetic study. Crit Care 2011; 15:R57. [PMID: 21310059 PMCID: PMC3221990 DOI: 10.1186/cc10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variability of the pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D may affect clearance of microorganisms and the extent of the inflammatory response. The genes of these collectins (SFTPA1, SFTPA2 and SFTPD) are located in a cluster at 10q21-24. The objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of linkage disequilibrium (LD) among these genes, and the association of variability at these genes with susceptibility and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We also studied the effect of genetic variability on SP-D serum levels. METHODS Seven non-synonymous polymorphisms of SFTPA1, SFTPA2 and SFTPD were analyzed. For susceptibility, 682 CAP patients and 769 controls were studied in a case-control study. Severity and outcome were evaluated in a prospective study. Haplotypes were inferred and LD was characterized. SP-D serum levels were measured in healthy controls. RESULTS The SFTPD aa11-C allele was significantly associated with lower SP-D serum levels, in a dose-dependent manner. We observed the existence of LD among the studied genes. Haplotypes SFTPA1 6A(2) (P = 0.0009, odds ration (OR) = 0.78), SFTPA(2) 1A(0) (P = 0.002, OR = 0.79), SFTPA1-SFTPA2 6A2-1A(0) (P = 0.0005, OR = 0.77), and SFTPD-SFTPA1-SFTPA(2)C-6A2-1A(0) (P = 0.00001, OR = 0.62) were underrepresented in patients, whereas haplotypes SFTPA2 1A(10) (P = 0.00007, OR = 6.58) and SFTPA1-SFTPA2 6A(3)-1A (P = 0.0007, OR = 3.92) were overrepresented. Similar results were observed in CAP due to pneumococcus, though no significant differences were now observed after Bonferroni corrections. 1A(10) and 6A-1A were associated with higher 28-day and 90-day mortality, and with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) respectively. SFTPD aa11-C allele was associated with development of MODS and ARDS. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that missense single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of SFTPA1, SFTPA2 and SFTPD are associated with susceptibility to CAP, and that several haplotypes also influence severity and outcome of CAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel García-Laorden
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
| | - Felipe Rodríguez de Castro
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Avenida Marítima del Sur s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
| | - Olga Rajas
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Diego de León 62, Madrid, 28005, Spain
| | - José Blanquer
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico y Universitario de Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 17, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Luis Borderías
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital San Jorge, Avenida Martínez de Velasco 36, Huesca, 22004, Spain
| | - Javier Aspa
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Diego de León 62, Madrid, 28005, Spain
| | - M Luisa Briones
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital Clínico y Universitario de Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 17, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Pedro Saavedra
- Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - J Alberto Marcos-Ramos
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Dr. José Molina Orosa, Carretera Arrecife-Tinajo km 1.300, Lanzarote, 35550, Spain
| | - Nereida González-Quevedo
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
| | - Ithaisa Sologuren
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
| | - Estefanía Herrera-Ramos
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
| | - José M Ferrer
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
| | - Jordi Rello
- Hospital Vall D'Hebron - Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. CIBERES. Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010, Spain
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Avenida Marítima del Sur s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Maitra M, Wang Y, Gerard RD, Mendelson CR, Garcia CK. Surfactant protein A2 mutations associated with pulmonary fibrosis lead to protein instability and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22103-13. [PMID: 20466729 PMCID: PMC2903395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.121467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2, SFTPA2) are associated with adult-onset pulmonary fibrosis and adenocarcinoma of the lung. We have previously shown that two recombinant SP-A2 mutant proteins (G231V and F198S) remain within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of A549 cells and are not secreted into the culture medium. The pathogenic mechanism of the mutant proteins is unknown. Here we analyze all common and rare variants of the surfactant protein A2, SP-A2, in both A549 cells and in primary type II alveolar epithelial cells. We show that, in contrast with all other SP-A2 variants, the mutant proteins are not secreted into the medium with wild-type SP-A isoforms, form fewer intracellular dimer and trimer oligomers, are partially insoluble in 0.5% Nonidet P-40 lysates of transfected A549 cells, and demonstrate greater protein instability in chymotrypsin proteolytic digestions. Both the G231V and F198S mutant SP-A2 proteins are destroyed via the ER-association degradation pathway. Expression of the mutant proteins increases the transcription of a BiP-reporter construct, expression of BiP protein, and production of an ER stress-induced XBP-1 spliced product. Human bronchoalveolar wash samples from individuals who are heterozygous for the G231V mutation have similar levels of total SP-A as normal family members, which suggests that the mechanism of disease does not involve an overt lack of secreted SP-A but instead involves an increase in ER stress of resident type II alveolar epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Maitra
- From the Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and
| | - Yongyu Wang
- From the Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and
| | | | - Carole R. Mendelson
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin Z, Demello D, Phelps DS, Koltun WA, Page M, Floros J. Both Human SP-A1 and SP-A2 Genes are Expressed in Small and Large Intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
38
|
Phelps DS. Surfactant Regulation of Host Defense Function in the Lung: A Question of Balance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
van Rozendaal BAWM, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP. Localization and Functions of SP-A and SP-D at Mucosal Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
40
|
Thomas NJ, DiAngelo S, Hess JC, Fan R, Ball MW, Geskey JM, Willson DF, Floros J. Transmission of surfactant protein variants and haplotypes in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:70-3. [PMID: 19287351 PMCID: PMC2710771 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181a1d768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Severity of lung injury with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is variable and may be related to genetic variations. This preliminary report describes a prospective, family-based association study of children hospitalized secondary to RSV, aimed to determine whether intragenic and other haplotypes of surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D are transmitted disproportionately from parents to offspring with RSV disease. Genomic DNA was genotyped for several SP-A and SP-D single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Transmission disequilibrium test analysis was used to determine transmission of variants and haplotypes from parents to affected offspring. Three hundred seventy-five individuals were studied, including 148 children with active RSV disease and one or both parents. The SP-A2 intragenic haplotype 1A was found to be protective (p = 0.013). The SP-D SNP DA160_A may possibly be an "at-risk" marker (p = 0.0058). Additional two- and three-marker haplotypes were associated with severe RSV disease, with two being protective (DA11_T/DA160_G and DA160_G/SP-A2 1A/SP-A1 6A). We conclude that there may be associations between SP-A and SP-D and RSV disease. Further study is required to determine whether these variants can be used to target a high-risk patient population in clinical trials aimed at reducing either the symptoms of acute infection or long-term pulmonary sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Floros J, Wang G, Mikerov AN. Genetic complexity of the human innate host defense molecules, surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1) and SP-A2--impact on function. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2009; 19:125-37. [PMID: 19392648 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v19.i2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity mechanisms play a critical role in the primary response to invading pathogenic microorganisms and other insulting agents. The innate lung immune system includes lung surfactant, a lipoprotein complex that carries out a function essential for life, that is, reduction of the surface tension at the air-liquid interphase of the alveolar space. By means of this function, pulmonary surfactant prevents lung collapse, therefore ensuring normal lung function and lung health. Pulmonary surfactant contains a number of host-defense molecules that are involved in the elimination of pathogens, viruses, particles, allergens, and other insults, as well as in the control of inflammation. This review is concerned with one of the surfactant proteins, the human (h) surfactant protein A (hSP-A), which, in addition to its role in surfactant-related functions, plays an important role in the modulation of lung host defense. The hSP-A locus has been identified with extensive complexity that may have an impact on its function, structure, and regulation. In humans, two genes--SP-A1 (SFTPA1) and SP-A2 (SFTPA2)--encode SP-A, with SP-A2 gene products being more biologically active than SP-A1 in most of the in vitro assays investigated. Although the two hSP-A genes share a high level of sequence similarity, differences in the structure and function between SP-A1 and SP-A2 have been observed in recent studies. In this review, we discuss the human SP-A complexity and how this may affect SP-A function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Floros
- The Penn State University Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tanaka M, Arimura Y, Goto A, Hosokawa M, Nagaishi K, Yamashita K, Yamamoto H, Sonoda T, Nomura M, Motoya S, Imai K, Shinomura Y. Genetic variants in surfactant, pulmonary-associated protein D (SFTPD) and Japanese susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:918-25. [PMID: 19340882 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying culprit genes for a complex trait in a homogeneous population such as the Japanese remains challenging. We aimed to use previous achievements of genome-wide association studies to identify precise susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease in Japanese people and to simultaneously investigate the replication of recently identified susceptibility loci. METHODS An unrelated Japanese population of 174 Crohn's disease patients, 296 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 394 healthy controls was consecutively enrolled in this study. Genotype and haplotype analyses focusing on susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease were performed using 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including 5 HapMap tag SNPs within surfactant, pulmonary-associated protein D (SFTPD) along with the 2 Caucasian susceptibility loci. We performed fine-scale mapping of trait-associated loci with the extension of a shattered coalescent process in a Bayesian framework. Epistasis on disease phenotypes was statistically explored with the interaction dendrogram. RESULTS A minor allele G of rs911887 reached statistical significance for susceptibility to UC. The 2-allele haplotype GG comprising rs911887 and rs2243639 (Ala160Thr) within SFTPD was significantly associated with susceptibility to UC. A posterior density plot shows that trait-associated variants in the vicinity of rs911887 are likely to exist. An association between NKX2-3 and UC susceptibility was replicated and diverse evidence of epistasis in Japan was suggested. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that SFTPD is both a susceptibility gene and a disease-modifying gene for UC in Japanese. Replication of the causality and functional analyses of SFTPD is urgently warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Haczku A. Protective role of the lung collectins surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D in airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:861-79; quiz 880-1. [PMID: 19000577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The acute inflammatory airway response is characterized by a time-dependent onset followed by active resolution. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial cells of the proximal and distal air spaces release host defense mediators that can facilitate both the initiation and the resolution part of inflammatory airway changes. These molecules, also known as the hydrophilic surfactant proteins (surfactant protein [SP]-A and SP-D) belong to the class of collagenous lectins (collectins). The collectins are a small family of soluble pattern recognition receptors containing collagenous regions and C-type lectin domains. SP-A and SP-D are most abundant in the lung. Because of their structural uniqueness, specific localization, and functional versatility, lung collectins are important players of the pulmonary immune responses. Recent studies in our laboratory and others indicated significant associations of lung collectin levels with acute and chronic airway inflammation in both animal models and patients, suggesting the usefulness of these molecules as disease biomarkers. Research on wild-type and mutant recombinant molecules in vivo and in vitro showed that SP-A and SP-D bind carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids with a broad-spectrum specificity and initiate phagocytosis of inhaled pathogens as well as apoptotic cells. Investigations on gene-deficient and conditional overexpresser mice indicated that lung collectins also directly modulate innate immune cell function and T-cell-dependent inflammatory events. Thus, these molecules have a unique, dual-function capacity to induce pathogen elimination and control proinflammatory mechanisms, suggesting a potential suitability for therapeutic prevention and treatment of chronic airway inflammation. This article reviews evidence supporting that the lung collectins play an immune-protective role and are essential for maintenance of the immunologic homeostasis in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Haczku
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pavlovic J, Floros J, Phelps DS, Wigdahl B, Welsh P, Weisz J, Shearer DA, Pree ALD, Myers R, Howett MK. Differentiation of xenografted human fetal lung parenchyma. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:181-93. [PMID: 17555893 PMCID: PMC2753467 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize xenografted human fetal lung tissue with respect to developmental stage-specific cytodifferentiation. Human fetal lung tissue (pseudoglandular stage) was grafted either beneath the renal capsule or the skin of athymic mice (NCr-nu). Tissues were analyzed from 3 to 42 days post-engraftment for morphological alterations by light and electron microscopy (EM), and for surfactant protein mRNA and protein by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively. The changes observed resemble those seen in human lung development in utero in many respects, including the differentiation of epithelium to the saccular stage. Each stage occurred over approximately one week in the graft in contrast to the eight weeks of normal in utero development. At all time points examined, all four surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D) were detected in the epithelium by ICC. Lamellar bodies were first identified by EM in 14 day xenografts. By day 21, a significant increase in lamellar body expression was observed. Cellular proliferation, as marked by PCNA ICC and elastic fiber deposition resembled those of canalicular and saccular in utero development. This model in which xenografted lung tissue in different stages of development is available may facilitate the study of human fetal lung development and the impact of various pharmacological agents on this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlovic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence /Request for reprints: Joanna Floros, Ph.D., Evan Pugh Professor of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, e-mail: , or Mary K. Howett, Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive; Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David S. Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia Welsh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Judith Weisz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Alphonse Leure du Pree
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Roland Myers
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mary K. Howett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence /Request for reprints: Joanna Floros, Ph.D., Evan Pugh Professor of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, e-mail: , or Mary K. Howett, Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive; Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Genetic Abnormalities of Surfactant Metabolism. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7147445 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is the complex mixture of lipids and proteins needed to reduce alveolar surface tension at the air-liquid interface and prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. It has been recognized for almost 50 years that a deficiency in surfactant production due to pulmonary immaturity is the principal cause of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) observed in prematurely born infants.1 Secondary surfactant deficiency due to injury to the cells involved in its production and functional inactivation of surfactant is also important in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) observed in older children and adults.2,3 In the past 15 years, it has been recognized that surfactant deficiency may result from genetic mechanisms involving mutations in genes encoding critical components of the surfactant system or proteins involved in surfactant metabolism.4,5 Although rare, these single gene disorders provide important insights into normal surfactant metabolism and into the genes in which frequently occurring allelic variants may be important in more common pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sánchez-Barbero F, Rivas G, Steinhilber W, Casals C. Structural and functional differences among human surfactant proteins SP-A1, SP-A2 and co-expressed SP-A1/SP-A2: role of supratrimeric oligomerization. Biochem J 2007; 406:479-89. [PMID: 17542781 PMCID: PMC2049033 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SP-A (surfactant protein A) is a membrane-associated SP that helps to maintain the lung in a sterile and non-inflamed state. Unlike SP-As from other mammalian species, human SP-A consists of two functional gene products: SP-A1 and SP-A2. In all the functions examined, recombinant human SP-A1 invariably exhibits lower biological activity than SP-A2. The objective of the present study was to investigate why SP-A2 possesses greater biological activity than SP-A1 and what advantage accrues to having two polypeptide chains instead of one. We analysed structural and functional characteristics of recombinant baculovirus-derived SP-A1, SP-A2 and co-expressed SP-A1/SP-A2 using a wide array of experimental approaches such as analytical ultracentrifugation, DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and fluorescence. We found that the extent of supratrimeric assembly is much lower in SP-A1 than SP-A2. However, the resistance to proteolysis is greater for SP-A1 than for SP-A2. Co-expressed SP-A1/SP-A2 had greater thermal stability than SP-A1 and SP-A2 and exhibited properties of each protein. On the one hand, SP-A1/SP-A2, like SP-A2, had a higher degree of oligomerization than SP-A1, and consequently had lower K(d) for binding to bacterial Re-LPS (rough lipopolysaccharide), higher self-association in the presence of calcium and greater capability to aggregate Re-LPS and phospholipids than SP-A1. On the other hand, SP-A1/SP-A2, like SP-A1, was more resistant to trypsin degradation than SP-A2. Finally, the importance of the supratrimeric assembly for SP-A immunomodulatory function is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sánchez-Barbero
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I and CIBER (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red) Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Rivas
- †Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfram Steinhilber
- ‡Department of Biotechnology, ALTANA Pharma AG, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, 78467 Konstanz, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Cristina Casals
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I and CIBER (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red) Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang G, Taneva S, Keough KM, Floros J. Differential effects of human SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants on phospholipid monolayers containing surfactant protein B. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:2060-9. [PMID: 17678872 PMCID: PMC2964661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A), the most abundant protein in the lung alveolar surface, has multiple activities, including surfactant-related functions. SP-A is required for the formation of tubular myelin and the lung surface film. The human SP-A locus consists of two functional SP-A genes, SP-A1 and SP-A2, with a number of alleles characterized for each gene. We have found that the human in vitro expressed variants, SP-A1 (6A(2)) and SP-A2 (1A(0)), and the coexpressed SP-A1/SP-A2 (6A(2)/1A(0)) protein have a differential influence on the organization of phospholipid monolayers containing surfactant protein B (SP-B). Lipid films containing SP-B and SP-A2 (1A(0)) showed surface features similar to those observed in lipid films with SP-B and native human SP-A. Fluorescence images revealed the presence of characteristic fluorescent probe-excluding clusters coexisting with the traditional lipid liquid-expanded and liquid-condensed phase. Images of the films containing SP-B and SP-A1 (6A(2)) showed different distribution of the proteins. The morphology of lipid films containing SP-B and the coexpressed SP-A1/SP-A2 (6A(2)/1A(0)) combined features of the individual films containing the SP-A1 or SP-A2 variant. The results indicate that human SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants exhibit differential effects on characteristics of phospholipid monolayers containing SP-B. This may differentially impact surface film activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Svetla Taneva
- Department of Biochemistry Mermorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Kevin M.W. Keough
- Department of Biochemistry Mermorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mermorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thomas NJ, Fan R, Diangelo S, Hess JC, Floros J. Haplotypes of the surfactant protein genes A and D as susceptibility factors for the development of respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96:985-9. [PMID: 17524024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Polymorphisms of genes are transmitted together in haplotypes, which can be used in the study of the development of complex diseases such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The surfactant proteins (SPs) play important roles in lung function, and genetic variants of these proteins have been linked with lung diseases, including RDS. To determine whether haplotypes of SP-A and SP-D are transmitted disproportionately from parents to offspring with RDS, we hypothesized that previously unstudied genetic haplotypes of these SP genes are associated with the development of RDS. METHODS DNA was collected from 132 families of neonates with RDS. Genotyping was performed, and haplotype transmission from parent to offspring was determined by transmission disequilibrium test. RESULTS The two-marker SP-D/SP-A haplotype DA160_A/SP-A2 1A(1) is protective against the development of RDS (p = 0.035). Four three- and four-marker haplotypes containing one or both loci from the significant two-marker haplotype are also protective against the development of RDS. CONCLUSIONS These data identify protective haplotypes against RDS and support findings related to SP genetic differences in children who develop RDS. Study of haplotypes in complex diseases with both genetic and environmental risk factors may lead to better understanding of these types of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Children's Hospita, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang G, Myers C, Mikerov A, Floros J. Effect of cysteine 85 on biochemical properties and biological function of human surfactant protein A variants. Biochemistry 2007; 46:8425-35. [PMID: 17580966 PMCID: PMC2531219 DOI: 10.1021/bi7004569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Four "core" amino acid differences within the collagen-like domain distinguish the human surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1) variants from the SP-A2 variants. One of these, cysteine 85 that could form intermolecular disulfide bonds, is present in SP-A1 (Cys85) and absent in SP-A2 (Arg85). We hypothesized that residue 85 affects both the structure and function of SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants. To test this, wild-type (WT) variants, 6A2 of SP-A1 and 1A0 of SP-A2, and their mutants (6A2(C85R) and 1A0(R85C)) were generated and studied. We found the following: (1) Residue 85 affected the binding ability to mannose and the oligomerization pattern of SP-As. The 1A0(R85C) and 6A2(C85R) patterns were similar and/or resembled those of WT 6A2 and 1A0, respectively. (2) Both SP-A WT and mutants differentially induced rough LPS and Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregation in the following order: 1A0 > 6A2 > 6A2(C85R) > 1A0(R85C) for Re-LPS aggregation and 1A0 > 6A2 = 6A2(C85R) = 1A0(R85C) for bacterial aggregation. (3) SP-A WT and mutants enhanced phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by rat alveolar macrophages. Their phagocytic index order was 6A2(C85R) > 1A0 > 6A2 = 1A0(R85C). The activity of mutant 1A0(C85R) was significantly lower than WT 1A0 but similar to 6A2. Compared to WT 6A2, the 6A2(C85R) mutant exhibited a significantly higher activity. These results indicate that the SP-A variant/mutant with Arg85 exhibits a higher ability to enhance bacterial phagocytosis than that with Cys85. Residue 85 plays an important role in the structure and function of SP-A and is a major factor for the differences between SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Catherine Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Anatoly Mikerov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- * Corresponding author: Joanna Floros, Ph. D. Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, H166, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Telephone: (717) 531-6972, FAX: (717) 531-7667, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lyra PPR, Diniz EMDA. The importance of surfactant on the development of neonatal pulmonary diseases. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2007; 62:181-90. [PMID: 17505704 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322007000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a substance composed of a lipoprotein complex that is essential to pulmonary function. Pulmonary surfactant proteins play an important role in the structure, function, and metabolism of surfactant; 4 specific surfactant proteins have been identified: surfactant proteins-A, surfactant proteins-B, surfactant proteins-C, and surfactant proteins-D. Clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical evidence suggests that the etiology of respiratory distress syndrome is multifactorial with a significant genetic component. There are reports about polymorphisms and mutations on the surfactant protein genes, especially surfactant proteins-B, that may be associated with respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and congenital alveolar proteinosis. Individual differences regarding respiratory distress syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome as well as patient response to therapy might reflect phenotypic diversity due to genetic variation, in part. The study of the differences between the allelic variants of the surfactant protein genes can contribute to the understanding of individual susceptibility to the development of several pulmonary diseases. The identification of the polymorphisms and mutations that are indeed important for the pathogenesis of the diseases related to surfactant protein dysfunction, leading to the possibility of genotyping individuals at increased risk, constitutes a new research field. In the future, findings in these endeavors may enable more effective genetic counseling as well as the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that would provide a real impact on the management of newborns with respiratory distress syndrome and other pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
|