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Kaushal JB, Takkar S, Batra SK, Siddiqui JA. Diverse landscape of genetically engineered mouse models: Genomic and molecular insights into prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216954. [PMID: 38735382 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health concern for men worldwide and is particularly prevalent in the United States. It is a complex disease presenting different molecular subtypes and varying degrees of aggressiveness. Transgenic/genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) greatly enhanced our understanding of the intricate molecular processes that underlie PCa progression and have offered valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for this disease. The integration of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, along with expression profiling, has played a pivotal role in advancing GEMMs by facilitating the identification of genetic alterations driving PCa development. This review focuses on genetically modified mice classified into the first and second generations of PCa models. We summarize whether models created by manipulating the function of specific genes replicate the consequences of genomic alterations observed in human PCa, including early and later disease stages. We discuss cases where GEMMs did not fully exhibit the expected human PCa phenotypes and possible causes of the failure. Here, we summarize the comprehensive understanding, recent advances, strengths and limitations of the GEMMs in advancing our insights into PCa, offering genetic and molecular perspectives for developing novel GEMM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Simran Takkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
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Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhu L, Cui Y, Li TJ, Zhou CX. Colloid Pattern of Salivary Mucinous Adenocarcinomas With Recurrent BRAF V600E Mutations. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:266-274. [PMID: 38050369 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between various patterns of mucin-producing salivary adenocarcinomas, including invasive salivary adenocarcinomas with mucinous differentiation, such as colloid and papillary carcinomas, remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to describe the clinicopathologic characteristics, immunophenotypes, molecular underpinnings, and clinical behavior of salivary mucinous adenocarcinomas (MA) to clarify their classification. We described a broad series of colloid and papillary patterns of MAs, indicating that papillary pattern presented papillary cystic proliferation of mucinous columnar cells as salivary intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms with recurrent AKT1 E17K mutations, whereas colloid adenocarcinomas containing large mucinous pools or lakes around the malignant epithelial nests or islands harbored BRAF V600E mutations with worse prognosis. Typical morphologic structures, CK7(+), CK20(-), CDX2(-), p63(-), p40(-), MAML2 fluorescence in situ hybridization (-), AR(-), TTF-1(-), S100(-), mammaglobin(-), or S100/mammaglobin(+) with ETV6 fluorescence in situ hybridization (-) immunophenotype, and recurrent AKT1 E17K or BRAF V600E mutations may be defined. To our knowledge, this small series represents the first genetic study on a typical colloid pattern of MA, and our study with the spectrum documentation for MA in clinicopathologic characteristics, histologic and immunophenotypes, molecular features, and clinical behavior will allow for a better understanding of these rare but distinctive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Cui
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tie-Jun Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, P.R. China
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Hand AR, Abramson CXG, Dressler KA. Tlx1 regulates acinar and duct development in mouse salivary glands. J Anat 2024; 244:343-357. [PMID: 37837237 PMCID: PMC10780161 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tlx1 encodes a transcription factor expressed in several craniofacial structures of developing mice. The role of Tlx1 in salivary gland development was examined using morphological and immunohistochemical analyses of Tlx1 null mice. Tlx1 is expressed in submandibular and sublingual glands but not parotid glands of neonatal and adult male and female C57Bl/6J (Tlx1+/+ ) mice. TLX1 protein was localized to the nuclei of terminal tubule cells, developing duct cells and mesenchymal cells in neonatal submandibular and sublingual glands, and to nuclei of duct cells and connective tissue cells in adult glands. Occasionally, TLX1 was observed in nuclei of epithelial cells in or adjacent to the acini. Submandibular glands were smaller and sublingual glands were larger in size in mutant mice (Tlx1-/- ) compared to wild-type mice. Differentiation of terminal tubule and proacinar cells of neonatal Tlx1-/- submandibular glands was abnormal; expression of their characteristic products, submandibular gland protein C and parotid secretory protein, respectively, was reduced. At 3 weeks postnatally, terminal tubule cells at the acinar-intercalated duct junction were poorly developed or absent in Tlx1-/- mice. Granular convoluted ducts in adult mutant mice were decreased, and epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor expression were reduced. Along with normal acinar cell proteins, adult acinar cells of Tlx1-/- mice continued to express neonatal proteins and expressed parotid proteins not normally present in submandibular glands. Sublingual gland mucous acinar and serous demilune cell differentiation were altered. Tlx1 is necessary for proper differentiation of submandibular and sublingual gland acinar cells, and granular convoluted ducts. The mechanism(s) underlying Tlx1 regulation of salivary gland development and differentiation remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Hand
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cailyn X G Abramson
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Keith A Dressler
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Sasaki E, Masago K, Kogure Y, Fujita S, Iwakoshi A, Kuroda H, Tsuzuki T, Tsuta K, Matsushita H, Oki M. Mucous Gland Adenoma of the Lung: A Neoplastic Counterpart of Mucinous Bronchial Glands. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100182. [PMID: 37028599 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucous gland adenoma (MGA) is a rare benign tumor that usually arises in the proximal airway and consists of mucus-secreting cells resembling bronchial glands. Here, we report 2 cases of MGAs and describe their morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular profiles in comparison with 19 pulmonary tumors of 5 other histologic types with mucinous cells (invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma, bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor, and sialadenoma papilliferum). Two MGAs were found in 1 male patient and 1 female patient, located in the bronchus and trachea, respectively. One MGA was examined by RNA sequencing, and no putative driver mutations (including BRAF, KRAS, and AKT1 mutations) or gene fusions were identified. In another case of MGA, V600E mutations of BRAF and E17K mutations of AKT1 were not detected by allele-specific real-time PCR or digital PCR, respectively. However, a gene expression analysis revealed that the MGA presented a specific RNA expression profile with multiple genes enriched in the salivary gland. The gene expression of NKX3.1 was significantly higher in the MGA case in comparison to normal control lungs (P < .001). We then examined NKX3.1 immunohistochemistry for 2 MGAs and 19 tumors of 5 other histologic types. NKX3.1 was positive in MGA (2/2, 100%), whereas all constituent cells, including mucinous cells, were negative for NKX3.1 in other histologic types (0%, 0/19). In normal lung tissue, NKX3.1 was positive for mucinous acinar cells of the bronchial glands. In conclusion, the gene expression profile, taken together with the histologic similarity between MGA and bronchial glands, and the preferred location of the tumors (proximal airways with submucosal glands) suggest that MGA is a neoplastic counterpart of mucinous bronchial glands. NKX3.1 immunohistochemistry can be a sensitive and specific ancillary marker that distinguishes MGA from other histologic mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Masago
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kogure
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe Central Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akari Iwakoshi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kuroda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Oki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
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Patel S, Wald AI, Bastaki JM, Chiosea SI, Singhi AD, Seethala RR. NKX3.1 Expression and Molecular Characterization of Secretory Myoepithelial Carcinoma (SMCA): Advancing the Case for a Salivary Mucous Acinar Phenotype. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:467-478. [PMID: 36746884 PMCID: PMC10293155 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-023-01524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory myoepithelial carcinomas (SMCA) are rare, mucinous, signet ring predominant tumors with primitive myoepithelial features. While many mucinous salivary gland tumors have now been molecularly characterized, key drivers in SMCA have yet to be elucidated. Recently, NKX3.1, a homeodomain transcription factor implicated in salivary mucous acinar development was also shown in a subset of salivary mucinous neoplasms, salivary intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (SG-IPMN). To date, NKX3.1 expression has not been characterized in other mucinous salivary lesions. Here, we report molecular and extended immunophenotypic findings in SMCA and NKX3.1 expression in the context of other head and neck lesions. METHODS We retrieved 4 previously reported SMCA, performed additional immunohistochemical and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). We also investigated the use of NKX3.1 as a marker for SMCA in the context of its prevalence and extent (using H-score) in a mixed cohort of retrospectively and prospectively tested head and neck lesions (n = 223) and non-neoplastic tissues (n = 66). RESULTS NKX3.1 positivity was confirmed in normal mucous acini as well as in mucous acinar class of lesions (5/6, mean H-score: 136.7), including mucinous adenocarcinomas (3/4), SG-IPMN (1/1), and microsecretory adenocarcinoma (MSA) (1/1). All SMCA were positive. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for SS18 rearrangements were negative in all successfully tested cases (0/3). NGS was successful in two cases (cases 3 and 4). Case 3 demonstrated a PTEN c.655C>T p.Q219* mutation and a SEC16A::NOTCH1 fusion while case 4 (clinically aggressive) showed a PTEN c.1026+1G>A p.K342 splice site variant, aTP53 c.524G>A p.R175H mutation and a higher tumor mutation burden (29 per Mb). PTEN immunohistochemical loss was confirmed in both cases and a subset of tumor cells showed strong (extreme) staining for P53 in Case 4. CONCLUSION Despite a partial myoepithelial phenotype, SMCA, along with mucinous adenocarcinomas/SG-IPMN and MSA, provisionally constitute a mucous acinar class of tumors based on morphology and NKX3.1 expression. Like salivary mucinous adenocarcinomas/SG-IPMN, SMCA also show alterations of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway and may show progressive molecular alterations. We document the first extramammary tumor with a SEC16A::NOTCH1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmi Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Abigail I Wald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jassem M Bastaki
- Al-Sabah Hospital and Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Simon I Chiosea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raja R Seethala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ma RC, Kocha KM, Méndez-Olivos EE, Ruel TD, Huang P. Origin and diversification of fibroblasts from the sclerotome in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2023; 498:35-48. [PMID: 36933633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts play an important role in maintaining tissue integrity by secreting components of the extracellular matrix and initiating response to injury. Although the function of fibroblasts has been extensively studied in adults, the embryonic origin and diversification of different fibroblast subtypes during development remain largely unexplored. Using zebrafish as a model, we show that the sclerotome, a sub-compartment of the somite, is the embryonic source of multiple fibroblast subtypes including tenocytes (tendon fibroblasts), blood vessel associated fibroblasts, fin mesenchymal cells, and interstitial fibroblasts. High-resolution imaging shows that different fibroblast subtypes occupy unique anatomical locations with distinct morphologies. Long-term Cre-mediated lineage tracing reveals that the sclerotome also contributes to cells closely associated with the axial skeleton. Ablation of sclerotome progenitors results in extensive skeletal defects. Using photoconversion-based cell lineage analysis, we find that sclerotome progenitors at different dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior positions display distinct differentiation potentials. Single-cell clonal analysis combined with in vivo imaging suggests that the sclerotome mostly contains unipotent and bipotent progenitors prior to cell migration, and the fate of their daughter cells is biased by their migration paths and relative positions. Together, our work demonstrates that the sclerotome is the embryonic source of trunk fibroblasts as well as the axial skeleton, and local signals likely contribute to the diversification of distinct fibroblast subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Katrinka M Kocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Emilio E Méndez-Olivos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tyler D Ruel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Nakaguro M, Sadow PM, Hu R, Hattori H, Kuwabara K, Tsuzuki T, Urano M, Nagao T, Faquin WC. NKX3.1 Expression in Salivary Gland "Intraductal" Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm: A Low-Grade Subtype of Salivary Gland Mucinous Adenocarcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2022; 16:1114-1123. [PMID: 35834096 PMCID: PMC9729659 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-022-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (SG IPMN) is a recently proposed entity characterized by a papillary-cystic proliferation of mucin-producing cells. Because of overlapping histologic features and a clonal AKT1 p.E17K variant, SG IPMN has been presumed to be a precursor or a low-grade subtype of mucinous adenocarcinoma. NKX3.1 is a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 8p and is a known immunohistochemical marker of prostate epithelium and mucinous acinar cells of the intraoral salivary glands. METHODS We retrieved 12 SG IPMN cases, and performed histologic and genetic analysis. Given the association of SG IPMN with mucinous acinar cells, we also investigated the performance of NKX3.1 as a marker of this tumor entity. RESULTS Diffuse and strong NKX3.1 expression was observed in all SG IPMN cases (12/12, 100%) as well as in normal mucinous acinar cells. In contrast, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and pancreatic IPMN cases as well as normal serous acinar cells were negative for NKX3.1. Genetically, 11 of 12 cases (92%) harbored an AKT1 p.E17K variant. A novel PTEN frameshift deletion (p.G36Dfs*18) was detected in the other single case. At least one of the histologic features implying malignant tumors, such as severe cellular atypia, brisk mitotic activity, high Ki-67 proliferating index, lymphovascular invasion, and lymph node metastasis, was detected in 6 SG IPMN cases (50%). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that SG IPMN is a low-grade subtype of mucinous adenocarcinoma which may be derived from mucinous acinar cells of the minor salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakaguro
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.437848.40000 0004 0569 8970Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560 Japan
| | - Peter M. Sadow
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rong Hu
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
| | - Hikaru Hattori
- grid.437848.40000 0004 0569 8970Department of Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kuwabara
- grid.415442.20000 0004 1763 8254Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- grid.411234.10000 0001 0727 1557Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Makoto Urano
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDepartment of Diagnostic Pathology, Bantane Hospital, Fujita Health University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William C. Faquin
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Dubey A, Saint-Jeannet JP. Anterior patterning genes induced by Zic1 are sensitive to retinoic acid and its metabolite, 4-oxo-RA. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:498-512. [PMID: 34536327 PMCID: PMC8891028 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of paired sensory organs is a highly complex and coordinated process. These organs arise from ectodermal thickenings in the cephalic region known as cranial placodes. We have previously shown that Zic1 is a critical regulator for the formation of the pre-placodal region (PPR), the common territory for the development of all cranial placodes in Xenopus laevis. RESULTS In this study, we have analyzed a number of Zic1 targets for their expression during PPR patterning, as well as their regulation by retinoic acid (RA) and one of its major metabolites, 4-oxo-RA. Our findings show that anteriorly Zic1 regulates several transcription factors, Crx, Fezf2, Nkx3-1, and Xanf1 as well as a serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase, Pkdcc.2. These factors are all expressed in the vicinity of the PPR and as such are candidate regulators of placode formation downstream of Zic1. In addition to their differential regulation by RA, we find that 4-oxo-RA is also capable of modulating the expression of these genes, as well as a broad array of RA-regulated genes. CONCLUSION Our data highlight the complexity of retinoid-mediated regulation required for Zic1-activated anterior structure specification in Xenopus, and the potential physiological role of 4-oxo-RA in cranial placode development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Correspondence: Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, 345 East 24 Street, New York, NY 10010 – USA, tel: 212-998-9978,
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Antao AM, Ramakrishna S, Kim KS. The Role of Nkx3.1 in Cancers and Stemness. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:168-179. [PMID: 33632988 PMCID: PMC8138659 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known androgen-regulated homeobox gene, NKX3.1, is located on the short arm of chromosome 8. It is the first known prostate epithelium-specific marker, and is a transcription factor involved in development of the testes and prostate. In addition to specifying the prostate epithelium and maintaining normal prostate secretory function, Nkx3.1 is an established marker for prostate cancer. Over the years, however, this gene has been implicated in various other cancers, and technological advances have allowed determination of its role in other cellular functions. Nkx3.1 has also been recently identified as a factor capable of replacing Oct4 in cellular reprogramming. This review highlights the role of this tumor suppressor and briefly describes its functions, ranging from prostate development to maintenance of stemness and cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Mike Antao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Saitou M, Gaylord EA, Xu E, May AJ, Neznanova L, Nathan S, Grawe A, Chang J, Ryan W, Ruhl S, Knox SM, Gokcumen O. Functional Specialization of Human Salivary Glands and Origins of Proteins Intrinsic to Human Saliva. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108402. [PMID: 33207190 PMCID: PMC7703872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary proteins are essential for maintaining health in the oral cavity and proximal digestive tract, and they serve as potential diagnostic markers for monitoring human health and disease. However, their precise organ origins remain unclear. Through transcriptomic analysis of major adult and fetal salivary glands and integration with the saliva proteome, the blood plasma proteome, and transcriptomes of 28+ organs, we link human saliva proteins to their source, identify salivary-gland-specific genes, and uncover fetal- and adult-specific gene repertoires. Our results also provide insights into the degree of gene retention during gland maturation and suggest that functional diversity among adult gland types is driven by specific dosage combinations of hundreds of transcriptional regulators rather than by a few gland-specific factors. Finally, we demonstrate the heterogeneity of the human acinar cell lineage. Our results pave the way for future investigations into glandular biology and pathology, as well as saliva's use as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A; Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A; Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Viken, Norway
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Erica Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lubov Neznanova
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Anissa Grawe
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jolie Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - William Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
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11
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Park JJ, Kim JE, Jeon Y, Lee MR, Choi JY, Song BR, Park JW, Kang MJ, Choi HJ, Bae SJ, Lee H, Kang BC, Hwang DY. Deletion of NKX3.1 via CRISPR/Cas9 Induces Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in C57BL/6 Mice. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820964425. [PMID: 33094683 PMCID: PMC7586030 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820964425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several techniques have been employed for deletion of the NKX3.1 gene, resulting in developmental defects of the prostate, including alterations in ductal branching morphogenesis and prostatic secretions as well as epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia. To investigate whether the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated technique can be applied to study prostate carcinogenesis through exon I deletion of NKX3.1 gene, alterations in the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and their regulatory mechanism were observed in the prostate of NKX3.1 knockout (KO) mice produced by the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NKX3.1 mutant gene, at the ages of 16 and 24 weeks. The weight of dorsal-lateral prostate (DLP) and anterior prostate (AP) were observed to be increased in only the 24 weeks KO mice, although morphogenesis was constant in all groups. Obvious PIN 1 and 2 lesions were frequently detected in prostate of the 24 weeks KO mice, as compared with the same age wild type (WT) mice. Ki67, a key indicator for PIN, was densely stained in the epithelium of prostate in the 24 weeks KO mice, while the expression of p53 protein was suppressed in the same group. Also, both the 16 and 24 weeks KO mice reveal inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the prostate. However, prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and Bax/Bcl-2 expressions were decreased in the prostate of 16 weeks KO mice, and were increased in only the 24 weeks KO mice. Taken together, the results of the present study provide additional evidence that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated exon 1 deletion of the NKX3.1 gene successfully induces PIN lesions, along with significant alterations of Ki67 expression, EGFR signaling pathway, and cancer-regulated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeon
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jun Young Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Mi Ju Kang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jun Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Su Ji Bae
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Byeong Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine/Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
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12
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Takada N, Nishida H, Oyama Y, Kusaba T, Kadowaki H, Arakane M, Wada J, Urabe S, Daa T. Immunohistochemical Reactivity of Prostate-Specific Markers for Salivary Duct Carcinoma. Pathobiology 2019; 87:30-36. [PMID: 31865345 DOI: 10.1159/000504810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES NKX3.1, a transcription factor related to androgen expression, has recently been introduced as a diagnostic marker of prostate adenocarcinoma. Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is typically positive for androgen receptor (AR). Therefore, we hypothesized that NKX3.1 is a new immunohistochemical marker for SDC and aimed to investigate whether NKX3.1 staining in combination with other immunomarkers of prostate carcinoma could have a diagnostic or prognostic value in SDC. METHODS Materials obtained from 42 resected SDCs were examined by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against AR, NKX3.1, α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). RESULTS In immunoreactivity among SDC cases, 81.0, 35.7, 58.5, 33.3, and 0% were positive for AR, NKX3.1, AMACR, PAP, and PSA, respectively. AMACR and PAP immunoreactivity rates were higher in recurrence cases than in cases with no recurrence. CONCLUSIONS NKX3.1 expression is useful for SDC diagnosis, but decreased NKX3.1 expression was not correlated with SDC progression. The immunoreactivity of AMACR and PAP could be useful for assessing prognosis in SDC, but immunohistochemical staining of prostate-specific markers should be interpreted with caution when determining whether a metastatic tumor is of prostate origin, especially when patients have a history of SDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Takada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Haruto Nishida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan,
| | - Yuzo Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusaba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kadowaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Motoki Arakane
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Junpei Wada
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Oita Prefectural Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Shogo Urabe
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Oita Prefectural Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Daa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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13
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Ding J, Ahangari F, Espinoza CR, Chhabra D, Nicola T, Yan X, Lal CV, Hagood JS, Kaminski N, Bar-Joseph Z, Ambalavanan N. Integrating multiomics longitudinal data to reconstruct networks underlying lung development. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L556-L568. [PMID: 31432713 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00554.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic regulatory networks that govern postnatal alveolar lung development is still lacking. To construct such a model, we profiled mRNA, microRNA, DNA methylation, and proteomics of developing murine alveoli isolated by laser capture microdissection at 14 predetermined time points. We developed a detailed comprehensive and interactive model that provides information about the major expression trajectories, the regulators of specific key events, and the impact of epigenetic changes. Intersecting the model with single-cell RNA-Seq data led to the identification of active pathways in multiple or individual cell types. We then constructed a similar model for human lung development by profiling time-series human omics data sets. Several key pathways and regulators are shared between the reconstructed models. We experimentally validated the activity of a number of predicted regulators, leading to new insights about the regulation of innate immunity during lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ding
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Farida Ahangari
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Celia R Espinoza
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Divya Chhabra
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego California
| | - Teodora Nicola
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xiting Yan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charitharth V Lal
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James S Hagood
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego California
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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14
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Ma RC, Jacobs CT, Sharma P, Kocha KM, Huang P. Stereotypic generation of axial tenocytes from bipartite sclerotome domains in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007775. [PMID: 30388110 PMCID: PMC6235400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a functional musculoskeletal system requires coordinated generation of muscles, bones, and tendons. However, how axial tendon cells (tenocytes) are generated during embryo development is still poorly understood. Here, we show that axial tenocytes arise from the sclerotome in zebrafish. In contrast to mouse and chick, the zebrafish sclerotome consists of two separate domains: a ventral domain and a previously undescribed dorsal domain. While dispensable for sclerotome induction, Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is required for the migration and maintenance of sclerotome derived cells. Axial tenocytes are located along the myotendinous junction (MTJ), extending long cellular processes into the intersomitic space. Using time-lapse imaging, we show that both sclerotome domains contribute to tenocytes in a dynamic and stereotypic manner. Tenocytes along a given MTJ always arise from the sclerotome of the adjacent anterior somite. Inhibition of Hh signaling results in loss of tenocytes and enhanced sensitivity to muscle detachment. Together, our work shows that axial tenocytes in zebrafish originate from the sclerotome and are essential for maintaining muscle integrity. The coordinated generation of bones, muscles and tendons at the correct time and location is critical for the development of a functional musculoskeletal system. Although it is well known that tendon is the connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones, it is still poorly understood how tendon cells, or tenocytes, are generated during embryo development. Using the zebrafish model, we identify trunk tenocytes located along the boundary of muscle segments. Using cell tracing in live animals, we find that tenocytes originate from the sclerotome, an embryonic structure that is previously known to generate the trunk skeleton. In contrast to higher vertebrates, the zebrafish sclerotome consists of two separate domains, a ventral domain and a novel dorsal domain. Both domains give rise to trunk tenocytes in a dynamic and stereotypic manner. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, an important cell signaling pathway, is not required for sclerotome induction but essential for the generation of sclerotome derived cells. Inhibition of Hh signaling leads to loss of tenocytes and increased sensitivity to muscle detachment. Thus, our work shows that tenocytes develop from the sclerotome and play an important role in maintaining muscle integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C. Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Craig T. Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Katrinka M. Kocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Miura A, Mori T, Yoshida A, Watanabe Y, Sunami K, Watanabe S, Kohno T, Tsuta K. Primary adenocarcinoma of the trachea revealing a mucinous bronchial gland cell origin. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:796-799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Calcium and Nuclear Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041237. [PMID: 29671777 PMCID: PMC5979488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there have been a number of developments in the fields of calcium and nuclear signaling that point to new avenues for a more effective diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. An example is the discovery of new classes of molecules involved in calcium-regulated nuclear import and nuclear calcium signaling, from the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and myosin families. This review surveys the new state of the calcium and nuclear signaling fields with the aim of identifying the unifying themes that hold out promise in the context of the problems presented by prostate cancer. Genomic perturbations, kinase cascades, developmental pathways, and channels and transporters are covered, with an emphasis on nuclear transport and functions. Special attention is paid to the molecular mechanisms behind prostate cancer progression to the malignant forms and the unfavorable response to anti-androgen treatment. The survey leads to some new hypotheses that connect heretofore disparate results and may present a translational interest.
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17
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Genes uniquely expressed in human growth plate chondrocytes uncover a distinct regulatory network. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:983. [PMID: 29262782 PMCID: PMC5738906 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrogenesis is the earliest stage of skeletal development and is a highly dynamic process, integrating the activities and functions of transcription factors, cell signaling molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. The molecular mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis have been extensively studied and multiple key regulators of this process have been identified. However, a genome-wide overview of the gene regulatory network in chondrogenesis has not been achieved. Results In this study, employing RNA sequencing, we identified 332 protein coding genes and 34 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes that are highly selectively expressed in human fetal growth plate chondrocytes. Among the protein coding genes, 32 genes were associated with 62 distinct human skeletal disorders and 153 genes were associated with skeletal defects in knockout mice, confirming their essential roles in skeletal formation. These gene products formed a comprehensive physical interaction network and participated in multiple cellular processes regulating skeletal development. The data also revealed 34 transcription factors and 11,334 distal enhancers that were uniquely active in chondrocytes, functioning as transcriptional regulators for the cartilage-selective genes. Conclusions Our findings revealed a complex gene regulatory network controlling skeletal development whereby transcription factors, enhancers and lncRNAs participate in chondrogenesis by transcriptional regulation of key genes. Additionally, the cartilage-selective genes represent candidate genes for unsolved human skeletal disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4378-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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Xie Q, Wang ZA. Transcriptional regulation of the Nkx3.1 gene in prostate luminal stem cell specification and cancer initiation via its 3' genomic region. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13521-13530. [PMID: 28679531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NK3 homeobox 1 (Nkx3.1), a transcription factor expressed in the prostate epithelium, is crucial for maintaining prostate cell fate and suppressing tumor initiation. Nkx3.1 is ubiquitously expressed in luminal cells of hormonally intact prostate but, upon androgen deprivation, exclusively labels a type of luminal stem cells named castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cells (CARNs). During prostate cancer initiation, Nkx3.1 expression is frequently lost in both humans and mouse models. Therefore, investigating how Nkx3.1 expression is regulated in vivo is important for understanding the mechanisms of prostate stem cell specification and cancer initiation. Here, using a transgenic mouse line with destabilized GFP, we identified an 11-kb genomic region 3' of the Nkx3.1 transcription start site to be responsible for alterations in Nkx3.1 expression patterns under various physiological conditions. We found that androgen cell-autonomously activates Nkx3.1 expression through androgen receptor (AR) binding to the 11-kb region in both normal luminal cells and CARNs and discovered new androgen response elements in the Nkx3.1 3' UTR. In contrast, we found that, in Pten-/- prostate tumors, loss of Nkx3.1 expression is mediated at the transcriptional level through the 11-kb region despite functional AR in the nucleus. Importantly, the GFP reporter specifically labeled CARNs in the regressed prostate only in the presence of cell-autonomous AR, supporting a facultative model for CARN specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Zhu A Wang
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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19
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Goldsmith S, Lovell-Badge R, Rizzoti K. SOX2 is sequentially required for progenitor proliferation and lineage specification in the developing pituitary. Development 2016; 143:2376-88. [PMID: 27226320 PMCID: PMC4958329 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sox2 mutations are associated with pituitary hormone deficiencies and the protein is required for pituitary progenitor proliferation, but its function has not been well characterized in this context. SOX2 is known to activate expression of Six6, encoding a homeodomain transcription factor, in the ventral diencephalon. Here, we find that the same relationship likely exists in the pituitary. Moreover, because Six6 deletion is associated with a similar phenotype as described here for loss of Sox2, Six6 appears to be an essential downstream target of SOX2 in the gland. We also uncover a second role for SOX2. Whereas cell differentiation is reduced in Sox2 mutants, some endocrine cells are generated, such as POMC-positive cells in the intermediate lobe. However, loss of SOX2 here results in complete downregulation of the melanotroph pioneer factor PAX7, and subsequently a switch of identity from melanotrophs to ectopic corticotrophs. Rescuing proliferation by ablating the cell cycle negative regulator p27 (also known as Cdkn1b) in Sox2 mutants does not restore melanotroph emergence. Therefore, SOX2 has two independent roles during pituitary morphogenesis; firstly, promotion of progenitor proliferation, and subsequently, acquisition of melanotroph identity. Summary: SOX2 has two independent roles during pituitary morphogenesis: promoting progenitor proliferation via SIX6 and determining melanotroph identity via PAX7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Goldsmith
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Karine Rizzoti
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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20
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Gamat M, Malinowski RL, Parkhurst LJ, Steinke LM, Marker PC. Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity Is Required for Prostatic Budding in the Developing Mouse Prostate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139522. [PMID: 26426536 PMCID: PMC4591331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate is a male accessory sex gland that produces secretions in seminal fluid to facilitate fertilization. Prostate secretory function is dependent on androgens, although the mechanism by which androgens exert their effects is still unclear. Polyamines are small cationic molecules that play pivotal roles in DNA transcription, translation and gene regulation. The rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis is ornithine decarboxylase, which is encoded by the gene Odc1. Ornithine decarboxylase mRNA decreases in the prostate upon castration and increases upon administration of androgens. Furthermore, testosterone administered to castrated male mice restores prostate secretory activity, whereas administering testosterone and the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor D,L-α-difluromethylornithine (DFMO) to castrated males does not restore prostate secretory activity, suggesting that polyamines are required for androgens to exert their effects. To date, no one has examined polyamines in prostate development, which is also androgen dependent. In this study, we showed that ornithine decarboxylase protein was expressed in the epithelium of the ventral, dorsolateral and anterior lobes of the adult mouse prostate. Ornithine decarboxylase protein was also expressed in the urogenital sinus (UGS) epithelium of the male and female embryo prior to prostate development, and expression continued in prostatic epithelial buds as they emerged from the UGS. Inhibiting ornithine decarboxylase using DFMO in UGS organ culture blocked the induction of prostatic buds by androgens, and significantly decreased expression of key prostate transcription factor, Nkx3.1, by androgens. DFMO also significantly decreased the expression of developmental regulatory gene Notch1. Other genes implicated in prostatic development including Sox9, Wif1 and Srd5a2 were unaffected by DFMO. Together these results indicate that Odc1 and polyamines are required for androgens to exert their effect in mediating prostatic bud induction, and are required for the expression of a subset of prostatic developmental regulatory genes including Notch1 and Nkx3.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gamat
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Rita L. Malinowski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Linnea J. Parkhurst
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Steinke
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Marker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Murthi P, Brouillet S, Pratt A, Borg A, Kalionis B, Goffin F, Tsatsaris V, Munaut C, Feige JJ, Benharouga M, Fournier T, Alfaidy N. An EG-VEGF-Dependent Decrease in Homeobox Gene NKX3.1 Contributes to Cytotrophoblast Dysfunction: A Possible Mechanism in Human Fetal Growth Restriction. Mol Med 2015. [PMID: 26208047 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic fetal growth restriction (FGR) is frequently associated with placental insufficiency. Previous reports have provided evidence that endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF), a placental secreted protein, is expressed during the first trimester of pregnancy, controls both trophoblast proliferation and invasion, and its increased expression is associated with human FGR. In this study, we hypothesize that EG-VEGF-dependent changes in placental homeobox gene expressions contribute to trophoblast dysfunction in idiopathic FGR. The changes in EG-VEGF-dependent homeobox gene expressions were determined using a homeobox gene cDNA array on placental explants of 8-12 wks gestation after stimulation with EG-VEGF in vitro for 24 h. The homeobox gene array identified a greater-than-five-fold increase in HOXA9, HOXC8, HOXC10, HOXD1, HOXD8, HOXD9 and HOXD11, while NKX 3.1 showed a greater-than-two-fold decrease in mRNA expression compared with untreated controls. Homeobox gene NKX3.1 was selected as a candidate because it is a downstream target of EG-VEGF and its expression and functional roles are largely unknown in control and idiopathic FGR-affected placentae. Real-time PCR and immunoblotting showed a significant decrease in NKX3.1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in placentae from FGR compared with control pregnancies. Gene inactivation in vitro using short-interference RNA specific for NKX3.1 demonstrated an increase in BeWo cell differentiation and a decrease in HTR-8/SVneo proliferation. We conclude that the decreased expression of homeobox gene NKX3.1 downstream of EG-VEGF may contribute to the trophoblast dysfunction associated with idiopathic FGR pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Murthi
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Centre Clinique et Biologique d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, La Tronche, France
| | - Anita Pratt
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Borg
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederic Goffin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Cochin, Maternité Port-Royal, Université Rene Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5249, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, U1139; Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139; and PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
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Abstract
When the National Institutes of Health Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium initiated the Prostate Steering Committee 15 years ago, there were no genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer (PCa). Today, a PubMed search for "prostate cancer mouse model" yields 3,200 publications and this list continues to grow. The first generation of GEM utilized the newly discovered and characterized probasin promoter driving viral oncogenes such as Simian virus 40 large T antigen to yield the LADY and TRAMP models. As the PCa research field has matured, the second generation of models has incorporated the single and multiple molecular changes observed in human disease, such as loss of PTEN and overexpression of Myc. Application of these models has revealed that mice are particularly resistant to developing invasive PCa, and once they achieve invasive disease, the PCa rarely resembles human disease. Nevertheless, these models and their application have provided vital information on human PCa progression. The aim of this review is to provide a brief primer on mouse and human prostate histology and pathology, provide descriptions of mouse models, as well as attempt to answer the age old question: Which GEM model of PCa is the best for my research question?
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Holland PWH. Did homeobox gene duplications contribute to the Cambrian explosion? ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:1. [PMID: 26605046 PMCID: PMC4604119 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-014-0004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Cambrian explosion describes an apparently rapid increase in the diversity of bilaterian animals around 540-515 million years ago. Bilaterian animals explore the world in three-dimensions deploying forward-facing sense organs, a brain, and an anterior mouth; they possess muscle blocks enabling efficient crawling and burrowing in sediments, and they typically have an efficient 'through-gut' with separate mouth and anus to process bulk food and eject waste, even when burrowing in sediment. A variety of ecological, environmental, genetic, and developmental factors have been proposed as possible triggers and correlates of the Cambrian explosion, and it is likely that a combination of factors were involved. Here, I focus on a set of developmental genetic changes and propose these are part of the mix of permissive factors. I describe how ANTP-class homeobox genes, which encode transcription factors involved in body patterning, increased in number in the bilaterian stem lineage and earlier. These gene duplications generated a large array of ANTP class genes, including three distinct gene clusters called NK, Hox, and ParaHox. Comparative data supports the idea that NK genes were deployed primarily to pattern the bilaterian mesoderm, Hox genes coded position along the central nervous system, and ParaHox genes most likely originally specified the mouth, midgut, and anus of the newly evolved through-gut. It is proposed that diversification of ANTP class genes played a role in the Cambrian explosion by contributing to the patterning systems used to build animal bodies capable of high-energy directed locomotion, including active burrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W H Holland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
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24
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Ren S, Kang MR, Wang J, Huang V, Place RF, Sun Y, Li LC. Targeted induction of endogenous NKX3-1 by small activating RNA inhibits prostate tumor growth. Prostate 2013; 73:1591-601. [PMID: 23836514 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-mediated gene regulation mechanism by which expression of a particular gene can be induced by targeting its promoter using small double-stranded RNA also known as small activating RNA (saRNA). We used saRNA as a molecular tool to examine NKX3-1's role as a tumor suppressor and tested in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of NKX3-1 induction by saRNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS NKX3-1 saRNA was transfected into human prostate cancer cells including LNCaP, CWR22R, PC-3, CWR22RV1, DuPro, LAPC4, and DU145. The transfected cells were used for analysis of gene expression by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. PC-3 xenograft models were established in immunocompromised mice and treated with NKX3-1 saRNA. RESULTS NKX3-1 saRNA induced NKX3-1 expression in different prostate cancer cell lines, resulting in inhibited cell proliferation and survival, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. These effects were partly mediated by NKX3-1's regulation of several downstream genes including the upregulation of p21 and p27, and the inhibition of VEGFC expression. Treatment of mouse xenograft prostate tumors with intratumoral delivery of NKX3-1 saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged animal survival. CONCLUSIONS By revealing several important target genes of NKX3-1, our findings corroborated NKX3-1's role as a tumor suppressor gene through direct regulation of the cell cycle and growth/survival pathways. This study also validated the therapeutic potential of saRNA for the treatment of prostate cancer via targeted activation of tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Abstract
Mouse models of prostate cancer (PCa) are critical for understanding the biology of PCa initiation, progression, and treatment modalities. Here, we summarize recent advances in PCa mouse models that led to new insights into specific gene functions in PCa. For example, the study of transgenic mice with TMPRSS2/ERG, an androgen-regulated fusion protein, revealed its role in developing PCa precursor lesions, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia; however, it is not sufficient for PCa development. Double deficiency of Pten and Smad4 leads to a high incidence of metastatic PCa. Targeted deletion of Pten in castration-resistant Nkx3-1-expressing cells results in rapid carcinoma formation after androgen-mediated regeneration, indicating that progenitor cells with luminal characteristics can play a role in initiation of PCa. Transgenic mice with activated oncogenes, growth factors, and steroid hormone receptors or inactivated tumor suppressors continue to provide insights into disease progression from initiation to metastasis. Further development of new PCa models with spatial and temporal regulation of candidate gene expression will probably enhance our understanding of the complex events that lead to PCa initiation and progression, thereby invoking novel strategies to combat this common disease in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Pradip Roy-Burman
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Kruithof-de Julio M, Shibata M, Desai N, Reynon M, Halili MV, Hu YP, Price SM, Abate-Shen C, Shen MM. Canonical Wnt signaling regulates Nkx3.1 expression and luminal epithelial differentiation during prostate organogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1160-71. [PMID: 23813564 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of the prostate gland requires reciprocal interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal components of the embryonic urogenital sinus. However, the identity of the signaling factors that mediate these interactions is largely unknown. RESULTS Our studies show that expression of the prostate-specific transcription factor Nkx3.1 is regulated by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Using mice carrying a targeted lacZ knock-in allele of Nkx3.1, we find that Nkx3.1 is expressed in all epithelial cells of ductal buds during prostate organogenesis. Addition of Wnt inhibitors to urogenital sinus explant culture greatly reduces prostate budding and inhibits Nkx3.1 expression as well as differentiation of luminal epithelial cells. Analyses of a TCF/Lef:H2B-GFP transgene reporter show that canonical Wnt signaling activity is found in urogenital mesenchyme but not urogenital sinus epithelium before prostate formation, and is later observed in the mesenchyme and epithelium of prostate ductal tips. Furthermore, TCF/Lef:H2B-GFP reporter activity is reduced in epithelial cells of Nkx3.1 null neonatal prostates, suggesting that Nkx3.1 functions to maintain canonical Wnt signaling activity in developing prostate bud tips. CONCLUSIONS We propose that activated canonical Wnt signals and Nkx3.1 function in a positive feedback loop to regulate prostate bud growth and luminal epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Irshad S, Abate-Shen C. Modeling prostate cancer in mice: something old, something new, something premalignant, something metastatic. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32:109-22. [PMID: 23114843 PMCID: PMC3584242 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 15 years ago, the first generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer was introduced. These transgenic models utilized prostate-specific promoters to express SV40 oncogenes specifically in prostate epithelium. Since the description of these initial models, there have been a plethora of GEM models of prostate cancer representing various perturbations of oncogenes or tumor suppressors, either alone or in combination. This review describes these GEM models, focusing on their relevance for human prostate cancer and highlighting their strengths and limitations, as well as opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Irshad
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Urology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Cooperation between Stat3 and Akt signaling leads to prostate tumor development in transgenic mice. Neoplasia 2011; 13:254-65. [PMID: 21390188 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the development of a transgenic mouse in which a rat probasin promoter (ARR(2)Pb) was used to direct prostate specific expression of a constitutively active form of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (i.e., Stat3C). ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C mice exhibited hyperplasia and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions in both ventral and dorsolateral prostate lobes at 6 and 12 months; however, no adenocarcinomas were detected. The effect of combined loss of PTEN was examined by crossing ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C mice with PTEN(+/-) null mice. PTEN(+/-) null mice on an ICR genetic background developed only hyperplasia and PIN at 6 and 12 months, respectively. ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice exhibited a more severe prostate phenotype compared with ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C and PTEN(+/-) mice. ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice developed adenocarcinomas in the ventral prostate as early as 6 months (22% incidence) that reached an incidence of 61% by 12 months. Further evaluations indicated that phospho-Stat3, phospho-Akt, phospho-nuclear factor κB, cyclin D1, and Ki67 were upregulated in adenocarcinomas from ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice. In addition, membrane staining for β-catenin and E-cadherin was reduced. The changes in Stat3 and nuclear factor κB phosphorylation correlated most closely with tumor progression. Collectively, these data provide evidence that Stat3 and Akt signaling cooperate in prostate cancer development and progression and that ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice represent a novel mouse model of prostate cancer to study these interactions.
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30
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Mouse models of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2011:895238. [PMID: 22111002 PMCID: PMC3221286 DOI: 10.1155/2011/895238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and optimization of high-throughput screening methods has identified a multitude of genetic changes associated with human disease. The use of immunodeficient and genetically engineered mouse models that mimic the human disease has been crucial in validating the importance of these genetic pathways in prostate cancer. These models provide a platform for finding novel therapies to treat human patients afflicted with prostate cancer as well as those who have debilitating bone metastases. In this paper, we focus on the historical development and phenotypic descriptions of mouse models used to study prostate cancer. We also comment on how closely each model recapitulates human prostate cancer.
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31
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Modeling Human Prostate Cancer in Genetically Engineered Mice. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:1-49. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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Shen MM, Abate-Shen C. Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1967-2000. [PMID: 20844012 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1965810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite much recent progress, prostate cancer continues to represent a major cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in men. Since early studies on the role of the androgen receptor that led to the advent of androgen deprivation therapy in the 1940s, there has long been intensive interest in the basic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer initiation and progression, as well as the potential to target these processes for therapeutic intervention. Here, we present an overview of major themes in prostate cancer research, focusing on current knowledge of principal events in cancer initiation and progression. We discuss recent advances, including new insights into the mechanisms of castration resistance, identification of stem cells and tumor-initiating cells, and development of mouse models for preclinical evaluation of novel therapuetics. Overall, we highlight the tremendous research progress made in recent years, and underscore the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Shen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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33
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Wells KL, Mou C, Headon DJ, Tucker AS. Defects and rescue of the minor salivary glands in Eda pathway mutants. Dev Biol 2010; 349:137-46. [PMID: 20969842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite their importance to oral health, the mechanisms of minor salivary gland (SG) development are largely unexplored. Here we present in vivo and in vitro analyses of developing minor SGs in wild type and mutant mice. Eda, Shh and Fgf signalling pathway genes are expressed in these glands from an early stage of development. Developing minor SGs are absent in Eda pathway mutant embryos, and these mice exhibit a dysplastic circumvallate papilla with disrupted Shh expression. Supplementation of Eda pathway mutant minor SG explants with recombinant EDA rescues minor SG induction. Supplementation with Fgf8 or Shh, previously reported targets of Eda signalling, leads to induction of gland like structures in a few cases, but these fail to develop into minor SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wells
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Khalili M, Mutton LN, Gurel B, Hicks JL, De Marzo AM, Bieberich CJ. Loss of Nkx3.1 expression in bacterial prostatitis: a potential link between inflammation and neoplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2259-68. [PMID: 20363913 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.080747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NKX3.1 is a homeodomain protein that functions as a dosage sensitive prostate-specific transcription factor. Diminished NKX3.1 expression is associated with prostate epithelial cell proliferation in vitro and with increasing Gleason grade in patient samples. Mouse Nkx3.1 also functions as a negative regulator of prostate cell growth in prostate cancer models. Identifying biological and environmental factors that modulate NKX3.1 accumulation is therefore central to efforts aimed at elucidating prostate growth control mechanisms. To determine the effect of inflammation on Nxk3.1 accumulation, bacterial prostatitis was induced by intraurethral inoculation of a uropathogenic E. coli strain in mice. Nkx3.1 expression was profoundly reduced in infected prostate lobes and correlated with increased expression of a proliferation marker. Androgen receptor levels were also reduced in concert with Nkx3.1, and a marked increase in the basal cell marker p63 was observed. Analyses of the inflammatory infiltrate revealed a classic acute inflammatory response that attained characteristics of a chronic state within fourteen days postinoculation. Comparison of the four prostate lobes revealed clear differences in the extent of inflammation. These data demonstrate that acute inflammation in response to a bacterial agent in the prostate is associated with a significant diminution in the level of a key regulator of prostate cell proliferation. These observations provide a plausible mechanism whereby prostate inflammation may establish a local environment conducive to epithelial cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Khalili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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35
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Iwata T, Schultz D, Hicks J, Hubbard GK, Mutton LN, Lotan TL, Bethel C, Lotz MT, Yegnasubramanian S, Nelson WG, Dang CV, Xu M, Anele U, Koh CM, Bieberich CJ, De Marzo AM. MYC overexpression induces prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and loss of Nkx3.1 in mouse luminal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9427. [PMID: 20195545 PMCID: PMC2828486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lo-MYC and Hi-MYC mice develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma as a result of MYC overexpression in the mouse prostate. However, prior studies have not determined precisely when, and in which cell types, MYC is induced. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to localize MYC expression in Lo-MYC transgenic mice, we show that morphological and molecular alterations characteristic of high grade PIN arise in luminal epithelial cells as soon as MYC overexpression is detected. These changes include increased nuclear and nucleolar size and large scale chromatin remodeling. Mouse PIN cells retained a columnar architecture and abundant cytoplasm and appeared as either a single layer of neoplastic cells or as pseudo-stratified/multilayered structures with open glandular lumina-features highly analogous to human high grade PIN. Also using IHC, we show that the onset of MYC overexpression and PIN development coincided precisely with decreased expression of the homeodomain transcription factor and tumor suppressor, Nkx3.1. Virtually all normal appearing prostate luminal cells expressed high levels of Nkx3.1, but all cells expressing MYC in PIN lesions showed marked reductions in Nkx3.1, implicating MYC as a key factor that represses Nkx3.1 in PIN lesions. To determine the effects of less pronounced overexpression of MYC we generated a new line of mice expressing MYC in the prostate under the transcriptional control of the mouse Nkx3.1 control region. These "Super-Lo-MYC" mice also developed PIN, albeit a less aggressive form. We also identified a histologically defined intermediate step in the progression of mouse PIN into invasive adenocarcinoma. These lesions are characterized by a loss of cell polarity, multi-layering, and cribriform formation, and by a "paradoxical" increase in Nkx3.1 protein. Similar histopathological changes occurred in Hi-MYC mice, albeit with accelerated kinetics. Our results using IHC provide novel insights that support the contention that MYC overexpression is sufficient to transform prostate luminal epithelial cells into PIN cells in vivo. We also identified a novel histopathologically identifiable intermediate step prior to invasion that should facilitate studies of molecular pathway alterations occurring during early progression of prostatic adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Iwata
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denise Schultz
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gretchen K. Hubbard
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura N. Mutton
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tamara L. Lotan
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carlise Bethel
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Lotz
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William G. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chi V. Dang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Hematology and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - MengMeng Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Uzoma Anele
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheryl M. Koh
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Androgen regulation of the prostatic tumour suppressor NKX3.1 is mediated by its 3' untranslated region. Biochem J 2010; 425:575-83. [PMID: 19886863 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor NKX3.1 is a prostate-specific tumour suppressor, expression of which is reduced or undetectable in the majority of metastatic prostate tumours. In the normal prostate and in prostate cancer cells, NKX3.1 expression is under tight androgenic control that we have shown to be mediated by its ~2.5 kb 3'UTR (3' untranslated region). Reporter deletion analysis of the NKX3.1 3'UTR identified three regions that were transactivated by DHT (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone) in the AR (androgen receptor)-expressing prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Reversal of DHT effects by the anti-androgen bicalutamide supported an AR-mediated mechanism, and bioinformatic analysis of the NKX3.1 3'UTR identified canonical AREs (androgen-response elements) in each of the androgen-responsive regions. EMSAs (electrophoretic mobility-shift assays) indicated binding of the AR DNA-binding domain to two of the AREs, a proximal ARE at +2378-2392 from the transcription start site, and a more distal ARE at +3098-3112. ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) analysis provided further evidence of ligand-dependent recruitment of endogenous AR to sequence encompassing each of the two elements, and site-directed mutagenesis and deletion analysis confirmed the contribution of each of the AREs in reporter assays. The present studies have therefore demonstrated that the NKX3.1 3'UTR functions as an androgen-responsive enhancer, with the proximal ARE contributing the majority and the distal ARE providing a smaller, but significant, proportion of the androgen responsiveness of the NKX3.1 3'UTR. Characterization of androgen-responsive regions of the NKX3.1 gene will assist in the identification of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that lead to the deregulation of NKX3.1 expression in advanced prostate cancers.
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Kojima C, Zhang Y, Zimmer WE. Intronic DNA elements regulate androgen-dependent expression of the murine Nkx3.1 gene. Gene Expr 2010; 15:89-102. [PMID: 21526719 PMCID: PMC6043830 DOI: 10.3727/105221611x12973615737622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nkx3.1 is a well-conserved homeobox gene that is involved in development, differentiation and maintenance of prostate epithelial cells. Nkx3.1 expression is induced by androgen in prostate epithelia and, as such, our interest is to understand the mechanism(s) for this androgen-dependent expression in normal epithelial cells. In this report, we show that the region of DNA sequence 2.7 kilobases in front of the mouse Nkx3.1 gene drives enhanced transcription in prostate epithelia cells; however, this segment was not capable of androgen-directed regulation. Among the multiple, potential androgen response elements (AREs) identified by scanning sequences near and within the gene, two sequences within the intron of the murine Nkx3.1 gene were demonstrated to confer androgen-dependent transcription in reporter gene transfection experiments. Each of the elements, termed ARE A and ARE B, contained a 6-base pair core sequence, TGTTCT, that has been described as an androgen receptor half-site binding sequence, separated by 498 base pairs of DNA. Both of the intronic half-sites bind activated androgen receptor from a variety of sources, albeit with different apparent affinities. This region of the Nkx3.1 gene demonstrates a high degree of conservation among diverse species and mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that both elements are required for androgen stimulation. Taken together, our study shows that androgen-dependent transcription of the mouse Nkx3.1 gene is conferred through a noncanonical element within the intron of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kojima
- *Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- *Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Warren E. Zimmer
- *Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
- †Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
- ‡Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
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Sun Q, Taurin S, Sethakorn N, Long X, Imamura M, Wang DZ, Zimmer WE, Dulin NO, Miano JM. Myocardin-dependent activation of the CArG box-rich smooth muscle gamma-actin gene: preferential utilization of a single CArG element through functional association with the NKX3.1 homeodomain protein. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32582-90. [PMID: 19797053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.033910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that binds a 10-bp element known as the CArG box, located in the proximal regulatory region of hundreds of target genes. SRF activates target genes in a cell- and context-dependent manner by assembling unique combinations of cofactors over CArG elements. One particularly strong SRF cofactor, myocardin (MYOCD), acts as a component of a molecular switch for smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation by activating cytoskeletal and contractile genes harboring SRF-binding CArG elements. Here we report that the human ACTG2 promoter, containing four conserved CArG elements, displays SMC-specific basal activity and is highly induced in the presence of MYOCD. Stable transfection of a non-SMC cell type with Myocd elicits elevations in endogenous Actg2 mRNA. Gel shift and luciferase assays reveal a strong bias for MYOCD-dependent transactivation through CArG2 of the human ACTG2 promoter. Substitution of CArG2 with other CArGs, including a consensus CArG element, fails to reconstitute full MYOCD-dependent ACTG2 promoter stimulation. Mutation of an adjacent binding site for NKX3.1 reduces MYOCD-dependent transactivation of the ACTG2 promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase pulldown, and luciferase assays show a physical and functional association between MYOCD and NKX3.1; no such functional relationship is evident with the related NKX2.5 transcription factor despite its interaction with MYOCD. These results demonstrate the ability of MYOCD to discriminate among several juxtaposed CArG elements, presumably through its novel partnership with NKX3.1, to optimally transactivate the human ACTG2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute of the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Leow CC, Wang BE, Ross J, Chan SM, Zha J, Carano RAD, Frantz G, Shen MM, de Sauvage FJ, Gao WQ. Prostate-specific Klf6 inactivation impairs anterior prostate branching morphogenesis through increased activation of the Shh pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21057-65. [PMID: 19494112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 6 (Klf6) belongs to a family of zinc finger transcription factors known to play a role in development and tumor suppression. Although Klf6 is highly mutated in prostate cancer, its function in prostate development is unknown. We have generated a prostate-specific Klf6-deficient mouse model and report here a novel role for Klf6 in the regulation of prostate branching morphogenesis. Importantly, our study reveals a novel relationship between Klf6 and the Shh pathway. Klf6-deficiency leads to elevated levels of hedgehog pathway components (Shh, Ptc, and Gli) and loss of their localized expression, which in turn causes impaired lateral branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ching Leow
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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40
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Gurel B, Iwata T, Koh C, Yegnasubramanian S, Nelson WG, De Marzo AM. Molecular alterations in prostate cancer as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets. Adv Anat Pathol 2008; 15:319-31. [PMID: 18948763 PMCID: PMC3214657 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e31818a5c19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostatic adenocarcinoma is extremely common in Western nations, representing the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. The recent application of increasingly sophisticated molecular approaches to the study of prostate cancer in this "postgenomic" era has resulted in a rapid increase in the identification of somatic genome alterations and germline heritable risk factors in this disease. These findings are leading to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and to the generation of new targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response. Although we are still in the very early phase of clinical development, some of the molecular alterations identified in prostate cancer are being translated into clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to update the practicing surgical pathologist, and residents-in-training in pathology, regarding recent findings in the molecular pathobiology of prostate cancer. We will highlight some of the somatic molecular alterations associated with prostate cancer development and progression, with a focus on newer discoveries. In addition, recent studies in which new molecular diagnostic approaches have been applied in the clinic will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Gurel
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology
| | - Tsuyoshi Iwata
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology
| | - Cheryl Koh
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Oncology
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - William G. Nelson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Oncology
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Urology
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
- The Brady Urological Research Institute at Johns Hopkins
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Oncology
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Urology
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
- The Brady Urological Research Institute at Johns Hopkins
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41
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Wang X, Desai N, Hu YP, Price SM, Abate-Shen C, Shen MM. Mouse Fem1b interacts with the Nkx3.1 homeoprotein and is required for proper male secondary sexual development. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2963-72. [PMID: 18816836 PMCID: PMC2779857 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of epithelial cell growth and differentiation in the prostate gland have identified the homeodomain protein Nkx3.1 as a central regulator of prostate development and carcinogenesis. To understand the molecular mechanisms of Nkx3.1 function, we have used yeast two-hybrid analysis to identify Nkx3.1 interacting proteins, and have isolated Fem1b, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans sex-determining gene Fem-1. In mice, the Fem1b and Nkx3.1 genes encode proteins that interact in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, and are co-expressed in the prostate and testis of neonatal mice. Null mutants for Fem1b generated by gene targeting display defects in prostate ductal morphogenesis and secretory protein expression, similar to phenotypes found in Nkx3.1 mutants. We propose that Fem1b may have a conserved role in the generation of sexual dimorphism through its interaction with Nkx3.1 in the developing prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nishita Desai
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ya-Ping Hu
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Sandy M. Price
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Michael M. Shen
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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42
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Nawijn MC, Bergman AM, van der Poel HG. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Prostate gland development is a complex process that involves coordination of multiple signaling pathways including endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, juxtacrine and transcription factors. To put this into proper context, the present manuscript will begin with a brief overview of the stages of prostate development and a summary of androgenic signaling in the developing prostate, which is essential for prostate formation. This will be followed by a detailed description of other transcription factors and secreted morphogens directly involved in prostate formation and branching morphogenesis. Except where otherwise indicated, results from rodent models will be presented since studies that examine molecular signaling in the developing human prostate gland are sparse at the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 606012, USA.
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44
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Abate-Shen C, Shen MM, Gelmann E. Integrating differentiation and cancer: the Nkx3.1 homeobox gene in prostate organogenesis and carcinogenesis. Differentiation 2008; 76:717-27. [PMID: 18557759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2008.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several tissue-specific regulatory genes have been found to play essential roles in both organogenesis and carcinogenesis. In the prostate, the Nkx3.1 homeobox gene plays an important role in normal differentiation of the prostatic epithelium while its loss of function is an initiating event in prostate carcinogenesis in both mouse models and human patients. Thus, the Nkx3.1 homeobox gene provides a paradigm for understanding the relationship between normal differentiation and cancer, as well as studying the roles of homeobox genes in these processes. Here, we review recent findings concerning the roles of Nkx3.1 in development and discuss how its normal function is disrupted in processes of early prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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45
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Pearson HB, McCarthy A, Collins CMP, Ashworth A, Clarke AR. Lkb1 deficiency causes prostate neoplasia in the mouse. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2223-32. [PMID: 18381428 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of LKB1 is the key molecular event underlying Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a dominantly inherited condition characterized by a predisposition to a range of malignancies, including those of the reproductive system. We report here the use of a Cre-LoxP strategy to directly address the role of Lkb1 in prostate neoplasia. Recombination of a LoxP-flanked Lkb1 allele within all four murine prostate lobes was mediated by spontaneous activation of a p450 CYP1A1-driven Cre recombinase transgene (termed AhCre). Homozygous mutation of Lkb1 in males expressing AhCre reduced longevity, with 100% manifesting atypical hyperplasia and 83% developing prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) of the anterior prostate within 2 to 4 months. We also observed focal hyperplasia of the dorsolateral and ventral lobes (61% and 56% incidence, respectively), bulbourethral gland cysts associated with atypical hyperplasia (100% incidence), hyperplasia of the urethra (39% incidence), and seminal vesicle squamous metaplasia (11% incidence). PIN foci overexpressed nuclear beta-catenin, p-Gsk3 beta, and downstream Wnt targets. Immunohistochemical analysis of foci also showed a reduction in Pten activation and up-regulation of both p-PDK1 (an AMPK kinase) and phosphorylated Akt. Our data are therefore consistent with deregulation of Wnt and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling cascades after loss of Lkb1 function. For the first time, this model establishes a link between the tumor suppressor Lkb1 and prostate neoplasia, highlighting a tumor suppressive role within the mouse and raising the possibility of a similar association in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Pearson
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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46
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Zhang Y, Fillmore RA, Zimmer WE. Structural and functional analysis of domains mediating interaction between the bagpipe homologue, Nkx3.1 and serum response factor. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:297-309. [PMID: 18296735 DOI: 10.3181/0709-rm-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nkx3.1 is a member of the NK2 class of homeodomain proteins and is expressed in development, being an early marker of the sclerotome and prostate gland. It has been shown to be a critical factor for prostate differentiation and function. Previous studies suggested that Nkx3.1 interacts with Serum Response Factor (SRF) to transactivate the Smooth Muscle gamma-Actin (SMGA) promoter. In studies presented here, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional synergy of these factors upon SMGA transcription. We demonstrate that full length Nkx3.1 physically interacts with SRF in the absence of DNA and that these factors are able to co-associate in cellular context using a mammalian two-hybrid system. The segment of SRF responsible for Nkx3.1 interaction was mapped to a approximately 30 amino acid region (AAs 142-171) at the N-terminal segment of the MADS box. Two separate regions of Nkx3.1 were found to mediate interactions with SRF. Interestingly, recognized domains of NK2 proteins, namely the TN, homeodomain DNA binding segment, and the NK2-SD do not participate in SRF interactions. One of the Nkx3.1 SRF binding domains was mapped to the N-terminal of the protein consistent with recent studies of these proteins using NMR spectroscopy by Gelmann and colleagues (1). A second SRF binding region was mapped to amino acids C-terminal to the homeodomain. Structural predictions indicate that both of the SRF interacting segments are largely hydrophobic in character and beta-strand in structure. With co-transfection transcriptional analyses we found that interaction between SRF and Nkx3.1 as well as DNA binding by both factors was required for the observed transcriptional synergy. Thus our studies have identified novel protein-protein interacting domains within Nkx3.1 and SRF that operate in concert with their respective DNA binding domains to mediate functional transcriptional synergy of these factors to regulate SMGA gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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47
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Guan B, Pungaliya P, Li X, Uquillas C, Mutton LN, Rubin EH, Bieberich CJ. Ubiquitination by TOPORS regulates the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:4834-40. [PMID: 18077445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708630200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The NKX3.1 gene located at 8p21.2 encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor that acts as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Diminished protein expression of NKX3.1 has been observed in prostate cancer precursors and carcinomas. TOPORS is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate tumor suppressor p53. Here we report interaction between NKX3.1 and TOPORS. NKX3.1 can be ubiquitinated by TOPORS in vitro and in vivo, and overexpression of TOPORS leads to NKX3.1 proteasomal degradation in prostate cancer cells. Conversely, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TOPORS leads to an increased steady-state level and prolonged half-life of NKX3.1. These data establish TOPORS as a negative regulator of NKX3.1 and implicate TOPORS in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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48
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model has been extensively characterized at the histological and molecular levels, and has been shown to mimic significant features of human prostate cancer. However, the status of Nkx3.1 expression in the TRAMP model has not been elucidated. METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using dorsal, lateral, and ventral prostate (VP) lobes from ages 6 to 30 weeks. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses were performed to determine relative mRNA expression. RESULTS Heterogeneous loss of Nkx3.1 was observed in hyperplastic lesions of the ventral, dorsal, and lateral lobes. At 6 weeks of age, the ventral lobe displayed profound loss of Nkx3.1. Diminished Nkx3.1 protein was observed in well- to moderately-differentiated cancer lesions of all lobes. Poorly differentiated (PD) tumors stained negatively for Nkx3.1. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed the presence of Nkx3.1 mRNA in each lobe at all ages, albeit reduced to variable levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that disease progression in the TRAMP model may be driven by loss of function of Nkx3.1, in addition to p53 and Rb. Lobe-specific disease progression in the TRAMP model correlates with the reduction of Nkx3.1 protein. Regulation of Nkx3.1 expression during tumorigenesis appears to occur by post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlise R Bethel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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49
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Abstract
The Notch proteins encompass a family of transmembrane receptors that have been highly conserved through evolution as mediators of cell fate. Recent findings have demonstrated a critical role of Notch in the developing cardiovascular system. Notch signaling has been implicated in the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition during development of the heart valves, in arterial-venous differentiation, and in remodeling of the primitive vascular plexus. Mutations of Notch pathway components in humans are associated with congenital defects of the cardiovascular system such as Alagille syndrome, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), and bicuspid aortic valves. This article focuses on the role of the Notch pathway in the developing cardiovascular system and congenital human cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Niessen
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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50
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Stanfel MN, Moses KA, Carson JA, Zimmer DB, DeMayo F, Schwartz RJ, Zimmer WE. Expression of an Nkx3.1-CRE gene using ROSA26 reporter mice. Genesis 2007; 44:550-5. [PMID: 17078065 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The genetic locus of Nkx3.1, an early murine marker of sclerotome and prostate development, was disrupted by a knock in of CRE recombinase via homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Cell fate mapping revealed previously unidentified cell lineages expanded from Nkx3.1-expressing cell populations and recapitulated reported Nkx3.1 expression patterns. In lineage trace experiments of E18.5 Nkx3.1-CRE; R26R embryos novel staining was observed in areas of the lungs, portions of the duodenum, and vertebral elements of the skeleton. beta-galactosidase activity measured in Nkx3.1-CRE; R26R and Nkx3.2-CRE; R26R embryos was observed in overlapping regions of the sclerotome but no apparent change in Nkx3.1 expression was seen in the Nkx3.2 mutants by in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Stanfel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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