1
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Making a head: Neural crest and ectodermal placodes in cranial sensory development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:15-27. [PMID: 35760729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate sensory system, many important components like the sense organs and cranial sensory ganglia arise within the head and neck. Two progenitor populations, the neural crest, and cranial ectodermal placodes, contribute to these developing vertebrate peripheral sensory structures. The interactions and contributions of these cell populations to the development of the lens, olfactory, otic, pituitary gland, and cranial ganglia are vital for appropriate peripheral nervous system development. Here, we review the origins of both neural crest and placode cells at the neural plate border of the early vertebrate embryo and investigate the molecular and environmental signals that influence specification of different sensory regions. Finally, we discuss the underlying molecular pathways contributing to the complex vertebrate sensory system from an evolutionary perspective, from basal vertebrates to amniotes.
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2
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Monroy BY, Adamson CJ, Camacho-Avila A, Guerzon CN, Echeverria CV, Rogers CD. Expression atlas of avian neural crest proteins: Neurulation to migration. Dev Biol 2022; 483:39-57. [PMID: 34990731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are a dynamic population of embryonic stem cells that create various adult tissues in vertebrate species including craniofacial bone and cartilage and the peripheral and enteric nervous systems. NC development is thought to be a conserved and complex process that is controlled by a tightly-regulated gene regulatory network (GRN) of morphogens, transcription factors, and cell adhesion proteins. While multiple studies have characterized the expression of several GRN factors in single species, a comprehensive protein analysis that directly compares expression across development is lacking. To address this lack in information, we used three closely related avian models, Gallus gallus (chicken), Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), and Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl), to compare the localization and timing of four GRN transcription factors, PAX7, SNAI2, SOX9, and SOX10, from the onset of neurulation to migration. While the spatial expression of these factors is largely conserved, we find that quail NC cells express SNAI2, SOX9, and SOX10 proteins at the equivalent of earlier developmental stages than chick and peafowl. In addition, quail NC cells migrate farther and more rapidly than the larger organisms. These data suggest that despite a conservation of NC GRN players, differences in the timing of NC development between species remain a significant frontier to be explored with functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette Y Monroy
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Carly J Adamson
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexis Camacho-Avila
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Christian N Guerzon
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Camilo V Echeverria
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Crystal D Rogers
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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3
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Manohar S, Camacho-Magallanes A, Echeverria C, Rogers CD. Cadherin-11 Is Required for Neural Crest Specification and Survival. Front Physiol 2020; 11:563372. [PMID: 33192560 PMCID: PMC7662130 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.563372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are multipotent embryonic cells that form melanocytes, craniofacial bone and cartilage, and the peripheral nervous system in vertebrates. NC cells express many cadherin proteins, which control their specification, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Abnormal NC development leads to congenital defects including craniofacial clefts as well as NC-derived cancers. Here, we identify the role of the type II cadherin protein, Cadherin-11 (CDH11), in early chicken NC development. CDH11 is known to play a role in NC cell migration in amphibian embryos as well as cell survival, proliferation, and migration in cancer cells. It has also been linked to the complex neurocristopathy disorder, Elsahy-Waters Syndrome, in humans. In this study, we knocked down CDH11 translation at the onset of its expression in the NC domain during NC induction. Loss of CDH11 led to a reduction of bonafide NC cells in the dorsal neural tube combined with defects in cell survival and migration. Loss of CDH11 increased p53-mediated programmed-cell death, and blocking the p53 pathway rescued the NC phenotype. Our findings reveal an early requirement for CDH11 in NC development and demonstrated the complexity of the mechanisms that regulate NC development, where a single cell-cell adhesion protein simultaneous controls multiple essential cellular functions to ensure proper specification, survival, and transition to a migratory phase in the dorsal neural tube. Our findings may also increase our understanding of early cadherin-related NC developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrajaa Manohar
- Department of Biology, School of Math and Science, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States
| | - Alberto Camacho-Magallanes
- Department of Biology, School of Math and Science, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States
| | - Camilo Echeverria
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Crystal D Rogers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
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4
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Chen D, Zhang M, Ruan J, Li X, Wang S, Cheng X, Zhao H, Zeng Y, Liu J, He K, Zhao P. The long non-coding RNA HOXA11-AS promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition by sponging miR-149-3p in Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:6050-6058. [PMID: 32922545 PMCID: PMC7477413 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastasis is the primary cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC); the underlying mechanisms remain partly unknown. In this study, we aim to investigate the value of HOXA11-AS in survival evaluation and the potential role of HOXA11-AS/miR-149-3p axis in the CRC metastasis. Methods: The expressions of HOXA11-AS, both in obtained CRC samples and adjacent noncancerous tissues, were analyzed in survival evaluation. Competing endogenous RNAs (CeRNAs) Analysis were employed to reveal the potential relationship between HOXA11-AS and miR-149-3p. It was further confirmed by Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Dual-luciferase reporter assay. Migration and invasion assay were used to verify the potential role of HOXA11-AS and miR-149-3p in the regulation of CRC metastasis. The potential pathway was explored by Western blot analysis. Results: The expression of HOXA11-AS in the CRC tissue is significantly higher than the expression in adjacent noncancerous tissue (p<0.0001). High expressions of HOXA11-AS were noticeably correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics including advanced clinical stage (p=0.021), larger tumor size (p<0.001) and frequent tumor recurrence (p=0.001). The overall survival in HOXA11-AS-High group was significantly shorter than the HOXA11-AS-Low group (p<0.001). Advanced clinical stage, tumor size and high expression of HOXA11-AS were showed as independent prognostic prediction factors for the 5-year tumor relapse of CRC patients (p<0.001). HOXA11-AS acts as a potential molecular sponge for miR-149-3p, in the promotion of CRC metastasis. In the miR-149-3p mimic-treated group, the expression of E-cadherin was increased, whereas the expression of N-cadherin, Snail, Slug, TGF-β1, Wnt2b, Twist and C/EBPβ was decreased. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that high expression of HOXA11-AS is correlated with CRC progression and poor prognosis and may promote metastasis via EMT by modulating miR-149-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kangxin He
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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5
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Vieceli FM, Bronner ME. Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase interacts with secreted midkine to promote survival of migrating neural crest cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.164046. [PMID: 30228102 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells migrate long distances throughout the embryo and rely on extracellular signals that attract, repel and/or stimulate survival to ensure proper contribution to target derivatives. Here, we show that leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase (LTK), an ALK-type receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed by neural crest cells during early migratory stages in chicken embryos. Loss of LTK in the cranial neural crest impairs migration and results in increased levels of apoptosis. Conversely, midkine, previously proposed as a ligand for ALK, is secreted by the non-neural ectoderm during early neural crest migratory stages and internalized by neural crest cells in vivo Similar to loss of LTK, loss of midkine reduces survival of the migratory neural crest. Moreover, we show by proximity ligation and co-immunoprecipitation assays that midkine binds to LTK. Taken together, these results suggest that LTK in neural crest cells interacts with midkine emanating from the non-neural ectoderm to promote cell survival, revealing a new signaling pathway that is essential for neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Monteleone Vieceli
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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6
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Gouignard N, Andrieu C, Theveneau E. Neural crest delamination and migration: Looking forward to the next 150 years. Genesis 2018; 56:e23107. [PMID: 29675839 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells were described for the first time in 1868 by Wilhelm His. Since then, this amazing population of migratory stem cells has been intensively studied. It took a century to fully unravel their incredible abilities to contribute to nearly every organ of the body. Yet, our understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms controlling their migration is far from complete. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and collective behavior of NC cells and propose further stops at which the NC train might be calling in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Gouignard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Cyril Andrieu
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
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7
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Kahata K, Dadras MS, Moustakas A. TGF-β Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022194. [PMID: 28246184 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia exist in the animal body since the onset of embryonic development; they generate tissue barriers and specify organs and glands. Through epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), epithelia generate mesenchymal cells that form new tissues and promote healing or disease manifestation when epithelial homeostasis is challenged physiologically or pathologically. Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), activins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) have been implicated in the regulation of epithelial differentiation. These TGF-β family ligands are expressed and secreted at sites where the epithelium interacts with the mesenchyme and provide paracrine queues from the mesenchyme to the neighboring epithelium, helping the specification of differentiated epithelial cell types within an organ. TGF-β ligands signal via Smads and cooperating kinase pathways and control the expression or activities of key transcription factors that promote either epithelial differentiation or mesenchymal transitions. In this review, we discuss evidence that illustrates how TGF-β family ligands contribute to epithelial differentiation and induce mesenchymal transitions, by focusing on the embryonic ectoderm and tissues that form the external mammalian body lining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kahata
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Shahidi Dadras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Cousin H. Cadherins function during the collective cell migration of Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest cells: revisiting the role of E-cadherin. Mech Dev 2017; 148:79-88. [PMID: 28467887 PMCID: PMC5662486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a process whereby cells move while keeping contact with other cells. The Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest (CNC) is a population of cells that emerge during early embryogenesis and undergo extensive migration from the dorsal to ventral part of the embryo's head. These cells migrate collectively and require cadherin mediated cell-cell contact. In this review, we will describe the key features of Xenopus CNC migration including the key molecules driving their migration. We will also review the role of the various cadherins during Xenopus CNC emergence and migration. Lastly, we will discuss the recent and seemingly controversial findings showing that E-cadherin presence is essential for CNC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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9
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York JR, Yuan T, Zehnder K, McCauley DW. Lamprey neural crest migration is Snail-dependent and occurs without a differential shift in cadherin expression. Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28624345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of neural crest cells was a key step in the origin of the vertebrate body plan. An outstanding question is how neural crest cells acquired their ability to undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrate extensively throughout the vertebrate embryo. We tested if differential regulation of classical cadherins-a highly conserved feature of neural crest EMT and migration in jawed vertebrates-mediates these cellular behaviors in lamprey, a basal jawless vertebrate. Lamprey has single copies of the type I and type II classical cadherins (CadIA and CadIIA). CadIIA is expressed in premigratory neural crest, and requires the transcription factor Snail for proper expression, yet CadIA is never expressed in the neural tube during neural crest development, suggesting that differential regulation of classical cadherin expression is not required to initiate neural crest migration in basal vertebrates. We hypothesize that neural crest cells evolved by retention of regulatory programs linking distinct mesenchymal and multipotency properties, and emigrated from the neural tube without differentially regulating type I/type II cadherins. Our results point to the coupling of mesenchymal state and multipotency as a key event facilitating the origin of migratory neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R York
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Kevin Zehnder
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - David W McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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10
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Taneyhill LA, Schiffmacher AT. Should I stay or should I go? Cadherin function and regulation in the neural crest. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28253541 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our increasing comprehension of neural crest cell development has reciprocally advanced our understanding of cadherin expression, regulation, and function. As a transient population of multipotent stem cells that significantly contribute to the vertebrate body plan, neural crest cells undergo a variety of transformative processes and exhibit many cellular behaviors, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), motility, collective cell migration, and differentiation. Multiple studies have elucidated regulatory and mechanistic details of specific cadherins during neural crest cell development in a highly contextual manner. Collectively, these results reveal that gradual changes within neural crest cells are accompanied by often times subtle, yet important, alterations in cadherin expression and function. The primary focus of this review is to coalesce recent data on cadherins in neural crest cells, from their specification to their emergence as motile cells soon after EMT, and to highlight the complexities of cadherin expression beyond our current perceptions, including the hypothesis that the neural crest EMT is a transition involving a predominantly singular cadherin switch. Further advancements in genetic approaches and molecular techniques will provide greater opportunities to integrate data from various model systems in order to distinguish unique or overlapping functions of cadherins expressed at any point throughout the ontogeny of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Andrew T Schiffmacher
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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11
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EMT and stemness: flexible processes tuned by alternative splicing in development and cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:8. [PMID: 28137272 PMCID: PMC5282733 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with metastasis formation as well as with generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells. In this way, EMT contributes to tumor invasion, heterogeneity and chemoresistance. Morphological and functional changes involved in these processes require robust reprogramming of gene expression, which is only partially accomplished at the transcriptional level. Alternative splicing is another essential layer of gene expression regulation that expands the cell proteome. This step in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression tightly controls cell identity between epithelial and mesenchymal states and during stem cell differentiation. Importantly, dysregulation of splicing factor function and cancer-specific splicing isoform expression frequently occurs in human tumors, suggesting the importance of alternative splicing regulation for cancer biology. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of EMT programs in development, stem cell differentiation and cancer progression. Next, we focus on selected examples of key factors involved in EMT and stem cell differentiation that are regulated post-transcriptionally through alternative splicing mechanisms. Lastly, we describe relevant oncogenic splice-variants that directly orchestrate cancer stem cell biology and tumor EMT, which may be envisioned as novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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12
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Voon DCC, Thiery JP. The Emerging Roles of RUNX Transcription Factors in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:471-489. [PMID: 28299674 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionary conserved morphogenetic program necessary for the shaping of the body plan during development. It is guided precisely by growth factor signaling and a dedicated network of specialised transcription factors. These are supported by other transcription factor families serving auxiliary functions during EMT, beyond their general roles as effectors of major signaling pathways. EMT transiently induces in epithelial cells mesenchymal properties, such as the loss of cell-cell adhesion and a gain in cell motility. Together, these newly acquired properties enable their migration to distant sites where they eventually give rise to adult epithelia. However, it is now recognized that EMT contributes to the pathogenesis of several human diseases, notably in tissue fibrosis and cancer metastasis. The RUNX family of transcription factors are important players in cell fate determination during development, where their spatio-temporal expression often overlaps with the occurrence of EMT. Furthermore, the dysregulation of RUNX expression and functions are increasingly linked to the aberrant induction of EMT in cancer. The present chapter reviews the current knowledge of this emerging field and the common themes of RUNX involvement during EMT, with the intention of fostering future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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13
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Sung DC, Bowen CJ, Vaidya KA, Zhou J, Chapurin N, Recknagel A, Zhou B, Chen J, Kotlikoff M, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 Overexpression Induces Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Calcification in Mature Aortic Valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1627-37. [PMID: 27312222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve (AoV) disease is a significant clinical problem for which the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Enhanced cell-cell adhesion is a common mechanism of cellular aggregation, but its role in calcific lesion formation is not known. Cadherin-11 (Cad-11) has been associated with lesion formation in vitro, but its function during adult valve homeostasis and pathogenesis is not known. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Cad-11 and its downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in extracellular matrix remodeling and AoV calcification. APPROACH AND RESULTS We conditionally overexpressed Cad-11 in murine heart valves using a novel double-transgenic Nfatc1(Cre);R26-Cad11(TglTg) mouse model. These mice developed hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis with prominent calcific lesions in the AoV leaflets. Cad-11 overexpression upregulated downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in the valve interstitial cells, causing calcification and extensive pathogenic extracellular matrix remodeling. AoV interstitial cells overexpressing Cad-11 in an osteogenic environment in vitro rapidly form calcific nodules analogous to in vivo lesions. Molecular analyses revealed upregulation of osteoblastic and myofibroblastic markers. Treatment with a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor attenuated nodule formation, further supporting that Cad-11-driven calcification acts through the small GTPase RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of heart valve calcification and demonstrates that overexpression of Cad-11 upregulates RhoA and Sox9 to induce calcification and extracellular matrix remodeling in adult AoV pathogenesis. The findings provide a potential molecular target for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Sung
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Caitlin J Bowen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Kiran A Vaidya
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Nikita Chapurin
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Andrew Recknagel
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan Chen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Michael Kotlikoff
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.).
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14
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Motohashi T, Watanabe N, Nishioka M, Nakatake Y, Yulan P, Mochizuki H, Kawamura Y, Ko MSH, Goshima N, Kunisada T. Gene array analysis of neural crest cells identifies transcription factors necessary for direct conversion of embryonic fibroblasts into neural crest cells. Biol Open 2016; 5:311-22. [PMID: 26873953 PMCID: PMC4810742 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NC cells) are multipotent cells that emerge from the edge of the neural folds and migrate throughout the developing embryo. Although the gene regulatory network for generation of NC cells has been elucidated in detail, it has not been revealed which of the factors in the network are pivotal to directing NC identity. In this study we analyzed the gene expression profile of a pure NC subpopulation isolated from Sox10-IRES-Venus mice and investigated whether these genes played a key role in the direct conversion of Sox10-IRES-Venus mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into NC cells. The comparative molecular profiles of NC cells and neural tube cells in 9.5-day embryos revealed genes including transcription factors selectively expressed in developing trunk NC cells. Among 25 NC cell-specific transcription factor genes tested, SOX10 and SOX9 were capable of converting MEFs into SOX10-positive (SOX10+) cells. The SOX10+ cells were then shown to differentiate into neurons, glial cells, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and osteoblasts. These SOX10+ cells also showed limited self-renewal ability, suggesting that SOX10 and SOX9 directly converted MEFs into NC cells. Conversely, the remaining transcription factors, including well-known NC cell specifiers, were unable to convert MEFs into SOX10+ NC cells. These results suggest that SOX10 and SOX9 are the key factors necessary for the direct conversion of MEFs into NC cells. Summary: In this study, we identified the transcription factors specifically expressed in developing neural crest cells, and showed that SOX10 and SOX9 directly converted fibroblasts into neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishioka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yuhki Nakatake
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Department of Systems Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Piao Yulan
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hiromi Mochizuki
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBiC), Tokyo 135-8073, Japan
| | | | - Minoru S H Ko
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Department of Systems Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Goshima
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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15
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Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME. Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe. Development 2015; 142:242-57. [PMID: 25564621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem/progenitor cell population that contributes to a wide variety of derivatives, including sensory and autonomic ganglia, cartilage and bone of the face and pigment cells of the skin. Unique to vertebrate embryos, it has served as an excellent model system for the study of cell behavior and identity owing to its multipotency, motility and ability to form a broad array of cell types. Neural crest development is thought to be controlled by a suite of transcriptional and epigenetic inputs arranged hierarchically in a gene regulatory network. Here, we examine neural crest development from a gene regulatory perspective and discuss how the underlying genetic circuitry results in the features that define this unique cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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16
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Clay MR, Halloran MC. Cadherin 6 promotes neural crest cell detachment via F-actin regulation and influences active Rho distribution during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Development 2014; 141:2506-15. [PMID: 24917505 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex change in cell phenotype that is important for cell migration, morphogenesis and carcinoma metastasis. Loss of epithelial cell adhesion and tight regulation of cadherin adhesion proteins are crucial for EMT. Cells undergoing EMT often display cadherin switching, where they downregulate one cadherin and induce expression of another. However, the functions of the upregulated cadherins and their effects on cell motility are poorly understood. Neural crest cells (NCCs), which undergo EMT during development, lose N-cadherin and upregulate Cadherin 6 (Cdh6) prior to EMT. Cdh6 has been suggested to suppress EMT via cell adhesion, but also to promote EMT by mediating pro-EMT signals. Here, we determine novel roles for Cdh6 in generating cell motility during EMT. We use live imaging of NCC behavior in vivo to show that Cdh6 promotes detachment of apical NCC tails, an important early step of EMT. Furthermore, we show that Cdh6 affects spatiotemporal dynamics of F-actin and active Rho GTPase, and that Cdh6 is required for accumulation of F-actin in apical NCC tails during detachment. Moreover, Cdh6 knockdown alters the subcellular distribution of active Rho, which is known to promote localized actomyosin contraction that is crucial for apical NCC detachment. Together, these data suggest that Cdh6 is an important determinant of where subcellular actomyosin forces are generated during EMT. Our results also identify mechanisms by which an upregulated cadherin can generate cell motility during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Clay
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mary C Halloran
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Tondeleir D, Noelanders R, Bakkali K, Ampe C. Beta-actin is required for proper mouse neural crest ontogeny. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85608. [PMID: 24409333 PMCID: PMC3883714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse genome consists of six functional actin genes of which the expression patterns are temporally and spatially regulated during development and in the adult organism. Deletion of beta-actin in mouse is lethal during embryonic development, although there is compensatory expression of other actin isoforms. This suggests different isoform specific functions and, more in particular, an important function for beta-actin during early mammalian development. We here report a role for beta-actin during neural crest ontogeny. Although beta-actin null neural crest cells show expression of neural crest markers, less cells delaminate and their migration arrests shortly after. These phenotypes were associated with elevated apoptosis levels in neural crest cells, whereas proliferation levels were unchanged. Specifically the pre-migratory neural crest cells displayed higher levels of apoptosis, suggesting increased apoptosis in the neural tube accounts for the decreased amount of migrating neural crest cells seen in the beta-actin null embryos. These cells additionally displayed a lack of membrane bound N-cadherin and dramatic decrease in cadherin-11 expression which was more pronounced in the pre-migratory neural crest population, potentially indicating linkage between the cadherin-11 expression and apoptosis. By inhibiting ROCK ex vivo, the knockout neural crest cells regained migratory capacity and cadherin-11 expression was upregulated. We conclude that the presence of beta-actin is vital for survival, specifically of pre-migratory neural crest cells, their proper emigration from the neural tube and their subsequent migration. Furthermore, the absence of beta-actin affects cadherin-11 and N-cadherin function, which could partly be alleviated by ROCK inhibition, situating the Rho-ROCK signaling in a feedback loop with cadherin-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Tondeleir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rivka Noelanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karima Bakkali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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18
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Becker SFS, Mayor R, Kashef J. Cadherin-11 mediates contact inhibition of locomotion during Xenopus neural crest cell migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85717. [PMID: 24392028 PMCID: PMC3877381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is an essential feature both in embryonic development and cancer progression. The molecular mechanisms of these coordinated directional cell movements still need to be elucidated. The migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells during embryogenesis is an excellent model for collective cell migration in vivo. These highly motile and multipotent cells migrate directionally on defined routes throughout the embryo. Interestingly, local cell-cell interactions seem to be the key force for directionality. CNC cells can change their migration direction by a repulsive cell response called contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). Cell protrusions collapse upon homotypic cell-cell contact and internal repolarization leads to formation of new protrusions toward cell-free regions. Wnt/PCP signaling was shown to mediate activation of small RhoGTPase RhoA and inhibition of cell protrusions at the contact side. However, the mechanism how a cell recognizes the contact is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Xenopus cadherin-11 (Xcad-11) mediated cell-cell adhesion is necessary in CIL for directional and collective migration of CNC cells. Reduction of Xcad-11 adhesive function resulted in higher invasiveness of CNC due to loss of CIL. Additionally, transplantation analyses revealed that CNC migratory behaviour in vivo is non-directional and incomplete when Xcad-11 adhesive function is impaired. Blocking Wnt/PCP signaling led to similar results underlining the importance of Xcad-11 in the mechanism of CIL and directional migration of CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. S. Becker
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- *
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19
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Taneyhill LA, Schiffmacher AT. Cadherin dynamics during neural crest cell ontogeny. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:291-315. [PMID: 23481200 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane-associated junctional complexes mediate cell-cell adhesion, intercellular interactions, and other fundamental processes required for proper embryo morphogenesis. Cadherins are calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins at the core of adherens junctions and are expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns throughout the development of an important vertebrate cell type, the neural crest. Multipotent neural crest cells arise from the ectoderm as epithelial cells under the influence of inductive cues, undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migrate throughout the embryonic body, and then differentiate into multiple derivatives at predetermined destinations. Neural crest cells change their expressed cadherin repertoires as they undergo each new morphogenetic transition, providing insight into distinct functions of expressed cadherins that are essential for proper completion of each specific stage. Cadherins modulate neural crest cell morphology, segregation, migration, and tissue formation. This chapter reviews the knowledge base of cadherin regulation, expression, and function during the ontogeny of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, 1405 Animal Sciences Center, College Park, Maryland, USA
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20
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Theveneau E, Mayor R. Collective cell migration of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3481-92. [PMID: 23314710 PMCID: PMC11113167 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Directional cell migration is required for proper embryogenesis, immunity, and healing, and its underpinning regulatory mechanisms are often hijacked during diseases such as chronic inflammations and cancer metastasis. Studies on migratory epithelial tissues have revealed that cells can move as a collective group with shared responsibilities. First thought to be restricted to proper epithelial cell types able to maintain stable cell-cell junctions, the field of collective cell migration is now widening to include cooperative behavior of mesenchymal cells. In this review, we give an overview of the mechanisms driving collective cell migration in epithelial tissues and discuss how mesenchymal cells can cooperate to behave as a collective in the absence of bona fide cell-cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Powell DR, Blasky AJ, Britt SG, Artinger KB. Riding the crest of the wave: parallels between the neural crest and cancer in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:511-22. [PMID: 23576382 PMCID: PMC3739939 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is first induced as an epithelial population of cells at the neural plate border requiring complex signaling between bone morphogenetic protein, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factors to differentiate the neural and NC fate from the epidermis. Remarkably, following induction, these cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), delaminate from the neural tube, and migrate through various tissue types and microenvironments before reaching their final destination where they undergo terminal differentiation. This process is mirrored in cancer metastasis, where a primary tumor will undergo an EMT before migrating and invading other cell populations to create a secondary tumor site. In recent years, as our understanding of NC EMT and migration has deepened, important new insights into tumorigenesis and metastasis have also been achieved. These discoveries have been driven by the observation that many cancers misregulate developmental genes to reacquire proliferative and migratory states. In this review, we examine how the NC provides an excellent model for studying EMT and migration. These data are discussed from the perspective of the gene regulatory networks that control both NC and cancer cell EMT and migration. Deciphering these processes in a comparative manner will expand our knowledge of the underlying etiology and pathogenesis of cancer and promote the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davalyn R Powell
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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22
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Paulson AF, Prasad MS, Thuringer AH, Manzerra P. Regulation of cadherin expression in nervous system development. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 8:19-28. [PMID: 24526207 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms for classical cadherin expression during development of the vertebrate nervous system. The complexity of the spatial and temporal expression patterns is linked to morphogenic and functional roles in the developing nervous system. While the regulatory networks controlling cadherin expression are not well understood, it is likely that the multiple signaling pathways active in the development of particular domains also regulate the specific cadherins expressed at that time and location. With the growing understanding of the broader roles of cadherins in cell-cell adhesion and non-adhesion processes, it is important to understand both the upstream regulation of cadherin expression and the downstream effects of specific cadherins within their cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia F Paulson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences; Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota; Vermillion, SD USA
| | - Maneeshi S Prasad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Northwestern University; Evanston, IL USA
| | | | - Pasquale Manzerra
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences; Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota; Vermillion, SD USA
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23
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Greenwood AK, Cech JN, Peichel CL. Molecular and developmental contributions to divergent pigment patterns in marine and freshwater sticklebacks. Evol Dev 2012; 14:351-62. [PMID: 22765206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2012.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pigment pattern variation across species or populations offers a tractable framework in which to investigate the evolution of development. Juvenile threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from marine and freshwater environments exhibit divergent pigment patterns that are associated with ecological differences. Juvenile marine sticklebacks have a silvery appearance, whereas sticklebacks from freshwater environments exhibit a pattern of vertical bars. We investigated both the developmental and molecular basis of this population-level variation in pigment pattern. Time course imaging during the transition from larval to juvenile stages revealed differences between marine and freshwater fish in spatial patterns of chromatophore differentiation as well as in pigment amount and dispersal. In freshwater fish, melanophores appear primarily within dark bars whereas iridophores appear within light bars. By contrast, in marine fish, these chromatophores are interspersed across the flank. In addition to spatially segregated chromatophore differentiation, pigment amount and dispersal within melanophores varies spatially across the flank of freshwater, but not marine fish. To gain insight into the molecular pathways that underlie the differences in pigment pattern development, we evaluated differential gene expression in the flanks of developing fish using high-throughput cDNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative PCR. We identified several genes that were differentially expressed across dark and light bars of freshwater fish, and between freshwater and marine fish. Together, these experiments begin to shed light on the process of pigment pattern evolution in sticklebacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Greenwood
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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24
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McKeown SJ, Wallace AS, Anderson RB. Expression and function of cell adhesion molecules during neural crest migration. Dev Biol 2012; 373:244-57. [PMID: 23123967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are highly migratory cells that give rise to many derivatives including peripheral ganglia, craniofacial structures and melanocytes. Neural crest cells migrate along defined pathways to their target sites, interacting with each other and their environment as they migrate. Cell adhesion molecules are critical during this process. In this review we discuss the expression and function of cell adhesion molecules during the process of neural crest migration, in particular cadherins, integrins, members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, and the proteolytic enzymes that cleave these cell adhesion molecules. The expression and function of these cell adhesion molecules and proteases are compared across neural crest emigrating from different axial levels, and across different species of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia.
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25
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Theveneau E, Mayor R. Cadherins in collective cell migration of mesenchymal cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:677-84. [PMID: 22944726 PMCID: PMC4902125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunity, embryogenesis and tissue repair rely heavily on cell migration. Cells can be seen migrating as individuals or large groups. In the latter case, collectiveness emerges via cell-cell interactions. In migratory epithelial cell sheets, classic Cadherins are critical to maintain tissue integrity, to promote coordination and establish cell polarity. However, recent evidence indicates that mesenchymal cells, migrating in streams such as neural crest or cancer cells, also exhibit collective migration. Here we will explore the idea that Cadherins play an essential role during collective migration of mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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26
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Theveneau E, Mayor R. Can mesenchymal cells undergo collective cell migration? The case of the neural crest. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 5:490-8. [PMID: 22274714 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.6.18623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is critical for proper development of the embryo and is also used by many cell types to perform their physiological function. For instance, cell migration is essential for immune cells to monitor the body and for epithelial cells to heal a wound whereas, in cancer cells, acquisition of migratory capabilities is a critical step towards malignancy. Migratory cells are often categorized into two groups: mesenchymal cells, produced by an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition, that undergo solitary migration and epithelial-like cells which migrate collectively. However, on some occasions, mesenchymal cells may travel in large, dense groups and exhibit key features of collectively migrating cells such as coordination and cooperation. Here, using data published on Neural Crest cells, a highly invasive mesenchymal cell population that extensively migrate throughout the embryo, we explore the idea that other mesenchymal cells, including cancer cells, might be able to undergo collective cell migration under certain conditions and discuss how they could do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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27
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Kerosuo L, Bronner-Fraser M. What is bad in cancer is good in the embryo: importance of EMT in neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:320-32. [PMID: 22430756 PMCID: PMC3345076 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is famous for its role in cancer metastasis, it also is a normal developmental event in which epithelial cells are converted into migratory mesenchymal cells. A prime example of EMT during development occurs when neural crest (NC) cells emigrate from the neural tube thus providing an excellent model to study the principles of EMT in a nonmalignant environment. NC cells start life as neuroepithelial cells intermixed with precursors of the central nervous system. After EMT, they delaminate and begin migrating, often to distant sites in the embryo. While proliferating and maintaining multipotency and cell survival the transitioning neural crest cells lose apicobasal polarity and the basement membrane is broken down. This review discusses how these events are coordinated and regulated, by series of events involving signaling factors, gene regulatory interactions, as well as epigenetic and post-transcriptional modifications. Even though the series of events involved in NC EMT are well known, the sequence in which these steps take place remains a subject of debate, raising the intriguing possibility that, rather than being a single event, neural crest EMT may involve multiple parallel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kerosuo
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
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28
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Strobl-Mazzulla PH, Bronner ME. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition: new and old insights from the classical neural crest model. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:411-6. [PMID: 22575214 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important event converting compact and ordered epithelial cells into migratory mesenchymal cells. Given the molecular and cellular similarities between pathological and developmental EMTs, studying this event during neural crest development offers and excellent in vivo model for understanding the mechanisms underlying this process. Here, we review new and old insight into neural crest EMT in search of commonalities with cancer progression that might aid in the design of specific therapeutic prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo H Strobl-Mazzulla
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina.
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29
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Milet C, Monsoro-Burq AH. Embryonic stem cell strategies to explore neural crest development in human embryos. Dev Biol 2012; 366:96-9. [PMID: 22306197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Controling embryonic stem cell fate in vitro has been a major challenge in the past decade. Several protocols have been developed to obtain neural crest derivatives in culture, using more or less defined conditions. Here, we present various strategies used to date to obtain neural crest specification and the markers that can be used to identify human neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Milet
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1021, CNRS, UMR 3347, F-91405 Orsay, France
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30
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Clendenon SG, Sarmah S, Shah B, Liu Q, Marrs JA. Zebrafish cadherin-11 participates in retinal differentiation and retinotectal axon projection during visual system development. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:442-54. [PMID: 22247003 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadherins orchestrate tissue morphogenesis by controlling cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. Various cadherin family members are expressed in the retina and other neural tissues during embryogenesis, regulating development of these tissues. Cadherin-11 (Cdh11) is expressed in mesenchymal, bone, epithelial, neural and other tissues, and this cadherin was shown to control cell migration and differentiation in neural crest, tumor and bone cells. Our previous studies characterized Cdh11 expression and function in zebrafish. RESULTS Here, we report effects of Cdh11 loss-of-function on visual system development using morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown methods. Cdh11 is expressed in the retina and lens during retinal differentiation. Cdh11 loss-of-function produced defects in retinal differentiation and lens development. Cdh11 loss-of-function also reduced retinotectal axon projection and organization, consistent with known Cdh11 function in cell migration. CONCLUSION Cdh11 expression in the developing visual system and Cdh11 loss-of-function phenotype illustrates the critical role for differential cadherin activity in visual system differentiation and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry G Clendenon
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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31
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Theveneau E, Mayor R. Neural crest delamination and migration: from epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition to collective cell migration. Dev Biol 2012; 366:34-54. [PMID: 22261150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
After induction and specification in the ectoderm, at the border of the neural plate, the neural crest (NC) population leaves its original territory through a delamination process. Soon afterwards, the NC cells migrate throughout the embryo and colonize a myriad of tissues and organs where they settle and differentiate. The delamination involves a partial or complete epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) regulated by a complex network of transcription factors including several proto-oncogenes. Studying the relationship between these genes at the time of emigration, and their individual or collective impact on cell behavior, provides valuable information about their role in EMT in other contexts such as cancer metastasis. During migration, NC cells are exposed to large number of positive and negative regulators that control where they go by generating permissive and restricted areas and by modulating their motility and directionality. In addition, as most NC cells migrate collectively, cell-cell interactions play a crucial role in polarizing the cells and interpreting external cues. Cell cooperation eventually generates an overall polarity to the population, leading to directional collective cell migration. This review will summarize our current knowledge on delamination, EMT and migration of NC cells using key examples from chicken, Xenopus, zebrafish and mouse embryos. Given the similarities between neural crest migration and cancer invasion, these cells may represent a useful model for understanding the mechanisms of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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32
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Lee MP, Yutzey KE. Twist1 directly regulates genes that promote cell proliferation and migration in developing heart valves. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29758. [PMID: 22242143 PMCID: PMC3248441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Twist1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is expressed in mesenchymal precursor populations during embryogenesis and in metastatic cancer cells. In the developing heart, Twist1 is highly expressed in endocardial cushion (ECC) valve mesenchymal cells and is down regulated during valve differentiation and remodeling. Previous studies demonstrated that Twist1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and expression of primitive extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in ECC mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, Twist1 expression is induced in human pediatric and adult diseased heart valves. However, the Twist1 downstream target genes that mediate increased cell proliferation and migration during early heart valve development remain largely unknown. Candidate gene and global gene profiling approaches were used to identify transcriptional targets of Twist1 during heart valve development. Candidate target genes were analyzed for evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs) containing E-box consensus sequences that are potential Twist1 binding sites. ECRs containing conserved E-box sequences were identified for Twist1 responsive genes Tbx20, Cdh11, Sema3C, Rab39b, and Gadd45a. Twist1 binding to these sequences in vivo was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, and binding was detected in ECCs but not late stage remodeling valves. In addition identified Twist1 target genes are highly expressed in ECCs and have reduced expression during heart valve remodeling in vivo, which is consistent with the expression pattern of Twist1. Together these analyses identify multiple new genes involved in cell proliferation and migration that are differentially expressed in the developing heart valves, are responsive to Twist1 transcriptional function, and contain Twist1-responsive regulatory sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P. Lee
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Nie S, Kee Y, Bronner-Fraser M. Caldesmon regulates actin dynamics to influence cranial neural crest migration in Xenopus. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3355-65. [PMID: 21795398 PMCID: PMC3172261 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A nonmuscle caldesmon (CaD) is highly expressed in premigratory and migrating Xenopus cranial neural crest cells. A loss-of-function approach shows that CaD is critical for neural crest migration. The results further suggest that CaD influences cell morphology and motility by modulating actin dynamics in neural crest cells. Caldesmon (CaD) is an important actin modulator that associates with actin filaments to regulate cell morphology and motility. Although extensively studied in cultured cells, there is little functional information regarding the role of CaD in migrating cells in vivo. Here we show that nonmuscle CaD is highly expressed in both premigratory and migrating cranial neural crest cells of Xenopus embryos. Depletion of CaD with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides causes cranial neural crest cells to migrate a significantly shorter distance, prevents their segregation into distinct migratory streams, and later results in severe defects in cartilage formation. Demonstrating specificity, these effects are rescued by adding back exogenous CaD. Interestingly, CaD proteins with mutations in the Ca2+-calmodulin–binding sites or ErK/Cdk1 phosphorylation sites fail to rescue the knockdown phenotypes, whereas mutation of the PAK phosphorylation site is able to rescue them. Analysis of neural crest explants reveals that CaD is required for the dynamic arrangements of actin and, thus, for cell shape changes and process formation. Taken together, these results suggest that the actin-modulating activity of CaD may underlie its critical function and is regulated by distinct signaling pathways during normal neural crest migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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34
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Clay MR, Halloran MC. Regulation of cell adhesions and motility during initiation of neural crest migration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 21:17-22. [PMID: 20970990 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate neural crest cell (NCC) migration requires tight control of cell adhesions, cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility. Cadherins and RhoGTPases are critical molecular players that regulate adhesions and motility during initial delamination of NCCs from the neuroepithelium. Recent studies have revealed multiple functions for these molecules and suggest that a precise balance of their activity is crucial. RhoGTPase appears to regulate both cell adhesions and protrusive forces during NCC delamination. Increasing evidence shows that cadherins are multi-functional proteins with novel, adhesion-independent signaling functions that control NCC motility during both delamination and migration. These functions are often regulated by specific proteolytic cleavage of cadherins. After NCC delamination, planar cell polarity signaling acts via RhoGTPases to control NCC protrusions and migration direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Clay
- Department of Zoology, 1117 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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35
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Alfandari D, Cousin H, Marsden M. Mechanism of Xenopus cranial neural crest cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:553-60. [PMID: 20505318 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the field of cranial neural crest cell migration in Xenopus laevis with specific emphasis on cell adhesion and the regulation of cell migration. Our goal is to combine the understanding of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix with the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and the involvement of the planar cell polarity signaling-pathway in guiding the migration of cranial neural crest cells during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominque Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.
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36
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Klymkowsky MW, Rossi CC, Artinger KB. Mechanisms driving neural crest induction and migration in the zebrafish and Xenopus laevis. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:595-608. [PMID: 20962584 PMCID: PMC3011258 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is an evolutionary adaptation, with roots in the formation of mesoderm. Modification of neural crest behavior has been is critical for the evolutionary diversification of the vertebrates and defects in neural crest underlie a range of human birth defects. There has been a tremendous increase in our knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and inductive interactions that converge on defining the neural crest and determining its behavior. While there is a temptation to look for simple models to explain neural crest behavior, the reality is that the system is complex in its circuitry. In this review, our goal is to identify the broad features of neural crest origins (developmentally) and migration (cellularly) using data from the zebrafish (teleost) and Xenopus laevis (tetrapod amphibian) in order to illuminate where general mechanisms appear to be in play, and equally importantly, where disparities in experimental results suggest areas of profitable study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Klymkowsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder, CO USA
| | - Christy Cortez Rossi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology; University of Colorado Denver; School of Dental Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology; University of Colorado Denver; School of Dental Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
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37
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Duband JL. Diversity in the molecular and cellular strategies of epithelium-to-mesenchyme transitions: Insights from the neural crest. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:458-82. [PMID: 20559020 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) are often viewed as a unique event, they are characterized by a great diversity of cellular processes resulting in strikingly different outcomes. They may be complete or partial, massive or progressive, and lead to the complete disruption of the epithelium or leave it intact. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms of EMT are being elucidated owing chiefly from studies on transformed epithelial cell lines cultured in vitro or from cancer cells, the basis of the diversity of EMT processes remains poorly understood. Clues can be collected from EMT occuring during embryonic development and which affect equally tissues of ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal origins. Here, based on our current knowledge of the diversity of processes underlying EMT of neural crest cells in the vertebrate embryo, we propose that the time course and extent of EMT do not depend merely on the identity of the EMT transcriptional regulators and their cellular effectors but rather on the combination of molecular players recruited and on the possible coordination of EMT with other cellular processes.
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38
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Chalpe AJ, Prasad M, Henke AJ, Paulson AF. Regulation of cadherin expression in the chicken neural crest by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:431-8. [PMID: 20523111 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In neural crest cell development, the expression of the cell adhesion proteins cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 commences after delamination of the neural crest cells from the neuroepithelium. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is known to drive this delamination step and is a candidate for inducing expression of these cadherins at this time. This project was initiated to investigate the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the expression of cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 by treating neural crest cells with Wnt3a ligand. Expression of cadherin-11 was first confirmed in the neural crest cells for the chicken embryo. The changes in the expression level of cadherin-7 and -11 following the treatment with Wnt3a were studied using real-time RT-PCR and immunostaining. Statistically significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 and in the amount of cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 protein found in cell-cell interfaces between neural crest cells was observed in response to Wnt, demonstrating that cadherin-7 and cadherin-11 expressed by the migrating neural crest cells can be regulated by the canonical Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha J Chalpe
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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39
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Kyung Chang S, Gu Z, Brenner MB. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes in inflammatory arthritis pathology: the emerging role of cadherin-11. Immunol Rev 2010; 233:256-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Thiery JP, Acloque H, Huang RYJ, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. Cell 2009; 139:871-90. [PMID: 19945376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7492] [Impact Index Per Article: 499.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs. EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it can adversely cause organ fibrosis and promote carcinoma progression through a variety of mechanisms. EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis.
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41
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Kashef J, Köhler A, Kuriyama S, Alfandari D, Mayor R, Wedlich D. Cadherin-11 regulates protrusive activity in Xenopus cranial neural crest cells upstream of Trio and the small GTPases. Genes Dev 2009; 23:1393-8. [PMID: 19528317 DOI: 10.1101/gad.519409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus Cadherin-11 (Xcad-11) is expressed when cranial neural crest cells (CNC) acquire motility. However, its function in stimulating cell migration is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Xcad-11 initiates filopodia and lamellipodia formation, which is essential for CNC to populate pharyngeal pouches. We identified the cytoplasmic tail of Xcad-11 as both necessary and sufficient for proper CNC migration as long as it was linked to the plasma membrane. Our results showing that guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-Trio binds to Xcad-11 and can functionally substitute for it like constitutively active forms of RhoA, Rac, and cdc42 unravel a novel cadherin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubin Kashef
- Zoologisches Institut II, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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42
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Acloque H, Adams MS, Fishwick K, Bronner-Fraser M, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: the importance of changing cell state in development and disease. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1438-49. [PMID: 19487820 DOI: 10.1172/jci38019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1041] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The events that convert adherent epithelial cells into individual migratory cells that can invade the extracellular matrix are known collectively as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Throughout evolution, the capacity of cells to switch between these two cellular states has been fundamental in the generation of complex body patterns. Here, we review the EMT events that build the embryo and further discuss two prototypical processes governed by EMT in amniotes: gastrulation and neural crest formation. Cells undergo EMT to migrate and colonize distant territories. Not surprisingly, this is also the mechanism used by cancer cells to disperse throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Acloque
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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43
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Acloque H, Adams MS, Fishwick K, Bronner-Fraser M, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: the importance of changing cell state in development and disease. J Clin Invest 2009. [PMID: 19487820 DOI: 10.1172/jci38019.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The events that convert adherent epithelial cells into individual migratory cells that can invade the extracellular matrix are known collectively as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Throughout evolution, the capacity of cells to switch between these two cellular states has been fundamental in the generation of complex body patterns. Here, we review the EMT events that build the embryo and further discuss two prototypical processes governed by EMT in amniotes: gastrulation and neural crest formation. Cells undergo EMT to migrate and colonize distant territories. Not surprisingly, this is also the mechanism used by cancer cells to disperse throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Acloque
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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44
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Farina AK, Bong YS, Feltes CM, Byers SW. Post-transcriptional regulation of cadherin-11 expression by GSK-3 and beta-catenin in prostate and breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4797. [PMID: 19274078 PMCID: PMC2650783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell-cell adhesion molecule cadherin-11 is important in embryogenesis and bone morphogenesis, invasion of cancer cells, lymphangiogenesis, homing of cancer cells to bone, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, very little is known about the regulation of cadherin-11 expression. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that cell density and GSK-3β regulate cadherin-11 levels in cancer cells. Inactivation of GSK3β with lithium chloride or the GSK3 inhibitor BIO and GSK3β knockdown with siRNA repressed cadherin-11 mRNA and protein levels. RNA Polymerase II chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that inhibition of GSK3 does not affect cadherin-11 gene transcription. Although the cadherin-11 3′UTR contains putative microRNA target sites and is regulated by Dicer, its stability is not regulated by GSK3 inhibition or density. Our data show that GSK3β regulates cadherin-11 expression in two ways: first a β-catenin-independent regulation of cadherin-11 steady state mRNA levels, and second a β-catenin-dependent effect on cadherin-11 3′UTR stability and protein translation. Conclusions Cadherin-11 mRNA and protein levels are regulated by the activity of GSK3β and a significant degree of this regulation is exerted by the GSK3 target, β-catenin, at the level of the cadherin-11 3′UTR
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Farina
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Yong-Sik Bong
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Carolyn M. Feltes
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Byers
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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McCusker C, Cousin H, Neuner R, Alfandari D. Extracellular cleavage of cadherin-11 by ADAM metalloproteases is essential for Xenopus cranial neural crest cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:78-89. [PMID: 18946084 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-05-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins alternate their expression throughout cranial neural crest (CNC) development, yet our understanding of the role of these molecules during CNC migration remains incomplete. The "mesenchymal" cadherin-11 is expressed in the CNC during migration yet prevents migration when overexpressed in the embryo, suggesting that a defined level of cadherin-11-mediated cell adhesion is required for migration. Here we show that members of the meltrin subfamily of ADAM metalloproteases cleave the extracellular domain of cadherin-11 during CNC migration. We show that a fragment corresponding to the putative shed form of cadherin-11 retains biological activity by promoting CNC migration in vivo, in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Additionally, cleavage of cadherin-11 does not affect binding to beta-catenin and downstream signaling events. We propose that ADAM cleavage of cadherin-11 promotes migration by modifying its ability to support cell-cell adhesion while maintaining the membrane-bound pool of beta-catenin associated with the cadherin-11 cytoplasmic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McCusker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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46
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Taneyhill LA. To adhere or not to adhere: the role of Cadherins in neural crest development. Cell Adh Migr 2008; 2:223-30. [PMID: 19262148 DOI: 10.4161/cam.2.4.6835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of cell adhesion is fundamental to the morphogenesis that accompanies proper embryonic development. Cadherins are a large family of calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules whose spatial and temporal expression is critical to the formation of the neural crest, a unique, multipotent cell type that contributes to the patterning of the vertebrate body plan. Neural crest cells arise from the embryonic ectoderm through inductive interactions and reside in the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. These cells under go an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migrate to precise destinations in the embryo, where they go on to differentiate into such diverse structures as melanocytes, elements of the peripheral nervous system and the craniofacial skeleton. Distinct cadherins are expressed during the induction, migration and differentiation of the neural crest. With the advent of genomic sequencing, assembly and annotation for various model organisms, it has become possible to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cadherin expression, and how these cadherins function, during neural crest development. This review explores the known roles of cadherins and details, where relevant, how different cadherins are regulated during the formation of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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47
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Zhou Y, Snead ML. Derivation of cranial neural crest-like cells from human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:542-7. [PMID: 18804450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient population of multipotent progenitors contributing to a diverse array of tissues throughout the vertebrate embryo. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are able to form embryoid body and spontaneously differentiate to various lineages, following a reproducible temporal pattern of development that recapitulates early embryogenesis. Embryoid bodies were triturated and the dissociated cells were processed for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and more than 1% of cells were identified as frizzled-3(+)/cadherin-11(+). Expression of marker genes associated with various terminal fates was detected for chondrocytes, glia, neurons, osteoblasts and smooth muscles, indicating that the FACS-sorted frizzled-3(+)/cadherin-11(+) cells were multipotent progenitor cells capable of differentiating to fates associated with cranial neural crest. Moreover, the sorted cells were able to self-renew and maintain multipotent differentiation potential. The derivation of cranial neural crest-like multipotent progenitor cells from ES cells provides a new tool for cell lineage analysis of neural crest in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA Room 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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48
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Zhou R, Skalli O. Identification of cadherin-11 down-regulation as a common response of astrocytoma cells to Transforming Growth Factor-α. Differentiation 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2000.660402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Kuriyama S, Mayor R. Molecular analysis of neural crest migration. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:1349-62. [PMID: 18198151 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) cells have been called the 'explorers of the embryos' because they migrate all over the embryo where they differentiate into a variety of diverse kinds of cells. In this work, we analyse the role of different molecules controlling the migration of NC cells. First, we describe the strong similarity between the process of NC migration and metastasis in tumour cells. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition process that both kinds of cells undergo is controlled by the same molecular machinery, including cadherins, connexins, Snail and Twist genes and matrix metalloproteases. Second, we analysed the molecular signals that control the patterned migration of the cephalic and trunk NC cells. Most of the factors described so far, such as Eph/ephrins, semaphorins/neuropilins and Slit/Robo, are negative signals that prohibit the migration of NC cells into target areas of the embryo. Finally, we analyse how the direction of migration is controlled by regulation of cell polarity and how the planar cell polarity or non-canonical Wnt signalling is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Kuriyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that eight classic cadherins are differentially expressed in distinct anatomical regions of the cochlea during late stages of chicken embryonic development. Cadherin-6B is expressed in hair cells and spindle-shaped cells, while cadherin-8 mRNA is found only in supporting cells. Cadherin-11 is widely expressed not only in mesenchymal cell around the cochlea, but also in supporting cells and homogene cells. N-cadherin is found in the sensory epithelium, the neurons of the acoustic ganglion and on their neurites that target the hair cells. Three closely related cadherins (cadherin-7, cadherin-19, and cadherin-20) are expressed in a partially complementary manner in spindle-shaped cells and acoustic ganglion cells. R-cadherin is observed in homogene cells, acoustic ganglion cells, and their projections to hair cells. The expression of classic cadherins in the developing cochlea suggests a role for cadherins in the development of the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Luo
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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