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Hussein Ali T, Syahila Duali Hussen R, Heidelberg T, Anua Bin Tajuddin H. X‐Shaped Sugar‐Derived Emulsifiers From ‘Click Chemistry’ ‐ A New Gemini Surfactant Type for Oil‐in‐Water Systems. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tammar Hussein Ali
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Faculty of PharmacyAl Muthanna University 66001 Samawah, Al Muthanna Iraq
| | | | - Thorsten Heidelberg
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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2
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Raghavan V, Polavarapu PL. Specific optical rotation is a versatile tool for the identification of critical micelle concentration and micellar growth of tartaric acid-based diastereomeric amphiphiles. Chirality 2017; 29:836-846. [PMID: 28991388 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four novel tartaric acid-based diastereomeric chiral amphiphiles, two being enantiomers of the other two, have been synthesized and investigated using chiroptical spectroscopic methods, along with tensiometry and dynamic light scattering experiments. We found that an inflection point in specific optical rotation (SOR) values at ~0.32 mM corresponds to the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The increase in magnitude of SOR values beyond CMC corresponds to the growth of aggregates. For enantiomers, oppositely signed SOR values were observed, ruling out the possibility for the presence of aggregation size mediated artefacts. SOR values did not exhibit concentration dependence for a chiral tartaric acid based non-aggregating analogue further establishing the absence of artefacts or anomalous interaction of tartaric acid based head group with solvent. Electronic circular dichroism spectra showed no significant changes in band positions or intensities with concentration. Due to the requirement for higher concentrations (~200 mM) needed to obtain vibrational circular dichroism spectra, these measurements are not found to be useful for studying concentration dependent properties of chiral amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Abdel-Salam FH, Baker SA. Synthesis, Surface and Biological Activities of Cationic Surfactants Based on Glycine Moiety. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2016. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTwo series of cationic surfactants based on glycine molecule as sulfonate salt of N,N-diethyl glycine fatty esters having a hydrocarbon chain length of C12,C16 and C18 followed by quaternerization with ethyl iodide were synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed using IR,1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The surface activity of these amphiphiles has been determined by measurement of their surface tension. Parameters like surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration (cmc), effectiveness (Πcmc), efficiency (pC20), maximum surface excess (Γmax), minimum surface area (Amin) and Gibbs free energy of the micellization (ΔGmic) and adsorption (ΔGads) have been determined from the measurements obtained by surface tension method. All these surfactants showed much lower CMC values compared to the similar hydrophobic chain length surfactant. All synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their biological activity against bacteria and fungi.
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Emara MM, Abdel-Salam FH, Ali RA, Turky AS, Elghayish MM. Synthesis and Evaluation of Surface Activity of Gemini Borate Surfactants Based on Glucose Moiety. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2015.1060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Patial P, Shaheen A, Ahmad I. Synthesis, surface active and thermal properties of novel imidazolium cationic monomeric surfactants. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chauhan V, Singh S, Mishra R, Kaur G. Synthesis and bio-physicochemical properties of amide-functionalized N-methylpiperazinium surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 436:122-31. [PMID: 25268815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Four new amide functionalized N-methylpiperazinium amphiphiles having tetradecyl, hexadecyl alkyl chain lengths and counterions; chloride or bromide have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. These new surfactants have been investigated in detail for their self-assembling behavior by surface tension, conductivity and fluorescence measurements. The thermodynamic parameters of these surfactants indicate that micellization is exothermic and entropy-driven. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments have been performed to insight the aggregate size of these cationics. Thermal degradation of these new surfactants has also been evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). These new surfactants form stable complexes with DNA as acknowledged by agarose gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide exclusion and zeta potential measurements. They have also been found to have low cytotoxicity by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on the C6 glioma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry - UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies - I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Sukhprit Singh
- Department of Chemistry - UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies - I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India.
| | - Rachana Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
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Influence of alkyl chain length on the mesomorphism of 5-S-alkyl-5-thiopentonolactones and 5-S-alkyl-5-thiopentitols. Carbohydr Res 2014; 392:31-9. [PMID: 24880612 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Monocatenary, branched, double-headed, and bolaform surface active carbohydrate esters via photochemical thiol-ene/-yne reactions. Carbohydr Res 2013; 380:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Ngo THV, Damas C, Naejus R, Coudert R. Aggregation of new bipolar glucosyled and cationic fluoroamphiphiles in aqueous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 389:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Synthesis, characterization and surface properties of long chain β-hydroxy-γ-alkyloxy-N-methylimidazolium surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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11
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Roy S, Maiti K, Moulik SP, Ghosh R. Synthesis of C14- and C16-carbon chain containing mannitol diester and diether based non-ionic amphiphiles and studies of their Langmuir monolayer films at the air/water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Deleu M, Damez C, Gatard S, Nott K, Paquot M, Bouquillon S. Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of bolaamphiphiles derived from alkenyl d-xylosides. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Thermodynamic, spectroscopic studies and catechol oxidase activity of copper (II) complexes with amphiphilic d-galacturonic acid derived ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Rudiuk S, Delample M, Franceschi-Messant S, Chouini-Lalanne N, Perez E, Garrigues JC, Rico-Lattes I. Spontaneous Vesicle Formation by Caffeate Ion-Pair Surfactants: Antioxidant Properties and Application to DNA Protection. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690903199452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Queneau Y, Chambert S, Besset C, Cheaib R. Recent progress in the synthesis of carbohydrate-based amphiphilic materials: the examples of sucrose and isomaltulose. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1999-2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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6-S-Alkyl-6-thiohexonolactones and 6-S-Alkyl-6-thiohexitols: Efficient synthesis and new smectic liquid crystal phases. J Mol Liq 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Novel glucose-derived gemini surfactants with a 1,1′-ethylenebisurea spacer: Preparation, thermotropic behavior, and biological properties. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-006-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Piłakowska-Pietras D, Lunkenheimer K, Piasecki A, Pietras M. Adsorption behavior of surface chemically pure N-cycloalkylaldonamides at the air/water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:4016-4023. [PMID: 15835969 DOI: 10.1021/la047112e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium surface tension (sigma(e)) and electric surface potential (DeltaV(e)) versus concentration isotherms of the homologous series of N-cycloalkylaldonamides synthesized from cycloalkylamines (from cyclopentyl- to cyclododecylamine) and D-glucono-1,5-lactone (c-C(n)GA) or D-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone (c-C(n)GHA) (c-n(C) = 5-12) were investigated at the air/water interface. The measurements were performed with aqueous, surface chemically pure surfactant solutions. Equilibrium surface tension vs concentration isotherms were evaluated to get the adsorption parameters, i.e., standard free energy of adsorption, DeltaG degrees (ads), saturation surface concentration, Gamma(infinity), minimum surface area demand per molecule adsorbed, A(min), and interaction parameter, H(s). Increasing the size of the cycloalkyl moiety leads to a significant increase of the minimum surface area demand per molecule adsorbed. This fact, together with a decrease of the intermolecular interaction parameter suggests that the introduction of a more bulky cycloalkyl ring (c-n(C) = 7 and 8) causes an attenuation of the hydrogen-bond network. This goes in line with the exceptional finding that the higher homologues revealed improved solubility in water. In addition, surface tension investigations suggest occurrence of a phase transition for the N-cyclooctylaldonamides at relatively small surface coverage. This observation is well supported by the surface potential measurements, for which the effect of possible changes in the molecules' surface orientation is even more pronounced. Moreover, the concentration intervals of N-cyclooctylaldonamide in which the change in orientation is observed for either the surface tension or the surface potential isotherms are in very good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Piłakowska-Pietras
- Institute of Organic and Polymer Technology, Wrocław University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Lalot J, Stasik I, Demailly G, Beaupère D, Godé P. Synthesis and amphiphilic properties of S-alkylthiopentonolactones and their pentitol derivatives. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 273:604-10. [PMID: 15082400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The amphiphilic properties of S-alkylthiopentono-1,4-lactones (D-ribono-, D-arabinono-, D-xylono-) and corresponding pentitol derivatives with the general formula Su-SR (R=CnH2n+1) are studied. It was shown that CMC, surface area, CPP, and pC20 are influenced by the following structural parameters: alkyl chain length, the number of free hydroxyls, cyclic or acyclic Su structure, and alditol configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lalot
- Laboratoire des Glucides, Université de Picardie-Jules Verne, 33, rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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Piłakowska-Pietras D, Lunkenheimer K, Piasecki A. Adsorption behavior of surface-chemically pure N-alkyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aldonamides at the air/water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:1572-1578. [PMID: 15801414 DOI: 10.1021/la0302955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
N-alkyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aldonamides (alkyl: n-C6H13, n-C8H17, n-C10H21, n-C12H25, and n-C14H29) were obtained in the reaction of long-chain N-alkyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amines with D-glucono-1,5-lactone and D-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone. The adsorption isotherms were obtained from surface tension measurements of aqueous solutions of surface-chemically pure surfactants. The experimental equilibrium surface tension versus concentration isotherms were evaluated by the Frumkin adsorption equation to get the adsorption parameters, namely, standard free energy of adsorption, deltaG(o)ad, saturation adsorption, gammainfinity minimum surface area demand per molecule adsorbed, Amin, and interaction parameter, Hs. The investigated functionalized alkylaldonamides show improved solubility in comparison with the corresponding sugar derivatives of the primary amines. The introduction of the -CHOH moiety into the saccharide headgroup causes a noticeable increase of the hydrophobic character of surfactant. The minimum surface area demand, Amin, is slightly greater for glucoheptonamides than for the corresponding gluconamides. The practically constant Amin value within the homologue series of the aldonamides indicates that the obtuse hydroxyethyl residue is the determining factor for the arrangement of the adsorbed surfactants in the interfacial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Piłakowska-Pietras
- Institute of Organic and Polymer Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Pilakowska-Pietras D, Lunkenheimer K, Piasecki A. Synthesis of novel N,N-di-n-alkylaldonamides and properties of their surface chemically pure adsorption layers at the air/water interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 271:192-200. [PMID: 14757094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2003.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A homologous series of new surface-active N,N-di-n-alkyl-substituted amides derived from delta-D-gluconolactone and alpha-D-glucoheptonic-gamma-lactone were synthesized. The adsorption isotherms of their surface-chemically pure solutions were measured and evaluated to obtain the adsorption parameters of standard free energy of adsorption (DeltaG(0)(ad)), surface excess (Gamma( infinity )), cross-sectional area of the adsorbed surfactant molecule (A(min)), and surface interaction parameter (H(s)). The surfactants possess comparatively low solubilities and do not form micelles at room temperature. This behavior is opposite to that of the other types of sugar surfactants showing excellent solubility and a strong tendency to association/micellization. The derivatives of gluconamide reveal surface activity slightly higher than that of the derivatives of glucoheptonamide, especially for long alkyl chains (n(C)>4). An increase in A(min) of about 6 A(2)/molecule for the gluconic series is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Pilakowska-Pietras
- Institute of Organic and Polymer Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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A comparative study of sugar-based surfactants for the solubilization of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(01)00162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Burczyk B, Wilk KA, Sokolowski A, Syper L. Synthesis and Surface Properties of N-Alkyl-N-methylgluconamides and N-Alkyl-N-methyllactobionamides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001; 240:552-558. [PMID: 11482965 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three series of nonionic N-alkylaldonamides, N-alkyl-N-methylgluconamides (Cn-MGA, Cn: n-C(10)H(21), n-C(12)H(25), n-C(14)H(29), n-C(16)H(33), and n-C(18)H(37)), N-alkyl-N-methyllactobionamides (Cn-MLA, alkyl as above-mentioned), and N-oleyl-N-methylglucon/lactobionamide, were synthesized in the reaction of an appropriate N-alkyl-N-methylamine with delta-D-glucolactone and lactobionic acid, respectively. Krafft temperatures of aqueous solutions and surface properties of these surfactants at 20 degrees C, i.e., surface excess concentration, Gamma(cmc), surface area demand per molecule, A(min), efficiency in surface tension reduction, pC(20), effectiveness in surface tension reduction, Pi(cmc), critical micelle concentration, CMC, and CMC/C(20) parameter as well as standard free energies of adsorption, DeltaG degrees (ads), and of micellization, DeltaG degrees (mic), were determined. It was shown that introduction of the methyl group to the amide nitrogen increased the solubility of the surfactants, which was confirmed by their Krafft temperatures. Lactobionamides are more water soluble than gluconamides. On the other hand, the Cn-MGA surfactants are more surface active than the respective Cn-MLA ones. This observation is based on the determined adsorption and micellization parameters. The presence of one double bond in a hydrocarbon chain as in oleyl-amides increases their hydrophilic character compared with that of saturated C18 derivatives. No distinct differences were observed between the A(min) values obtained for both series studied, although they differ markedly in the size of the hydrophilic groups. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Burczyk
- Institute of Organic and Polymer Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
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Abstract
A short review of recent literature is presented on the synthesis, biological properties, colloid and surface chemistry, and applications of carbohydrate- and related polyol-derived amphiphiles with perfluoroalkyl hydrophobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Riess
- MRI Institute, University of California, San Diego 92103, USA.
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26
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Andersen SM, Lundt I, Marcussen J, Yu S. 1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose: regioselective acylation with fatty acids. Carbohydr Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Gerardin-Charbonnier C, Auberger S, Molina L, Achilefu S, Manresa MA, Vinardell P, Infante MR, Selve C. Preparation and antibiotic activity of monobactam analogues of nocardicins. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 1999; 29:257-72. [PMID: 10431930 DOI: 10.1080/10826069908544928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of diverse beta-lactam analogues of nocardicins with interesting antimicrobial properties were prepared. Coupling of glucosamine to these compounds improved their water solubility. Aminoacid derivatives produced a stereoinduction on the quaternary enantiotopic carbon of the starting compound 1. Evaluation of their antimicrobial activity showed that the introduction of alpha-amninoacids to monobactams increased their activity. The importance of asymmetric carbon is exemplified by the higher antibiotic activity of L-alpha-aminoacids than the D-series. No significant difference was observed between fluorinated and non-fluorinated monobactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gerardin-Charbonnier
- Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy I, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Organique et Colloïdale, LCPOC UMR CNRS-UHP 7565, Nancy Vandoeuvre, France
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. Highly fluorinated amphiphiles and colloidal systems, and their applications in the biomedical field. A contribution. Biochimie 1998; 80:489-514. [PMID: 9782389 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(00)80016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorocarbons and fluorocarbon moieties are uniquely characterized by very strong intramolecular bonds and very weak intermolecular interactions. This results in a combination of exceptional thermal, chemical and biological inertness, low surface tension, high fluidity, excellent spreading characteristics, low solubility in water, and high gas dissolving capacities, which are the basis for innovative applications in the biomedical field. Perfluoroalkyl chains are larger and more rigid than their hydrogenated counterparts. They are considerably more hydrophobic, and are lipophobic as well. A large variety of well-defined, modular fluorinated surfactants whose polar head groups consist of polyols, sugars, sugar phosphates, amino acids, amine oxides, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, etc, has recently been synthesized. Fluorinated surfactants are significantly more surface active than their hydrocarbon counterparts, both in terms of effectiveness and of efficiency. Despite this, they are less hemolytic and less detergent. Fluorosurfactants appear unable to extract membrane proteins. Fluorinated chains confer to surfactants a powerful driving force for collecting and organizing at interfaces. As compared to non-fluorinated analogs, fluorosurfactants have also a much stronger capacity to self-aggregate into discrete molecular assemblies when dispersed in water and other solvents. Even very short, single-chain fluorinated amphiphiles can form highly stable, heat-sterilizable vesicles, without the need for supplementary associative interactions. Sturdy microtubules were obtained from non-chiral, non-hydrogen bonding single-chain fluorosurfactants. Fluorinated amphiphiles can be used to engineer a variety of colloidal systems and manipulate their morphology, structure and properties. Stable fluorinated films, membranes and vesicles can also be prepared from combinations of standard surfactants with fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon diblock molecules. In bilayer membranes made from fluorinated amphiphiles the fluorinated tails segregate to form an internal teflon-like hydrophobic and lipophobic film that increases the stability of the membrane and reduces its permeability. This fluorinated film can also influence the behavior of fluorinated vesicles in a biological milieu. For example, it can affect the in vivo recognition and fate of particles, or the enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipid components. Major applications of fluorocarbons currently in advanced clinical trials include injectable emulsions for delivering oxygen to tissues at risk of hypoxia; a neat fluorocarbon for treatment of acute respiratory failure by liquid ventilation; and gaseous fluorocarbon-stabilized microbubbles for use as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. Fluorosurfactants also allow the preparation of a range of stable direct and reverse emulsions, microemulsions, multiple emulsions, and gels, some of which may include fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon and aqueous phases simultaneously. Highly fluorinated systems have potential for the delivery of drugs, prodrugs, vaccines, genes, markers, contrast agents and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Krafft
- Institut Charles-Sadron (UPR-CNRS 22), Strasbourg, France
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