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Rasooly R, Do P, He X, Hernlem B. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B is a superantigen that induces murine splenocyte proliferation and secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ ex vivo. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnae036. [PMID: 38806245 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a significant human pathogen, producing a range of virulence factors, including streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) that is associated with foodborne outbreaks. It was only known that this cysteine protease mediates cleavage of transmembrane proteins to permit bacterial penetration and is found in 25% of clinical isolates from streptococcal toxic shock syndrome patients with extreme inflammation. Its interaction with host and streptococcal proteins has been well characterized, but doubt remains about whether it constitutes a superantigen. In this study, for the first time it is shown that SpeB acts as a superantigen, similarly to other known superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin A or streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C, by inducing proliferation of murine splenocytes and cytokine secretion, primarily of interleukin-2 (IL-2), as shown by cytometric bead array analysis. IL-2 secretion was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as secretion of interferon-γ. ELISA showed a dose-dependent relationship between SpeB concentration in splenocyte cells and IL-2 secretion levels, and it was shown that SpeB retains activity in milk pasteurized for 30 min at 63°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Paula Do
- Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States
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2
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Zou Z, Obernuefemann CLP, Singh P, Pinkner JS, Xu W, Nye TM, Dodson KW, Almqvist F, Hultgren SJ, Caparon MG. Dihydrothiazolo ring-fused 2-pyridone antimicrobial compounds treat Streptococcus pyogenes skin and soft tissue infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.573960. [PMID: 38260261 PMCID: PMC10802287 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We have developed GmPcides from a peptidomimetic dihydrothiazolo ring-fused 2-pyridone scaffold that have antimicrobial activities against a broad-spectrum of Gram-positive pathogens. Here we examine the treatment efficacy of GmPcides using skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) and biofilm formation models by Streptococcus pyogenes. Screening our compound library for minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal (MBC) concentrations identified GmPcide PS757 as highly active against S. pyogenes. Treatment of S. pyogenes biofilm with PS757 revealed robust efficacy against all phases of biofilm formation by preventing initial biofilm development, ceasing biofilm maturation and eradicating mature biofilm. In a murine model of S. pyogenes SSTI, subcutaneous delivery of PS757 resulted in reduced levels of tissue damage, decreased bacterial burdens and accelerated rates of wound-healing, which were associated with down-regulation of key virulence factors, including M protein and the SpeB cysteine protease. These data demonstrate that GmPcides show considerable promise for treating S. pyogenes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsen Zou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Chloe L P Obernuefemann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Pardeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jerome S Pinkner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Taylor M Nye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Karen W Dodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | | | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Michael G Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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3
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Jiang X, Lin A, Li S, Shi Y, Zhou F, Felix Gomez GG, Gregory RL, Zhang C, Chen S, Huang R. Effects of artificial honey and epigallocatechin-3-gallate on streptococcus pyogenes. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:207. [PMID: 36028794 PMCID: PMC9419396 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pyogenes is an important global human pathogen that causes pharyngitis, and antibacterial therapy has become an important part of the overall therapy for pharyngitis. As natural derivatives, honey and green tea are often recommended for patients with pharyngitis in traditional Chinese medicine without experimental theoretical basis on wether the combined effect of honey and green tea on pharyngitis is better than they alone. The aims of this study were to explore the effects of artificial honey (AH) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on S. pyogenes and elucidate the possible mechanisms, which were investigated using MIC (the minimum inhibitory concentration), FIC (fractional inhibitory concentration) index, growth pattern, biofilm formation and RT-qPCR. Results The MIC of AH on S. pyogenes was 12.5% (v/v) and the MIC of EGCG was 1250 μg/ml. The FIC index of AH and EGCG was 0.5. The planktonic cell growth, growth pattern and biofilm formation assays showed that AH and EGCG mixture had stronger inhibitory effect on S. pyogenes than they alone. RT-qPCR confirmed that the expression of hasA and luxS gene were inhibited by AH and EGCG mixture. Conclusions AH and EGCG mixture can inhibit the planktonic cell growth, biofilm formation and some virulence genes expression of S. pyogenes, better than they alone. The combination of honey and green tea have the potential to treat pharyngitis as natural derivatives, avoiding drug resistance and double infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Orthodontics Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - An Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Orthodontics Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Endodontic Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangjie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Endodontic Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Richard L Gregory
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Chaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Orthodontics Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA.
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Improved Visual Detection of speB Gene in Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates by Real-time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Turbidimetry Method. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes a wide array of clinical manifestations ranging from mild pharyngitis to suppurative and non-suppurative severe debilitating diseases. Hence, a simple, rapid detection method with high sensitivity and specificity is needed. Objectives: This study embarked on the visual detection of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (speB) gene by real-time turbidimetry and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) methods. The real-time monitoring of the sigmoidal graph generated from a turbidimetry method was incorporated in the assay. Methods: The amplification of the speB gene was virtually observed in real-time monitoring of the graph (sigmoidal curve) generated via a turbidimeter, thus providing a “guide” to accurately estimate the time to positivity for the gene detection. Results: The targeted gene was detected at 15 min but was optimally amplified within 45 min at an isothermal temperature of 63°C with 100% specificity using an established set of primers. The formation of sigmoidal curves was correlated with other visual observations by the naked eye (from orange to green), ultra-violet light (green fluorescence), and agarose gel electrophoresis. The improved detection limit of the real-time RT-LAMP assay was also observed compared to conventional PCR assay (0.001 pg/µL versus 1 ng/µL). Conclusions: The improved visual detection of RT-LAMP assay could provide additional insight for rapid, cost-effective, and reliable identification of GAS via speB gene detection in low or middle-income countries. It could also be a very important tool to improve the healthcare management of patients infected with GAS in the future.
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Sanduja P, Gupta M, Somani VK, Yadav V, Dua M, Hanski E, Sharma A, Bhatnagar R, Johri AK. Cross-serotype protection against group A Streptococcal infections induced by immunization with SPy_2191. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3545. [PMID: 32669564 PMCID: PMC7363907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection causes a range of diseases, but vaccine development is hampered by the high number of serotypes. Here, using reverse vaccinology the authors identify SPy_2191 as a cross-protective vaccine candidate. From 18 initially identified surface proteins, only SPy_2191 is conserved, surface-exposed and inhibits both GAS adhesion and invasion. SPy_2191 immunization in mice generates bactericidal antibodies resulting in opsonophagocytic killing of prevalent and invasive GAS serotypes of different geographical regions, including M1 and M49 (India), M3.1 (Israel), M1 (UK) and M1 (USA). Resident splenocytes show higher interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion upon antigen re-stimulation, suggesting activation of cell-mediated immunity. SPy_2191 immunization significantly reduces streptococcal load in the organs and confers ~76-92% protection upon challenge with invasive GAS serotypes. Further, it significantly suppresses GAS pharyngeal colonization in mice mucosal infection model. Our findings suggest that SPy_2191 can act as a universal vaccine candidate against GAS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sanduja
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish Gupta
- BSL-3 Unit, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Somani
- BSL-3 Unit, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vikas Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dua
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Emanuel Hanski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada(IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abhinay Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada(IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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6
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Colineau L, Laabei M, Liu G, Ermert D, Lambris JD, Riesbeck K, Blom AM. Interaction of Streptococcus pyogenes with extracellular matrix components resulting in immunomodulation and bacterial eradication. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100020. [PMID: 33543018 PMCID: PMC7852299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a major human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases ranging from mild skin and throat infections to fatal septicemia. In severe invasive infections, S. pyogenes encounters and interacts with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including small leucine rich-proteoglycans (SLRPs). In this study, we report a novel antimicrobial role played by SLRPs biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin and osteoadherin, specifically in promoting the eradication of S. pyogenes in a human sepsis model of infection. SLRPs can be released from the ECM and de novo synthesized by a number of cell types. We reveal that infection of human monocytes by S. pyogenes induces the expression of decorin. Furthermore, we show that the majority of genetically distinct and clinically relevant S. pyogenes isolates interact with SLRPs resulting in decreased survival in blood killing assays. Biglycan and decorin induce TLR2 and TLR4 signaling cascades resulting in secretion of proinflammatory and chemotactic molecules and recruitment of professional phagocytes. Surprisingly, SLRP-mediated elimination of S. pyogenes occurs independently of TLR activation. Our results indicate that SLRPs act in concert with human serum, enhancing deposition of complement activation fragments and the classical activator C1q on the bacterial surface, facilitating efficient microbial eradication. Addition of the complement C3 inhibitor compstatin significantly reverses SLRP-induced blood killing, confirming active complement as a key mediator in SLRP-mediated bacterial destruction. Taken together our results add to the functional repertoire of SLRPs, expanding to encompass their role in controlling bacterial infection. Streptococcus pyogenes bind short leucine rich-proteoglycans (SLRPs) These SLRPs are biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin, osteoadherin Decorin expression is increased in S. pyogenes-infected human monocytes SLRPs decrease the survival of S. pyogenes in a whole blood model SLRP-mediated bacteria elimination is mediated by complement
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Key Words
- AF647, Alexa Fluor 647
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Bacteria
- C4BP, C4b-binding protein
- CFSE, Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- Complement
- Cp40, compstatin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- HI, heat-inactivated
- MAC, membrane attack complex
- NHS, normal human serum
- PMB, polymyxin B
- Pathogenesis
- SLRP, small leucine-rich proteoglycan
- Small leucine-rich proteoglycans
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- TLR, toll-like receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Colineau
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Guanghui Liu
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Ermert
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes encodes multiple virulence factors and their presence is often related to the severity of the disease. We designed the system of four low-volume multiplex PCR reactions to detect genes encoding 20 virulence factors: spd3, sdc, sdaB, sdaD, speB, spyCEP, scpA, mac, sic, speL, speK, speM, speC, speI, speA, speH, speG, speJ, smeZ, and ssa. Classification of strains based on the virulence factors absence or presence correlates with PFGE MLST and emm typing results. The typing/detection system is fast and cost-effective, can be used to detect GAS virulence factors and as a rapid tool to effectively differentiate between strains.
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8
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Streptococcus pyogenes Transcriptome Changes in the Inflammatory Environment of Necrotizing Fasciitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01428-19. [PMID: 31471300 PMCID: PMC6803311 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01428-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis, a life-threatening subcutaneous soft-tissue infection, is principally caused by S. pyogenes. The inflammatory environment at the site of infection causes global gene expression changes for survival of the bacterium and pathogenesis. However, no known study regarding transcriptomic profiling of S. pyogenes in cases of necrotizing fasciitis has been presented. We identified 483 bacterial genes whose expression was consistently altered during infection. Our results showed that S. pyogenes infection induces drastic upregulation of the expression of virulence-associated genes and shifts metabolic pathway usage. In particular, high-level expression of toxins, such as cytolysins, proteases, and nucleases, was observed at infection sites. In addition, genes identified as consistently enriched included those related to metabolism of arginine and histidine as well as carbohydrate uptake and utilization. Conversely, genes associated with the oxidative stress response and cell division were consistently downregulated during infection. The present findings provide useful information for establishing novel treatment strategies. Streptococcus pyogenes is a major cause of necrotizing fasciitis, a life-threatening subcutaneous soft-tissue infection. At the host infection site, the local environment and interactions between the host and bacteria have effects on bacterial gene expression profiles, while the gene expression pattern of S. pyogenes related to this disease remains unknown. In this study, we used a mouse model of necrotizing fasciitis and performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of S. pyogenes M1T1 strain 5448 by isolating total RNA from infected hind limbs obtained at 24, 48, and 96 h postinfection. RNA-seq analysis results identified 483 bacterial genes whose expression was consistently altered in the infected hindlimbs compared to their expression under in vitro conditions. Genes showing consistent enrichment during infection included 306 encoding molecules involved in virulence, carbohydrate utilization, amino acid metabolism, trace-metal transport, and the vacuolar ATPase transport system. Surprisingly, drastic upregulation of 3 genes, encoding streptolysin S precursor (sagA), cysteine protease (speB), and secreted DNase (spd), was noted in the present mouse model (log2 fold change, >6.0, >9.4, and >7.1, respectively). Conversely, the number of consistently downregulated genes was 177, including those associated with the oxidative stress response and cell division. These results suggest that in necrotizing fasciitis, S. pyogenes shows an altered metabolism, decreased cell proliferation, and upregulation of expression of major toxins. Our findings are considered to provide critical information for developing novel treatment strategies and vaccines for necrotizing fasciitis. IMPORTANCE Necrotizing fasciitis, a life-threatening subcutaneous soft-tissue infection, is principally caused by S. pyogenes. The inflammatory environment at the site of infection causes global gene expression changes for survival of the bacterium and pathogenesis. However, no known study regarding transcriptomic profiling of S. pyogenes in cases of necrotizing fasciitis has been presented. We identified 483 bacterial genes whose expression was consistently altered during infection. Our results showed that S. pyogenes infection induces drastic upregulation of the expression of virulence-associated genes and shifts metabolic pathway usage. In particular, high-level expression of toxins, such as cytolysins, proteases, and nucleases, was observed at infection sites. In addition, genes identified as consistently enriched included those related to metabolism of arginine and histidine as well as carbohydrate uptake and utilization. Conversely, genes associated with the oxidative stress response and cell division were consistently downregulated during infection. The present findings provide useful information for establishing novel treatment strategies.
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Broglia L, Materne S, Lécrivain AL, Hahnke K, Le Rhun A, Charpentier E. RNase Y-mediated regulation of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B. RNA Biol 2018; 15:1336-1347. [PMID: 30290721 PMCID: PMC6284565 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1532253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoribonuclease Y (RNase Y) is a crucial regulator of virulence in Gram-positive bacteria. In the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, RNase Y is required for the expression of the major secreted virulence factor streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB), but the mechanism involved in this regulation remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the 5′ untranslated region of speB mRNA is processed by several RNases including RNase Y. In particular, we identify two RNase Y cleavage sites located downstream of a guanosine (G) residue. To assess whether this nucleotide is required for RNase Y activity in vivo, we mutated it and demonstrate that the presence of this G residue is essential for the processing of the speB mRNA 5′ UTR by RNase Y. Although RNase Y directly targets and processes speB, we show that RNase Y-mediated regulation of speB expression occurs primarily at the transcriptional level and independently of the processing in the speB mRNA 5′ UTR. To conclude, we demonstrate for the first time that RNase Y processing of an mRNA target requires the presence of a G. We also provide new insights on the speB 5′ UTR and on the role of RNase Y in speB regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Broglia
- a Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany.,c Institute for Biology , Humboldt University , Berlin , Germany.,d Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Solange Materne
- a Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Lécrivain
- a Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany.,e The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Karin Hahnke
- a Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Anaïs Le Rhun
- a Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany.,d Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,e The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Emmanuelle Charpentier
- a Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany.,c Institute for Biology , Humboldt University , Berlin , Germany.,d Department of Regulation in Infection Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,e The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
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10
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Sumitomo T, Mori Y, Nakamura Y, Honda-Ogawa M, Nakagawa S, Yamaguchi M, Matsue H, Terao Y, Nakata M, Kawabata S. Streptococcal Cysteine Protease-Mediated Cleavage of Desmogleins Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29416987 PMCID: PMC5787553 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for a wide variety of cutaneous infections ranging from superficial impetigo to fulminant invasive necrotizing fasciitis. Dysfunction of desmosomes is associated with the pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases. We identified streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) as a proteolytic factor that cleaves the extracellular domains of desmoglein 1 and 3. In an epicutaneous infection model, lesional skin infected with an speB deletion mutant were significantly smaller as compared to those caused by the wild-type strain. Furthermore, immunohistological analysis indicated cleavage of desmogleins that developed around the invasion site of the wild-type strain. In contrast, the speB mutant was preferentially found on the epidermis surface layer. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that SpeB-mediated degradation of desmosomes has a pathogenic role in development of S. pyogenes cutaneous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Mori
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Special Care Dentistry, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Honda-Ogawa
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsue
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Burlet E, HogenEsch H, Dunham A, Morefield G. Evaluation of the Potency, Neutralizing Antibody Response, and Stability of a Recombinant Fusion Protein Vaccine for Streptococcus pyogenes. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:875-881. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Chiang-Ni C, Chu TP, Wu JJ, Chiu CH. Repression of Rgg But Not Upregulation of LacD.1 in emm1-type covS Mutant Mediates the SpeB Repression in Group A Streptococcus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1935. [PMID: 27965655 PMCID: PMC5126071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CovR/CovS is an important two-component regulatory system in human pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS). Epidemiological studies have shown that inactivation of the sensor kinase CovS is correlated with invasive clinical manifestations. The phosphorylation level of response regulator CovR decreases dramatically in the absence of CovS, resulting in the derepression of virulence factor expression and an increase in bacterial invasiveness. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is a cysteine protease and is negatively regulated by CovR; however, the expression of SpeB is almost completely repressed in the covS mutant. The present study found that in the emm1-type A20 strain, non-phosphorylated CovR acts as a transcriptional repressor for SpeB-positive regulator Rgg. In addition, the expression of Rgg-negative regulator LacD.1 is upregulated in the covS mutant. These results suggest that inactivation of Rgg in the covS mutant would directly mediate speB repression. The current study showed that overexpression of rgg but not inactivation of lacD.1 in the covS mutant partially restores speB expression, indicating that only rgg repression, but not lacD.1 upregulation, contributes to the speB repression in the covS mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chiang-Ni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTao-yuan, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Ping Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTao-yuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's HospitalTao-yuan, Taiwan
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Cao C, Zhang F, Ji M, Pei F, Fan X, Shen H, Wang Q, Yang W, Wang Y. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B. Toxicon 2016; 117:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ. Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3739-3757. [PMID: 27312939 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a human-adapted pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of disease. GAS can cause relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat or impetigo, and less frequent but severe life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. GAS is an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main route of GAS transmission between humans is through close or direct physical contact, and particularly via respiratory droplets. The upper respiratory tract and skin are major reservoirs for GAS infections. The ability of GAS to establish an infection in the new host at these anatomical sites primarily results from two distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and colonization. These fundamental aspects of pathogenesis rely upon a variety of GAS virulence factors, which are usually under strict transcriptional regulation. Considerable progress has been made in better understanding these initial infection steps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of GAS adhesion and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre For Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Jimenez JC, Federle MJ. Quorum sensing in group A Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:127. [PMID: 25309879 PMCID: PMC4162386 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a widespread phenomenon in the microbial world that has important implications in the coordination of population-wide responses in several bacterial pathogens. In Group A Streptococcus (GAS), many questions surrounding QS systems remain to be solved pertaining to their function and their contribution to the GAS lifestyle in the host. The QS systems of GAS described to date can be categorized into four groups: regulator gene of glucosyltransferase (Rgg), Sil, lantibiotic systems, and LuxS/AI-2. The Rgg family of proteins, a conserved group of transcription factors that modify their activity in response to signaling peptides, has been shown to regulate genes involved in virulence, biofilm formation and competence. The sil locus, whose expression is regulated by the activity of signaling peptides and a putative two-component system (TCS), has been implicated on regulating genes involved with invasive disease in GAS isolates. Lantibiotic regulatory systems are involved in the production of bacteriocins and their autoregulation, and some of these genes have been shown to target both bacterial organisms as well as processes of survival inside the infected host. Finally AI-2 (dihydroxy pentanedione, DPD), synthesized by the LuxS enzyme in several bacteria including GAS, has been proposed to be a universal bacterial communication molecule. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of these four systems, the putative functions of their targets, and pose critical questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cristobal Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Federle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Saeki Y, Ishihara K. Infection-immunity liaison: pathogen-driven autoimmune-mimicry (PDAIM). Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1064-9. [PMID: 25182200 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity causes pathological conditions resulting in autoimmune diseases (ADs). Although autoimmunity is a mystery, immunological dogma suggests that autoreactive cell reactivation (ACR) breaks self-tolerance and induces autoimmunity. Thus, ACR is a royal pathway for ADs. Cumulative evidence implicates environmental factors as secondary triggers of ADs in the genetically susceptible hosts. Infection is the most likely trigger. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how infectious agents trigger ADs, ACR is assumed to be an essential pathway. Here, by showing some exemplary ADs, we propose two novel pathways, "molecular modification pathway" and "hyper-immune-inflammatory response pathway", which induce AD-like conditions directly by infectious agents without ACR. These AD-like conditions are actually not true "ADs" according to the current definition. Therefore, we define them as "pathogen-driven autoimmune-mimicry (PDAIM)". Confirming PDAIM will open perspectives in developing novel fundamental and non-immunosuppressive therapies for ADs. The idea should also provide novel insights into both the mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Saeki
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Osaka Minami Medical Center, 2-1 Kidohigashi-machi, Kawachinagano City, Osaka 586-8521, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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In vivo expression of Streptococcus pyogenes immunogenic proteins during tibial foreign body infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3891-9. [PMID: 25001603 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01831-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen that causes a number of diseases with a wide range of severities. While all known strains of GAS are still sensitive to penicillin, there have been reports of antibiotic treatment failure in as many as 20% to 40% of cases. Biofilm formation has been implicated as a possible cause for these failures. A biofilm is a microbially derived, sessile community where cells grow attached to a surface or as a bacterial conglomerate and surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix. While the ability of group A streptococcus to form biofilms in the laboratory has been shown, there is a lack of understanding of the role of GAS biofilms during an infection. We hypothesized that during infections, GAS exhibits a biofilm phenotype, complete with unique protein expression. To test this hypothesis, a rabbit model of GAS osteomyelitis was developed. A rabbit was inoculated with GAS using an infected indwelling device. Following the infection, blood and tissue samples were collected. Histological samples of the infected tibia were prepared, and the formation of a biofilm in vivo was visualized using peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) and confocal microscopy. In addition, Western blotting with convalescent rabbit serum detected cell wall proteins expressed in vitro under biofilm and planktonic growth conditions. Immunogenic proteins were then identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). These identities, along with the in vivo results, support the hypothesis that GAS forms biofilms during an infection. This unique phenotype should be taken into consideration when designing a vaccine or any other treatment for group A streptococcus infections.
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Abstract
Acute rheumatic fever is an inflammatory sequela of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis that affects multiple organ systems. The incidence of acute rheumatic fever has been declining even before the use of antibiotics became widespread, however the disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children, particularly in developing countries and has been estimated to affect 19 per 100,000 children worldwide. Acute rheumatic fever is a clinical diagnosis, and therefore subject to the judgment of the clinician. Because of the variable presentation, the Jones criteria were first developed in 1944 to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. The Jones criteria have been modified throughout the years, most recently in 1992 to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of initial attacks of acute rheumatic fever and to minimize overdiagnosis of the disease. Diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever is based on the presence of documented preceding Group A Streptococcal infection, in addition to the presence of two major manifestations or one major and two minor manifestations of the Jones criteria. Without documentation of antecedent Group A Streptococcal infection, the diagnosis is much less likely except in a few rare scenarios. Carditis, polyarthritis and Sydenham's chorea are the most common major manifestations of acute rheumatic fever. However, despite the predominance of these major manifestations of acute rheumatic fever, there can be significant overlap with other disorders such as Lyme disease, serum sickness, drug reactions, and post-Streptococcal reactive arthritis. This overlap between disease processes has led to continued investigation of the pathophysiology as well as development of new biomarkers and laboratory studies to aid in the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever and distinction from other disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Burke
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, United States
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, United States.
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Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Higashino M, Terao Y, Kawabata S. Group A streptococcal cysteine protease cleaves epithelial junctions and contributes to bacterial translocation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13317-24. [PMID: 23532847 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A Streptococcus (GAS) translocates across the host epithelial barrier. RESULTS Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) directly cleaves junctional proteins. CONCLUSION The proteolytic efficacy of SpeB allows GAS to translocate across the epithelial barrier. SIGNIFICANCE SpeB-mediated dysfunction of the epithelial barrier may have important implications for not only bacterial invasion but also dissemination of other virulence factors throughout intercellular spaces. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen that possesses an ability to translocate across the epithelial barrier. In this study, culture supernatants of tested GAS strains showed proteolytic activity against human occludin and E-cadherin. Utilizing various types of protease inhibitors and amino acid sequence analysis, we identified SpeB (streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B) as the proteolytic factor that cleaves E-cadherin in the region neighboring the calcium-binding sites within the extracellular domain. The cleaving activities of culture supernatants from several GAS isolates were correlated with the amount of active SpeB, whereas culture supernatants from an speB mutant showed no such activities. Of note, the wild type strain efficiently translocated across the epithelial monolayer along with cleavage of occludin and E-cadherin, whereas deletion of the speB gene compromised those activities. Moreover, destabilization of the junctional proteins was apparently relieved in cells infected with the speB mutant, as compared with those infected with the wild type. Taken together, our findings indicate that the proteolytic efficacy of SpeB in junctional degradation allows GAS to invade deeper into tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Connolly KL, Braden AK, Holder RC, Reid SD. Srv mediated dispersal of streptococcal biofilms through SpeB is observed in CovRS+ strains. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28640. [PMID: 22163320 PMCID: PMC3233586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human specific pathogen capable of causing both mild infections and severe invasive disease. We and others have shown that GAS is able to form biofilms during infection. That is to say, they form a three-dimensional, surface attached structure consisting of bacteria and a multi-component extracellular matrix. The mechanisms involved in regulation and dispersal of these GAS structures are still unclear. Recently we have reported that in the absence of the transcriptional regulator Srv in the MGAS5005 background, the cysteine protease SpeB is constitutively produced, leading to increased tissue damage and decreased biofilm formation during a subcutaneous infection in a mouse model. This was interesting because MGAS5005 has a naturally occurring mutation that inactivates the sensor kinase domain of the two component regulatory system CovRS. Others have previously shown that strains lacking covS are associated with decreased SpeB production due to CovR repression of speB expression. Thus, our results suggest the inactivation of srv can bypass CovR repression and lead to constitutive SpeB production. We hypothesized that Srv control of SpeB production may be a mechanism to regulate biofilm dispersal and provide a mechanism by which mild infection can transition to severe disease through biofilm dispersal. The question remained however, is this mechanism conserved among GAS strains or restricted to the unique genetic makeup of MGAS5005. Here we show that Srv mediated control of SpeB and biofilm dispersal is conserved in the invasive clinical isolates RGAS053 (serotype M1) and MGAS315 (serotype M3), both of which have covS intact. This work provides additional evidence that Srv regulated control of SpeB may mediate biofilm formation and dispersal in diverse strain backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L. Connolly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amy K. Braden
- Program in Molecular Genetics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Holder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean D. Reid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The deficient cleavage of M protein-bound IgG by IdeS: insight into the escape of Streptococcus pyogenes from antibody-mediated immunity. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:134-42. [PMID: 21925735 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IdeS (IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes) is a virulence factor for S. pyogenes, group A Streptococcus (GAS). IdeS is believed to allow GAS to evade antibody-mediated phagocytosis by cleaving IgG at the lower hinge region. Human immunoglobulins bind to the GAS surface by two mechanisms: Specific antibodies attach at the Fab region to their specific antigens on the bacterial surface. Immunoglobulins can also attach nonspecifically at the Fc region to streptococcal M and M-like proteins. This phenomenon is believed to form the host-like coat and to block the recognition of Fc region by Fc receptor on phagocytes and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It is not known whether IdeS preferentially cleaves IgG attached at the Fab or Fc regions. To explore this issue, we used Sepharose beads coated with protein A or L or M protein as surrogate markers for specific (Fab) and nonspecific (Fc) binding sites. We found that IdeS cleaved Fab-bound IgG as rapidly as soluble IgG. In contrast, Fc-bound IgG was cleaved about 4 fold less than soluble IgG. In a competitive binding assay, we found that M protein had a greater affinity than IdeS to attach to the Fc region of human IgG. Thus, IdeS exhibited preferential IgG endopeptidase activity for Fab-bound IgG while allowing the non-specific binding of IgG to remain attached to M protein. We propose that this preferential enzymatic activity accounts for the ability of GAS to resist immunoglobulin-mediated phagocytosis and cytotoxicity.
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Chiang-Ni C, Zheng PX, Tsai PJ, Chuang WJ, Lin YS, Liu CC, Wu JJ. Environmental pH changes, but not the LuxS signalling pathway, regulate SpeB expression in M1 group A streptococci. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:16-22. [PMID: 21890514 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.036012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoinducer-2/LuxS signalling pathway participates in quorum sensing in diverse bacterial species. In group A streptococci (GAS), LuxS has been shown to be involved in regulating the expression of several important virulence factors. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB), a cysteine protease that has important roles in GAS pathogenesis, is positively regulated by LuxS in M3 and M5 strains. In the present study, it was found that the supernatant harvested from an overnight culture stimulated M1 strains to express speB. However, mutation of the luxS gene in M1 strains or treating M1 strains with luxS mutant culture supernatant did not affect speB expression, indicating that the LuxS pathway is not involved in regulation of speB expression in M1 strains. In addition, the acid property of culture broth was found to be able to stimulate M1 strains to express speB in the same LuxS-independent manner. These results indicate that speB expression in M1 strains is induced by environmental pH changes but is not regulated by the LuxS signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chiang-Ni
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Xing Zheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Woei-Jer Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Carroll RK, Musser JM. From transcription to activation: how group A streptococcus, the flesh-eating pathogen, regulates SpeB cysteine protease production. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:588-601. [PMID: 21707787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is a protease secreted by group A streptococci and known to degrade a wide range of host and GAS proteins in vitro. Although the role of SpeB in GAS infection is debated, recent evidence has conclusively demonstrated that SpeB is critical for the pathogenesis of severe invasive disease caused by GAS. Genetic inactivation of the speB gene results in significantly decreased virulence in a necrotizing fasciitis model of infection. Production of fully active SpeB by GAS is extremely complex. Following transcription and translation the SpeB protein is secreted as an inactive zymogen, which is autocatalytically processed through a series of intermediates to form an active protease. Each step from transcription to protease activation is tightly controlled and regulated by the bacterial cell reflecting the critical role played by this virulence factor in GAS infection. Here we review the molecular aspects of SpeB production by GAS from transcription to activation and the multiple layers of control involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan K Carroll
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Surface export of GAPDH/SDH, a glycolytic enzyme, is essential for Streptococcus pyogenes virulence. mBio 2011; 2:e00068-11. [PMID: 21628503 PMCID: PMC3104492 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00068-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal surface dehydrogenase (SDH) (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH]) is an anchorless major multifunctional surface protein in group A Streptococcus (GAS) with the ability to bind important mammalian proteins, including plasmin(ogen). Although several biological properties of SDH are suggestive of its possible role in GAS virulence, its direct role in GAS pathogenesis has not been ascertained because it is essential for GAS survival. Thus, it has remained enigmatic as to “how and why” SDH/GAPDH is exported onto the bacterial surface. The present investigation highlights “why” SDH is exported onto the GAS surface. Differential microarray-based genome-wide transcript abundance analysis was carried out using a specific mutant, which was created by inserting a hydrophobic tail at the C-terminal end of SDH (M1-SDHHBtail) and thus preventing its exportation onto the GAS surface. This analysis revealed downregulation of the majority of genes involved in GAS virulence and genes belonging to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and upregulation of those related to lipid metabolism. The complete attenuation of this mutant for virulence in the mouse model and the decreased and increased virulence of the wild-type and mutant strains postcomplementation with SDHHBtail and SDH, respectively, indicated that the SDH surface export indeed regulates GAS virulence. M1-SDHHBtail also displayed unaltered growth patterns, increased intracellular ATP concentration and Hpr double phosphorylation, and significantly reduced pH tolerance, streptolysin S, and SpeB activities. These phenotypic and physiological changes observed in the mutant despite the unaltered expression levels of established transcriptional regulators further highlight the fact that SDH interfaces with many regulators and its surface exportation is essential for GAS virulence. Streptococcal surface dehydrogenase (SDH), a classical anchorless cytoplasmically localized glycolytic enzyme, is exported onto the group A Streptococcus (GAS) surface through a hitherto unknown mechanism(s). It has not been known why GAS or other prokaryotes should export this protein onto the surface. By genetic manipulations, we created a novel GAS mutant strain expressing SDH with a 12-amino-acid hydrophobic tail at its C-terminal end and thus were able to prevent its surface exportation without altering its enzymatic activity or growth pattern. Interestingly, the mutant was completely attenuated for virulence in a mouse peritonitis model. The global gene expression profiles of this mutant reveal that the surface exportation of SDH is mandatory to maintain GAS virulence. The ability of GAS as a successful pathogen to localize SDH in the cytoplasm as well as on the surface is physiologically relevant and dynamically obligatory to fine-tune the functions of many transcriptional regulators and also to exploit its virulence properties for infection.
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Cavadas M, González-Fernández A, Franco R. Pathogen-mimetic stealth nanocarriers for drug delivery: a future possibility. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:730-43. [PMID: 21658473 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) is a major constraint to nanocarrier-based drug-delivery systems (DDS) by exerting a negative impact on blood circulation times and biodistribution. Current approaches rely on the protein- and cell-repelling properties of inert hydrophilic polymers, to enable escape from the MPS. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been particularly useful in this regard, and it also exerts positive effects in other blood compatibility parameters, being correlated with decreased hemolysis, thrombogenicity, complement activation and protein adsorption, due to its uncharged and hydrophilic nature. However, PEGylated nanocarriers are commonly found in the liver and spleen, the major MPS organs. In fact, a hydrophilic and cell-repelling delivery system is not always beneficial, as it might decrease the interaction with the target cell and hinder drug release. Here, a full scope of the immunological and biochemical barriers is presented along with some selected examples of alternatives to PEGylation. We present a novel conceptual approach that includes virulence factors for the engineering of bioactive, immune system-evasive stealth nanocarriers. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The efficacy of nanocarrier-based drug-delivery systems is often dampened by the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS). Current approaches to circumvent MPS rely on protein- and cell-repelling properties of inert hydrophilic polymers, including PEG. This paper discusses the full scope of the immunological and biochemical barriers along with selected examples of alternatives to PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cavadas
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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26
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Connolly KL, Roberts AL, Holder RC, Reid SD. Dispersal of Group A streptococcal biofilms by the cysteine protease SpeB leads to increased disease severity in a murine model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18984. [PMID: 21547075 PMCID: PMC3081844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive human pathogen best known for causing pharyngeal and mild skin infections. However, in the 1980's there was an increase in severe GAS infections including cellulitis and deeper tissue infections like necrotizing fasciitis. Particularly striking about this elevation in the incidence of severe disease was that those most often affected were previously healthy individuals. Several groups have shown that changes in gene content or regulation, as with proteases, may contribute to severe disease; yet strains harboring these proteases continue to cause mild disease as well. We and others have shown that group A streptococci (MGAS5005) reside within biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. That is to say that the organism colonizes a host surface and forms a 3-dimensional community encased in a protective matrix of extracellular protein, DNA and polysaccharide(s). However, the mechanism of assembly or dispersal of these structures is unclear, as is the relationship of these structures to disease outcome. Recently we reported that allelic replacement of the streptococcal regulator srv resulted in constitutive production of the streptococcal cysteine protease SpeB. We further showed that the constitutive production of SpeB significantly decreased MGAS5005Δsrv biofilm formation in vitro. Here we show that mice infected with MGAS5005Δsrv had significantly larger lesion development than wild-type infected animals. Histopathology, Gram-staining and immunofluorescence link the increased lesion development with lack of disease containment, lack of biofilm formation, and readily detectable levels of SpeB in the tissue. Treatment of MGAS5005Δsrv infected lesions with a chemical inhibitor of SpeB significantly reduced lesion formation and disease spread to wild-type levels. Furthermore, inactivation of speB in the MGAS5005Δsrv background reduced lesion formation to wild-type levels. Taken together, these data suggest a mechanism by which GAS disease may transition from mild to severe through the Srv mediated dispersal of GAS biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L. Connolly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amity L. Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Holder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean D. Reid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dmitriev AV, Chaussee MS. The Streptococcus pyogenes proteome: maps, virulence factors and vaccine candidates. Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1539-51. [PMID: 21073313 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. A wealth of genomic information related to this pathogen has facilitated exploration of the proteome, particularly in response to environmental conditions thought to mimic various aspects of pathogenesis. Proteomic approaches are also used to identify immunoreactive proteins for vaccine development and to identify proteins that may induce autoimmunity. These studies have revealed new mechanisms involved in regulating the S. pyogenes proteome, which has opened up new avenues in the study of S. pyogenes pathogenesis. This article describes the methods used, and progress being made towards characterizing the S. pyogenes proteome, including studies seeking to identify potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Dmitriev
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine. acad. Pavlov str., 12, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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Olsen RJ, Musser JM. Molecular pathogenesis of necrotizing fasciitis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2010; 5:1-31. [PMID: 19737105 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis, also known as the flesh-eating disease, is a severe invasive infection associated with very high rates of human morbidity and mortality. It is most commonly caused by group A Streptococcus(GAS), a versatile human pathogen that causes diseases ranging in severity from uncomplicated pharyngitis (or strep throat) to life-threatening infections such as necrotizing fasciitis. Herein, we review recent discoveries bearing on the molecular pathogenesis of GAS necrotizing fasciitis. Importantly, the integration of new technologies and the development of human-relevant animal models have markedly expanded our understanding of the key pathogen-host interactions underlying GAS necrotizing fasciitis. For example, we now know that GAS organisms secrete a variety of proteases that disrupt host tissue and that these proteolytic enzymes are regulated by multiple transcriptional and posttranslational processes. This pathogenesis knowledge will be crucial to supporting downstream efforts that seek to develop novel vaccines and therapeutic agents for this serious human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Olsen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Purification and characterization of a clostripain-like protease from a recombinant Clostridium perfringens culture. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:561-569. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.031609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens produces a homologue of clostripain (Clo), the arginine-specific endopeptidase of Clostridium histolyticum. To determine the biochemical and biological properties of the C. perfringens homologue (Clp), it was purified from the culture supernatant of a recombinant C. perfringens strain by cation-exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration. Analysis by SDS-PAGE, N-terminal amino acid sequencing and TOF mass spectrometry revealed that Clp consists of two polypeptides comprising heavy (38 kDa) and light (16 kDa or 15 kDa) chains, and that the two light chains differ in the N-terminal cleavage site. This difference in the light chain did not affect the enzymic activity toward N-benzoyl-l-arginine p-nitroanilide (Bz-l-arginine pNA), as demonstrated by assaying culture supernatants differing in the relative ratio of the two light chains. Although the purified Clp preferentially degraded Bz-dl-arginine pNA rather than Bz-dl-lysine pNA, it degraded the latter more efficiently than did Clo. Clp showed 2.3-fold higher caseinolytic activity than Clo, as expected from the difference in substrate specificity. Clp caused an increase in vascular permeability when injected intradermally into mice, implying a possible role of Clp in the pathogenesis of clostridial myonecrosis.
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A naturally occurring Rgg variant in serotype M3 Streptococcus pyogenes does not activate speB expression due to altered specificity of DNA binding. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5411-7. [PMID: 19752034 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00373-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator Rgg of Streptococcus pyogenes is essential for expression of the secreted cysteine protease SpeB. Although all isolates of S. pyogenes possess the speB gene, not all of them produce the protein in vitro. In a murine model of infection, the absence of SpeB production is associated with invasive disease. We speculated that naturally occurring mutations in rgg, which would also abrogate SpeB production, may be present in invasive isolates of S. pyogenes. Examination of the inferred Rgg sequences available in public databases revealed that the rgg gene in strain MGAS315 (a serotype M3 strain associated with invasive disease) encodes a proline at amino acid position 103 (Rgg(103P)); in contrast, all other strains encode a serine at this position (Rgg(103S)). A caseinolytic assay and Western blotting indicated that strain MGAS315 does not produce SpeB in vitro. Gene-swapping experiments showed that the rgg gene of MGAS315 is solely responsible for the lack of SpeB expression. In contrast to Rgg(103S), Rgg(103P) does not bind to the speB promoter in gel shift assays, which correlates with a lack of speB expression. Despite its inability to activate speB expression, Rgg(103P) retains the ability to bind to DNA upstream of norA and to influence its expression. Overall, this study illustrates how variation at the rgg locus may contribute to the phenotypic diversity of S. pyogenes.
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Thomas D, Perpoint T, Dauwalder O, Lina G, Floccard B, Richard JC, Bouvet A, Peyramond D, Allaouchiche B, Chidiac C, Vandenesch F, Etienne J, Ferry T. In vivo and in vitro detection of a superantigenic toxin Vbeta signature in two forms of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 28:671-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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