1
|
Mechanism of Action of Magnesium Lithospermate B against Aging and Obesity-Induced ER Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammsome Formation in the Liver. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092098. [PMID: 30134566 PMCID: PMC6225288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is the biologically active compound of the water-soluble fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Magnesium lithospermate B exhibits various biological functions, including antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects. However, its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and related signaling pathways in the liver need to be elucidated. Our previous study reported that MLB is a PPARβ/δ agonist in fibroblasts. Because insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects of PPARβ/δ has been reported in the liver, we investigated whether MLB has a beneficial effect on insulin-, ER stress- and inflammasome-related signaling in the livers of aging and obese animal models. Western blotting and protein-ligand docking simulation showed that MLB activated PPARβ/δ and improved glucose tolerance in the livers of aging and obese animal models. MLB supplementation ameliorated aging or obesity-induced disruption of insulin signaling in the liver. Consistently, aging and obesity-induced increase in the protein levels of a gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was decreased by MLB. When molecular signaling pathways related to insulin signaling were examined in the liver, MLB supplementation suppressed ER stress- and inflammasome-related signaling molecules induced by aging and obesity. These results suggest that MLB may improve insulin resistance in the liver at least partially by suppressing ER stress and inflammasome formation in aging and obese animal models.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chung TY, Lin NH, Li YC, Chen TY, Kuo PC, Chen WY, Tzen JTC. Detection of lithospermate B in rat plasma at the nanogram level by LC/MS in multi reaction monitoring mode. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 26:353-361. [PMID: 29389574 PMCID: PMC9332659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low bioavailability and high binding affinity to plasma proteins led to the difficulty for the quantitative detection of lithospermate B (LSB) in plasma. This study aimed to develop a protocol for detecting LSB in plasma. A method was employed to quantitatively detect LSB of 5–500 ng/mL by LC/MS spectrometry in multi reaction monitoring mode via monitoring two major fragments with m/z values of 519 and 321 in the MS2 spectrum. To set up an adequate extraction solution to release LSB captured by plasma proteins, recovery yields of LSB extracted from rat plasma acidified by formic acid or HCl in the presence or absence of EDTA and caffeic acid were detected and compared using the above quantitative method. High recovery yield (~90%) was achieved when LSB (5–500 ng/mL) mixed in rat plasma was acidified by HCl (5 M) in the presence of EDTA (0.5 M) and caffeic acid (400 μg/mL). The lower limit of detection and the lower limit of quantification for LSB in the spiked plasma were calculated to be 1.8 and 5.4 ng/mL, respectively. Good accuracy (within ±10%) and precision (less than 10%) of intra- and inter-day quality controlled samples were observed. Oral bioavailability of LSB in rat model was detected via this optimized extraction method, and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was found to be 1034.3 ± 510.5 μg/L at tmax around 10 min, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) was 1414.1 ± 851.2 μg·h/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Yu Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Hei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue-Chiun Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Yin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jason T C Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo YX, Shi CZ, Zhang L, Lv L, Zhang YY. Extraction and isolation of lithospermic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge using aqueous two-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3624-30. [PMID: 27484287 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and effective method integrating separation and purification of lithospermic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was developed by combining an aqueous two-phase system extraction with preparative chromatography. An aqueous two-phase system of n-butyl alcohol/KH2 PO4 was chosen from seven systems. The influence of parameters including concentration of KH2 PO4 , n-butyl alcohol concentration, pH, and the ratio of an aqueous two-phase system to crude extract were investigated using a single factor design. Response surface methodology was subsequently used to find the optimal compositions of an aqueous two-phase system. Keeping a solvent-to-solid ratio of 10, the final optimized composition of an aqueous two-phase system was 39.1% w/w n-butyl alcohol and 22.6% w/w KH2 PO4 . Under these conditions a recovery yield of 99.8% and a high partition coefficient of 310.4 were obtained. In a pilot-scale experiment using optimized conditions, 18.79 g of lithospermic acid B with a purity of 70.5% and in a yield of 99.8% was separated from 0.5 kg of crude extract. Subsequently, 9.94 g lithospermic acid B with a purity of 99.3% and recovery yield of 70.3% was obtained with a preparative chromatographic process, and the two-step total recovery was 70.1%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xue Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.
| | - Chang Zhi Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of ultrasonic processing on degradation of salvianolic acid B in aqueous solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:252-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
5
|
Lee JH, Cho JY. Proteomics approaches for the studies of bone metabolism. BMB Rep 2014; 47:141-8. [PMID: 24499667 PMCID: PMC4163882 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is an active tissue, in which bone formation by osteoblast is followed by bone resorption by osteoclasts, in a repeating cycle. Proteomics approaches may allow the detection of changes in cell signal transduction, and the regulatory mechanism of cell differentiation. LC-MS/MS-based quantitative methods can be used with labeling strategies, such as SILAC, iTRAQ, TMT and enzymatic labeling. When used in combination with specific protein enrichment strategies, quantitative proteomics methods can identify various signaling molecules and modulators, and their interacting proteins in bone metabolism, to elucidate biological functions for the newly identified proteins in the cellular context. In this article, we will briefly review recent major advances in the application of proteomics for bone biology, especially from the aspect of cellular signaling. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(3): 141-148]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jia JY, Lu YL, Li XC, Liu GY, Li SJ, Liu Y, Liu YM, Yu C, Wang YP. Pharmacokinetics of depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza in healthy Chinese volunteers: A randomized, open-label, single-dose study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 71:260-71. [PMID: 24688148 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza, with active components of lithospermic acid B (LSB), rosmarinic acid (RA), and lithospermic acid (LA), are a multicomponent drug marketed in China for the treatment of coronary heart disease. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of LSB, RA, and LA in human plasma and urine, and to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of depside salts from S miltiorrhiza in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS A randomized, open-label, single-dose study was conducted in healthy Chinese volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a single intravenous infusion of 100 or 200 mg of depside salts from S miltiorrhiza. Blood was collected through a venous cannula prior to study drug administration (0 min) and at 10, 20, 30, 60, 65, 70, 80, and 90 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after study drug administration. Urine samples were taken before study drug administration (0) and at 0 to 12 and 12 to 24 hours after study drug administration. LSB, RA, and LA concentrations in serum and urine were analyzed by an LC-MS/MS method. Tolerability was determined by clinical assessment; vital signs (ie, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature) monitoring at baseline and at the end of the study, clinical laboratory tests (ie, hematology, blood biochemistry, hepatic function, renal function, urinalysis), 12-lead ECG measurements, and physical examinations at baseline and after completion of the study. RESULTS Twelve Chinese volunteers (6 males, 6 females; mean [SD] age, 25.2 [3.8] years; mean height, 165.7 [8.9] cm; mean body mass index, 21.6 [2.5] kg/m(2)) were enrolled in the study. Peak plasma concentrations of LSB, RA and LA were observed at 0.3 to 1 hour following the 1-hour intravenous infusion, with respective mean (SD) Cmax of 4925 (1861), 174 (61), and 361 (101) ng/mL for the 100-mg dose and 10,285 (2259), 308 (77), and 674 (85) ng/mL for the 200-mg dose. The AUClast values for LSB, RA, and LA were 4537 (1265), 129 (28), and 1229 (330) ng/mL/h, respectively, for the 100-mg dose and 10,426 (2589), 260 (53), and 2792 (729) ng/mL/h for the 200-mg dose. No significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters was observed between male and female subjects. Three metabolites were found in the plasma with low concentrations. The urinary excretion recoveries of LSB, RA, and LA were 0.58% (0.42%), 25.21% (20.61%), and 10.02% (7.72%) for the 100-mg dose and 0.38% (0.18%), 20.11% (10.50%), and 6.34% (3.20%) for the 200-mg dose. No adverse events were reported by the subjects or found by the investigators in the analysis of vital signs, 12-lead ECG measurements, physical examinations, or clinical laboratory tests. CONCLUSIONS Following single intravenous infusion of 100 or 200 mg of depside salts from S miltiorrhiza to healthy Chinese subjects, no statistical differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between males and females. The 2 doses of depside salts from S miltiorrhiza were clinically well tolerated during the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ying Jia
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Li Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang-Yi Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shui-Jun Li
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China ; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Mei Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi L, An Y, Wang A, Gao Q, Yang Y. The protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Am J Otolaryngol 2014; 35:171-9. [PMID: 24119490 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical use of aminoglycoside antibiotics is limited in most countries because of auditory toxicity side effects. However, their use is common in developing countries because they are inexpensive and convenient. Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts are used clinically in China for their antioxidant properties. We investigated the effect of a clinically approved injectable S. miltiorrhiza solution on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generation induced by the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin and an ototoxicity protective mechanism. METHODS Sixty adult guinea pigs were used in this study and divided into four groups. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing was performed before and after treatments and animals were sacrificed for morphological and immunostaining assays after determining threshold shifts in ABR. The cochleae were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe ultrastructural changes. In addition, hair cell loss, iNOS and caspase-3 expression, and apoptosis were measured. RESULTS The result showed that hearing loss, iNOS overexpression accompanied with disorganization in the cochlea, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- mediated dUTP- biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-stained positive cells in animals treated with gentamicin. However, pretreatment with S. miltiorrhiza (3g/kg/day for 10 days) decreased gentamicin-induced hearing loss, attenuated iNOS and caspase-3 expression, and decreased the number of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, it also reduced the ultrastructural damage due to ototoxicity as observed by SEM and TEM. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that S. miltiorrhiza protects against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity and could apply to the protection of ototoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shi
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yuxiang An
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aimei Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee HJ, Cho JY, Moon JH. Comparison of the inhibitory effect against copper ion-induced oxidation in rat plasma after oral administration of salvianolic acid B and its decocted solutions. J Med Food 2013; 16:239-45. [PMID: 23477623 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) decoction on antioxidative activities were evaluated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, Fe(2+)-chelating activity, reducing power, and total phenolic content of the Sal B-decocted solutions did not change significantly after decoction in an aqueous solution. However, the formation of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide (CE-OOH) in rat blood plasma containing the Sal B-decocted solutions was more effectively inhibited than that of plasma containing the Sal B solution, regardless of the decoction time. In addition, the accumulation of CE-OOH in rat plasma after oral administration of the Sal B-decocted solutions was more effectively suppressed than when the Sal B solution was administered, considering the lag time. It is likely that the decoction was partly responsible for the increased antioxidant activity in blood plasma. Therefore, the Sal B-decocted solution may contribute more to antioxidant defense in blood than a Sal B solution that is not decocted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Jae Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee HJ, Cho JY, Moon JH. Chemical conversions of salvianolic acid B by decoction in aqueous solution. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:1196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
10
|
Cheng CC, Yang SP, Lin WS, Ho LJ, Lai JH, Cheng SM, Lin WY. Magnesium lithospermate B mediates anti-inflammation targeting activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways in human peripheral T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:354-61. [PMID: 22569344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes contributes to the inflammatory processes of atherosclerotic diseases. Danshen is a traditional Chinese medicine and has shown therapeutic effects in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. We investigated the effects of aqueous extract of Danshen (magnesium lithospermate B (MLB)) on phorbol 12-myristate acetate+ionomycin and anti-CD3+anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody-activated T cells. We showed that MLB inhibited interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma production from activated T cells. The expressions of T cell activation markers CD 25 and CD 69 were effectively reduced. EMSA analysis indicated that MLB down-regulated activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and octamer binding transcription factor (Oct-1) DNA-binding activity. In addition, MLB inhibited c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal regulated protein kinase activity. MLB also inhibited IκBα degradation, nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 as well as decreased IκBα kinase (IKK) activity. Through suppressing JNK-AP-1, IKK-IκBα-NF-κB and Oct-1 signaling pathways by MLB in activated T cells, our results provide support for efficacy of MLB in inflammatory diseases and raise its therapeutic potential in activated T cell-mediated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325 Section 2 Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hong YK, Park SH, Lee S, Hwang S, Lee MJ, Kim D, Lee JH, Han SY, Kim ST, Kim YK, Jeon S, Koo BS, Cho KS. Neuroprotective effect of SuHeXiang Wan in Drosophila models of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:1028-1032. [PMID: 21333721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY SuHeXiang Wan (SHXW) is a Chinese traditional medicinal prescription that consists of 15 crude herbs. SHXW has been used to treat central nervous depression, seizures, infantile convulsion and stroke, and its essential oil has been shown to have anticonvulsant and antioxidative activity. The goal of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of SHXW on the neurological phenotypes of Drosophila AD models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the effects of a modified SHXW (called KSOP1009) intake on the AD-like phenotypes of Drosophila AD models, which express human Aβ42 in their developing eyes or neurons. RESULTS When the flies were kept on the media containing 5 μg/ml of KSOP1009 extract, Aβ42-induced eye degeneration, apoptosis, and the locomotive dysfunctions were strongly suppressed. However, Aβ42 fibril deposits in the Aβ42 overexpressing model were not affected by treatment with KSOP1009 extract. Conversely, KSOP1009 extract intake significantly suppressed the constitutive active form of hemipterous, a JNK activator, while it induced eye degeneration and JNK activation, which has been recognized as an important mediator of Aβ42-associated neuro-cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that KSOP1009 confers a therapeutic potential to AD-like pathology of Aβ42 overexpressing Drosophila model via suppression of the hyperactivation of JNK activity and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ki Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Active ingredients in Chinese medicines promoting blood circulation as Na+/K+ -ATPase inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:141-51. [PMID: 21293466 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides lies in their reversible inhibition on the membrane-bound Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in human myocardium. Steroid-like compounds containing a core structure similar to cardiac glycosides are found in many Chinese medicines conventionally used for promoting blood circulation. Some of them are demonstrated to be Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors and thus putatively responsible for their therapeutic effects via the same molecular mechanism as cardiac glycosides. On the other hand, magnesium lithospermate B of danshen is also proposed to exert its cardiac therapeutic effect by effectively inhibiting Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Theoretical modeling suggests that the number of hydrogen bonds and the strength of hydrophobic interaction between the effective ingredients of various medicines and residues around the binding pocket of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase are crucial for the inhibitory potency of these active ingredients. Ginsenosides, the active ingredients in ginseng and sanqi, substantially inhibit Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase when sugar moieties are attached only to the C-3 position of their steroid-like structure, equivalent to the sugar position in cardiac glycosides. Their inhibitory potency is abolished, however, when sugar moieties are linked to C-6 or C-20 position of the steroid nucleus; presumably, these sugar attachments lead to steric hindrance for the entrance of ginsenosides into the binding pocket of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Neuroprotective effects of cardiac glycosides, several steroid-like compounds, and magnesium lithospermate B against ischemic stroke have been accordingly observed in a cortical brain slice-based assay model, and cumulative data support that effective inhibitors of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in the brain could be potential drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu X, Chen R, Shang Y, Jiao B, Huang C. Superoxide radicals scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of magnesium lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 24:663-8. [PMID: 18686136 DOI: 10.1080/14756360802323829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the superoxide radicals scavenging effect and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity by magnesium lithospermate B, which was originally isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (also named Danshen or Dansham), an important herb in Oriental medicine. Superoxide radicals were generated both in beta-NADH/PMS system and xanthine/ xanthine oxidase system. Magnesium lithospermate B significantly inhibited the reduction of NBT induced by superoxide radicals with an IC(50) of 29.8 microg/mL and 4.06 microg/mL respectively in the two systems. Further study suggested that magnesium lithospermate B can directly inhibit xanthine oxidase and exhibits competitive inhibition. Magnesium lithospermate B was also found to have the hypouricemic activity in vivo against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricaemia in mice. After oral administration of magnesium lithospermate B at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease in the serum urate level when compared to the hyperuricemia control. In addition, magnesium lithospermate B significantly protected HL-60 cells from superoxide radicals-induced apoptosis in the xanthine/ xanthine oxidase reactions. This study provided evidence that magnesium lithospermate B exhibits direct superoxide radicals scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang H, Zhang J, Zha R, Hu M, Wang Y. Magnesium lithospermate B decreases [Ca(2+)]i in endothelial cells by inhibiting K(+) currents. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:285-9. [PMID: 20868678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is a hydrophilic active component of Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix. Studies have shown that MLB affected intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i), but the underlying mechanism was unclear yet. The present work was aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of MLB affecting [Ca(2+)]i in endothelial cells (ECs). Isolated mesentery arteries were employed to test the involvement of L-Ca(2+) channel. [Ca(2+)]i was measured in ECs loaded with Fluo-3. Membrane potential and membrane currents were recorded in ECs using patch-clamp techniques. Results showed that MLB did not inhibit Ca(2+) influx via L-Ca(2+) channel in isolated mesenteric arteries. However, MLB decreased [Ca(2+)]i in a concentration-dependent manner in ECs. MLB depolarized the membrane potential of ECs and inhibited K(+) currents. These results demonstrated that MLB decreased [Ca(2+)]i by inhibiting K(+) currents and depolarizing membrane potential in ECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leung SWS, Zhu DY, Man RYK. Effects of the aqueous extract of Salvia Miltiorrhiza (danshen) and its magnesium tanshinoate B-enriched form on blood pressure. Phytother Res 2010; 24:769-74. [PMID: 19943333 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Danshen is the dried root and rhizome of the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae), which has been used to treat hypertension and myocardial infarction. One of its water-soluble active components is magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB). The present study examined and compared the cardiovascular effects of the water-soluble extract of danshen (SME) and its MTB-enriched form (containing 70% of MTB (MTB70)). Anaesthetized rats were infused intravenously with saline or phenylephrine to achieve a normal or elevated blood pressure, respectively. Different doses of SME, MTB70 or vehicle were then injected intravenously and their effect on blood pressure was monitored. The results indicate that SME and MTB70 reduce blood pressure dose-dependently. Independently of the initial blood pressure, SME caused a smaller reduction in blood pressure than MTB70. In rats infused with phenylephrine, MTB70 caused greater decreases in blood pressure than in rats infused with saline, while the responses to SME did not differ between the two groups. From these findings, it appears that MTB is one of the major components responsible for the cardiovascular effects of danshen, and that the beneficial cardiovascular effect of the extract is more prominent under conditions of elevated blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W S Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang HF, Chen XQ, Hu GY, Wang YP. Magnesium lithospermate B dilates mesenteric arteries by activating BKCa currents and contracts arteries by inhibiting K(V) currents. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:665-70. [PMID: 20453873 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the involvement of K(+) channels and endothelium in the vascular effects of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB), a hydrophilic active component of Salviae miltiorrhiza Radix. METHODS Isolated rat mesenteric artery rings were employed to investigate the effects of MLB on KCl- or norepinephrine-induced contractions. Conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to study the effects of MLB on K(+) currents in single isolated mesenteric artery myocytes. RESULTS MLB produced a concentration-dependent relaxation in mesenteric artery rings precontracted by norepinephrine (1 micromol/L) with an EC(50) of 111.3 micromol/L. MLB-induced relaxation was reduced in denuded artery rings with an EC(50) of 224.4 micromol/L. MLB caused contractions in KCl-precontracted artery rings in the presence of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) with a maximal value of 130.3%. The vasodilatory effect of MLB was inhibited by tetraethylammonium (TEA) in both intact and denuded artery rings. In single smooth muscle cells, MLB activated BK(Ca) currents (EC(50) 156.3 micromol/L) but inhibited K(V) currents (IC(50) 26.1 micromol/L) in a voltage- and concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION MLB dilated arteries by activating BK(Ca) channels in smooth muscle cells and increasing NO release from endothelium, but it also contracted arteries precontracted with KCl in the presence of L-NAME.
Collapse
|
17
|
Large scale isolation and purification of salvianolic acid b in high purity from roots of dansham (Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge). Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
18
|
Kim HK, Woo ER, Lee HW, Park HR, Kim HN, Jung YK, Choi JY, Chae SW, Kim HR, Chae HJ. The Correlation ofSalvia miltiorrhizaExtract–Induced Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis with the Amount of Components Tanshinone I, Tanshinone IIA, Cryptotanshinone, and Dihydrotanshinone. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 30:347-64. [DOI: 10.1080/08923970801949133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Effective control of blood glucose status and toxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by orally administration of vanadate in an herbal decoction. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2996-3002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Zhao GR, Zhang HM, Ye TX, Xiang ZJ, Yuan YJ, Guo ZX, Zhao LB. Characterization of the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of danshensu and salvianolic acid B. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:73-81. [PMID: 17719161 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Danshensu (3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid) and salvianolic acid B, two natural phenolic acids of caffeic acid derivatives isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza root of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases, have been reported to have potential protective effects from oxidative injury. To better understand their biological functions, the in vitro radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of danshensu and salvianolic acid B were evaluated along with vitamin C. Both danshensu and salvianolic acid B exhibited higher scavenging activities against free hydroxyl radicals (HO()), superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals than vitamin C. In contrary, danshensu and salvianolic acid B showed weaker iron chelating and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) scavenging activities than vitamin C. As expressed as vitamin C equivalent capacity (VCEAC), the relative VCEAC values (mg/100ml) were in the order of salvianolic acid B (18.59) > danshensu (12.89) > vitamin C (10.00) by ABTS radical assay. The protective efficiencies against hydrogen peroxide induced human vein vascular endothelial cell damage were correlated with their antioxidant activities. Analysis of structure-activity relationship of these two compounds showed that the condensation and conjugation of danshensu and caffeic acid appears important for antioxidant activity. These results indicated that danshensu and salvianolic acid B are efficient radical scavengers and antioxidants, and salvianolic acid B is superior to danshensu. Their radical scavenging and antioxidant properties might have potential applications in food and healthcare industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Rong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, P.O. Box 6888, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li XF, Wang YP. Depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza improve myocardial microperfusion in rats using laser Doppler flowmetry. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:789-95. [PMID: 17506937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza on myocardial microperfusion and systemic hemodynamics in open-chest anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Myocardial microperfusion was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry with a needle probe; cardiac output (CO) was determined using ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry. Other hemodynamic parameters, including femoral artery blood pressure, cardiac inotropy, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were simultaneously recorded by the PowerLab system. RESULTS Intravenous administration of S miltiorrhiza depside salts resulted in a significant immediate increase in CO and cardiac inotropy, but a fall in SVR. S miltiorrhiza depside salts (30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg) promoted cardiac index (CI) by 12.2%+/-6.3% (P<0.01 vs baseline) and 20.1%+/-3.5% (P<0.01), respectively. Myocardial microperfusion maximally increased by 6.3%+/-2.9% (P<0.01) and 9.6%+/-4.0% (P<0.01) for 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg S miltiorrhiza depside salts, respectively. CONCLUSION These results indicated that S miltiorrhiza depside salts improved myocardial micro-perfusion, as well as CO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tzen JT, Jinn TR, Chen YC, Li FY, Cheng FC, Shi LS, She HK, Chen BC, Hsieh V, Tu ML. Magnesium lithospermate B possesses inhibitory activity on Na+,K+-ATPase and neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:609-15. [PMID: 17439716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine if magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) extracted from Danshen, the dried roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, may act as an active component responsible for the cardiac therapeutic effect of this traditional Chinese herb via the same molecular mechanism triggered by cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain and digoxin. Moreover, we wanted to test if MLB may provide neuroprotection against ischemic stroke as observed for cardiac glycosides. METHODS Similarity in the chemical structure and molecular configuration between MLB and ouabain was analyzed. The inhibition potency of MLB and ouabain on Na( +),K( +) -ATPase activity of a commercial product, as well as in purified membrane fractions from rat brain and heart tissues, was examined and compared. Neuroprotective effect of MLB against ischemic stroke was also evaluated using a cortical brain slice-based assay model. RESULTS Dose-dependent inhibition on the commercial Na( +),K( +)-ATPase equivalent to that for ouabain was observed for MLB of approximately half dosage by weight. This relative potency of ouabain and MLB was also observed for their inhibition on Na( +),K( +)-ATPase activity of plasma membrane purified from rat tissues, although these 2 inhibitors exhibited somewhat lower competence in these crude extracts. In ischemic gerbil brains, post-treatment with MLB significantly reduced the infarct size, visualized by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, by approximately 55% when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION These results evidently suggest that the cardiac therapeutic effect of Danshen should be at least partly attributed to the effective inhibition of Na( +),K( +)-ATPase by MLB, and that MLB provides anti-ischemic neuroprotection in gerbils subjected to focal ischemia and reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tc Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402 China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li X, Yu C, Wang L, Lu Y, Wang W, Xuan L, Wang Y. Simultaneous determination of lithospermic acid B and its three metabolites by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1864-8. [PMID: 17275241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of lithospermic acid B and its three main O-methylated metabolites in rat serum with silibinin as the internal standard. The calibration curves for LSB, and the three metabolites were linear over the ranges of 16-4096, and 8-2048 ng/ml, respectively, with coefficients of correlation >0.998. For LSB, the intra-assay coefficient of variance (CV) was less than 9.3% and the inter-assay CV was less than 8.9%. The inter-assay mean accuracy was between 92.8% and 104.7%. For the three metabolites, the intra-assay CV was less than 8.7% and the inter-assay CV was less than 9.9%. The inter-assay mean accuracy was between 92.5% and 107.9%. This quantitation method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of LSB in rats. Also, a total recovery of 5.2% was found in bile after oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo YX, Xiu ZL, Zhang DJ, Wang H, Wang LX, Xiao HB. Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of lithospermic acid B in aqueous solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1249-55. [PMID: 17118607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of lithospermic acid B (LAB) was investigated as a function of buffer concentration, pH and temperature. Stability tests were performed using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-vis detection. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics under all experimental conditions. The maximum stability of LAB was observed at pH 2.0. The logk(pH)-pH profile described by specific acid-base catalysis and water molecules agreed with the experimental results. The overall degradation rate constant as a function of the temperature under the given conditions obeyed the Arrhenius equation. The chemical fate of LAB in mild acidic solution was investigated, and nine degradation products were detected and tentatively identified by LC-MS analysis. The primary degradation pathway involving the cleavage of ester bond and ring-opened of benzofuran in the LAB are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xue Guo
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li X, Yu C, Lu Y, Gu Y, Lu J, Xu W, Xuan L, Wang Y. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:234-9. [PMID: 17132761 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salviae miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medical herb known as "Danshen," has been widely used in clinics to improve blood circulation, relieve blood stasis, and treat coronary heart disease. Depside salts from S. miltiorrhiza are a novel drug in which magnesium lithospermate B and its analogs are the active components. The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of three of the major components, lithospermic acid B, rosmarinic acid (RA), and lithospermic acid (LA), were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following intravenous administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The elimination half-lives for LSB, RA, and LA were 1.04, 0.75, and 2.0 h, respectively, when 60 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza depside salts were administrated. The areas under the curve for LSB, RA, and LA were 51.6, 6.6, and 25.2 mg . h/l, respectively, and the values decreased in the individual tissues in the following order: kidney > lung > liver > heart > spleen > brain for LSB; kidney > lung > heart > liver > spleen > brain for RA; and heart > lung > kidney > liver > spleen > brain for LA. After intravenous administration of 60 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza depside salts, 86% of the LSB was excreted in the bile within 6 h. The main metabolites M1 and M2 were found in the serum. Overall, the results show that depside salts from S. miltiorrhiza are rapidly and widely distributed to tissues after intravenous administration in rats but that they are also rapidly cleared and excreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guo YX, Zhang DJ, Wang H, Xiu ZL, Wang LX, Xiao HB. Hydrolytic kinetics of lithospermic acid B extracted from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:435-9. [PMID: 16950588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolytic kinetics of lithospermic acid B (LAB) extracted from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese herb: danshen) was investigated by using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-vis detection. The influences of initial drug concentration, pH and temperature on hydrolysis of LAB were studied in aqueous solutions. The results showed that initial concentration of LAB has no effect on the degradation rate at pH 2.0. The hydrolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics at 90 degrees C. The log k(obs)-pH profile indicated that the optimal stability range was at pH 2.0-5.0. The rate constant of overall hydrolysis as a function of temperature under the given conditions obeyed the Arrhenius equation. Analysis of the acid-induced degraded solution of LAB by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed at least four degradation products [M-H](-) ion at m/z 197, 137, 537 and 537, respectively. Three of these degradation products, i.e. danshensu (DSU), protocatechuic aldehyde (PRO), and lithospermic acid, were further identified by comparing the retention times with standard samples. According to the structure of LAB and its hydrolysis behavior in solution, the other product was proposed to be the isomer of lithospermic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xue Guo
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lam FFY, Seto SW, Kwan YW, Yeung JHK, Chan P. Activation of the iberiotoxin-sensitive BKCa channels by salvianolic acid B of the porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 546:28-35. [PMID: 16928370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) crude extract, some of its lipid-soluble components (tanshinone I, tanshinone II(A), cryptotanshinone, dihydroisotanshinone I) and the water-soluble compounds (danshensu and salvianolic acid B) on the K(+) channels such as the iberiotoxin-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels and the glibenclamide-sensitive ATP-dependent K(+) (IK(ATP)) channels of the porcine left anterior descending coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Cumulative application of salvianolic acid B (30-300 microM) caused a l-NNA (100 microM)-insensitive, potentiation of the outward BK(Ca) current amplitude with no apparent effect on the IK(ATP) channels opening. Salvianolic acid B (300 microM) caused an ODQ (10 microM, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor)-sensitive enhancement of the outward BK(Ca) current amplitude. In contrast, none of the other isolated chemical constituents of S. miltiorrhiza modified the openings of the two types of K(+) channels studied. In conclusion, our results suggest that salvianolic acid B, a major hydrophilic constituent found in Radix S. miltiorrhiza, activated the opening of the BK(Ca) channels of the porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells through the activation of guanylate cyclase without the involvement of the nitric oxide synthase activation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzofurans/pharmacology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Cromakalim/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Glyburide/pharmacology
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ion Channel Gating/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitroarginine/pharmacology
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels/drug effects
- Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/metabolism
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Drug/drug effects
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Swine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fu Yuen Lam
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang W, Hu GY, Wang YP. Selective modulation of L-type calcium current by magnesium lithospermate B in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Life Sci 2005; 78:2989-97. [PMID: 16376948 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is the main water-soluble principle of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (also called as 'Danshen' in the traditional Chinese medicine) for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. MLB was found to possess a variety of pharmacological actions. However, it is unclear whether and how MLB affects the cardiac ion channels. In the present study, the effects of MLB on the voltage-activated ionic currents were investigated in single ventricular myocytes of adult guinea pigs. MLB reversibly inhibited L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca,L)). The inhibition was use-dependent and voltage-dependent (the IC(50) value of MLB was 30 microM and 393 microM, respectively, at the holding potential of -50 mV and -100 mV). In the presence of 100 microM MLB, both the activation and steady-state inactivation curves of I(Ca,L) were markedly shifted to hyperpolarizing membrane potentials, whereas the time course of recovery of I(Ca,L) from inactivation was not altered. MLB up to 300 microM had no significant effect on the fast-inactivating Na(+) current (I(Na)), delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(K)) and inward rectifier K(+) current (I(K1)). The results suggest that the voltage-dependent Ca(2+) antagonistic effect of MLB work in concert with its antioxidant action for attenuating heart ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li X, Yu C, Sun W, Lu J, Xuan L, Wang Y. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of magnesium lithospermate B in beagle dog serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:107-11. [PMID: 15907627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific isocratic liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) in beagle dog serum with silibinin as internal standard. The serum samples were treated by special liquid-liquid extraction, and the analytes were determined using electrospray negative ionization mass spectrometry in the selective monitoring mode, with sufficient sensitivity to allow analysis of dog serum samples generated following administration of a clinically relevant dose. The calibration curve for MLB was linear over the range 8-2048 ng/ml with coefficients of correlation >0.999. The intra- and inter-day precisions (CV) of analysis were <7%, and accuracy ranged from 90 to 106%. This quantitation method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of i.h. administration of MLB with dosages of 3, 6, 12 mg/kg in beagle dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Siow YL, Gong Y, Au-Yeung KKW, Woo CWH, Choy PC, O K. Emerging issues in traditional Chinese medicine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 83:321-34. [PMID: 15877107 DOI: 10.1139/y05-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has many beneficial effects and has been practiced for several thousand years. It is known to treat the cause of a disease rather than to alleviate its symptoms. Based on a belief that TCM is natural, safe, and of lower cost, consumers worldwide are spending more out-of-pocket money on this form of therapy. This increased spending, and reports of adverse reactions, has drawn the attention of many regulatory agencies. Scientists have called for more evidence-based and scientific research on the risks and benefits of TCM. In Canada, the Natural Health Product Regulations came into effect January 2004. TCM herbal product manufacturers will need to provide products of reputable quality to the market. Many will apply modern technology and good science to support their products. The issues facing producers, scientists, and consumers alike are quality control and assessment, standardization of bioactive components, mechanisms of actions, and integration of the evolved modern Chinese medicine into the healthcare system. Solid science, better regulation of the final product, and better education of consumers are necessary to extract the best of TCM to complement existing conventional medicine to deliver the best healthcare.Key words: bioactive components, chromatographic fingerprinting, integration, mechanisms, Natural Health Product (NHP) Regulations, standardization, traditional Chinese medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw L Siow
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Centre for Agri-Food Research in Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li X, Yu C, Sun W, Liu G, Jia J, Wang Y. Simultaneous determination of magnesium lithospermate B, rosmarinic acid, and lithospermic acid in beagle dog serum by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2878-82. [PMID: 15517529 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and specific isocratic liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB), rosmarinic acid (RA), and lithospermic acid (LA) in beagle dog serum, with silibinin as internal standard. The serum samples were treated by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed using LC/MS/MS with a TurboIonSpray source. A short run-time (3 min) fulfilled the need for monitoring serum levels of MLB, RA, and LA in large-scale studies. The calibration curves for MLB, RA, and LA were linear over the ranges 8-2048, 4-1024, and 4-1024 ng/mL, respectively, with coefficients of correlation >0.999. The intra- and inter-day precision (CV) of analysis was <10%, and accuracy ranged from 90-104%. This quantitation method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of salvianolate administrated by intravenous infusion with dosage of 6 mg/kg in beagle dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kang DG, Oh H, Chung HT, Lee HS. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by lithospermic acid B isolated from Radix Salviae miltiorrhiza Bunge. Phytother Res 2003; 17:917-20. [PMID: 13680824 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The roots of Salviae miltiorrhiza (RSM) have been traditionally used for treatment of hypertensive disease in China, Korea, and Japan. Bioassay guided fractionation and purification as assayed by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assay resulted in the isolation of lithospermic acid B (LSB) as an active principle. The ACE plasma activities were significantly inhibited by the addition of LSB in a dose-dependent manner of which IC50 value was 86 microg/ml (120 microM). Moreover, angiotensin I-induced contraction was markedly attenuated by prior exposure of endothelium-intact aortic rings to LSB. These results suggest that RSM-induced antihypertensive effect may be, at least in part, due to ACE inhibitory effect of LSB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gill Kang
- Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang AM, Sha SH, Lesniak W, Schacht J. Tanshinone (Salviae miltiorrhizae extract) preparations attenuate aminoglycoside-induced free radical formation in vitro and ototoxicity in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1836-41. [PMID: 12760856 PMCID: PMC155857 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.6.1836-1841.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant therapy protects against aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity in animal models. A clinically suitable antioxidant must not affect the therapeutic efficacy of aminoglycosides or exhibit any side effects of its own. In addition, the treatment should be inexpensive and convenient in order to be implemented in developing countries where the use of aminoglycosides is most common. Standardized Salviae miltiorrhizae extracts (Danshen) are used clinically in China and contain diterpene quinones and phenolic acids with antioxidant properties. We combined in vitro and in vivo approaches to investigate the effect of a clinically approved injectable Danshen solution on aminoglycoside-induced free radical generation and ototoxicity. In vitro, Danshen inhibited gentamicin-dependent lipid peroxidation (formation of conjugated dienes from arachidonic acid), as well as the gentamicin-catalyzed formation of superoxide (in a lucigenin-based chemiluminescence assay) and hydroxyl radicals (oxidation of N,N-dimethyl-p-nitrosoaniline). Danshen extracts were then administered to adult CBA mice receiving concurrent treatment with kanamycin (700 mg/kg of body weight twice daily for 15 days). Auditory threshold shifts induced by kanamycin (approximately 50 dB) were significantly attenuated. Danshen did not reduce the levels in serum or antibacterial efficacy of kanamycin. These results suggest that herbal medications may be a significantly underexplored source of antidotes for aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Such traditional medicines are widely used in many developing countries and could become an easily accepted and inexpensive protective therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Wang
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0506, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Au-Yeung KK, Zhu DY, O K, Siow YL. Inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase in the ischemic/reperfused heart: role of magnesium tanshinoate B in preventing apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:483-93. [PMID: 11448459 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The activation of stress-activated protein (SAP) kinase may lead to an induction of apoptosis that is responsible for part of the cardiomyocyte death in reperfusion injury. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB), a bioactive compound isolated from Danshen, prevents apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in the ischemic/reperfused heart. Isolated adult rat hearts were perfused by the Langendorff mode with medium containing MTB prior to the induction of normothermic global ischemia. At the end of the 30-min ischemic period, the heart was reperfused with the same medium with or without MTB for an additional 20 min. In the MTB-treated ischemic/reperfused heart, the number of apoptotic nuclei was reduced by 2.5-fold in comparison to that in untreated ischemic/reperfused controls [23 +/- 4 vs 57 +/- 7 (mean +/- SD) TUNEL-positive cells, respectively, N = 3-4, P < 0.001]. SAP kinase activity was elevated 1.7-fold in ischemic/reperfused rat hearts [35.6 +/- 3.8 vs 21.2 +/- 3.3 (control) (mean +/- SEM) relative densitometric units, N = 4-6, P < 0.05]. Treatment with MTB abolished this elevation in SAP kinase activity (25.0 +/- 5.2 relative densitometric units), which was also decreased by 40% in the nucleus. When the heart was subjected to ischemia alone, there was no significant change in SAP kinase activity in the presence or absence of MTB. MTB did not appear to affect the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in this model system. In conclusion, MTB was shown to have cardioprotective activity against apoptosis, probably through the inhibition of SAP kinase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K Au-Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Li Shu Fan Building, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a comprehensive survey of the many intriguing facets of creatine (Cr) and creatinine metabolism, encompassing the pathways and regulation of Cr biosynthesis and degradation, species and tissue distribution of the enzymes and metabolites involved, and of the inherent implications for physiology and human pathology. Very recently, a series of new discoveries have been made that are bound to have distinguished implications for bioenergetics, physiology, human pathology, and clinical diagnosis and that suggest that deregulation of the creatine kinase (CK) system is associated with a variety of diseases. Disturbances of the CK system have been observed in muscle, brain, cardiac, and renal diseases as well as in cancer. On the other hand, Cr and Cr analogs such as cyclocreatine were found to have antitumor, antiviral, and antidiabetic effects and to protect tissues from hypoxic, ischemic, neurodegenerative, or muscle damage. Oral Cr ingestion is used in sports as an ergogenic aid, and some data suggest that Cr and creatinine may be precursors of food mutagens and uremic toxins. These findings are discussed in depth, the interrelationships are outlined, and all is put into a broader context to provide a more detailed understanding of the biological functions of Cr and of the CK system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wyss
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Vitamins and Fine Chemicals Division, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yokozawa T, Dong E, Liu ZW, Shibata T, Hasegawa M, Watanabe H, Oura H. Magnesium lithospermate B ameliorates cephaloridine-induced renal injury. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1997; 49:337-41. [PMID: 9455678 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(97)80100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether magnesium lithospermate B ameliorates renal injury induced by cephaloridine, the effect of cephaloridine was investigated in rats given magnesium lithospermate B for 20 days preceding cephaloridine administration and in control rats given no magnesium lithospermate B. In the control rats, blood and urinary parameters and the activity of radical-eliminating enzymes in the renal tissue deviated from the normal range, indicating damage to the kidneys. In contrast, rats given magnesium lithospermate B showed decreased urine volume, increased urinary osmotic pressure, and decreased urinary levels of glucose, protein, sodium and potassium, denoting less damage to the kidney. In this group, the urinary nitrite/nitrate ratio, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the renal tissue were increased, while the malondialdehyde levels were decreased, suggesting the involvement of radicals in the normalizing of kidney function. The increased levels of urea nitrogen in the blood of rats with induced renal failure were also lowered by administering magnesium lithospermate B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yokozawa
- Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|