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Lütjohann D, Klör HU, Stellaard F. Measurement of Serum Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglyceride-Rich Remnant Cholesterol as Independent Predictors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Possibilities and Limitations. Nutrients 2023; 15:2202. [PMID: 37432317 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is the dominant clinical parameter to judge a patient's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent evidence supports the theory that cholesterol in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) contributes significantly to the atherogenic risk, independent of LDL-C. Therefore, combined analysis of both targets and adequate treatment may improve prevention of CVD. The validity of TRL-C calculation is solely dependent on the accuracy of the LDL-C measurement. Direct measurement of serum LDL- C is more accurate than established estimation procedures based upon Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, or Sampson equations. TRL-C can be easily calculated as total C minus high density lipoprotein C (HDL-C) minus LDL-C. Enhanced serum LDL-C or TRL-C concentrations require different therapeutic approaches to lower the atherogenic lipoprotein C. This review describes the different atherogenic lipoproteins and their possible analytical properties and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Klör
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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2
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Kajingulu FPM, Lepira FB, Nkodila AN, Makulo JRR, Mokoli VM, Ekulu PM, Bukabau JB, Nlandu YM, Longo AL, Nseka NM, Sumaili EK. Circulating Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Levels Predict Future Cardiovascular Event Risks in Hemodialyzed Black African Patients. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2021; 12:RMMJ.10443. [PMID: 34270402 PMCID: PMC8284989 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in patients. In this context, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) appears to be the new biomarker identified as interfering in lipid homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the association between PCSK9, dyslipidemia, and future risk of cardiovascular events in a population of black Africans. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2016 and July 2020 in six hemodialysis centers in the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Serum PCSK9 was measured by ELISA; lipid levels of 251 chronic kidney disease grade 5 (CKD G5) hemodialysis patients and the Framingham predictive instrument were used for predicting cardiac events. RESULTS Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and triglycerides (TG) were significantly increased in the tertile with the highest PCSK9. By contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was significantly decreased in the same tertile. A strong positive and significant correlation was found between PCSK9 and TC, TG, and LDL-c. Negative and significant correlation was observed between PCSK9 and HDL-c. The levels of PCSK9, smoking, overweight, and atherogenic dyslipidemia were associated with future risks for cardiovascular events in univariate analysis. After adjustment, all these variables persisted as independent determinants of future risk for cardiovascular events. The probability of having a cardiovascular event in this population was independently associated with PCSK9 levels. Compared to the patients in the lowest PCSK9 tertile, patients with PCSK9 levels in the middle (aOR 5.9, 95% CI 2.06-17.3, P<0.001) and highest tertiles (aOR 8.9, 95% CI 3.02-25.08, P<0.001) presented a greater risk of cardiac event. CONCLUSION Increased PCSK9 serum levels are associated with higher levels of TC, LDL-c, and TG and lower levels of HDL-c in black African hemodialysis patients. Serum PCSK9 levels in these patients predict increased risk of cardiovascular events, independent of traditional potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Pantaléon Musungayi Kajingulu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - François Bompeka Lepira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Aliocha Natuhoyila Nkodila
- Faculty of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Robert Rissassy Makulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vieux Momeme Mokoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pepe Mfutu Ekulu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Justine Busanga Bukabau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yannick Mayamba Nlandu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Augustin Luzayadio Longo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nazaire Mangani Nseka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ernest Kiswaya Sumaili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology–Dialysis, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Fluid-structure interactions (FSI) based study of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) uptake in the left coronary artery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4803. [PMID: 33637804 PMCID: PMC7910311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of the different physical factors on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) accumulation from flowing blood to the arterial wall of the left coronary arteries. The three-dimensional (3D) computational model of the left coronary arterial tree is reconstructed from a patient-specific computed tomography angiography (CTA) image. The endothelium of the coronary artery is represented by a shear stress dependent three-pore model. Fluid–structure interaction (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$FSI$$\end{document}FSI) based numerical method is used to study the LDL transport from vascular lumen into the arterial wall. The results show that the high elastic property of the arterial wall decreases the complexity of the local flow field in the coronary bifurcation system. The places of high levels of LDL uptake coincide with the regions of low wall shear stress. In addition, hypertension promotes LDL uptake from flowing blood in the arterial wall, while the thickened arterial wall decreases this process. The present computer strategy combining the methods of coronary CTA image 3D reconstruction, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$FSI$$\end{document}FSI simulation, and three-pore modeling was illustrated to be effective on the simulation of the distribution and the uptake of LDL. This may have great potential for the early prediction of the local atherosclerosis lesion in the human left coronary artery.
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Chen X, Zhuang J, Wu Y. The effect of Womersley number and particle radius on the accumulation of lipoproteins in the human aorta. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 23:571-584. [PMID: 32309993 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1752681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of the different physical factors on lipoproteins accumulation in the aorta artery. Results revealed that hemodynamic parameters (WSS, OSI, RRT) together affect spatial distributions of lipoproteins concentration in the human aorta. Moreover, decreasing the frequency of pulsatile flow and particle size leads to more lipoproteins accumulated on the luminal surface. In addition, given the same flow rate, the pulsatile flow could reduce lipoproteins concentration in the luminal surface of aorta relative to a steady flow condition. The present computer strategy may have great potential in predicting the local atherosclerosis lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Institute of Biomechanics, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yueheng Wu
- Institute of Biomechanics, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Ritter P, Yousefi K, Ramirez J, Dykxhoorn DM, Mendez AJ, Shehadeh LA. LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30507918 DOI: 10.3791/58564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of LDL cholesterol uptake through LDLR-mediated endocytosis is an important area of study in various major pathologies including metabolic disorder, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. Currently, there is no available method to assess LDL uptake while simultaneously monitoring for health of the cells. The current study presents a protocol, using a live cell imaging analysis system, to acquire serial measurements of LDL influx with concurrent monitoring for cell health. This novel technique is tested in three human cell lines (hepatic, renal tubular epithelial, and coronary artery endothelial cells) over a four-hour time course. Moreover, the sensitivity of this technique is validated with well-known LDL uptake inhibitors, Dynasore and recombinant PCSK9 protein, as well as by an LDL uptake promoter, Simvastatin. Taken together, this method provides a medium-to-high throughput platform for simultaneously screening pharmacological activity as well as monitoring of cell morphology, hence cytotoxicity of compounds regulating LDL influx. The analysis can be used with different imaging systems and analytical software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Portia Ritter
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine
| | - Keyvan Yousefi
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine
| | - Juliana Ramirez
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine
| | - Armando J Mendez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Endocrinology and the Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine
| | - Lina A Shehadeh
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine;
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Zhang M, Sun MY, Guo CY, Wang JS, Xu FQ, Yin HJ. Effect of tetramethylpyrazine and hyperlipidemia on hepcidin homeostasis in mice. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:501-506. [PMID: 30387806 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is strictly regulated in mammals, and disordered iron metabolism is recognized as a risk factor for various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. The hepcidin‑ferroportin axis is the key signaling mechanism that controls systemic iron homeostasis. Increased serum hepcidin is associated with multiple types of cancer and atherosclerosis (AS), and therapeutics that decrease hepcidin levels have been proposed to treat these diseases. However, the effects of abnormal circulating hepcidin on hyperlipidemia remain unexploited. The natural compound tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been reported to have therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases, whereas the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Thus, the effects of TMP on the expression of hepcidin in hyperlipidemic mice were investigated and the mechanisms involved were explored. Hyperlipidemia increased serum hepcidin, which was inhibited by TMP intervention. The results also indicated that TMP may decrease hepcidin expression via inhibition of Stat3 signaling. These findings suggest a promising rationale to prevent and hyperlidemia by targeting hepcidin or its upstream regulators, and highlight the potential application of natural compounds in treating hepcidin disorder‑associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yue Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091,P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yu Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091,P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091,P.R. China
| | - Feng-Qin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091,P.R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091,P.R. China
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Kwon DJ, Lee YS, Shin D, Won KH, Song KD. Genome analysis of Yucatan miniature pigs to assess their potential as biomedical model animals. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:290-296. [PMID: 29879811 PMCID: PMC6325393 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Pigs share many physiological, anatomical and genomic similarities with humans, which make them suitable models for biomedical researches. Understanding the genetic status of Yucatan miniature pigs (YMPs) and their association with human diseases will help to assess their potential as biomedical model animals. This study was performed to identify non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in selective sweep regions of the genome of YMPs and present the genetic nsSNP distributions that are potentially associated with disease occurrence in humans. Methods nsSNPs in whole genome resequencing data from 12 YMPs were identified and annotated to predict their possible effects on protein function. Sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT) and polymorphism phenotyping v2 analyses were used, and gene ontology (GO) network and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. Results The results showed that 8,462 genes, encompassing 72,067 nsSNPs were identified, and 118 nsSNPs in 46 genes were predicted as deleterious. GO network analysis classified 13 genes into 5 GO terms (p<0.05) that were associated with kidney development and metabolic processes. Seven genes encompassing nsSNPs were classified into the term associated with Alzheimer’s disease by referencing the genetic association database. The KEGG pathway analysis identified only one significantly enriched pathway (p<0.05), hsa04080: Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, among the transcripts. Conclusion The number of deleterious nsSNPs in YMPs was identified and then these variants-containing genes in YMPs data were adopted as the putative human diseases-related genes. The results revealed that many genes encompassing nsSNPs in YMPs were related to the various human genes which are potentially associated with kidney development and metabolic processes as well as human disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kwon
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yeong-Sup Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hye Won
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.,The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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8
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Johansson P, Almqvist EG, Bjerke M, Wallin A, Johansson JO, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Svensson J. Reduced Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration of Apolipoprotein A-I in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1017-1026. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Johansson
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Falköping, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik G. Almqvist
- Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan-Ove Johansson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Johan Svensson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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Abid R, Mahmood R, Santosh Kumar HS. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of Cassia fistula fruit in hyperlipidemic mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2822-2829. [PMID: 27256804 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1185445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The plant Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae) fruit was widely used by traditional practitioners to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in India. Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder and the major risk factor for the development of CVDs. Although most of the current hypolipidemic drugs are expensive and have potential side effects, the research focusing on natural alternative medicines is relevant. OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of C. fistula fruit (CFE) in high-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral administration of CFE at 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight on HFD induced hyperlipidemia mice for 30 days. The standard drug atorvastatin (20 mg/kg) was used to compare the efficacy of CFE. Hypolipidemic effect was evidenced by the measurement of serum lipid profile and further confirmed by Oil Red O staining of adipose tissue. The hepatic and cardiac melondialdehyde (MDA) level and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were determined. RESULTS Treatment with CFE at different doses has significantly restored the levels of serum lipid, MDA and enzymes activities in the liver and heart of hyperlipidemia mice. Oil Red O staining of visceral adipose tissue has shown marked reduction of lipid accumulation in adipocytes; whereas, administration of CFE at 500 mg/kg showed remarkable (p < 0.001) hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in HFD fed mice. CONCLUSION C. fistula fruit demonstrated hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties in vivo and the results corroborate the use of this plant in traditional medicine for cardiac ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Abid
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University , Shivamogga , Karnataka , India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University , Shivamogga , Karnataka , India
| | - Hulikal Shivashankara Santosh Kumar
- a Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University , Shivamogga , Karnataka , India
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Jensen IJ, Mæhre HK. Preclinical and Clinical Studies on Antioxidative, Antihypertensive and Cardioprotective Effect of Marine Proteins and Peptides-A Review. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14110211. [PMID: 27869700 PMCID: PMC5128754 DOI: 10.3390/md14110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High seafood consumption has traditionally been linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to the lipid lowering effects of the long chained omega 3 fatty acids. However, fish and seafood are also excellent sources of good quality proteins and emerging documentation show that, upon digestion, these proteins are sources for bioactive peptides with documented favorable physiological effects such as antioxidative, antihypertensive and other cardioprotective effects. This documentation is mainly from in vitro studies, but also animal studies are arising. Evidence from human studies evaluating the positive health effects of marine proteins and peptides are scarce. In one study, a reduction in oxidative stress after intake of cod has been documented and a few human clinical trials have been performed evaluating the effect on blood pressure. The results are, however, inconclusive. The majority of the human clinical trials performed to investigate positive health effects of marine protein and lean fish intake, has focused on blood lipids. While some studies have documented a reduction in triglycerides after intake of lean fish, others have documented no effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida-Johanne Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hanne K Mæhre
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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11
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Thaxton CS, Rink JS, Naha PC, Cormode DP. Lipoproteins and lipoprotein mimetics for imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:116-131. [PMID: 27133387 PMCID: PMC5086317 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are a set of natural nanoparticles whose main role is the transport of fats within the body. While much work has been done to develop synthetic nanocarriers to deliver drugs or contrast media, natural nanoparticles such as lipoproteins represent appealing alternatives. Lipoproteins are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic and are naturally targeted to some disease sites. Lipoproteins can be modified to act as contrast agents in many ways, such as by insertion of gold cores to provide contrast for computed tomography. They can be loaded with drugs, nucleic acids, photosensitizers or boron to act as therapeutics. Attachment of ligands can re-route lipoproteins to new targets. These attributes render lipoproteins attractive and versatile delivery vehicles. In this review we will provide background on lipoproteins, then survey their roles as contrast agents, in drug and nucleic acid delivery, as well as in photodynamic therapy and boron neutron capture therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shad Thaxton
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan S Rink
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pratap C Naha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Scott A, Zwerver J, Grewal N, de Sa A, Alktebi T, Granville DJ, Hart DA. Lipids, adiposity and tendinopathy: is there a mechanistic link? Critical review. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:984-8. [PMID: 25488953 PMCID: PMC4518755 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Being overweight or obese is associated with an elevated risk of tendon pathology. However, for sportspeople the epidemiological data linking weight or adiposity on one hand, and risk of tendon pathology on the other, are less consistent. Indeed, the mechanistic links between diet, adiposity and tendon pathology remain largely unexamined. Recent studies have begun to examine the effects of dietary interventions on outcomes such as tendon biomechanics or pain. Oxidised low-density lipoprotein has been shown to (A) accumulate in the tendon tissues of mice that eat a fatty diet and (B) induce a pathological phenotype in human tendon cells. This paper addresses the current debate: is excessive body mass index (causing increased load and strain on tendon tissue) per se the underlying mechanism? Or do local or systemic influences of fat on tendons predispose to tendon pathology? This narrative review argues that excessive blood lipids may be an important avenue for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Scott
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Johannes Zwerver
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Sports Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Navi Grewal
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Agnetha de Sa
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thuraya Alktebi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- University of Calgary, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Differential effects of PCSK9 loss of function variants on serum lipid and PCSK9 levels in Caucasian and African Canadian populations. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:70. [PMID: 23663650 PMCID: PMC3661383 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variants of the secreted glycoprotein, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), associate with both hypo- and hyper-cholesterolemic phenotypes. Herein, we carried out full exonic sequencing of PCSK9 documenting the frequency of single and multiple PCSK9 variations and their effects on serum lipoprotein and PCSK9 levels in Caucasian Canadians. METHODS The 12 exons of PCSK9 were sequenced in 207 unrelated Caucasian Canadians. Minor allele frequencies of PCSK9 variants were compared amongst LDL cholesterol (LDLC) quintiles. Serum PCSK9 levels were measured by ELISA and lipoproteins by enzymatic methods. Comparisons were made with a Caucasian family cohort (n=51) and first generation African Canadians (n=31). RESULTS In Caucasians, but not African Canadians, the c.61_63insCTG (denoted L10Ins) and A53V PCSK9 variations were linked and their frequency was significantly higher among Caucasian Canadians with LDLC levels in the <25th percentile. In both the unrelated and family Caucasian cohorts those carrying the L10A53V PCSK9 variant had significantly lower LDLC without reduction in plasma PCSK9. The I474V PCSK9 variant associated with significantly lower serum PCSK9 and LDLC. A novel PCSK9 variant was identified; E206K. We found that the frequency of multiple PCSK9 variations was higher in first generation African Canadians. CONCLUSIONS We showed that the L10A53V and I474V PCSK9 variants were significantly associated with lower LDLC levels in Caucasian Canadians but differed in their effect on serum PCSK9 concentrations, illuminating differences in their mechanism of inaction and indicating that that PCSK9 measurement alone may not always be a good indicator of PCSK9 function.Full exonic sequencing of PCSK9 pointed to factors that may contribute to L10Ins PCSK9 variant loss of function in Canadians of Caucasian but not those of African descent. These included; (1) its tight linkage with the A53V variant in Caucasians and/or (2) for both the L10 and I474V, the combined (and negating) effect of multiple, differing phenotypic PCSK9 variants within individuals of African ancestry for which combinations of PCSK9 variations and their overall frequency was higher. No population studies, to our knowledge, have addressed or accessed the effect of multiple PCSK9 variants on cholesterol profiles. Our results indicate that this should be considered.
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14
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Wasan KM, Lopez-Berestein G. Targeted liposomes in fungi: Modifying the therapeutic index of amphotericin b by its incorporation into negatively charged liposomes. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109509012689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Patankar N, Wasan KM. Role of Phospholipid Transfer Protein on the Plasma Distribution of Amphotericin B Following the Incubation of Different Amphotericin B Formulations. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1020-4. [PMID: 16715392 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) on the plasma distribution of amphotericin B (AmpB) following incubation with different AmpB formulations in human plasmas with varying lipid profiles. METHODS In a first set of experiments, plasma distribution profiles of AmpB were determined following the incubation of Fungizone and lipid-based formulations (Abelcet and AmBisome) at a concentration of 20 microg AmpB/mL for 5-120 min at 37 degrees C in the plasma obtained from six different individuals (total cholesterol concentrations range between 62 and 332 mg/dL). In a second set of experiments, Abelcet, and AmBisome at a concentration of 20 microg AmpB/mL were incubated for 5 min at 37 degrees C in human plasma (total cholesterol = 163 mg/dL) that had been pretreated with an antibody raised up against PLTP (1:400 v/v dilution from stock solution) for 20 min at 37 degrees C. Following incubation, the human plasma was separated into its lipoprotein and lipoprotein-deficient fractions by density gradient ultracentrifugation and analyzed for AmpB content by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The majority of AmpB was covered in the lipoprotein-deficient plasma and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions following incubation of Fungizone in human plasma. The majority of AmpB (48.7-87.2%) was recovered in the HDL fraction following incubation of Abelcet and AmBisome in human plasma. The presence of the PLTP antibody resulted in a 20% decrease in the percentage AmpB recovered in the HDL fraction following the incubation of Abelcet. However, the plasma distribution of AmpB remained unchanged following the incubation of AmBisome in plasma containing the PLTP antibody. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest indirect evidence that PLTP may play an important role in the plasma distribution profile of AmpB following the incubation of Abelcet and may be one of the factors responsible for the preferential association of AmpB with HDL when administered as Abelcet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Patankar
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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16
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Heikelä M, Vattulainen I, Hyvönen MT. Atomistic simulation studies of cholesteryl oleates: model for the core of lipoprotein particles. Biophys J 2006; 90:2247-57. [PMID: 16399839 PMCID: PMC1403197 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.069849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have conducted molecular dynamics simulations to gain insight into the atomic-scale properties of an isotropic system of cholesteryl oleate (CO) molecules. Cholesteryl esters are major constituents of low density lipoprotein particles, the key players in the formation of atherosclerosis, as well as the storage form of cholesterol. Here the aim is to clarify structural and dynamical properties of CO molecules under conditions, which are suggestive of those in the core of low density lipoprotein particles. The simulations in the fluid phase indicate that the system of CO molecules is characterized by an absence of translational order, as expected, while the orientational order between distinct CO molecules is significant at short distances, persisting over a molecular size. As for intramolecular properties, the bonds along the oleate chain are observed to be weakly ordered with respect to the sterol structure, unlike the bonds along the short hydrocarbon chain of cholesterol where the ordering is significant. The orientational distribution of the oleate chain as a whole with respect to the sterol moiety is of broad nature, having a major amount of extended and a less considerable proportion of bended structures. Distinct transient peaks at specific angles also appear. The diffusion of CO molecules is found to be a slow process and characterized by a diffusion coefficient of the order of 2x10(-9) cm2/s. This is considerably slower than diffusion, e.g., in ordered domains of lipid membranes rich in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. Analysis of the rotational diffusion rates and trans-to-gauche transition rates yield results consistent with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Heikelä
- Laboratory of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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de Grey ADNJ, Alvarez PJJ, Brady RO, Cuervo AM, Jerome WG, McCarty PL, Nixon RA, Rittmann BE, Sparrow JR. Medical bioremediation: prospects for the application of microbial catabolic diversity to aging and several major age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2005; 4:315-38. [PMID: 16040282 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several major diseases of old age, including atherosclerosis, macular degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the intracellular accumulation of substances that impair cellular function and viability. Moreover, the accumulation of lipofuscin, a substance that may have similarly deleterious effects, is one of the most universal markers of aging in postmitotic cells. Reversing this accumulation may thus be valuable, but has proven challenging, doubtless because substances resistant to cellular catabolism are inherently hard to degrade. We suggest a radically new approach: augmenting humans' natural catabolic machinery with microbial enzymes. Many recalcitrant organic molecules are naturally degraded in the soil. Since the soil in certain environments - graveyards, for example - is enriched in human remains but does not accumulate these substances, it presumably harbours microbes that degrade them. The enzymes responsible could be identified and engineered to metabolise these substances in vivo. Here, we survey a range of such substances, their putative roles in age-related diseases and the possible benefits of their removal. We discuss how microbes capable of degrading them can be isolated, characterised and their relevant enzymes engineered for this purpose and ways to avoid potential side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey D N J de Grey
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
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18
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Zhang XY, Dong X, Zheng L, Luo GH, Liu YH, Ekström U, Nilsson-Ehle P, Ye Q, Xu N. Specific tissue expression and cellular localization of human apolipoprotein M as determined by in situ hybridization. Acta Histochem 2003; 105:67-72. [PMID: 12666989 DOI: 10.1078/0065-1281-00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a recently discovered human apolipoprotein predominantly present in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and in minor proportion in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRLP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The gene coding for apoM has been detected in all mammal genomes. The function of apoM is unknown yet. In the present study, we demonstrated that apoM is exclusively expressed in a strong manner in adult liver and kidney, and is expressed weakly in fetal liver and kidney as detected with human multiple tissue expression array. Both immunohistochemical staining and apoM mRNA in situ hybridization demonstrated that apoM was exclusively expressed in hepatocytes in human liver and in tubular epithelial cells in human kidney. The present study helps to elucidate the pathophysiological functions of apoM in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, SuZhou University, ChangZhou, China
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19
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Xu N, Zhang XY, Dong X, Ekström U, Ye Q, Nilsson-Ehle P. Effects of platelet-activating factor, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1alpha on the expression of apolipoprotein M in HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:944-50. [PMID: 11944906 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a recently discovered human apolipoprotein predominantly present in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma, exclusively expressed in liver and in kidney. The function of apoM is yet unknown. The human apoM gene is located in the major histocompatibility complex class III region on chromosome 6. Because many genes located in this region are related to the immune response, we have investigated whether apoM might also be involved in the host inflammatory response. In this study we examined effects of the platelet-activating factor (PAF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) on apoM expression in a hepatoblastoma cell line, HepG2 cells. PAF significantly enhanced the apoM mRNA levels and the secretion of apoM in HepG2 cell cultures. The enhancement of apoM secretion is seen at a low concentration of PAF (2 ng/ml), whereas a high concentration of PAF increases both the apoM mRNA levels and apoM secretion. Neither TNF-alpha nor IL-1alpha influenced apoM mRNA level and secretion. Furthermore, Lexipafant, a PAF-receptor (PAF-R) antagonist significantly suppressed the mRNA level and the secretion of apoM in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Neither PAF nor Lexipafant influenced the mRNA levels and the secretion of apoA-I, apoB and apoE in HepG2 cells, indicating that the effects of PAF or Lexipafant on the apoM production on hepatic cells are selective for apoM. The cellular mechanism of the effects of PAF or Lexipafant on apoM metabolism requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, S-221 85, Sweden.
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20
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Xu N, Ekstrom U, Nilsson-Ehle P. ACTH decreases the expression and secretion of apolipoprotein B in HepG2 cell cultures. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38680-4. [PMID: 11514556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104659200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has been shown to decrease plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein B (apoB) containing lipoproteins, including lipoprotein(a), in man. However, the mechanism behind this hypolipidemic effect is unknown. This study aimed at distinguishing between the main possibilities (increased elimination or decreased production of lipoproteins) using HepG2 cell cultures. Addition of ACTH to the cell culture medium selectively down-regulated apoB mRNA expression and apoB secretion in a dose-dependent manner. At 100 pmol/liter ACTH, the apoB mRNA level was about 40% lower than in the untreated cells, and the secretion of apoB into the medium was decreased to a similar extent. The expression and secretion of other apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoE, and apoM), however, were not affected by ACTH. Under normal culture conditions the level of secretion of apoB from HepG2 cells is quite low. In the presence of 0.4 mmol/liter oleic acid secretion of apoB increased 3-fold, but this phenomenon was not seen in ACTH-treated cells. Binding and internalization of radiolabeled low density lipoprotein (LDL) by HepG2 cell, as well as LDL-receptor mRNA and scavenger receptor B-I mRNA levels, were not influenced by ACTH. In conclusion, ACTH directly and selectively down-regulated the production and secretion of apoB in HepG2 cell cultures, suggesting that a principal mechanism behind the cholesterol-lowering effect of ACTH in vivo may be a decreased production rate of apoB-containing lipoproteins from the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Xu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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21
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Taylor AH, Stephan ZF, Steele RE, Wong NC. Beneficial effects of a novel thyromimetic on lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:542-7. [PMID: 9281617 DOI: 10.1124/mol.52.3.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although L-triiodothyronine (L-T3) lowers cholesterol, this hormone is not used to treat hypercholesterolemia because of its cardiotoxic effects. Thyromimetics, such as the novel compound CGS 23425, that mimic the beneficial but lack the detrimental effects of T3, may be useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. To show that CGS 23425 has no cardiotoxicity, atrial contractility and force were both measured and found to be unchanged in rats treated with up to 10 mg/kg drug. The lipid lowering actions of this drug resulted in a 44% decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 10 microg/kg of the compound. Normal rats required a higher dose of 1000 microg/kg to elicit a similar 50% reduction in LDL cholesterol. Both CGS 23425 or T3 (10 nM) increased the specific binding of 125I-labeled LDL to Hep G2 cells and increased LDL receptor number by 44 and 49%, respectively. These data indicate that CGS 23425 enhances hepatic clearance of serum LDL cholesterol. Normal and fat-fed animals treated with the drug showed a dose-dependent increase in apolipoprotein AI, a protein that promotes the efflux of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Transient transfection of a rat apolipoprotein AI promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct, in human hepatoma cells, showed a dose-dependent increase in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity with EC50 values of 2 x 10(-12) M and 10(-10) M for thyroid hormone receptors beta1 and alpha1, respectively, with maximal responses at 10(-7) M. These data indicate that CGS 23425 is a thyromimetic that increases apolipoprotein AI expression via thyroid hormone receptor. In summary, CGS 23425 ameliorates hypercholesterolemia by increasing apolipoprotein A1 and the clearance of LDL cholesterol. Therefore, a compound like CGS 23425 may be useful for the prevention and reversal of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Dullaart RP, Gansevoort RT, Sluiter WJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. The serum lathosterol to cholesterol ratio, an index of cholesterol synthesis, is not elevated in patients with glomerular proteinuria and is not associated with improvement of hyperlipidemia in response to antiproteinuric treatment. Metabolism 1996; 45:723-30. [PMID: 8637447 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that increased cholesterol synthesis provides a mechanism that contributes to nephrotic syndrome-associated hyperlipidemia is mainly based on experimental evidence. The serum level of the cholesterol precursor, lathosterol (expressed per millimole cholesterol), is a reliable marker of whole-body cholesterol synthesis in normocholesterolemia and primary hypercholesterolemia. Serum lathosterol and lipoprotein levels were measured in 11 moderately hyperlipidemic patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria and 22 matched controls. The proteinuric patients were evaluated before and during three antiproteinuric treatment periods with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition therapy (n = 6) or a low-protein diet (n = 5) alone, in combination, and again as a single treatment. In untreated patients, serum total cholesterol, very-low-density (VLDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apo B), and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels were higher than in controls (P < .01 to P < .001), but the lathosterol to cholesterol ratio tended to be lower in patients (0.99 +/- 0.43 micromol/mmol) as compared with controls (1.29 +/- 0.41 micromol/mmol, P < .10). During combined antiproteinuric treatment, total and VLDL + LDL cholesterol, apo B, and Lp(a) decreased (P < .02 to P < .01), but remained higher than levels in controls. Yet the serum lathosterol to cholesterol ratio changed little and was even lower (P < .05) in treated patients than in controls. Serum total cholesterol (r = -.82, P < .01) and apo B (r = -.84, P < .01) were inversely correlated with serum albumin in untreated patients, whereas the serum lathosterol to cholesterol ratio was not (r = -.01, NS). In the patient group, multiple regression analysis showed that changes in the lathosterol to cholesterol ratio during the study were only related to changes in the dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (P:S) coinciding with the low-protein diet (P < .01). In contrast, the decrease of VLDL + LDL cholesterol, apo B, and Lp(a) was independently related to reduction of proteinuria (P < .02 to P < .001), but not to changes in the lathosterol to cholesterol ratio. In conclusion, the present data, based on the serum lathosterol to cholesterol ratio, do not support the concept that increased cholesterol synthesis plays an important role in the maintenance of human nephrotic syndrome-associated hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, it appears unlikely that the decrease of apo B-containing lipoproteins with antiproteinuric treatment is attributable to inhibition of cholesterogenesis. These findings warrant further documentation of cholesterol synthesis in human nephrotic syndrome by direct methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Dullaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Wasan KM, Brazeau GA, Keyhani A, Hayman AC, Lopez-Berestein G. Roles of liposome composition and temperature in distribution of amphotericin B in serum lipoproteins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:246-50. [PMID: 8452354 PMCID: PMC187647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.2.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of liposome composition and temperature in the distribution of amphotericin B (AmB) with serum lipoproteins and the role of particle charge in AmB transfer to serum lipoproteins were determined. Serum obtained from healthy volunteers was incubated with known concentrations of AmB or different liposomal formulations of AmB (1 to 100 micrograms/ml) at 37 degrees C for various time intervals (5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min). After each interval, serum was removed and separated into high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions by an LDL-direct assay. The distribution of AmB (Fungizone) at 5 min through 1 h of incubation at 25 degrees C remained constant and was similar in the HDL and LDL fractions. At 37 degrees C, at 5 through 45 min of incubation, 54 to 61% of AmB was recovered in the HDL fraction; however, at 1 h more than 75% of the AmB concentration was recovered in the HDL fraction. In contrast, 87.5 to 92% AmB was recovered in the HDL fraction throughout the incubation when negatively charged liposomal AmB (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine [DMPC]:dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [DMPG], 7:3 [wt/wt]) was used. With positively charged liposomes, 75 to 87.7% of AmB was recovered in the HDL fraction through the different time points studied. AmB incorporated into DMPC (neutral) and DMPG (negative) liposomes, and AmB was distributed in an HDL:LDL ratio of 6:4 following 1 h of incubation. Ninety percent of AmB and 80% of the lipid were found in the HDL fraction in a 3:1 molar DMPG:AmB ratio and in the LDL fraction in a 6:1 molar ratio. Lipid charge and temperature play a role in AmB distribution into serum lipoproteins. AmB and DMPG may contransfer as an intact drug-lipid complex to serum lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Wasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Houston, Texas
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Abstract
The practical implementation of the results of large, well-controlled clinical and epidemiologic studies has led to substantial progress in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Now, daring and aggressive interventions, as well as a new understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of atherogenesis, also provide new possibilities of effective treatments at an advanced, symptomatic stage of the disease. An abundance of new information has come from an increasing number of seemingly unrelated scientific fields, ranging from laser optics to genetic engineering. This short study examines how some selected new findings and concepts fit into the traditional theories of atherogenesis: encrustation, infiltration, and response to injury. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, and leukocytes are viewed in their dual capability of promoting as well as inhibiting the atherogenic process. Mechanisms of vascular healing and intimal hyperplasia after physical interventions are distinguished from those leading to complicated spontaneous atherosclerotic plaques, and the impact of some new ideas on potential pharmacologic interventions is brought to the reader's attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Haudenschild
- Mallory Institute of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
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25
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Wallace EM, Wu FC. Effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone oenanthate on serum lipoproteins in man. Contraception 1990; 41:63-71. [PMID: 2137405 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(90)90127-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ten normal men were given three monthly intramuscular injections of 200mg of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and 250mg of testosterone oenanthate (TE) as part of a male contraceptive trial. During the three months of treatment, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the HDL-C:LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) ratio were significantly depressed compared to baseline. Although the long-term effect of this alteration in lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in normolipidaemic men is currently uncertain, these results suggest that the potential cardiovascular risks of progestagen-containing regimens for male contraception will have to be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wallace
- MRC Reproductive Biology Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186:1-85. [PMID: 2172697 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)86093-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2939] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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