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Kashani B, Zandi Z, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Yousefi AM, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. The PI3K signaling pathway; from normal lymphopoiesis to lymphoid malignancies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:493-512. [PMID: 38690706 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2350629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a vital mechanism of survival, lymphopoiesis requires the collaboration of different signaling molecules to orchestrate each step of cell development and maturation. The PI3K pathway is considerably involved in the maturation of lymphatic cells and therefore, its dysregulation can immensely affect human well-being and cause some of the most prevalent malignancies. As a result, studies that investigate this pathway could pave the way for a better understanding of the lymphopoiesis mechanisms, the undesired changes that lead to cancer progression, and how to design drugs to solve this issue. AREAS COVERED The present review addresses the aforementioned aspects of the PI3K pathway and helps pave the way for future therapeutic approaches. In order to access the articles, databases such as Medicine Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were utilized. The search formula was established by identifying main keywords including PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, Lymphopoiesis, Lymphoid malignancies, and inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The PI3K pathway is crucial for lymphocyte development and differentiation, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in lymphoid cancers. Studies are focused on developing PI3K inhibitors to impede the progression of hematologic malignancies, highlighting the pathway's significance in lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Kashani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zandi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Lin DY, Andreotti AH. Structure of BTK kinase domain with the second-generation inhibitors acalabrutinib and tirabrutinib. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290872. [PMID: 37651403 PMCID: PMC10470882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is the target of the therapeutic agent, Ibrutinib, that treats chronic lymphocyte leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other B cell malignancies. Ibrutinib is a first in class, covalent BTK inhibitor that limits B-cell survival and proliferation. Designing new inhibitors of BTK has been an important objective for advancing development of improved therapeutic agents against cancer and autoimmune disorders. Based on the success of Ibrutinib, several second-generation irreversible BTK inhibitors have been developed that exhibit fewer off-target effects. However, the binding-mode and their interaction with Btk have not been experimentally determined and evaluated at atomic resolution. Here we determined the first crystal structure of the BTK kinase domain in complex with acalabrutinib. In addition, we report a structure of the BTK/tirabrutinib complex and compare these structures with previously solved structures. The structures provide insight in the superior selectivity reported for acalabrutinb and guide future BTK inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lin
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State, University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Amy H. Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State, University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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3
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Progress in the development of small molecular inhibitors of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a promising cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 47:116358. [PMID: 34479103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key kinase in the B cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway, which is involved in the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of B cells. BTK has become a significant target for the treatment of hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Ibrutinib, the first-generation BTK inhibitor, has made a great contribution to the treatment of B cell malignant tumors, but there are still some problems such as resistance or miss target of site mutation. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop novel BTK inhibitors to overcome these problems. Besides, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has been successfully applied to the development of BTK degradation agents, which has opened a fresh way for the BTK targeted treatment. This paper reviews the biological function of BTK, the discovery and development of BTK targeted drugs as a promising cancer therapy. It mainly reviews the binding sites and structural characteristics of BTK, structure-activity relationships, activity and drug resistance of BTK inhibitors, as well as potential treatment strategies to overcome the resistance of BTK, which provides a reference for the rational design and development of new powerful BTK inhibitors.
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4
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Lee KW, Lee WH, Han BS, Lee JH, Doo EK, Kim JH. Molecular Drug Discovery of Single Ginsenoside Compounds as a Potent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3065. [PMID: 32357562 PMCID: PMC7247683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is known as a direct regulator of inflammasome, which is an intracellular target to therapeutically modulate innate immunity. Although there is great interest in developing small molecule-based drugs with BTK inhibition, there are only a few drugs available in the market, due to the difficulty of drug discovery and the potential side effects. To select suitable drug compounds to inhibit BTK signaling, molecular drug screening bioassay processes of single ginsenosides integrated with in silico molecular simulation were performed. The experimental results for the ginsenoside compositions (Rb2 and Rb3) exhibited showed that they effectively suppressed the activity of BTK expression in a rational agreement with molecular docking calculations of the compounds against the BTK binding site. They implemented a possible inhibiting effect of BTK signaling through increasing their molecular affinity for targeting BTK, enabling them to be useful in treating BTK-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Woo Lee
- MODNBIO Inc. Digital road 34, Kolon Science Valley I, Guro-gu, Seoul 08378, Korea; (K.W.L.); (W.H.L.); (J.H.L.); (E.K.D.)
| | - Woong Hee Lee
- MODNBIO Inc. Digital road 34, Kolon Science Valley I, Guro-gu, Seoul 08378, Korea; (K.W.L.); (W.H.L.); (J.H.L.); (E.K.D.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 306-809, Korea;
| | - Jin Ha Lee
- MODNBIO Inc. Digital road 34, Kolon Science Valley I, Guro-gu, Seoul 08378, Korea; (K.W.L.); (W.H.L.); (J.H.L.); (E.K.D.)
| | - Eun Kyung Doo
- MODNBIO Inc. Digital road 34, Kolon Science Valley I, Guro-gu, Seoul 08378, Korea; (K.W.L.); (W.H.L.); (J.H.L.); (E.K.D.)
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- MODNBIO Inc. Digital road 34, Kolon Science Valley I, Guro-gu, Seoul 08378, Korea; (K.W.L.); (W.H.L.); (J.H.L.); (E.K.D.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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5
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Lipid-targeting pleckstrin homology domain turns its autoinhibitory face toward the TEC kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21539-21544. [PMID: 31591208 PMCID: PMC6815127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907566116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is targeted in treatment of immune cancers. As patients experience drug resistance, there is a need for alternative approaches to inhibit BTK. Other recently published findings clarify the role of the BTK pleckstrin homology (PH) domain in mediating activation via dimerization and sensing of ligand concentration at the membrane. Work presented here provides insight into the autoinhibitory BTK structure that has so far been elusive via crystallographic methods. In the resting state, the BTK PH domain binds to the activation loop face of the kinase domain and allosterically alters key sites within the kinase domain. The findings define a new regulatory site, the PH/kinase interface, that can be exploited in drug discovery efforts. The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is well known for its phospholipid targeting function. The PH-TEC homology (PHTH) domain within the TEC family of tyrosine kinases is also a crucial component of the autoinhibitory apparatus. The autoinhibitory surface on the PHTH domain has been previously defined, and biochemical investigations have shown that PHTH-mediated inhibition is mutually exclusive with phosphatidylinositol binding. Here we use hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and evolutionary sequence comparisons to map where and how the PHTH domain affects the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) domain. The data map a PHTH-binding site on the activation loop face of the kinase C lobe, suggesting that the PHTH domain masks the activation loop and the substrate-docking site. Moreover, localized NMR spectral changes are observed for non–surface-exposed residues in the active site and on the distal side of the kinase domain. These data suggest that the association of PHTH induces allosteric conformational shifts in regions of the kinase domain that are critical for catalysis. Through statistical comparisons of diverse tyrosine kinase sequences, we identify residues unique to BTK that coincide with the experimentally determined PHTH-binding surface on the kinase domain. Our data provide a more complete picture of the autoinhibitory conformation adopted by full-length TEC kinases, creating opportunities to target the regulatory domains to control the function of these kinases in a biological setting.
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6
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Ratzon E, Bloch I, Nicola M, Cohen E, Ruimi N, Dotan N, Landau M, Gal M. A Small Molecule Inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Involved in B-Cell Signaling. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4398-4410. [PMID: 31457731 PMCID: PMC6641755 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are fundamental within almost all cellular signal transduction networks. Among these, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), which belongs to the Tec family of proteins, plays an imperative part in B-cell signaling. Owing to its role, Btk has been established as an important therapeutic target for a vast range of disorders related to B-cell development and function, such as the X-linked agammaglobulinemia, various B-cell malignancies, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Herein, using computer-based screening of a library of 20 million small molecules, we identified a small molecule capable of directly binding the Btk kinase domain. On the basis of this hit compound, we conducted a focused structure-similarity search to explore the effect of different chemical modifications on binding toward Btk. This search identified the molecule N2,N6-bis(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-9H-purine-2,6-diamine as a potent inhibitor of Btk. The latter small molecule binds Btk with a dissociation constant of 250 nM and inhibits Btk activity both in vitro and in-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Ratzon
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Itai Bloch
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Meshel Nicola
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Elad Cohen
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Nili Ruimi
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Nesly Dotan
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Meytal Landau
- Department
of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Maayan Gal
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
- Faculty
of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic
College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
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7
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Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T, Gajate P, Grande E. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a promising target in solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2017. [PMID: 28641100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor intracellular kinase that belongs to the TEC-family tyrosine kinases together with bone marrow-expressed kinase (BMX), redundant-resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK), and IL-2 inducible T-Cell kinase (ITK). All these proteins play a key role in the intracellular signaling of both B and T lymphocytes. Recently, some preclinical data have demonstrated that BTK is present in certain tumor subtypes and in other relevant cells that are contributing to the tumor microenvironment such as dendritic cells, macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells and endothelial cells. Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) is an orally available small molecule that acts as an inhibitor of the BTK and is approved for the treatment of patients with some hematological malignancies. It has been suggested that ibrutinib may also have a potential antitumor activity in solid neoplasms. In this sense, ibrutinib has the ability to revert polarization of TCD4+ to Th1 lymphocytes to increase the cytotoxic ability of T CD8+ and to regulate tumor-induced immune tolerance by acting over tumor infiltrating cells activity and immunosuppressive cytokines release. Furthermore, based on its molecular activity and safety, ibrutinib has been considered as a partner for treatment combination with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors or with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, inhibiting immunosuppressive signals from the tumor microenvironment, and overcoming the immune resistance to current anti-PD1/PDL1 immunotherapeutic drugs by the CXCR4/CXCL2 pathway regulation. Currently, a broad range of different studies are evaluating the activity of ibrutinib either as single agent or in combination in patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Molina-Cerrillo
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - T Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Gajate
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Grande
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Gonzalez-Lopez de Turiso F, Hao X, Shin Y, Bui M, Campuzano IDG, Cardozo M, Dunn MC, Duquette J, Fisher B, Foti RS, Henne K, He X, Hu YL, Kelly RC, Johnson MG, Lucas BS, McCarter J, McGee LR, Medina JC, Metz D, San Miguel T, Mohn D, Tran T, Vissinga C, Wannberg S, Whittington DA, Whoriskey J, Yu G, Zalameda L, Zhang X, Cushing TD. Discovery and in Vivo Evaluation of the Potent and Selective PI3Kδ Inhibitors 2-((1S)-1-((6-Amino-5-cyano-4-pyrimidinyl)amino)ethyl)-6-fluoro-N-methyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)-4-quinolinecarboxamide (AM-0687) and 2-((1S)-1-((6-Amino-5-cyano-4-pyrimidinyl)amino)ethyl)-5-fluoro-N-methyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)-4-quinolinecarboxamide (AM-1430). J Med Chem 2016; 59:7252-67. [PMID: 27411843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of the potency and pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,4-trisubstituted quinoline, 4, led to the discovery of two potent, selective, and orally bioavailable PI3Kδ inhibitors, 6a (AM-0687) and 7 (AM-1430). On the basis of their improved profile, these analogs were selected for in vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) and efficacy experiments in animal models of inflammation. The in vivo PD studies, which were carried out in a mouse pAKT inhibition animal model, confirmed the observed potency of 6a and 7 in biochemical and cellular assays. Efficacy experiments in a keyhole limpet hemocyanin model in rats demonstrated that administration of either 6a or 7 resulted in a strong dose-dependent reduction of IgG and IgM specific antibodies. The excellent in vitro and in vivo profiles of these analogs make them suitable for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gonzalez-Lopez de Turiso
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xiaolin Hao
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Youngsook Shin
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Minna Bui
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mario Cardozo
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle C Dunn
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jason Duquette
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benjamin Fisher
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert S Foti
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kirk Henne
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yi-Ling Hu
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ron C Kelly
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael G Johnson
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian S Lucas
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John McCarter
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lawrence R McGee
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Julio C Medina
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Daniela Metz
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tisha San Miguel
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Deanna Mohn
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Thuy Tran
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christine Vissinga
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sharon Wannberg
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Douglas A Whittington
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John Whoriskey
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Leeanne Zalameda
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xuxia Zhang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Timothy D Cushing
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, #Department of Inflammation Research, ⊥Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ¶Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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9
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Itk is required for Th9 differentiation via TCR-mediated induction of IL-2 and IRF4. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10857. [PMID: 26936133 PMCID: PMC4782063 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Th9 cells produce interleukin (IL)-9, a cytokine implicated in allergic asthma and autoimmunity. Here we show that Itk, a mediator of T cell receptor signalling required for Th2 immune responses and the development of asthma, is a positive regulator of Th9 differentiation. In a model of allergic lung disease, Itk-deficient mice show reduced pulmonary inflammation and IL-9 production by T cells and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2), despite normal early induction of ILC2s. In vitro, Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells do not produce IL-9 and have reduced levels of IRF4 (Interferon Regulator Factor 4), a critical transcription factor for effector T cell function. Both IL-9 and IRF4 expression are rescued by either IL-2 or constitutively active STAT5, but not NFATc1. STAT5 binds the Irf4 promoter, demonstrating one mechanism by which IL-2 rescues weakly activated T cells. Itk inhibition also reduces IL-9 expression by human T cells, implicating ITK as a key regulator of Th9 induction.
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10
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Bui M, Hao X, Shin Y, Cardozo M, He X, Henne K, Suchomel J, McCarter J, McGee LR, San Miguel T, Medina JC, Mohn D, Tran T, Wannberg S, Wong J, Wong S, Zalameda L, Metz D, Cushing TD. Synthesis and SAR study of potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Zacherl S, La Venuta G, Müller HM, Wegehingel S, Dimou E, Sehr P, Lewis JD, Erfle H, Pepperkok R, Nickel W. A direct role for ATP1A1 in unconventional secretion of fibroblast growth factor 2. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3654-65. [PMID: 25533462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.590067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies proposed a role for the Na/K-ATPase in unconventional secretion of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). This conclusion was based upon pharmacological inhibition of FGF2 secretion in the presence of ouabain. However, neither independent experimental evidence nor a potential mechanism was provided. Based upon an unbiased RNAi screen, we now report the identification of ATP1A1, the α1-chain of the Na/K-ATPase, as a factor required for efficient secretion of FGF2. As opposed to ATP1A1, down-regulation of the β1- and β3-chains (ATP1B1 and ATP1B3) of the Na/K-ATPase did not affect FGF2 secretion, suggesting that they are dispensable for this process. These findings indicate that it is not the membrane potential-generating function of the Na/K-ATPase complex but rather a so far unidentified role of potentially unassembled α1-chains that is critical for unconventional secretion of FGF2. Consistently, in the absence of β-chains, we found a direct interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of ATP1A1 and FGF2 with submicromolar affinity. Based upon these observations, we propose that ATP1A1 is a recruitment factor for FGF2 at the inner leaflet of plasma membranes that may control phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-dependent membrane translocation as part of the unconventional secretory pathway of FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Zacherl
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giuseppe La Venuta
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Müller
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wegehingel
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eleni Dimou
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Sehr
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Joe D Lewis
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Holger Erfle
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Walter Nickel
- From the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
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12
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Cushing TD, Hao X, Shin Y, Andrews K, Brown M, Cardozo M, Chen Y, Duquette J, Fisher B, Gonzalez-Lopez de Turiso F, He X, Henne KR, Hu YL, Hungate R, Johnson MG, Kelly RC, Lucas B, McCarter JD, McGee LR, Medina JC, San Miguel T, Mohn D, Pattaropong V, Pettus LH, Reichelt A, Rzasa RM, Seganish J, Tasker AS, Wahl RC, Wannberg S, Whittington DA, Whoriskey J, Yu G, Zalameda L, Zhang D, Metz DP. Discovery and in Vivo Evaluation of (S)-N-(1-(7-Fluoro-2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinolin-3-yl)ethyl)-9H-purin-6-amine (AMG319) and Related PI3Kδ Inhibitors for Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease. J Med Chem 2014; 58:480-511. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501624r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas A. Whittington
- Department
of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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13
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Zwolanek F, Riedelberger M, Stolz V, Jenull S, Istel F, Köprülü AD, Ellmeier W, Kuchler K. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Tec controls assembly and activity of the noncanonical caspase-8 inflammasome. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004525. [PMID: 25474208 PMCID: PMC4256681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tec family kinases are intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in numerous functions, including T cell and B cell regulation. However, a role in microbial pathogenesis has not been described. Here, we identified Tec kinase as a novel key mediator of the inflammatory immune response in macrophages invaded by the human fungal pathogen C. albicans. Tec is required for both activation and assembly of the noncanonical caspase-8, but not of the caspase-1 inflammasome, during infections with fungal but not bacterial pathogens, triggering the antifungal response through IL-1β. Furthermore, we identify dectin-1 as the pathogen recognition receptor being required for Syk-dependent Tec activation. Hence, Tec is a novel innate-specific inflammatory kinase, whose genetic ablation or inhibition by small molecule drugs strongly protects mice from fungal sepsis. These data demonstrate a therapeutic potential for Tec kinase inhibition to combat invasive microbial infections by attenuating the host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zwolanek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Riedelberger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Stolz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Jenull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Istel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Afitap Derya Köprülü
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Krupa A, Fol M, Rahman M, Stokes KY, Florence JM, Leskov IL, Khoretonenko MV, Matthay MA, Liu KD, Calfee CS, Tvinnereim A, Rosenfield GR, Kurdowska AK. Silencing Bruton's tyrosine kinase in alveolar neutrophils protects mice from LPS/immune complex-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L435-48. [PMID: 25085625 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00234.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous observations made by our laboratory indicate that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of local inflammation in acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We have shown that there is cross talk between FcγRIIa and TLR4 in alveolar neutrophils from patients with ALI/ARDS and that Btk mediates the molecular cooperation between these two receptors. To study the function of Btk in vivo we have developed a unique two-hit model of ALI: LPS/immune complex (IC)-induced ALI. Furthermore, we conjugated F(ab)2 fragments of anti-neutrophil antibodies (Ly6G1A8) with specific siRNA for Btk to silence Btk specifically in alveolar neutrophils. It should be stressed that we are the first group to perform noninvasive transfections of neutrophils, both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, our present findings indicate that silencing Btk in alveolar neutrophils has a dramatic protective effect in mice with LPS/IC-induced ALI, and that Btk regulates neutrophil survival and clearance of apoptotic neutrophils in this model. In conclusion, we put forward a hypothesis that Btk-targeted neutrophil specific therapy is a valid goal of research geared toward restoring homeostasis in lungs of patients with ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krupa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Fol
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Moshiur Rahman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Jon M Florence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Igor L Leskov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Mikhail V Khoretonenko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Amy Tvinnereim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Gabriel R Rosenfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Anna K Kurdowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas;
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15
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Zhong Y, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC, Dubovsky JA. Targeting Interleukin-2-Inducible T-cell Kinase (ITK) in T-Cell Related Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:1-11. [PMID: 27917390 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases, is the predominant Tec kinase in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells mediating T cell receptor (TCR) and Fc receptor (Fc R) initiated signal transduction. ITK deficiency results in impaired T and NK cell functions, leading to various disorders including malignancies, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. In this mini-review, the role of ITK in T cell signaling and the development of small molecule inhibitors of ITK for the treatment of T-cell related disorders is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason A Dubovsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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16
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Jun JE, Rubio I, Roose JP. Regulation of ras exchange factors and cellular localization of ras activation by lipid messengers in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:239. [PMID: 24027568 PMCID: PMC3762125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-MAPK signaling pathway is highly conserved throughout evolution and is activated downstream of a wide range of receptor stimuli. Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) catalyze GTP loading of Ras and play a pivotal role in regulating receptor-ligand induced Ras activity. In T cells, three families of functionally important RasGEFs are expressed: RasGRF, RasGRP, and Son of Sevenless (SOS)-family GEFs. Early on it was recognized that Ras activation is critical for T cell development and that the RasGEFs play an important role herein. More recent work has revealed that nuances in Ras activation appear to significantly impact T cell development and selection. These nuances include distinct biochemical patterns of analog versus digital Ras activation, differences in cellular localization of Ras activation, and intricate interplays between the RasGEFs during distinct T cell developmental stages as revealed by various new mouse models. In many instances, the exact nature of these nuances in Ras activation or how these may result from fine-tuning of the RasGEFs is not understood. One large group of biomolecules critically involved in the control of RasGEFs functions are lipid second messengers. Multiple, yet distinct lipid products are generated following T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and bind to different domains in the RasGRP and SOS RasGEFs to facilitate the activation of the membrane-anchored Ras GTPases. In this review we highlight how different lipid-based elements are generated by various enzymes downstream of the TCR and other receptors and how these dynamic and interrelated lipid products may fine-tune Ras activation by RasGEFs in developing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Jun
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
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17
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Krupa A, Fudala R, Florence JM, Tucker T, Allen TC, Standiford TJ, Luchowski R, Fol M, Rahman M, Gryczynski Z, Gryczynski I, Kurdowska AK. Bruton's tyrosine kinase mediates FcγRIIa/Toll-like receptor-4 receptor crosstalk in human neutrophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:240-9. [PMID: 23239500 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0039oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous observations by our laboratory indicate that the presence of anti-IL-8 autoantibody:IL-8 immune complexes in lung fluids from patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) comprises an important prognostic indicator in the development and ultimate outcome of ALI/ARDS. We also showed that these complexes display proinflammatory activity toward neutrophils through the engagement of FcγRIIa receptors. Because sepsis is one of the most common risk factors for ALI/ARDS, the initial goal of our present study involved investigating the effects of LPS on the expression of FcγRIIa receptors in neutrophils. Our results indicate that LPS triggers an increase in the expression of FcγRIIa on the neutrophil surface, which leads to shortening of the molecular distance between FcγRIIa and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). When such neutrophils are stimulated with anti-IL-8:IL-8 complexes, the TLR4 cascade becomes activated via the engagement of FcγRIIa. The underlying molecular mechanism has been subsequently examined and involves Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). In conclusion, our study reveals the existence of Btk-dependent molecular cooperation between FcγRIIa and TLR4 signaling cascades in LPS-"primed" human neutrophils. Furthermore, we used fluorescence lifetime imaging to study the interactions between TLR4 and FcγRIIa in human alveolar neutrophils from patients with ALI/ARDS. The results from these experiments confirm the existence of the molecular cooperation between TLR4 and FcγRIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krupa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
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18
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Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Grb2 functions at the top of the T-cell antigen receptor-induced tyrosine kinase cascade to control thymic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10620-5. [PMID: 20498059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905039107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grb2 is an adaptor molecule that mediates Ras-MAPK activation induced by various receptors. Here we show that conditional ablation of Grb2 in thymocytes severely impairs both thymic positive and negative selections. Strikingly, the mutation attenuates T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) proximal signaling, including tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple signaling proteins and Ca(2+) influx. The defective TCR signaling can be attributed to a marked impairment in Lck activation. Ectopic expression of a mutant Grb2 composed of the central SH2 and the C-terminal SH3 domains in Grb2(-/-) thymocytes fully restores thymocyte development. Thus, Grb2 plays a pivotal role in both thymic positive and negative selection. It amplifies TCR signaling at the top end of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade via a scaffolding function.
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20
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Benczik M, Gaffen SL. The Interleukin (IL)‐2 Family Cytokines: Survival and Proliferation Signaling Pathways in T Lymphocytes. Immunol Invest 2009; 33:109-42. [PMID: 15195693 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte populations in the immune system are maintained by a well-organized balance between cellular proliferation, cellular survival and programmed cell death (apoptosis). One of the primary functions of many cytokines is to coordinate these processes. In particular, the interleukin (IL)-2 family of cytokines, which consists of six cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21) that all share a common receptor subunit (gammac), plays a major role in promoting and maintaining T lymphocyte populations. The details of the molecular signaling pathways mediated by these cytokines have not been fully elucidated. However, the three major pathways clearly involved include the JAK/STAT, MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13K) pathways. The details of these pathways as they apply to the IL-2 family of cytokines is discussed, with a focus on their roles in proliferation and survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Benczik
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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21
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Zemans RL, Arndt PG. Tec kinases regulate actin assembly and cytokine expression in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils via JNK activation. Cell Immunol 2009; 258:90-7. [PMID: 19393603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The acute inflammatory response involves neutrophils wherein recognition of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), activates intracellular signaling pathways. We have shown that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by LPS in neutrophils and plays a critical role in monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression and actin assembly. As the Tec family kinases are expressed in neutrophils and regulate activation of the MAPKs in other cell systems, we hypothesized that the Tec kinases are an upstream component of the signaling pathway leading to LPS-induced MAPKs activation in neutrophils. Herein, we show that the Tec kinases are activated in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils and that inhibition of the Tec kinases, with leflunomide metabolite analog (LFM-A13), decreased LPS-induced JNK, but not p38, activity. Furthermore, LPS-induced actin polymerization as well as MCP-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1beta expression are dependent on Tec kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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22
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Kim N, Saudemont A, Webb L, Camps M, Ruckle T, Hirsch E, Turner M, Colucci F. The p110delta catalytic isoform of PI3K is a key player in NK-cell development and cytokine secretion. Blood 2007; 110:3202-8. [PMID: 17644738 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-075366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe signal transduction pathways that lead activated natural killer (NK) cells to produce cytokines, releases cytotoxic granules, or do both, are not clearly dissected. For example, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are key players in the execution of both functions, but the relative contribution of each isoform is unknown. We show here that the catalytic isoform p110δ, not p110γ, was required for interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secretion, whereas neither was necessary for cytotoxicity. Yet, when both p110δ and p110γ isoforms were inactivated by a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches, cytotoxicity was decreased. NK-cell numbers were also affected by the lack of p110δ but not p110γ and more severely so in mice lacking both subunits. These results provide genetic evidence that p110δ is the dominant PI3K isoform for cytokine secretion by NK cells and suggest that PI3Ks cooperate during NK-cell development and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Gomez-Rodriguez J, Readinger JA, Viorritto IC, Mueller KL, Houghtling RA, Schwartzberg PL. Tec kinases, actin, and cell adhesion. Immunol Rev 2007; 218:45-64. [PMID: 17624943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Tec family non-receptor tyrosine kinases have been recognized for their roles in the regulation of phospholipase C-gamma and Ca(2+) mobilization downstream from antigen receptors on lymphocytes. Recent data, however, show that the Tec family kinase interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) also participates in pathways regulating the actin cytoskeleton and 'inside-out' signaling to integrins downstream from the T-cell antigen receptor. Data suggest that Itk may function in a kinase-independent fashion to regulate proper recruitment of the Vav1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor. By enhancing actin cytoskeleton reorganization, recruitment of signaling molecules to the immune synapse, and integrin clustering in response to both antigen and chemokine receptors, the Tec kinases serve as modulators or amplifiers that can increase the duration of T-cell signaling and regulate T-cell functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Fisher WG, Yang PC, Medikonduri RK, Jafri MS. NFAT and NFkappaB activation in T lymphocytes: a model of differential activation of gene expression. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 34:1712-28. [PMID: 17031595 PMCID: PMC1764593 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-006-9179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models for the regulation of the Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors NFAT and NFkappaB that are involved in the activation of the immune and inflammatory responses in T lymphocytes have been developed. These pathways are important targets for drugs, which act as powerful immunosuppressants by suppressing activation of NFAT and NFkappaB in T cells. The models simulate activation and deactivation over physiological concentrations of Ca(2+), diacyl glycerol (DAG), and PKCtheta using single and periodic step increases. The model suggests the following: (1) the activation NFAT does not occur at low frequencies as NFAT requires calcineurin activated by Ca(2+) to remain dephosphorylated and in the nucleus; (2) NFkappaB is activated at lower Ca(2+) oscillation frequencies than NFAT as IkappaB is degraded in response to elevations in Ca(2+) allowing free NFkappaB to translocate into the nucleus; and (3) the degradation of IkappaB is essential for efficient translocation of NFkappaB to the nucleus. Through sensitivity analysis, the model also suggests that the largest controlling factor for NFAT activation is the dissociation/reassociation rate of the NFAT:calcineurin complex and the translocation rate of the complex into the nucleus and for NFkappaB is the degradation/resynthesis rate of IkappaB and the import rate of IkappaB into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne G. Fisher
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75083 USA
| | - Pei-Chi Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd. MSN 5B3, Manassas, VA 20110 USA
| | - Ram K. Medikonduri
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75083 USA
| | - M. Saleet Jafri
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd. MSN 5B3, Manassas, VA 20110 USA
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 20201 USA
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25
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Omori SA, Cato MH, Anzelon-Mills A, Puri KD, Shapiro-Shelef M, Calame K, Rickert RC. Regulation of class-switch recombination and plasma cell differentiation by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. Immunity 2006; 25:545-57. [PMID: 17000121 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Class-switch recombination (CSR) is essential for humoral immunity. However, the regulation of CSR is not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) actively suppressed the onset and frequency of CSR in primary B cells. Consistently, mice lacking the lipid phosphatase, PTEN, in B cells exhibited a hyper-IgM condition due to impaired CSR, which could be restored in vitro by specific inhibition of PI3Kdelta. Inhibition of CSR by PI3K was partially dependent on the transcription factor, BLIMP1, linking plasma cell commitment and cessation of CSR. PI3K-dependent activation of the serine-threonine kinase, Akt, suppressed CSR, in part, through the inactivation of the Forkhead Box family (Foxo) of transcription factors. Reduced PI3K signaling enhanced the expression of AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) and accelerated CSR. However, ectopic expression of AID could not fully overcome inhibition of CSR by PI3K, suggesting that PI3K regulates both the expression and function of AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidne A Omori
- Program of Inflammatory Disease Research, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center and Program of Signal Transduction, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Kosaka Y, Felices M, Berg LJ. Itk and Th2 responses: action but no reaction. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:453-60. [PMID: 16931156 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinase, Itk, was initially characterized as a crucial component of T-cell receptor signaling pathways resulting in phospholipase C-gamma1 activation and actin polymerization. In 1999, a seminal report by Fowell, Locksley and colleagues demonstrated that, in CD4+ T cells, Itk-dependent signals are differentially required for T-helper (Th)2 versus Th1 differentiation and effector function. These findings launched a series of in vitro and in vivo studies addressing the molecular defects of Itk-/- CD4+ T cells, and the impaired immune responses of intact Itk-deficient mice. While demonstrating a bias against Th2 differentiation, overall these experiments have indicated that the most significant failing is an inability of Itk-/- CD4+ T cells to produce Th2 cytokines in a recall response, rather than an absolute defect in Th2 differentiation by T cells lacking Itk. In this review, we discuss the pathways by which Itk might impact the differentiation of Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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27
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Das J, Furch JA, Liu C, Moquin RV, Lin J, Spergel SH, McIntyre KW, Shuster DJ, O'Day KD, Penhallow B, Hung CY, Doweyko AM, Kamath A, Zhang H, Marathe P, Kanner SB, Lin TA, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Wityak J. Discovery and SAR of 2-amino-5-(thioaryl)thiazoles as potent and selective Itk inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3706-12. [PMID: 16682193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of structurally novel aminothiazole based small molecule inhibitors of Itk were prepared to elucidate their structure-activity relationships (SARs), selectivity, and cell activity in inhibiting IL-2 secretion in a Jurkat T-cell assay. Compound 3 is identified as a potent and selective Itk inhibitor which inhibits anti-TCR antibody induced IL-2 production in mice in vivo and was previously reported to reduce lung inflammation in a mouse model of ovalbumin induced allergy/asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagabandhu Das
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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28
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Das J, Liu C, Moquin RV, Lin J, Furch JA, Spergel SH, Doweyko AM, McIntyre KW, Shuster DJ, O'Day KD, Penhallow B, Hung CY, Kanner SB, Lin TA, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Wityak J. Discovery and SAR of 2-amino-5-[(thiomethyl)aryl]thiazoles as potent and selective Itk inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2411-5. [PMID: 16481166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of structurally novel aminothiazole based small molecule inhibitors of Itk were prepared to elucidate their structure-activity relationships (SARs), selectivity and cell activity in inhibiting IL-2 secretion in a Jurkat T-cell assay. Compound 2 is identified as a potent and selective Itk inhibitor which inhibits anti-TCR antibody induced IL-2 production in mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagabandhu Das
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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29
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Simeoni L, Posevitz V, Kölsch U, Meinert I, Bruyns E, Pfeffer K, Reinhold D, Schraven B. The transmembrane adapter protein SIT regulates thymic development and peripheral T-cell functions. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:7557-68. [PMID: 16107703 PMCID: PMC1190311 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.17.7557-7568.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SIT is a transmembrane adapter protein that modulates signals emanating from the T-cell receptor (TCR). Here, we have used gene-targeted mice to assess the role of SIT for T-cell development and peripheral T-cell functions. SIT(-/-) double-positive thymocytes show an upregulation of the activation markers CD5 and CD69, suggesting that SIT negatively regulates TCR-mediated signals at the CD4(+) CD8(+) stage of thymic development. This assumption is further supported by the observation that in female H-Y TCR transgenic mice, positive selection is enhanced and even converted to negative selection. Similarly, mature peripheral T cells are hyperresponsive towards TCR-mediated stimuli and produce larger amounts of T-helper 1 (TH1) cytokines, and SIT-deficient mice show an increased susceptibility to develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. These results demonstrate that SIT is a critical negative regulator of TCR-mediated signaling and finely tunes the signals required for thymic selection and peripheral T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Simeoni
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Immunology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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30
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O'Neill FJ, Gillett J, Foltz KR. Distinct roles for multiple Src family kinases at fertilization. J Cell Sci 2005; 117:6227-38. [PMID: 15564383 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg activation at fertilization requires the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum of the egg. Recent evidence indicates that Src family kinases (SFKs) function in the signaling pathway that initiates this Ca2+ release in the eggs of many deuterostomes. We have identified three SFKs expressed in starfish (Asterina miniata) eggs, designated AmSFK1, AmSFK2 and AmSFK3. Antibodies made against the unique domains of each AmSFK protein revealed that all three are expressed in eggs and localized primarily to the membrane fraction. Both AmSFK1 and AmSFK3 (but not AmSFK2) are necessary for egg activation, as determined by injection of starfish oocytes with dominant-interfering Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, which specifically delay and reduce the initial release of Ca2+ at fertilization. AmSFK3 exhibits a very rapid and transient kinase activity in response to fertilization, peaking at 30 seconds post sperm addition. AmSFK1 kinase activity also increases transiently at fertilization, but peaks later, at 2 minutes. These results indicate that there are multiple SFKs present in starfish eggs with distinct, perhaps sequential, signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forest J O'Neill
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
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31
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Aoukaty A, Tan R. Role for glycogen synthase kinase-3 in NK cell cytotoxicity and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4551-8. [PMID: 15814676 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NK cells from individuals with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease exhibit functional defects when stimulated through the NK receptor, 2B4 (CD244). These defects are likely a consequence of aberrant intracellular signaling initiated by mutations of the adaptor molecule SLAM-associated protein. In this report, we show that NK cells from individuals with XLP but not healthy individuals fail to phosphorylate and thereby inactivate glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) following 2B4 stimulation. Lack of GSK-3 phosphorylation prevented the accumulation of the transcriptional coactivator beta-catenin in the cytoplasm and its subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Potential signaling pathways leading from 2B4 stimulation to GSK-3 phosphorylation were also investigated. Ligation of 2B4 resulted in the phosphorylation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Vav-1, and subsequent activation of the GTP-binding protein Rac-1 (but not Ras) and the serine-threonine kinase Raf-1 in healthy but not XLP-derived NK cells. In addition, the activity of MEK-2 (but not MEK-1) was up-regulated, and Erk1/2 was phosphorylated in normal NK cells but not those from an individual with XLP suggesting that these proteins relay SLAM-associated protein-dependent signals from 2B4. Finally, inactivation of GSK-3 using a specific inhibitor of GSK-3beta increased the cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion of both healthy and XLP NK cells. These data indicate that the signaling of 2B4 in NK cells is mediated by GSK-3 and beta-catenin, possibly through a signal transduction pathway that involves Vav-1, Rac-1, Raf-1, MEK-2, and Erk1/2 and that this pathway is aberrant in individuals with XLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Aoukaty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia's Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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32
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Schwartzberg PL, Finkelstein LD, Readinger JA. TEC-family kinases: regulators of T-helper-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:284-95. [PMID: 15803148 DOI: 10.1038/nri1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TEC-family protein tyrosine kinases ITK, RLK and TEC have been identified as key components of T-cell-receptor signalling that contribute to the regulation of phospholipase C-gamma, the mobilization of Ca(2+) and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Recent data also show that TEC kinases contribute to T-cell-receptor-driven actin reorganization and cell polarization, which are required for productive T-cell activation. Functional studies have implicated TEC kinases as important mediators of pathways that control the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells. Here, we review studies of signalling pathways that involve TEC kinases and how these pathways might contribute to the regulation of T-helper-cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 4A38/49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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33
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Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinases are now recognized as important mediators of antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes. Three members of this family, Itk, Rlk, and Tec, are expressed in T cells and activated in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Although initial studies demonstrated a role for these proteins in TCR-mediated activation of phospholipase C-gamma, recent data indicate that Tec family kinases also regulate actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cellular adhesion following TCR stimulation. In addition, Tec family kinases are activated downstream of G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, where they play parallel roles in the regulation of Rho GTPases, cell polarization, adhesion, and migration. In all these systems, however, Tec family kinases are not essential signaling components, but instead function to modulate or amplify signaling pathways. Although they quantitatively reduce proximal signaling, mutations that eliminate Tec family kinases in T cells nonetheless qualitatively alter T cell development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation is essential for lymphocyte proliferation driven by receptors for antigen, costimulatory ligands and cytokines. The lipid products of PI3K contribute to the assembly of membrane-associated signaling complexes by promoting recruitment of selected proteins from the cytoplasm. Many proteins possess domains that are able to bind selectively to PI3K products. Different 'PI3K effector' proteins are coupled to distinct biological responses, depending on cell type and on the receptor that is engaged. In B cells and T cells, Tec-family tyrosine kinases and Akt serine/threonine kinases are emerging as crucial mediators of proliferation and survival signals downstream of PI3K. Of particular interest is recent evidence that PI3K signaling controls increases in lymphocyte size and metabolic activity that accompany cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Fruman
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3242 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA.
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35
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Humphries LA, Dangelmaier C, Sommer K, Kipp K, Kato RM, Griffith N, Bakman I, Turk CW, Daniel JL, Rawlings DJ. Tec Kinases Mediate Sustained Calcium Influx via Site-specific Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Phospholipase Cγ Src Homology 2-Src Homology 3 Linker. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37651-61. [PMID: 15184383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311985200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2) is a crucial activation switch that initiates and maintains intracellular calcium mobilization in response to B cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement. Although members from three distinct families of non-receptor tyrosine kinases can phosphorylate PLCgamma in vitro, the specific kinase(s) controlling BCR-dependent PLCgamma activation in vivo remains unknown. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)-deficient human B cells exhibit diminished inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production and calcium signaling despite a normal inducible level of total PLCgamma2 tyrosine phosphorylation. This suggested that Btk might modify a critical subset of residues essential for PLCgamma2 activity. To evaluate this hypothesis, we generated site-specific phosphotyrosine antibodies recognizing four putative regulatory residues within PLCgamma2. Whereas all four sites were rapidly modified in response to BCR engagement in normal B cells, Btk-deficient B cells exhibited a marked reduction in phosphorylation of the Src homology 2 (SH2)-SH3 linker region sites, Tyr(753) and Tyr(759). Phosphorylation of both sites was restored by expression of Tec, but not Syk, family kinases. In contrast, phosphorylation of the PLCgamma2 carboxyl-terminal sites, Tyr(1197) and Tyr(1217), was unaffected by the absence of functional Btk. Together, these data support a model whereby Btk/Tec kinases control sustained calcium signaling via site-specific phosphorylation of key residues within the PLCgamma2 SH2-SH3 linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Humphries
- Molecular Biology Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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36
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Abstract
Cells of the immune system carry out diverse functions that are controlled by surface receptors for antigen, costimulatory molecules, cytokines, chemokines, and other ligands. A shared feature of signal transduction downstream of most receptors on immune cells, as in nonhematopoietic cell types, is the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). The mechanism by which this common signaling event is elicited by distinct receptors and contributes to unique functional outcomes is an intriguing puzzle. Understanding how specificity is achieved in PI3K signaling is of particular significance because altered regulation of this pathway is observed in many disease states, including leukemia and lymphoma. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of PI3K signaling mechanisms in different immune cells and receptor systems. We emphasize the concept that PI3K and its products are components of complex networks of interacting proteins and second messengers, rather than simple links in linear signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Deane
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA.
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37
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Yu D, Cao Q, He Z, Sun TT. Expression Profiles of Tyrosine Kinases in Cultured Follicular Papilla Cells Versus Dermal Fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:283-90. [PMID: 15245426 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases play crucial roles in cell differentiation and proliferation. Using degenerative primed PCR followed by differential display, we analyzed the tyrosine kinase expression profiles of cultured rat follicular papilla (FP) cells versus dermal fibroblasts. We showed that c-met, cdc2, and tec were preferentially expressed in cultured FP cells, whereas alpha-platelet-derived growth factor receptor (alpha-PDGFR) was preferentially expressed in cultured fibroblasts. The cell type specificity of these tyrosine kinases was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using both rat and human cultured cells. Consistent with these results, hepatocyte growth factor preferentially stimulated the growth of rat FP cells, whereas PDGF-AA preferentially stimulated rat fibroblasts. High concentrations of some these kinases are also found in the follicular matrix keratinocytes as revealed by in situ hybridization. The expression of specific tyrosine kinases in FP and matrix cells may play roles in regulating hair growth and cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Yu
- Epithelial Biology Unit, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
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38
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Garçon F, Bismuth G, Isnardon D, Olive D, Nunès JA. Tec Kinase Migrates to the T Cell-APC Interface Independently of Its Pleckstrin Homology Domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:770-5. [PMID: 15240663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tec is the prototypical member of the Tec tyrosine kinases family, which plays an important role in T cell signaling. We show in this study that Tec translocates to the immunological synapse when a T cell contacts a dendritic cell. Surprisingly, the presence of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Tec is not required for this accumulation, and despite a strong activation of 3'-phosphorylated phosphoinositide lipids synthesis during the synapse formation, the Tec PH domain is not redistributed to the T cell plasma membrane. In contrast, we demonstrate that an active Src homology 3 domain is absolutely required, underlining the essential role played by this part of the molecule in the recruitment and/or stabilization of Tec at the immunological synapse. Our results nevertheless suggest that the PH domain controls the kinase activity of the molecule in vivo. We finally demonstrate that the two domains are necessary to trigger transcriptional events following Ag presentation. These data support a model in which the plasma membrane recruitment of the PH-containing protein Tec is not dependent on the production of 3'-phosphorylated phosphoinositide lipids by the PI3K, but rather on an intact Src homology 3 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Garçon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 599, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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39
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Ostroukhova M, Seguin-Devaux C, Oriss TB, Dixon-McCarthy B, Yang L, Ameredes BT, Corcoran TE, Ray A. Tolerance induced by inhaled antigen involves CD4(+) T cells expressing membrane-bound TGF-beta and FOXP3. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:28-38. [PMID: 15232609 PMCID: PMC437966 DOI: 10.1172/jci20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal circumstances, the respiratory tract maintains immune tolerance in the face of constant antigen provocation. Using a murine model of tolerance induced by repeated exposure to a low dose of aerosolized antigen, we show an important contribution by CD4(+) T cells in the establishment and maintenance of tolerance. The CD4(+) T cells expressed both cell surface and soluble TGF-beta and inhibited the development of an allergic phenotype when adoptively transferred to naive recipient mice. While cells expressing cell surface TGF-beta were detectable in mice with inflammation, albeit at a lower frequency compared with that in tolerized mice, only those from tolerized mice expressed FOXP3. Blockade of TGF-beta in vitro and in vivo interfered with immunosuppression. Although cells that expressed TGF-beta on the cell surface (TGF-beta(+)), as well as the ones that did not (TGF-beta(-)), secreted equivalent levels of soluble TGF-beta, only the former were able to blunt the development of an allergic phenotype in mice. Strikingly, separation of the TGF-beta(+) cells from the rest of the cells allowed the TGF-beta(-) cells to proliferate in response to antigen. We propose a model of antigen-induced tolerance that involves cell-cell contact with regulatory CD4(+) T cells that coexpress membrane-bound TGF-beta and FOXP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ostroukhova
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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40
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Ostroukhova M, Seguin-Devaux C, Oriss TB, Dixon-McCarthy B, Yang L, Ameredes BT, Corcoran TE, Ray A. Tolerance induced by inhaled antigen involves CD4+ T cells expressing membrane-bound TGF-β and FOXP3. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200420509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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41
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Schmidt U, Boucheron N, Unger B, Ellmeier W. The role of Tec family kinases in myeloid cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 134:65-78. [PMID: 15133303 DOI: 10.1159/000078339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Tec kinase family (Bmx, Btk, Itk, Rlk and Tec) are primarily expressed in the hematopoietic system and form, after the Src kinase family, the second largest class of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases. During lymphocyte development and activation Tec kinases have important functions in signaling pathways downstream of the antigen receptors. Tec family kinases are also expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage. However, with the exception of mast cells and platelets, their biological role in the myeloid system is only poorly understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the function of Tec family kinases in hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schmidt
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio S Sechi
- Institute for Biomedical Technology-Cell Biology, Uniklinikum Aachen, RWTH, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany.
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43
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Bonvini E, DeBell KE, Verí MC, Graham L, Stoica B, Laborda J, Aman MJ, DiBaldassarre A, Miscia S, Rellahan BL. On the mechanism coupling phospholipase Cgamma1 to the B- and T-cell antigen receptors. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2004; 43:245-69. [PMID: 12791395 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(02)00033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Bonvini
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US-FDA, HFM-564, NIH Campus, Bldg.29B/Rm.3NN10, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Abstract
The Tec kinase Btk is an important regulator of antigen receptor activation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma). Data from Carpenter and colleagues (Saito et al., this issue of Immunity) now suggest that Btk also activates phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K), thereby stimulating a positive feedback loop that generates PI(4,5)P2, the substrate for both phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and PLC-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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45
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Wilcox HM, Berg LJ. Itk phosphorylation sites are required for functional activity in primary T cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37112-21. [PMID: 12842872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304811200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tec family kinase Itk plays a critical role in signal transduction downstream of the T cell antigen receptor and has been implicated in the activation of phospholipase C-gamma1, a key regulator of calcium mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. We have shown previously that Itk is regulated by an activating transphosphorylation event in which Tyr-511 in the kinase domain is phosphorylated by Lck (Heyeck, S. D., Wilcox, H. M., Bunnell, S. C., and Berg, L. J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25401-25408). In this study, we present evidence for another mode of regulation for Itk, the autophosphorylation of Tyr-180 in the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. To investigate the role of Itk trans- and autophosphorylation in T cell signaling, a retroviral transduction system was used to introduce different versions of Itk into Itk-deficient primary T cells. We report that Itk mutated at either the trans- or the autophosphorylation site is unable to fully restore cytokine production and ERK activation in the Itk-deficient cells; Itk-Y511F is severely defective, whereas Itk-Y180F has partial activity. Because phosphorylation at Tyr-180 is predicted to interfere with ligand binding by the SH3 domain, an SH3 point mutant that cannot bind ligand was also examined and found to be unable to restore function to the Itk-/- cells. These data provide new insights into the complex regulation of Itk in primary T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilcox
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Labno CM, Lewis CM, You D, Leung DW, Takesono A, Kamberos N, Seth A, Finkelstein LD, Rosen MK, Schwartzberg PL, Burkhardt JK. Itk Functions to Control Actin Polymerization at the Immune Synapse through Localized Activation of Cdc42 and WASP. Curr Biol 2003; 13:1619-24. [PMID: 13678593 PMCID: PMC3417328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Actin polymerization at the immune synapse is required for T cell activation and effector function; however, the relevant regulatory pathways remain poorly understood. We showed previously that binding to antigen presenting cells (APCs) induces localized activation of Cdc42 and Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) at the immune synapse. Several lines of evidence suggest that Tec kinases could interact with WASP-dependent actin regulatory processes. Since T cells from Rlk-/-, Itk-/-, and Rlk-/- x Itk-/- mice have defects in signaling and development, we asked whether Itk or Rlk function in actin polymerization at the immune synapse. We find that Itk-/- and Rlk-/- x Itk-/- T cells are defective in actin polymerization and conjugate formation in response to antigen-pulsed APCs. Itk functions downstream of the TCR, since similar defects were observed upon TCR engagement alone. Using conformation-specific probes, we show that although the recruitment of WASP and Arp2/3 complex to the immune synapse proceeds normally, the localized activation of Cdc42 and WASP is defective. Finally, we find that the defect in Cdc42 activation likely stems from a requirement for Itk in the recruitment of Vav to the immune synapse. Our results identify Itk as a key element of the pathway leading to localized actin polymerization at the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol M. Lewis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Daoqi You
- Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ana Takesono
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Natalie Kamberos
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Abhinav Seth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Lisa D. Finkelstein
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michael K. Rosen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Correspondence:
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47
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Abstract
The T helper lymphocyte is responsible for orchestrating the appropriate immune response to a wide variety of pathogens. The recognition of the polarized T helper cell subsets Th1 and Th2 has led to an understanding of the role of these cells in coordinating a variety of immune responses, both in responses to pathogens and in autoimmune and allergic disease. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control lineage commitment to the Th1 phenotype. What has recently emerged is a rich understanding of the cytokines, receptors, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors involved in Th1 differentiation. Although the picture is still incomplete, the basic pathways leading to Th1 differentiation can now be understood in in vitro and a number of infection and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J Szabo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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48
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Abstract
SLP-65(-/-) mice display a partial block at the pre-B cell stage of development. Here, we show that LAT is required for the differentiation of SLP-65(-/-) pre-B cells. We show that LAT and SLP-76 are recruited to the pre-BCR and associated with Ig-alpha upon pre-BCR engagement, whereas LAT interaction with SLP-76 is already detected in untreated pre-B cells. Reconstitution of LAT or SLP-65 expression in SLP-65/LAT(-/-) pre-B cells restored their calcium (Ca2+) mobilization capacity, led to downregulation of surface pre-BCR, and induced differentiation to BCR+ cells. Together, our results suggest that the adaptor proteins LAT and SLP-76 are involved in pre-BCR signaling, thereby rescuing arrested murine SLP-65(-/-) pre-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-wen Su
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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49
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Chen CH, Seguin-Devaux C, Burke NA, Oriss TB, Watkins SC, Clipstone N, Ray A. Transforming growth factor beta blocks Tec kinase phosphorylation, Ca2+ influx, and NFATc translocation causing inhibition of T cell differentiation. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1689-99. [PMID: 12810687 PMCID: PMC2193945 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta inhibits T cell proliferation and differentiation. TGF-beta has been shown to inhibit the expression of transcription factors such as GATA-3 and T-bet that play important roles in T cell differentiation. Here we show that TGF-beta inhibits T cell differentiation at a more proximal step. An early event during T cell activation is increased intracellular calcium levels. Calcium influx in activated T cells and the subsequent activation of transcription factors such as NFATc, events essential for T cell differentiation, are modulated by the Tec kinases that are downstream of the T cell receptor and CD28. We show that in stimulated CD4+ T cells, TGF-beta inhibits phosphorylation and activation of the Tec kinase Itk, increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels, NFATc translocation, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK that together regulate T cell differentiation. Our studies suggest that by inhibiting Itk, and consequently Ca2+ influx, TGF-beta limits T cell differentiation along both the Th1 and Th2 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hung Chen
- Vion Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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50
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Graham LJ, Verí MC, DeBell KE, Noviello C, Rawat R, Jen S, Bonvini E, Rellahan B. 70Z/3 Cbl induces PLC gamma 1 activation in T lymphocytes via an alternate Lat- and Slp-76-independent signaling mechanism. Oncogene 2003; 22:2493-503. [PMID: 12717426 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The oncoprotein 70Z/3 Cbl signals in an autonomous fashion or through blockade of endogenous c-Cbl, a negative regulator of signaling. The mechanism of 70Z/3 Cbl-induced signaling was investigated by comparing the molecular requirements for 70Z/3 Cbl- and TCR-induced phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) activation. 70Z/3 Cbl-induced PLC gamma 1 tyrosine phosphorylation required, in addition to the PLC gamma 1 N-terminal SH2 domain, the C-terminal SH2 and SH3 domains that were dispensable for TCR-induced phosphorylation. Deletion of the leucine zipper of 70Z/3 Cbl did not eliminate 70Z/3 Cbl-induced PLC gamma 1 phosphorylation, suggesting that blockage of c-Cbl via dimerization with 70Z/3 Cbl cannot fully explain 70Z/3 Cbl activating characteristics. The complete elimination of PLC gamma 1 phosphorylation required deleting the SH3 domain-binding region of 70Z/3 Cbl, consistent with 70Z/3 Cbl binding the PLC gamma 1 SH3 domain. 70Z/3 Cbl-induced PLC gamma 1 phosphorylation required Zap-70, as for the TCR, and the tyrosine kinase binding domain of 70Z/3 Cbl, which binds Zap-70, but did not require PLC gamma 1 binding to Lat, a crucial interaction in TCR-induced PLC gamma 1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, 70Z/3 Cbl-induced activation of NFAT, a PLC gamma 1/Ca(2+)-dependent transcriptional event, required Zap-70, but was independent of Slp-76, an adapter required for TCR-induced NFAT activation. These results suggest that 70Z/3 Cbl and PLC gamma 1 form a TCR-, Lat- and Slp-76-independent complex that leads to PLC gamma 1 phosphorylation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Graham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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