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Chrobák P. Control of T Cell Responses, Tolerance and Autoimmunity by Regulatory T Cells: Current Concepts. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2019. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells have emerged as an important mechanism of regulating tolerance and T cell responses. CD4+ regulatory T cells can be divided into two main groups, natural regulatory T cells, which express high levels of CD25 on their cell surface and phenotypically diverse adaptive (antigen induced) regulatory T cells. Natural regulatory T cells are made in the thymus, and require strong costimulatory signals for induction and maintenance, express a transcription factor called Foxp3, and function by a largely unknown mechanism. Adaptive (antigen induced) regulatory T cells are made by sub-optimal antigenic signals in the periphery, in the presence of immunosuppressive cytokines, often in special circumstances, such as chronic viral infections or after mucosal administration of antigen, and rely on cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β for suppression. Regulatory T cells offer a great potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and during transplantation.
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Zhang ZY, Zhou ZQ, Song KB, Kim SC, Zhou GW. Hepatic Stellate Cells Induce Immunotolerance of Islet Allografts. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:1594-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Mihaylova N, Tchorbanov A. New Biotechnologycal Approaches for Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2011. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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4
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Li L, Yi Z, Wang B, Tisch R. Suppression of ongoing T cell-mediated autoimmunity by peptide-MHC class II dimer vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:4809-16. [PMID: 19752238 PMCID: PMC5444462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterized by T cell-driven pathology. Administration of autoantigenic peptides provides a strategy to selectively target the pathogenic T cell response. Indeed, treatment with beta cell peptides effectively prevents T1D in NOD mice. However, the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy generally wanes as beta cell autoimmunity progresses and islet inflammation increases. With the goal of enhancing the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy, soluble (s)IA(g7)-Ig dimers covalently linked to beta cell autoantigen-derived peptides were tested for the capacity to suppress late preclinical T1D. NOD female mice with established beta cell autoimmunity were vaccinated i.v. with a short course of sIA(g7)-Ig dimers tethered to peptides derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 (sIA(g7)-pGAD65). Treatment with sIA(g7)-pGAD65 dimers and the equivalent of only approximately 7 microg of native peptide effectively blocked the progression of insulitis and the development of diabetes. Furthermore, suppression of T1D was dependent on beta cell-specific IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells, although the frequency of GAD65-specific FoxP3-expressing CD4+ T cells was also increased in sIA(g7)-pGAD65 dimer vaccinated NOD mice. These results demonstrate that MHC class II-Ig dimer vaccination is a robust approach to suppress ongoing T cell-mediated autoimmunity, and may provide a superior strategy of adjuvant-free peptide-based immunotherapy to induce immunoregulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Dimerization
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/administration & dosage
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zuoan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Hänninen A, Nurmela R, Maksimow M, Heino J, Jalkanen S, Kurts C. Islet beta-cell-specific T cells can use different homing mechanisms to infiltrate and destroy pancreatic islets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:240-50. [PMID: 17200197 PMCID: PMC1762684 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ infiltration by T cells depends on the adhesion molecules expressed in these sites and on homing receptors expressed by the T cells. Here, we have studied which form of priming can enable T cells to home to pancreatic islets. To this end, we have used transgenic mice expressing the model autoantigen ovalbumin in pancreatic islets and transgenic ovalbumin-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. We demonstrate that these T cells were imprinted with homing receptor patterns characteristic for the site of priming, such as alpha4beta7 integrin for mucosal antigen delivery or functionally active alpha4beta1 integrin for islet autoantigens. The adhesion molecules corresponding to these receptors were found to be constitutively expressed in islets, enabling T cells bearing these receptors to infiltrate the islets and to cause diabetes. Disease was prevented only by blockade of the endothelial adhesion molecule, ligand of homing receptors with which the T cells were imprinted. Thus, different priming locations induced different homing mechanisms, allowing T cells to target the islets. This may contribute to the susceptibility of islets to T-cell-mediated attack. Furthermore, it may pertain to the design of adhesion-modulating therapies alone or in combination with external autoantigen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Hänninen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Casu A, Trucco M, Pietropaolo M. A look to the future: prediction, prevention, and cure including islet transplantation and stem cell therapy. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005; 52:1779-804. [PMID: 16301093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by the almost complete absence of insulin secretion, which is secondary to an autoimmune destruction or dysfunction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Because T1DM is an autoimmune disease with a long preclinical course, the predictive testing of individuals before the clinical onset of the disease has provided a real opportunity for the identification of risk markers and the design of therapeutic intervention. With such a high degree of predictability using a combination of immunologic markers, strategies to prevent T1DM may become possible. A number of novel therapeutic strategies are under investigation in newly diagnosed T1DM patients and might ultimately be applied to prevent T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Casu
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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7
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Abstract
Diabetes remains a devastating disease, with tremendous cost in terms of human suffering and healthcare expenditures. A bioartificial pancreas has the potential as a promising approach to preventing or reversing complications associated with this disease. Bioartificial pancreatic constructs are based on encapsulation of islet cells with a semipermeable membrane so that cells can be protected from the host's immune system. Encapsulation of islet cells eliminates the requirement of immunosuppressive drugs, and offers a possible solution to the shortage of donors as it may allow the use of animal islets or insulin-producing cells engineered from stem cells. During the past 2 decades, several major approaches for immunoprotection of islets have been studied. The microencapsulation approach is quite promising because of its improved diffusion capacity, and technical ease of transplantation. It has the potential for providing an effective long-term treatment or cure of Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Kizilel
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Preda-Pais A, Stan AC, Casares S, Bona C, Brumeanu TD. Efficacy of clonal deletion vs. anergy of self-reactive CD4 T-cells for the prevention and reversal of autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:21-32. [PMID: 16005609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The self-reactive CD4 T-cells play an essential role in triggering and sustaining organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Silencing or elimination of these cells can prevent and reverse an autoimmune process. We have previously showed that a single dose-administration of a soluble dimeric MHC II-peptide chimera (DEF) in double-transgenic mice delayed the onset autoimmune diabetes, and restored the euglycemia in already diabetic mice for a period of 1 week. DEF dimer protection relied on induction of anergy of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells in spleen, and stimulation of IL-10-secreting T regulatory type 1 cells in pancreas. Herein, we show that an octameric form of DEF has doubled the period of protection and reversal of disease by clonal deletion of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells in both the thymic and peripheral compartments. Deletion occurred by activation-induced cell death subsequent to repartitioning and signaling of FAS-FADD apoptotic module in the plasma membrane lipid rafts. Our previous and present data indicated first, that DEF valence translates into various effects on the antigen-specific CD4 T-cells, i.e., Th2 immune deviation, anergy, and apoptosis. Second, the present findings argue for a better efficacy of clonal deletion than anergy of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells for the protection and reversal of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Preda-Pais
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Piccirillo CA, Tritt M, Sgouroudis E, Albanese A, Pyzik M, Hay V. Control of Type 1 Autoimmune Diabetes by Naturally Occurring CD4+CD25+Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Neonatal NOD Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1051:72-87. [PMID: 16126946 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice serve as a model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes (T1D), a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease leading to the destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta islet cells. A possible deficiency in regulatory T (T(reg)) cell development or function may promote the activation, expansion, and recruitment of autoreactive T cells and the onset of T1D. Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) (nT(reg)) cells, which typically display potent inhibitory effects on T cell functions in vitro and in vivo, may be defective at controlling autoimmunity in T1D. We have examined the relative contribution of CD4(+)CD25(+) nT(reg) cells in the immune regulation of T1D in the NOD mouse model. CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells represent 5-10% of CD4(+) thymocytes or peripheral T cells from prediabetic neonatal NOD mice, are anergic to TCR signals, and potently suppress activated T cells in a contact-dependent and cytokine-independent fashion in vitro. Unlike total CD4(+) T cells, prediabetic CD25(+)-depleted CD4(+) T cells are potently diabetogenic when transferred in immunodeficient NOD mice. Co-transfer of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from thymocytes or peripheral lymphoid tissues of neonatal NOD mice dramatically halts disease development and beta-islet cell lymphocytic infiltration, even when T1D is induced by CD4(+) T cells from BDC2.5 transgenic or diabetic NOD mice. Finally, we show that CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) preferentially accumulate in inflamed pancreatic environments, where they potently inhibit the antigen-specific expansion and cytokine effector functions of diabetogenic T cells. Thus, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell-mediated regulation is operative in the prediabetic neonatal T cell repertoire and can suppress the diabetogenic process and control the onset of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Piccirillo
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Room 408, Lyman Duff Medical Building, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
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Lukic ML, Mensah-Brown E, Wei X, Shahin A, Liew FY. Lack of the mediators of innate immunity attenuate the development of autoimmune diabetes in mice. J Autoimmun 2004; 21:239-46. [PMID: 14599848 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(03)00115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) and Interleukin 18 (IL-18) are key cytokines produced by macrophages during innate immune response. These cytokines can profoundly affect subsequent adaptive immune responses including autoimmunity. We have investigated the role of IL-15 and IL-18 in the development of autoimmune diabetes in mice induced by multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ). To analyze the role of IL-15, we tested the effects of a soluble murine IL-15 receptor alpha-chain (smIL-15Ralpha), on the development of MLD-STZ in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were treated with 10 daily injections of 32 microg of smIL-15Ralpha starting on the first day of diabetes induction. This treatment significantly attenuated the development of diabetes as evaluated by significantly lower glycemia compared with control mice treated with an inactive mutant form of sIL-15Ra. To directly address the role of IL-18 in MLD-STZ we used IL-18 knockout (KO) mice on DBA/1 background. IL-18 deficient mice were significantly more resistant to the induction of diabetes compared with the wild-type controls and did not develop the typical mononuclear cell infiltrates in the islets. Taken together our data suggest that the innate mediators, IL-15 and IL-18, are essential for the development of diabetes and may be important targets in prevention and early treatment of autoimmune diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pancreas/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lukic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Ruggles JA, Kelemen D, Baron A. Emerging therapies: controlling glucose homeostasis, immunotherapy, islet transplantation, gene therapy, and islet cell neogenesis and regeneration. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33:239-52, xii. [PMID: 15053905 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A Ruggles
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, 9373 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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12
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Schatz D, Gale EAM, Atkinson MA. Why can't we prevent type 1 diabetes?: maybe it's time to try a different combination. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:3326-8. [PMID: 14633822 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.12.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease resulting in destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans. Commonly employed treatment of IDDM requires periodic insulin therapy, which is not ideal because of its inability to prevent chronic complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Although pancreas or islet transplantation are effective treatments that can reverse metabolic abnormalities and prevent or minimize many of the chronic complications of IDDM, their usefulness is limited as a result of shortage of donor pancreas organs. Gene therapy as a novel field of medicine holds tremendous therapeutic potential for a variety of human diseases including IDDM. This review focuses on the liver-based gene therapy for generation of surrogate pancreatic beta-cells for insulin replacement because of the innate ability of hepatocytes to sense and metabolically respond to changes in glucose levels and their high capacity to synthesize and secrete proteins. Recent advances in the use of gene therapy to prevent or regenerate beta-cells from autoimmune destruction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp C Nett
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
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Pearson T, Markees TG, Serreze DV, Pierce MA, Wicker LS, Peterson LB, Shultz LD, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Genetic separation of the transplantation tolerance and autoimmune phenotypes in NOD mice. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003; 4:255-61. [PMID: 14501176 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025152312496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Pearson
- Program in Immunology and Virology, at The University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Kupila A, Sipilä J, Keskinen P, Simell T, Knip M, Pulkki K, Simell O. Intranasally administered insulin intended for prevention of type 1 diabetes--a safety study in healthy adults. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2003; 19:415-20. [PMID: 12951650 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intranasally applied insulin is one of the antigen-specific therapies currently tested in clinical type 1 diabetes prevention trials, for example, in the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study (DIPP). The possibility that the therapy may cause hypoglycaemia or local irritation and the poorly known immunological safety of mucosal application of the antigen in healthy subjects prompted this study. METHODS We used a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover study design with 3-week treatment periods to study the effects of once-daily intranasal application of human short-acting insulin without absorption-enhancing adjuvants in 20 non-diabetic adults. The selected 60 IU dose of insulin was equivalent to the weight-based dose used for the DIPP children. We investigated self-monitored blood glucose concentrations, nasal insulin effects and induction of diabetes-associated autoantibodies. RESULTS The two treatment periods showed no differences in blood glucose concentrations or in the frequency of blood glucose values higher than 3.0 mmol/L. Of the eight measured hypoglycaemic values, only one, which occurred during placebo therapy, was associated with symptoms. Rhinoscopy revealed no nasal irritation, and mucociliary clearance, nasal airway patency and nasal airflow resistance were not affected by the insulin therapy. Eleven subjects complained of transient nasal stinging or unpleasant odour and one subject reduced the dose because of nasal irritation. The treatment did not induce production of any of the four diabetes-associated autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS Short-term use of intranasal insulin without absorption enhancers was predominantly well tolerated, the risk of hypoglycaemia was minimal and no objective nasal adverse effects were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kupila
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
The ultimate goal of any treatment for autoimmune diseases is antigen- and/or site-specific suppression of pathology. Autoaggressive lymphocytes need to be eliminated or controlled to prevent tissue damage and halt the progression of clinical disease. Strong evidence is emerging that the induction of regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells by autoantigens can suppress disease, even if the primary, initiating autoantigens are unknown and if inflammation is progressive. An advantage of these autoreactive T(Reg) cells is their ability to act as bystander suppressors and dampen inflammation in a site-specific manner in response to cognate antigen expressed locally by affected tissues. In this review, we consider the nature and function of such antigen-specific T(Reg) cells, and strategies for their therapeutic induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G von Herrath
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Immune Regulation, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Quintana FJ, Carmi P, Cohen IR. DNA vaccination with heat shock protein 60 inhibits cyclophosphamide-accelerated diabetes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6030-5. [PMID: 12421990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop diabetes as a consequence of an autoimmune process that can be inhibited by immunotherapy with the 60-kDa heat shock protein (hsp60), with its mycobacterial counterpart 65-kDa (hsp65), or with other Ags such as insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Microbial infection and innate signaling via LPS or CpG motifs can also inhibit the spontaneous diabetogenic process. In addition to the spontaneous disease, however, NOD mice can develop a more robust cyclophosphamide-accelerated diabetes (CAD). In this work, we studied the effect on CAD of DNA vaccination with constructs encoding the Ags human hsp60 (phsp60) or mycobacterial hsp65 (phsp65). Vaccination with phsp60 protected NOD mice from CAD. In contrast, vaccination with phsp65, with an empty vector, or with a CpG-positive oligonucleotide was not effective, suggesting that the efficacy of the phsp60 construct might be based on regulatory hsp60 epitopes not shared with its mycobacterial counterpart, hsp65. Vaccination with phsp60 modulated the T cell responses to hsp60 and also to the GAD and insulin autoantigens; T cell proliferative responses were significantly reduced, and the pattern of cytokine secretion to hsp60, GAD, and insulin showed an increase in IL-10 and IL-5 secretion and a decrease in IFN-gamma secretion, compatible with a shift from a Th1-like toward a Th2-like autoimmune response. Our results extend the role of specific hsp60 immunomodulation in the control of beta cell autoimmunity and demonstrate that immunoregulatory networks activated by specific phsp60 vaccination can spread to other Ags targeted during the progression of diabetes, like insulin and GAD.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins
- Cells, Cultured
- Chaperonin 60/administration & dosage
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- Chaperonin 60/immunology
- Chaperonins/administration & dosage
- Chaperonins/genetics
- Chaperonins/immunology
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/pharmacology
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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