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Payen SH, Adhikari K, Petereit J, Uppal T, Rossetto CC, Verma SC. SARS-CoV-2 superinfection in CD14 + monocytes with latent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) promotes inflammatory cascade. Virus Res 2024; 345:199375. [PMID: 38642618 PMCID: PMC11061749 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has posed significant challenges to global health. While much attention has been directed towards understanding the primary mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence suggests co-infections or superinfections with other viruses may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in severe cases of COVID-19. Among viruses that have been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2, seropositivity for Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is associated with increased COVID-19 risk and hospitalization. HCMV is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus with a seroprevalence of 60-90 % worldwide and one of the leading causes of mortality in immunocompromised individuals. The primary sites of latency for HCMV include CD14+ monocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic cells. In this study, we sought to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection of CD14+ monocytes latently infected with HCMV. We demonstrate that CD14+ cells are susceptible and permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection and detect subgenomic transcripts indicative of replication. To further investigate the molecular changes triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCMV-latent CD14+ monocytes, we conducted RNA sequencing coupled with bioinformatic differential gene analysis. The results revealed significant differences in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and inflammatory pathways in cells superinfected with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 compared to the heat-inactivated and mock controls. Notably, there was a significant upregulation in transcripts associated with pro-inflammatory response factors and a decrease in anti-inflammatory factors. Taken together, these findings provide a basis for the heightened inflammatory response, offering potential avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions among HCMV-infected severe cases of COVID-19. SUMMARY: COVID-19 patients infected with secondary viruses have been associated with a higher prevalence of severe symptoms. Individuals seropositive for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection are at an increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease and hospitalization. HCMV reactivation has been reported in severe COVID-19 cases with respiratory failure and could be the result of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and HCMV. In a cell culture model of superinfection, HCMV has previously been shown to increase infection of SARS-CoV-2 of epithelial cells by upregulating the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. In this study, we utilize CD14+ monocytes, a major cell type that harbors latent HCMV, to investigate co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HCMV. This study is a first step toward understanding the mechanism that may facilitate increased COVID-19 disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Harger Payen
- Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology/MS 320, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Kabita Adhikari
- Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology/MS 320, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Juli Petereit
- Nevada Bioinformatics Center (RRID:SCR_017802), University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology/MS 320, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Cyprian C Rossetto
- Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology/MS 320, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology/MS 320, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States.
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Yang W, Lin Y, He Y, Li Q, Chen W, Lin Q, Swevers L, Liu J. BmPGPR-L4 is a negative regulator of the humoral immune response in the silkworm Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22093. [PMID: 38409870 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Toll, immune deficiency and prophenoloxidase cascade represent vital immune signaling pathways in insects. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immune receptors that activate and regulate the immune signaling pathways. Previously, we reported that BmPGPR-L4 was induced in the silkworm Bombyx mori larvae by bacteria and peptidoglycan challenges. Here, we focused on the function of BmPGRP-L4 in regulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The hemolymph from BmPGRP-L4-silenced larvae exhibited an enhanced inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli, either by growth curve or inhibitory zone experiments. Coincidentally, most of the AMP genes were upregulated after RNAi of BmPGRP-L4. Oral administration of heat-inactivated E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus after RNAi of BmPGRP-L4 resulted in the increased expression of BmPGRP-L4 in different tissues of the silkworm larvae, revealing an auto-regulatory mechanism. By contrast, the expression of most AMP genes was downregulated by oral bacterial administration after RNAi of BmPGRP-L4. The above results demonstrate that BmPGRP-L4 recognizes bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns and negatively regulates AMP expression to achieve immunological homeostasis. As a negative regulator, BmPGPR-L4 is proposed to be involved in the feedback regulation of the immune signaling pathways of the silkworm to prevent excessive activation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanying He
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsha Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Jisheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Zhong Y, Zhong X, Qiao L, Wu H, Liu C, Zhang T. Zα domain proteins mediate the immune response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241694. [PMID: 37771585 PMCID: PMC10523160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zα domain has a compact α/β architecture containing a three-helix bundle flanked on one side by a twisted antiparallel β sheet. This domain displays a specific affinity for double-stranded nucleic acids that adopt a left-handed helical conformation. Currently, only three Zα-domain proteins have been identified in eukaryotes, specifically ADAR1, ZBP1, and PKZ. ADAR1 is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine residues to inosine, resulting in changes in RNA structure, function, and expression. In addition to its editing function, ADAR1 has been shown to play a role in antiviral defense, gene regulation, and cellular differentiation. Dysregulation of ADAR1 expression and activity has been associated with various disease states, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurological disorders. As a sensing molecule, ZBP1 exhibits the ability to recognize nucleic acids with a left-handed conformation. ZBP1 harbors a RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM), composed of a highly charged surface region and a leucine-rich hydrophobic core, enabling the formation of homotypic interactions between proteins with similar structure. Upon activation, ZBP1 initiates a downstream signaling cascade leading to programmed cell death, a process mediated by RIPK3 via the RHIM motif. PKZ was identified in fish, and contains two Zα domains at the N-terminus. PKZ is essential for normal growth and development and may contribute to the regulation of immune system function in fish. Interestingly, some pathogenic microorganisms also encode Zα domain proteins, such as, Vaccinia virus and Cyprinid Herpesvirus. Zα domain proteins derived from pathogenic microorganisms have been demonstrated to be pivotal contributors in impeding the host immune response and promoting virus replication and spread. This review focuses on the mammalian Zα domain proteins: ADAR1 and ZBP1, and thoroughly elucidates their functions in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhong
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Qiao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Division of Liver, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yunis J, Short KR, Yu D. Severe respiratory viral infections: T-cell functions diverging from immunity to inflammation. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:644-656. [PMID: 36635162 PMCID: PMC9829516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV) trigger distinct clinical outcomes defined by immunity-based viral clearance or disease associated with exaggerated and prolonged inflammation. The important role of T cells in shaping both antiviral immunity and inflammation has revived interest in understanding the host-pathogen interactions that lead to the diverse functions of T cells in respiratory viral infections. Inborn deficiencies and acquired insufficiency in immunity can prolong infection and shift the immune response towards exacerbated inflammation, which results from persistent innate immune activation and bystander T-cell activation that is nonspecific to the pathogen but is often driven by cytokines. This review discusses how virus variants, exposure doses, routes of infection, host genetics, and immune history can modulate the activation and function of T cells, thus influencing clinical outcomes. Knowledge of virus-host interaction can inform strategies to prevent immune dysfunction in respiratory viral infection and help in the treatment of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yunis
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Ian Frazer Centre for Children's Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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5
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D'Acquisto F, D'Addario C, Cooper D, Pallanti S, Blacksell I. Peripheral control of psychiatric disorders: Focus on OCD. Are we there yet? Compr Psychiatry 2023; 123:152388. [PMID: 37060625 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
"We are all in this together" - we often hear this phrase when we want to flag up a problem that is not for a single individual but concerns us all. A similar reflection has been recently made in the field of mental disorders where brain-centric scientists have started to zoom out their brain-focused graphical representations of the mechanisms regulating psychiatric diseases to include other organs or mediators that did not belong historically to the world of neuroscience. The brain itself - that has long been seen as a master in command secluded in its fortress (the blood brain barrier), has now become a collection of Airbnb(s) where all sorts of cells come in and out and sometimes even rearrange the furniture! Under this new framework of reference, mental disorders have become multisystem pathologies where different biological systems - not just the CNS -contribute 'all together' to the development and severity of the disease. In this narrative review article, we will focus on one of the most popular biological systems that has been shown to influence the functioning of the CNS: the immune system. We will specifically highlight the two main features of the immune system and the CNS that we think are important in the context of mental disorders: plasticity and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio D'Acquisto
- School of Life and Health Science, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dianne Cooper
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine,New York, USA; Istituto di Neuroscienze, Florence, Italy
| | - Isobel Blacksell
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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6
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Field EK, Hartzheim A, Terry J, Dawson G, Haydt N, Neuman-Lee LA. Reptilian Innate Immunology and Ecoimmunology: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going? Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1557-1571. [PMID: 35833292 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles, the only ectothermic amniotes, employ a wide variety of physiological adaptations to adjust to their environments but remain vastly understudied in the field of immunology and ecoimmunology in comparison to other vertebrate taxa. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed the current state of research on reptilian innate immunology by conducting an extensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles published across the four orders of Reptilia (Crocodilia, Testudines, Squamata, and Rhynchocephalia). Using our compiled dataset, we investigated common techniques, characterization of immune components, differences in findings and type of research among the four orders, and immune responses to ecological and life-history variables. We found that there are differences in the types of questions asked and approaches used for each of these reptilian orders. The different conceptual frameworks applied to each group has led to a lack of unified understanding of reptilian immunological strategies, which, in turn, have resulted in large conceptual gaps in the field of ecoimmunology as a whole. To apply ecoimmunological concepts and techniques most effectively to reptiles, we must combine traditional immunological studies with ecoimmunological studies to continue to identify, characterize, and describe the reptilian immune components and responses. This review highlights the advances and gaps that remain to help identify targeted and cohesive approaches for future research in reptilian ecoimmunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Field
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Alyssa Hartzheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Jennifer Terry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Grant Dawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Natalie Haydt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Lorin A Neuman-Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
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7
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Lucore JM, Marshall AJ, Brosnan SF, Benítez ME. Validating Urinary Neopterin as a Biomarker of Immune Response in Captive and Wild Capuchin Monkeys. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918036. [PMID: 35909690 PMCID: PMC9326447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive health monitoring is advantageous for wild and captive primate populations because it reduces the need for traditional invasive techniques (i.e., anesthetization) that can be stressful and potentially harmful for individuals. The biomarker neopterin is an emerging tool in primatology to measure immune activation and immunosenescence, however, most neopterin studies have focused on catarrhine species with little comparative work examining neopterin and health in platyrrhines. To address this gap, we validated a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure urinary neopterin in two types of capuchin monkeys, a wild population of white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) and a socially housed captive colony of tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella). We analytically validated methods for measuring urinary neopterin in two capuchin populations and demonstrated that two commonly-used methods to control for urine concentration-creatinine and specific gravity (SG)-produced highly concordant results. We also biologically validated these methods by examining variation in neopterin levels based on environment (captive and wild) and age, and changes in levels associated with immune-response. We found that neopterin increased after immune perturbation (rabies vaccine booster), varied by environmental condition, and mirrored expected trends in immune system ontogeny. Our results improve understanding of the innate immune system in platyrrhine species and suggest neopterin may be useful for non-invasive health monitoring in both captive and wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Lucore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Capuchinos de Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | - Andrew J. Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Program in the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sarah F. Brosnan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marcela E. Benítez
- Capuchinos de Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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8
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Cubillo-Martínez AA, Pereyra MA, Garfias Y, Guluarte C, Zenteno E, Sánchez-Salgado JL. Extracellular traps involved in invertebrate immune mechanisms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:380-386. [PMID: 35045319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The invertebrate immune system possesses a mechanism named extracellular traps (ETs), it has been identified that this mechanism immobilizes and kills pathogens. ETs formation induces modification of histones, chromatin decondensation, and mixes with granule molecules, releasing them into the extracellular space as a defense mechanism. In the present review, we provide an overview on the identification of triggering stimuli such as pathogens, PAMPs, DAMPs, and chemical stimuli, discuss the participation of potential signaling pathways involving MAPK, PI3K, PKC, and ERK molecules that lead to NADPH oxidase or mitochondrial ROS production, and explore the potential relationship with several proteins such as myeloperoxidase, heat sock proteins, peroxinectin, elastase, and apolipoproteins. Furthermore, we also discuss the association of ETs with other immune mechanisms that could collaborate in the elimination of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Alí Pereyra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico; Research Unit, Instituto de Oftalmología "Conde de Valenciana IAP", CP 06800, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Crystal Guluarte
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Al-Muraikhy S, Ramanjaneya M, Dömling AS, Bettahi I, Donati F, Botre F, Abou-Samra AB, Sellami M, Elrayess MA. High Endurance Elite Athletes Show Age-dependent Lower Levels of Circulating Complements Compared to Low/Moderate Endurance Elite Athletes. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:715035. [PMID: 34631796 PMCID: PMC8494969 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.715035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Aerobic exercise activates the complement system in the peripheral blood. However, the effect of age and high intensity endurance training on the levels of circulating complements and sassociated inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers and cellular aging remains unknown. Methods: In this study, serum samples from 79 elite athletes who belong to high (n = 48) and low/moderate (n = 31) endurance sports and two age groups (below 30 years old, n = 53, and above 30 years old, n = 26) were profiled for 14 complements. Linear models were used to assess differences in complements levels between sport and age groups. Spearmann’s correlation was used to assess the relationship among detected complements and proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers and telomere lengths. Results: High endurance elite athletes exhibited significantly lower levels of circulating C2, C3b/iC3b and adipsin complements than their age-matched low/moderate endurance counterparts. Levels of C2, adipsin and C3b/iC3b were positively correlated with most detected complements, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-22 and the anti-oxidant enzyme catalase. However, they were negatively correlated with telomere length only in younger elite athletes regardless of their sport groups. Furthermore, high endurance elite athletes showed significantly lower concentrations of C3b/iC3b, C4b, C5, C5a, C1q, C3, C4, factor H and properdin in younger athletes compared to their older counterparts. Conclusion: Our novel data suggest that high endurance elite athletes exhibit age-independent lower levels of circulating C2, C3b/iC3b and adipsin, associated with lower inflammatory, oxidative stress and cellular aging, as well as lower levels of 10 other complements in younger athletes compared to older counterparts. Assessing the effect of various levels of endurance sports on complements-based immune response provides a better understanding of exercise physiology and pathophysiology of elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamma Al-Muraikhy
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ilham Bettahi
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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10
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Yamamoto K, Kondo Y, Ohnishi S, Yoshida M, Sugiyama T, Sakamoto N. The TLR4-TRIF-type 1 IFN-IFN-γ pathway is crucial for gastric MALT lymphoma formation after Helicobacter suis infection. iScience 2021; 24:103064. [PMID: 34585114 PMCID: PMC8450267 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter suis, a zoonotic infection-related bacterium, can induce gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in humans and animals. Recently, we reported that the formation of gastric MALT lymphoma after H. suis infection is induced by interferon (IFN)-γ activation. Here, we revealed that activation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4–Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) pathway after H. suis infection is associated with the production of type 1 IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β) by gastric epithelial cells. Additionally, these type 1 IFNs interact with type 1 IFN receptors on gastric B cells, facilitating the secretion of IFN-γ and the activation of which is enhanced by positive feedback regulation in B cells. These results suggest that the TLR4–TRIF-type 1 IFN–IFN-γ pathway is crucial in the development of gastric MALT lymphoma after H. suis infection and may, therefore, represent a therapeutic target for the prevention of this condition. H. suis MPLA causes type 1 IFN production in the stomach via TLR4–TRIF signaling The interaction between type 1 IFNs and IFNAR on B cells causes IFN-γ production Interaction of IFN-γ and IFNGR on B cells causes IFN-γ positive feedback regulation IFN-γ from gastric B cells induces gastric lymphoid follicles after H. suis infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamamoto
- Research Division of Molecular Targeting Therapy and Prevention of GI Cancer, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Metabolomics Research, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sugiyama
- Research Division of Molecular Targeting Therapy and Prevention of GI Cancer, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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11
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Jeong M, Lee KL, She RC, Chiu GB. Microbiological Evaluation of Opened Saline Bottles for Scleral Lens Use and Hygiene Habits of Scleral Lens Patients. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 98:250-257. [PMID: 33771954 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Scleral lenses have become a widely used treatment option for patients with irregular corneas and ocular surface disease. Successful wear entails use of a nonpreserved saline solution to fill the lens before application on the eye. PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to evaluate solution from opened bottles of multidose preservative-free saline for microbiological growth and to better understand study participant hygiene habits while handling these bottles for scleral lens wear. METHODS Eligible study participants in this single-center prospective study were patients who routinely used multidose preservative-free saline solution for scleral lens rinsing and filling. Study participants completed a 12-question survey regarding their scleral lens hygiene habits and donated their opened multidose preservative-free saline bottle (PuriLens Plus; The Lifestyle Company, Inc., Freehold, NJ), which was processed for bacterial and fungal cultures. RESULTS Thirty-five participants (19 males, 16 females) with ages ranging from 6 to 81 years (mean, 47.9 years) were included. Indications for scleral lens wear included those with irregular corneas and ocular surface disease. The overall rate of microbial contamination among saline samples was 62.9% (n = 22). Twenty-one different microorganisms were identified. The survey responses did not differ significantly (P > .05) for any of the questions with regard to likelihood of positive culture. There were no significant age or sex differences between participants with positive or negative culture results. No significant differences were found between isolation of specific microorganisms and any of the survey responses. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that off-label multidose preservative-free saline commonly used to rinse and fill scleral lenses before application on the eye may become contaminated with microorganisms once the bottle has been opened. Eye care practitioners and scleral lens patients should be aware of these potential contaminations and prioritize lens, hand, and environmental hygiene to minimize the risk of ocular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karen L Lee
- University Eye Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosemary C She
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Martin LB, Hanson HE, Hauber ME, Ghalambor CK. Genes, Environments, and Phenotypic Plasticity in Immunology. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:198-208. [PMID: 33518415 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For most of its history, immunology has sought to control environmental variation to establish genetic causality. As with all biological traits though, variation among individuals arises by three broad pathways: genetic (G), environmental (E), and the interactive between the two (GxE); and immunity is no different. Here, we review the value of applying the evolutionary frameworks of phenotypic plasticity and reaction norms to immunology. Because standardized laboratory environments are vastly different from the conditions under which populations evolved, we hypothesize that immunology might presently be missing important phenotypic variation and even focusing on dysregulated molecular and cellular processes. Modest adjustments to study designs could make model organism immunology more productive, reproducible, and reflective of human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Martin
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Haley E Hanson
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Cameron K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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13
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Tercan H, Riksen NP, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Bekkering S. Trained Immunity: Long-Term Adaptation in Innate Immune Responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:55-61. [PMID: 33086868 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are characterized by antigen specificity and induction of lifelong immunologic memory. Recently, it has been reported that innate immune cells can also build immune memory characteristics-a process termed trained immunity. Trained immunity describes the persistent hyperresponsive phenotype that innate immune cells can develop after brief stimulation. Pathogenic stimuli such as microorganisms, and also endogenous molecules including uric acid, oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and catecholamines, are capable of inducing memory in monocytes and macrophages. While trained immunity provides favorable cross-protection in the context of infectious diseases, the heightened immune response can be maladaptive in diseases driven by chronic systemic inflammation, such as atherosclerosis. Trained immunity is maintained by distinct epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms and persists for at least several months in vivo due to reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells. Additionally, certain nonimmune cells are also found to exhibit trained immunity characteristics. Thus, trained immunity presents an exciting framework to develop new approaches to vaccination and also novel pharmacological targets in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Tercan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.).,Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (L.A.B.J.)
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.).,Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Germany (M.G.N.)
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)
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14
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Caenorhabditis elegans saposin-like spp-9 is involved in specific innate immune responses. Genes Immun 2020; 21:301-310. [PMID: 32770079 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Animals counter specific environmental challenges with a combination of broad and tailored host responses. One protein family enlisted in the innate immune response includes the saposin-like antimicrobial proteins. We investigated the expression of a Caenorhabditis elegans saposin-like gene, spp-9, in response to different stresses. spp-9 expression was detected in the intestine and six amphid neurons, including AWB and AWC. spp-9 expression is increased in response to starvation stress. In addition, we discovered pathogen-specific regulation of spp-9 that was not clearly demarcated by Gram nature of the bacterial challenge. Multiple molecular innate immune response pathways, including DBL-1/TGF-β-like, insulin-like, and p38/MAPK, regulate expression of spp-9. Our results suggest spp-9 is involved in targeted responses to a variety of abiotic and bacterial challenges that are coordinated by multiple signaling pathways.
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15
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Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on the Complement System of Proteins in Healthy Young Males. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082357. [PMID: 32717972 PMCID: PMC7464301 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at examining the impact of common types of physical efforts used to determine the aerobic and anaerobic performance of the participants on the complement system in their peripheral blood. Fifty-one physically active young males aged 16 years old (range 15–21 years) were divided into two age groups (younger, 15–17 years old and older, 18–21 years old) and performed two types of intensive efforts: aerobic (endurance; 20-m shuttle run test; Beep) and anaerobic (speed; repeated speed ability test; RSA). Venous blood samples were collected before and after each exercise (5 and 60 min) to profile the complement system components, namely the levels of C2, C3, C3a, iC3b, and C4. The endurance effort caused a decrease in the post-test C3 (p < 0.001 for both age groups) and increase in post-test C3a (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 for the younger and older group, respectively), recovery iC3b (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 for younger and older group, respectively), recovery C2 (p < 0.01 for both age groups), and post-test C4 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 for the younger and older group, respectively) levels, while the speed effort caused a decrease only in the post-test C2 (p < 0.05 for younger participants) and post-test C4 levels (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 for the younger and older group, respectively) and an increase in the recovery C3a level (p < 0.05). Our study provides evidence that different types of physical effort promote different immune responses in physically active young men. Aerobic exercise induced the activation of an alternative pathway of the complement system, whilst the anaerobic effort had little influence. A better understanding of the post-exercise immune response provides a framework to prescribe physical activity to achieve different health outcomes.
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16
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Fehér K. Single Stranded DNA Immune Modulators with Unmethylated CpG Motifs: Structure and Molecular Recognition by Toll-Like Receptor 9. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:1060-1068. [PMID: 31470785 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190830162149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Single stranded microbial DNA fragments with unmethylated deoxycytidylyldeoxyguanosine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are interpreted as danger signals by the innate immune system via recognition by the Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9). Their synthetic analogues, Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) comprise a promising class of immune modulators with potential applications in the treatment of multiple diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases or allergy. ODN molecules contain a core hexamer sequence, which is species specific consisting of GACGTT and AACGT for mouse and GTCGTT in humans. Assessment of structural features of different type of ODNs is highly challenging. NMR spectroscopic insights were gained for a short, single CpG motif containing ODN 1668. The structural basis of ODN recognition by TLR9 recently started to unravel as crystal structures of TLR9 orthologues in complex with ODN 1668 were solved. Systematic investigations of ODN sequences revealed that ODNs with a single CpG motif are capable of activating mouse TLR9, but two closely positioned CpG motifs are necessary for activation of human TLR9. Furthermore, longer ODNs with TCC and TCG sequences at the 5' end were shown to activate TLR9 with higher efficiency. It was revealed that 5'-xCx motif containing short ODNs (sODN) are able to augment the immune response of short, single CpG containing ODNs, which are incapable of activating of TLR9 alone. All these observations pointed to the existence of a second binding site on TLR9, which was characterized in crystal structures that delivered further insights of the nucleic acid recognition of the innate immune system by TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Fehér
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030963. [PMID: 32024003 PMCID: PMC7037962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.
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18
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Pimentel RN, Petroni RC, Barbeiro HV, Barbeiro DF, Andrade MM, Ariga SK, Soriano FG. Hypertonic solution-induced preconditioning reduces inflammation and mortality rate. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2019; 16:16. [PMID: 31312113 PMCID: PMC6610871 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-019-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Dysregulated inflammatory response is common cause of organ damage in critical care patients. Preconditioning/tolerance is a strategy to prevent exacerbated inflammation. The aim of this study is to analyze hypertonic saline 7.5% as a potential inducer of preconditioning that protect from a lethal dose of LPS and modulates systemic inflammatory profile in mice. Methods Male Balb/C mice received intravenous (i.v.) injections of Hypertonic solution (NaCl 7.5%) (0.8 ml) for 3 days, on day 8th was challenged with LPS 15 mg/kg. Controls with Saline 0.9%, urea and sorbitol were performed. Microarray of mRNA expression was analyzed from HS versus saline from macrophages to identified the pathways activated by HS. Results HS preconditioning reduced mortality after LPS injection as well reduced the cytokines release in plasma of the animals challenged by LPS. In order to check how HS induces a preconditioning state we measured plasma cytokines after each HS infusion. Repeated HS injections induced a state of preconditioning that reprograms the inflammatory response, resulting in reduced inflammatory cytokine production. A microarray of mRNA demonstrated that Hypertonic solution increased the expression of several genes in special Mapkbp1 and Atf3. Conclusion hypertonic solution induces preconditioning/tolerance reducing mortality and inflammatory response after LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Nascimento Pimentel
- 1Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Costa Petroni
- 1Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hermes Vieira Barbeiro
- 1Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Frediani Barbeiro
- 1Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Macedo Andrade
- 1Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely Kumini Ariga
- 1Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Garcia Soriano
- 1Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,2Emergências Clínicas do Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 455, room 3189, São Paulo, CEP 01246-903 Brazil
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19
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Meng J, Zou Y, Chen J, Qin F, Chen X, Chen X, Dai S. sTLR4/sMD-2 complex alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine CXCL1 expression. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4632-4638. [PMID: 30542414 PMCID: PMC6257829 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its accessory proteins myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) can trigger immune and inflammatory activities, and contribute to developing chronic inflammatory diseases. The formation of the TLR4/MD-2 complex after binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to the activation of downstream signaling pathway. The present study was designed to reveal the effect of the soluble form of the extracellular TLR4 domain and MD-2 (sTLR4/sMD-2) complex lacking the intracellular and transmembrane domains on various aspects of LPS-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. It was demonstrated that the sTLR4/sMD-2 complex inhibited the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) in THP-1 cells. In addition, it was revealed that the sTLR4/sMD-2 complex significantly reduced LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) with a reduction of total cells and neutrophil count, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine CXCL1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, the sTLR4/sMD-2 complex inhibited the number of inflammatory cells in the lung of treated animals. These novel mechanisms emphasized the important role of sTLR4/sMD-2 complex in ALI and suggested sTLR4/sMD-2 complex could provide an anti-inflammatory strategy for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zou
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jifei Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Fengxian Qin
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Shengming Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
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20
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Gadd AJR, Castelletto V, Kabova E, Shankland K, Perrie Y, Hamley I, Cobb AJA, Greco F, Edwards AD. High potency of lipid conjugated TLR7 agonist requires nanoparticulate or liposomal formulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:268-276. [PMID: 30048801 PMCID: PMC6137072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of small molecule agonists of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) to proteins, lipids, or polymers is known to modulate potency, and the physical form or formulation of these conjugates is likely to have a major effect on their immunostimulatory activity. Here, we studied the effect of formulation on potency of a 1,2‑di‑(9Z‑octadecenoyl)‑sn‑glycero‑3‑phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) conjugated TLR7 agonist (DOPE-TLR7a) alongside assessing physical form using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanosight Particle Tracking (NTA) analysis and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS). A very high potency of DOPE-TLR7a conjugate (EC50 around 9 nM) was observed either when prepared by direct dilution from DMSO or when formulated into 400-700 nm large multilamella liposomes containing dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide salt (DDA) and DOPE. When prepared by dissolution in DMSO followed by dilution in aqueous culture medium, 93 ± 5 nm nanoparticles were formed. Without dilution from solution in DMSO, no nanoparticles were observed and no immunostimulatory activity could be detected without this formulation step. SAXS analysis of the conjugate after DMSO dissolution/water dilution revealed a lamellar order with a layer spacing of 68.7 Å, which correlates with arrangement in groups of 3 bilayers. The addition of another immunostimulatory glycolipid, trehalose‑6,6‑dibehenate (TDB), to DOPE:DDA liposomes gave no further increase in immunostimulatory activity beyond that provided by incorporating DOPE-TLR7a. Given the importance of nanoparticle or liposomal formulation for activity, we conclude that the major mechanism for increased potency when TLR7 agonists are conjugated to macromolecules is through alteration of physical form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J R Gadd
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Castelletto
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Kabova
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Shankland
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Hamley
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J A Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, 7 Trinity Street, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - F Greco
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D Edwards
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
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21
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Nascimento MTC, Silva KP, Garcia MCF, Medeiros MN, Machado EA, Nascimento SB, Saraiva EM. DNA extracellular traps are part of the immune repertoire of Periplaneta americana. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:62-70. [PMID: 29391174 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs), web-like structures composed of DNA and histones, are released by innate immune cells in a wide range of organisms. ETs capture microorganisms, thereby avoiding their spread, and also concentrate antimicrobial molecules, which helps to kill microbes. Although vertebrate innate immune systems share homology with the insect immune system, ETosis have yet to be characterized in insects. Here, we report that the hemocytes of the hemimetabolous insect Periplaneta americana release ETs upon in vitro stimulation. We further discuss the relationship between ETs and nodulation and in controlling bacterial spread in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T C Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - K P Silva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - M C F Garcia
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - M N Medeiros
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de insetos e Parasitos (Labip), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E A Machado
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de insetos e Parasitos (Labip), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S B Nascimento
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de insetos e Parasitos (Labip), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E M Saraiva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil.
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22
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Králová T, Albrecht T, Bryja J, Hořák D, Johnsen A, Lifjeld JT, Novotný M, Sedláček O, Velová H, Vinkler M. Signatures of diversifying selection and convergence acting on passerine Toll-like receptor 4 in an evolutionary context. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2871-2883. [PMID: 29772096 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Positive selection acting on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been recently investigated to reveal evolutionary mechanisms of host-pathogen molecular co-adaptation. Much of this research, however, has focused mainly on the identification of sites predicted to be under positive selection, bringing little insight into the functional differences and similarities among species and a limited understanding of convergent evolution in the innate immune molecules. In this study, we provide evidence of phenotypic variability in the avian TLR4 ligand-binding region (LBR), the direct interface between host and pathogen molecular structures. We show that 55 passerine species vary substantially in the distribution of electrostatic potential on the surface of the receptor, and based on these distinct patterns, we identified four species clusters. Seven of the 34 evolutionarily nonconservative and positively selected residues correspond topologically to sites previously identified as being important for lipopolysaccharide, lipid IVa or MD-2 binding. Five of these positions codetermine the identity of the charge clusters. Groups of species that host-related communities of pathogens were predicted to cluster based on their TLR4 LBR charge. Despite some evidence for convergence among taxa, there were no clear associations between the TLR4 LBR charge distribution and any of the general ecological characteristics compared (migration, latitudinal distribution and diet). Closely related species, however, mostly belonged to the same surface charge cluster indicating that phylogenetic constraints are key determinants shaping TLR4 adaptive evolution. Our results suggest that host innate immune evolution is consistent with Fahrenholz's rule on the cospeciation of hosts and their parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Králová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Hořák
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marian Novotný
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Velová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Palanisamy R, Bhatt P, Kumaresan V, Pasupuleti M, Arockiaraj J. Innate and adaptive immune molecules of striped murrel Channa striatus. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2018; 10:296-319. [DOI: 10.1111/raq.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChanna striatus, also called snakehead murrel, is an important freshwater teleost fish which has been widely cultured for its tasty flesh along with nutritional and medicinal values. The growth of both cultured and wild murrels is affected by various physical, chemical and biological factors. As a teleost fish, C. striatus is an intermediate organism between invertebrates and vertebrates. They have a well‐developed innate immune system than invertebrates and a primitive adaptive immune system compared to that of higher vertebrates, thus an interesting unique immune structure to explore. Studies have identified that a few external stimulants do instigate the immune system to fight against the pathogens at the time of infection in C. striatus. This review discusses the physicochemical and biological stress factors, immune system and immune molecules of C. striatus which are potentially involved in combating the stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Palanisamy
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
| | - Prasanth Bhatt
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
| | - Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Lab PCN 206 Microbiology Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
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24
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Sampath V. Bacterial endotoxin-lipopolysaccharide; structure, function and its role in immunity in vertebrates and invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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25
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Webster SJ, Goodall JC. New concepts in Chlamydia induced inflammasome responses. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:424-431. [PMID: 29248634 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the concept of the inflammasome was introduced by Martinon, Burns and Tschopp in 2002, there has been an exponential increase in our understanding of how inflammasomes (caspase activating molecular platforms) regulate innate inflammatory responses to infectious microorganisms. Advances in understanding inflammasome biology have been developed using a range of bacterial pathogens. Recent studies investigating inflammasome responses during Chlamydia infection have provided interesting mechanistic insights in to inflammasome activation during intracellular bacterial infection. This review highlights new concepts regulating inflammasome activation to bacterial infections including: interferon-regulated loss of compartmentalisation, mechanisms of canonical and non-canonical inflammasome activation and their relevance to Chlamydia infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve J Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jane C Goodall
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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26
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Brace AJ, Lajeunesse MJ, Ardia DR, Hawley DM, Adelman JS, Buchanan KL, Fair JM, Grindstaff JL, Matson KD, Martin LB. Costs of immune responses are related to host body size and lifespan. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:254-261. [PMID: 29356459 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A central assumption in ecological immunology is that immune responses are costly, with costs manifesting directly (e.g., increases in metabolic rate and increased amino acid usage) or as tradeoffs with other life processes (e.g., reduced growth and reproductive success). Across taxa, host longevity, timing of maturity, and reproductive effort affect the organization of immune systems. It is reasonable, therefore, to expect that these and related factors should also affect immune activation costs. Specifically, species that spread their breeding efforts over a long lifetime should experience lower immune costs than those that mature and breed quickly and die comparatively early. Likewise, body mass should affect immune costs, as body size affects the extent to which hosts are exposed to parasites as well as how hosts can combat infections (via its effects on metabolic rates and other factors). Here, we used phylogenetic meta-regression to reveal that, in general, animals incur costs of immune activation, but small species that are relatively long-lived incur the largest costs. These patterns probably arise because of the relative need for defense when infection risk is comparatively high and fitness can only be realized over a comparatively long period. However, given the diversity of species considered here and the overall modest effects of body mass and life history on immune costs, much more research is necessary before generalizations are appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Brace
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Marc J Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel R Ardia
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - James S Adelman
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Katherine L Buchanan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | | | - Kevin D Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Martínez-Campos C, Burguete-García AI, Madrid-Marina V. Role of TLR9 in Oncogenic Virus-Produced Cancer. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:98-105. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Martínez-Campos
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana I. Burguete-García
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Vicente Madrid-Marina
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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28
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Mayerhofer R, Fröhlich EE, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Kogelnik N, Fröhlich E, Sattler W, Holzer P. Diverse action of lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide on neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and anxiety in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:174-187. [PMID: 27751870 PMCID: PMC5419569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial metabolites are known to affect immune system, brain, and behavior via activation of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Unlike the effect of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the role of other TLR agonists in immune-brain communication is insufficiently understood. We therefore hypothesized that the TLR2 agonist lipoteichoic acid (LTA) causes immune activation in the periphery and brain, stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and has an adverse effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) and emotional behavior. Since LTA preparations may be contaminated by LPS, an extract of LTA (LTAextract), purified LTA (LTApure), and pure LPS (LPSultrapure) were compared with each other in their effects on molecular and behavioral parameters 3h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to male C57BL/6N mice. The LTAextract (20mg/kg) induced anxiety-related behavior in the open field test, enhanced the circulating levels of particular cytokines and the cerebral expression of cytokine mRNA, and blunted the cerebral expression of tight junction protein mRNA. A dose of LPSultrapure matching the amount of endotoxin/LPS contaminating the LTAextract reproduced several of the molecular and behavioral effects of LTAextract. LTApure (20mg/kg) increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and interferon-γ, and enhanced the transcription of TNF-α, interleukin-1β and other cytokines in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. These neuroinflammatory effects of LTApure were associated with transcriptional down-regulation of tight junction-associated proteins (claudin 5, occludin) in the brain. LTApure also enhanced circulating corticosterone, but failed to alter locomotor and anxiety-related behavior in the open field test. These data disclose that TLR2 agonism by LTA causes peripheral immune activation and initiates neuroinflammatory processes in the brain that are associated with down-regulation of BBB components and activation of the HPA axis, although emotional behavior (anxiety) is not affected. The results obtained with an LTA preparation contaminated with LPS hint at a facilitatory interaction between TLR2 and TLR4, the adverse impact of which on long-term neuroinflammation, disruption of the BBB and mental health warrants further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Mayerhofer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Esther E Fröhlich
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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29
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Martin LB, Kilvitis HJ, Brace AJ, Cooper L, Haussmann MF, Mutati A, Fasanello V, O'Brien S, Ardia DR. Costs of immunity and their role in the range expansion of the house sparrow in Kenya. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2228-2235. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.154716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There are at least two reasons to study traits that mediate successful range expansions. First, dispersers will found new populations and thus impact the distribution and evolution of species. Second, organisms moving into new areas will influence the fate of resident communities, directly competing with or indirectly affecting residents by spreading non-native or spilling-back native parasites. The success of invaders in new areas is likely mediated by a counterbalancing of costly traits. In new areas where threats are comparatively rare, individuals that grow rapidly and breed prolifically should be at an advantage. High investment in defenses should thus be disfavored. In the present study, we compared the energetic, nutritional and collateral damage costs of an inflammatory response among Kenyan house sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations of different ages, asking whether costs were related to traits of individuals from three different capture sites. Kenya is among the world's most recent range expansions for this species, and we recently found that the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), leukocyte receptors that instigate inflammatory responses when bound to microbial elements, was related to the range expansion across the country. Here, we found (contrary to our expectations) that energetic and nutritional costs of inflammation were higher, but damage costs were lower, in range-edge compared to core birds. Moreover, at the individual level, TLR-4 expression was negatively related to commodity costs (energy and a critical amino acid) of inflammation. Our data thus suggest that costs of inflammation, perhaps mediated by TLR expression, might mitigate successful range expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B. Martin
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, Tampa FL 33620, USA
| | - Holly J. Kilvitis
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, Tampa FL 33620, USA
| | - Amber J. Brace
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, Tampa FL 33620, USA
| | - Laken Cooper
- Radford University, Department of Biology, Radford, VA 24142, USA
| | | | - Alex Mutati
- National Museums of Kenya, Department of Ornithology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Fasanello
- Bucknell University, Department of Biology, Lewisburg, PA, USA
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sara O'Brien
- Radford University, Department of Biology, Radford, VA 24142, USA
| | - Daniel R. Ardia
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Biology, Lancaster, PA, USA
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30
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Brown RL, Clarke TB. The regulation of host defences to infection by the microbiota. Immunology 2017; 150:1-6. [PMID: 27311879 PMCID: PMC5221693 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin and mucosal epithelia of humans and other mammals are permanently colonized by large microbial communities (the microbiota). Due to this life-long association with the microbiota, these microbes have an extensive influence over the physiology of their host organism. It is now becoming apparent that nearly all tissues and organ systems, whether in direct contact with the microbiota or in deeper host sites, are under microbial influence. The immune system is perhaps the most profoundly affected, with the microbiota programming both its innate and adaptive arms. The regulation of immunity by the microbiota helps to protect the host against intestinal and extra-intestinal infection by many classes of pathogen. In this review, we will discuss the experimental evidence supporting a role for the microbiota in regulating host defences to extra-intestinal infection, draw together common mechanistic themes, including the central role of pattern recognition receptors, and outline outstanding questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Brown
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas B. Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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31
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32
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Yang Y, Wu X, Xuan H, Gao Z. Functional analysis of plant NB-LRR gene L3 by using E. coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1569-74. [PMID: 27586278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant NB-LRR genes mediate plant innate immunity and cause the programmed cell death of plant cells. Very little, however, is known about these processes. Taken advantage of easy manipulation of bacteria, genetic analysis was made to understand the mechanism of lethality of NB-LRR proteins to bacteria and correlate the information back to how NB-LRR proteins cause cell death in plants. It was found that only L3 encoded by NB-LRR gene L3 (At1g15890) specifically caused significant death of BL21(DE3), while other NBS-LRR proteins did not, and 760-851, the truncated form of L3, was essential to the lethality of L3. Gene yedZ (EG14048) and nupG (EG10664) were identified by genome re-sequencing from E. coli, both of which mediate the toxicity of L3 in E. coli. Furthermore, NupG can affect the activity of peroxidase and significantly suppress plant cell death, which is induced by NB-LRR protein RPM1(D505V) encoded by RPM1 (At3g07040) in N. benthamiana. These findings provide evidence that functional analysis of plant NB-LRR genes in microorganisms might be a potential and rapid method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Macrophages and their counterparts in the central nervous system, the microglia, detect and subsequently clear microbial pathogens and injured tissue. These phagocytic cells alter and adapt their phenotype depending on their prime activity, i.e., whether they participate in acute defence against pathogenic organisms ('M1'-phenotype) or in clearing damaged tissues and performing repair activities ('M2'-phenotype). Stimulation of pattern recognition receptors by viruses (vaccines), bacterial membrane components (e.g., LPS), alcohol, or long-chain saturated fatty acids promotes M1-polarization. Vaccine or LPS administration to healthy human subjects can result in sickness symptoms and low mood. Alcohol abuse and abdominal obesity are recognized as risk factors for depression. In the M1-polarized form, microglia and macrophages generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals to eradicate microbial pathogens. Inadvertently, also tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) may become oxidized. This is an irreversible reaction that generates neopterin, a recognized biomarker for depression. BH4 is a critical cofactor for the synthesis of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin, and its loss could explain some of the symptoms of depression. Based on these aspects, the suppression of M1-polarization would limit the inadvertent catabolism of BH4. In the current review, we evaluate the evidence that antidepressant treatments (monoamine reuptake inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors, lithium, valproate, agomelatine, tianeptine, electroconvulsive shock, and vagus nerve stimulation) inhibit LPS-induced microglia/macrophage M1-polarization. Consequently, we propose that supplementation with BH4 could limit the reduction in central monoamine synthesis and might represent an effective treatment for depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Kalkman
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, Basel 4002, Switzerland
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Zhao C, Fu M, Wang C, Jiao Z, Qiu L. RNA-Seq analysis of immune-relevant genes in Lateolabrax japonicus during Vibrio anguillarum infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:57-64. [PMID: 26945936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lateolabrax japonicus is one of the main marine aquatic fish species, and is popularly cultured in East Asia due to its highly commercial value. In recent years, because of large-scale and intensive farming and seawater pollution, fish diseases keep breaking out. However, systematic study on L. japonicus immunogenetics is limited due to the deficiency of deep sequencing technologies and genome backgrounds. In this study, the widely analysis at the transcriptome level for L. japonicus that infected with Vibrio anguillarum was performed. In total, 334,388,688 high quality reads were obtained in six libraries (HK-VA, HK-PBS, LI-VA, LI-PBS, SP-VA and SP-PBS) and de novo assembled into 101,860 Unigenes with an average unigene length of 879 bp. Based on sequence similarity 30,142 unigenes (29.59%) were annotated in the public databases. Comparative analysis revealed, 1,202, 3034 and 3519 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three comparisons (HK-PBS VS HK-VA, LI-PBS VS LI-VA and SP-PBS VS SP-VA). Enrichment and pathway analysis of the DEGs was also carried out to excavate the candidate genes related to immunity. In conclusion, this study identifies and evaluates dozen of potential immune related pathways and candidate genes, which are indispensable for padding genomic resources of L. japonicus, and would lay the foundation for further studying and illuminating the mechanism of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Mingjun Fu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Chengyang Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; College of Aqua-life Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Zongyao Jiao
- Guangzhou Marine Engineering Vocational and Technical School, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China; Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China.
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Andrusiak MG, Jin Y. Context Specificity of Stress-activated Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling: The Story as Told by Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7796-804. [PMID: 26907690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.711101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-associated p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades trigger specific cellular responses and are involved in multiple disease states. At the root of MAP kinase signaling complexity is the differential use of common components on a context-specific basis. The roundwormCaenorhabditis eleganswas developed as a system to study genes required for development and nervous system function. The powerful genetics ofC. elegansin combination with molecular and cellular dissections has led to a greater understanding of how p38 and JNK signaling affects many biological processes under normal and stress conditions. This review focuses on the studies revealing context specificity of different stress-activated MAPK components inC. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yishi Jin
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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36
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Qiao Q, Wu H. Supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) as signaling machines in innate immune activation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:1067-72. [PMID: 26511517 PMCID: PMC4847730 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity offers the first line of defense against infections and other types of danger such as tumorigenesis. Its discovery provides tremendous therapeutic opportunities for numerous human diseases. Delving into the structural basis of signal transduction by innate immune receptors, our lab has recently helped to establish the new paradigm in which innate immune receptors transduce ligand-binding signals through formation of higher-order assemblies containing intracellular adapters, signaling enzymes and their substrates. These large signalosome assemblies may be visible under light microscopy as punctate structures in the μm scale, connecting to the underlying molecular structures in the nm scale. They drive proximity-induced enzyme activation, and provide a mechanism for signaling amplification by nucleated polymerization. These supramolecular signaling complexes also open new questions on their cellular organization and mode of regulation, pose challenges to our methodology, and afford valuable implications in drug discovery against these medically important pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Murphy MB, Xiong Y, Pattabiraman G, Manavalan TT, Qiu F, Medvedev AE. Pellino-3 promotes endotoxin tolerance and acts as a negative regulator of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:963-74. [PMID: 26310831 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2vma0515-229rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of endotoxin tolerance in macrophages during sepsis reprograms Toll-like receptor 4 signaling to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines without suppressing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators and protects the host from excessive inflammation and tissue damage. However, endotoxin tolerance renders septic patients immunocompromised and unable to control secondary infections. Although previous studies have revealed the importance of several negative regulators of Toll-like receptor signaling in endotoxin tolerance, the role of Pellino proteins has not been addressed. The present report shows that the induction of endotoxin tolerance in vivo in mice and in vitro in human monocytes and THP-1 and MonoMac-6 macrophages increases the expression of Pellino-3. Overexpression of Pellino-3 in human embryonic kidney 293/Toll-like receptor 2 or 293/Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-2 cells inhibited Toll-like receptor 2/4-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB and induction of CXCL-8 mRNA, and Pellino-3 ablation increased these responses. Pellino-3-deficient THP-1 cells had elevated Toll-like receptor 2/4-driven tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 mRNA, and Toll-like receptor 4-driven CCL5 gene expression in response to Toll-like receptor agonists and heat-killed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, cytokines controlled by the MyD88 and Toll-interleukin-1R domain-containing protein inducing interferon-β-mediated pathways, respectively. In addition, deficiency in Pellino-3 slightly increased phagocytosis of heat-killed bacteria. Transfected Pellino-3 inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation driven by overexpression of MyD88, TIR domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β, interleukin-1R-associated kinase-1, and tumor necrosis factor receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB-binding kinase-1, TGF-β-activated kinase 1, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6, and inhibited interleukin-1R-associated kinase 1 modifications and tumor necrosis factor receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB-binding kinase 1 phosphorylation. Finally, Pellino-3 ablation in THP-1 decreased the extent of endotoxin tolerization. Thus, Pellino-3 is involved in endotoxin tolerance and functions as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2/4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Murphy
- *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanbao Xiong
- *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Goutham Pattabiraman
- *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tissa T Manavalan
- *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fu Qiu
- *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Yang H, Lee YM, Lee JH, Noh JK, Kim HC, Park CJ, Park JW, Hwang IJ, Kim SY. Expression of Perforin Gene for Early Development of Nephrons in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Dev Reprod 2015; 17:321-7. [PMID: 25949147 PMCID: PMC4382958 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the only defense weapon that invertebrates have, and it is the fundamental defense mechanism for fish. The innate immune response is important in newly hatched flounders because it is closely involved in the initial feeding phase, which is why it is essential for survival during the juvenile period. The expression analysis of genes involved in the innate immune response in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in the days after hatching is incomplete. Therefore, we have begun to examine the expression patterns of genes specifically induced during the development of the innate immune system in newly hatched flounders. Microscopic observation showed that pronephron formation corresponded with the expression of perforin-encoding gene. These results suggest that perforin plays a vital role in the innate immunity of the kidney during developmental stages. Perforin expression was strong at the start of the development of the innate immune response, and continued throughout all the development stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to perforin’s biological role and the evolution of the first defense mechanisms in olive flounder. Further studies are required to elucidate the perforin-mediated innate immunity response and to decipher the functional role of perforin in developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Ji Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - In Joon Hwang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
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Petrov P, Syrjänen R, Smith J, Gutowska MW, Uchida T, Vainio O, Burt DW. Characterization of the avian Trojan gene family reveals contrasting evolutionary constraints. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121672. [PMID: 25803627 PMCID: PMC4372362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
"Trojan" is a leukocyte-specific, cell surface protein originally identified in the chicken. Its molecular function has been hypothesized to be related to anti-apoptosis and the proliferation of immune cells. The Trojan gene has been localized onto the Z sex chromosome. The adjacent two genes also show significant homology to Trojan, suggesting the existence of a novel gene/protein family. Here, we characterize this Trojan family, identify homologues in other species and predict evolutionary constraints on these genes. The two Trojan-related proteins in chicken were predicted as a receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase and a transmembrane protein, bearing a cytoplasmic immuno-receptor tyrosine-based activation motif. We identified the Trojan gene family in ten other bird species and found related genes in three reptiles and a fish species. The phylogenetic analysis of the homologues revealed a gradual diversification among the family members. Evolutionary analyzes of the avian genes predicted that the extracellular regions of the proteins have been subjected to positive selection. Such selection was possibly a response to evolving interacting partners or to pathogen challenges. We also observed an almost complete lack of intracellular positively selected sites, suggesting a conserved signaling mechanism of the molecules. Therefore, the contrasting patterns of selection likely correlate with the interaction and signaling potential of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Petrov
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Syrjänen
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Weronika Gutowska
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuya Uchida
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Vainio
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - David W Burt
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the forefront of innate immune defense against bacterial invaders. At the same time, these phagocytes are also primary targets of intracellular bacteria to be abused as host cells. Their efficacy to contain and eliminate intracellular M. tuberculosis decides whether a patient initially becomes infected or not. However, when the infection becomes chronic or even latent (as in the case of TB) despite development of specific immune activation, phagocytes have also important effector functions. Macrophages have evolved a myriad of defense strategies to combat infection with intracellular bacteria such as M. tuberculosis. These include induction of toxic anti-microbial effectors such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates, the stimulation of microbe intoxication mechanisms via acidification or metal accumulation in the phagolysosome, the restriction of the microbe's access to essential nutrients such as iron, fatty acids, or amino acids, the production of anti-microbial peptides and cytokines, along with induction of autophagy and efferocytosis to eliminate the pathogen. On the other hand, M. tuberculosis, as a prime example of a well-adapted facultative intracellular bacterium, has learned during evolution to counter-balance the host's immune defense strategies to secure survival or multiplication within this otherwise hostile environment. This review provides an overview of innate immune defense of macrophages directed against intracellular bacteria with a focus on M. tuberculosis. Gaining more insights and knowledge into this complex network of host-pathogen interaction will identify novel target sites of intervention to successfully clear infection at a time of rapidly emerging multi-resistance of M. tuberculosis against conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Disease, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center BorstelBorstel, Germany
- Department of Immunology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
- German Centre of Infection Research, TTU-TBBorstel, Germany
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BoseDasgupta S, Pieters J. Striking the Right Balance Determines TB or Not TB. Front Immunol 2014; 5:455. [PMID: 25339950 PMCID: PMC4189424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be one of the most successful pathogens on earth. Upon inhalation of M. tuberculosis by a healthy individual, the host immune system will attempt to eliminate these pathogens using a combination of immune defense strategies. These include the recruitment of macrophages and other phagocytes to the site of infection, production of cytokines that enhance the microbicidal capacity of the macrophages, as well as the activation of distinct subsets of leukocytes that work in concert to fight the infection. However, being as successful as it is, M. tuberculosis has evolved numerous strategies to subvert host immunity at virtual every level. As a consequence, one third of the world inhabitants carry M. tuberculosis, and tuberculosis continuous to cause disease in more than 8 million people with deadly consequences in well over 1 million patients each year. In this review, we discuss several of the strategies that M. tuberculosis employs to circumvent host immunity, as well as describe some of the mechanisms that the host uses to counter such subversive strategies. As for many other infectious diseases, the ultimate outcome is usually defined by the relative strength of the virulence strategies employed by the tubercle bacillus versus the arsenal of immune defense mechanisms of the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Bej A, Sahoo BR, Swain B, Basu M, Jayasankar P, Samanta M. LRRsearch: An asynchronous server-based application for the prediction of leucine-rich repeat motifs and an integrative database of NOD-like receptors. Comput Biol Med 2014; 53:164-70. [PMID: 25150822 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like receptors (NLRs) play key roles in recognizing and binding various pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) resulting in the activation of downstream signaling and innate immunity. Therefore, identification of LRR motifs is very important to study ligand-receptor interaction. To date, available resources pose restrictions including both false negative and false positive prediction of LRR motifs from the primary protein sequence as their algorithms are relied either only on sequence based comparison or alignment techniques or are over biased for a particular LRR containing protein family. Therefore, to minimize the error (≤5%) and to identify a maximum number of LRR motifs in the wide range of proteins, we have developed "LRRsearch" web-server using position specific scoring matrix (PSSM) of 11 residue LRR-HCS (highly conserved segment) which are frequently observed motifs in the most divergent classes of LRR containing proteins. A data library of 421 proteins, distributed among five known NLR families has also been integrated with the "LRRsearch" for the rich user experience. The access to the "LRRsearch" program is freely available at http://www.lrrsearch.com/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bej
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Bikash Ranjan Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Banikalyan Swain
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Madhubanti Basu
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Pallipuram Jayasankar
- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India.
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Fauvarque MO. Small flies to tackle big questions: assaying complex bacterial virulence mechanisms usingDrosophila melanogaster. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:824-33. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Fauvarque
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; iRTSV-BGE; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CEA; iRTSV-BGE; F-38000 Grenoble France
- INSERM; BGE; F-38000 Grenoble France
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Vasilakos JP, Tomai MA. The use of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:809-19. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.811208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Carrithers MD. Innate immune viral recognition: relevance to CNS infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:215-23. [PMID: 25015487 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses mediated by mononuclear phagocytes represent the initial host response to acute viral infection. PRRs, including TLRs, retinoic RLRs,and NOD-like receptors, recognize viral nucleic acid and localized injury signals to initiate proinflammatory responses and activation of adaptive immunity. These responses are host- and viral-dependent. Neurotropic viruses, such as HSV, West Nile virus, and HIV activate and evade innate immune signaling mechanisms by distinct mechanisms. These highly complex pathogen-host interactions determine establishment of infection, severity of clinical disease, development of chronic inflammatory processes, and success of vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Carrithers
- Neurology Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, and Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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46
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Mason PA, Smilanich AM, Singer MS. Reduced consumption of protein-rich foods follows immune challenge in a polyphagous caterpillar. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:2250-60. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.093716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Advances in ecological immunity have illustrated that, like vertebrates, insects exhibit adaptive immunity, including induced changes in feeding behavior that aid the immune system. In particular, recent studies have pointed to the importance of protein intake in mounting an immune response. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the polyphagous caterpillar, Grammia incorrupta (Hy. Edwards, Erebidae), would adaptively change its feeding behavior in response to immune challenge, predicting that caterpillars would increase their intake of dietary protein. We further predicted that this response would enhance the melanization response, a component of the immune system that acts against parasitoids. We challenged the immune system using either tachinid fly parasitoids or a bead injection technique that has been used in studies to simulate parasitism, and measured feeding before and after immune challenge on diets varying in their macronutrient content. To evaluate the effects of diet on melanization, we quantified melanization of beads following feeding assays. Contrary to our prediction, we found that parasitized or injected caterpillars given a choice between high and low protein foods reduced their intake of the high protein food. Furthermore, in a no-choice experiment, caterpillars offered food with a protein concentration that is optimal for growth reduced feeding following immune challenge, whereas those offered a low protein food did not. Although variation in protein intake did not change caterpillars' melanization response, increased carbohydrate intake did increase melanization, suggesting a prophylactic role for carbohydrates. We discuss alternative mechanisms by which variation in protein intake could negatively or positively affect parasitized caterpillars, including nutritional interactions with the caterpillar's self-medication response.
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47
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Aoki T, Hikima JI, Hwang SD, Jung TS. Innate immunity of finfish: primordial conservation and function of viral RNA sensors in teleosts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1689-1702. [PMID: 23462146 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, huge progress has been made in research into teleost PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecule patterns) recognition receptors (PRRs). Numerous fish PRR genes have been identified, and the primordial functions of PRRs involved in the innate immune response to viral infection (especially those responsible for sensing viral RNA) have been increasingly clarified in teleosts. Particular progress has been made in our understanding of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). However, there are important evolutionary differences between teleosts and mammals; for instance, seven TLR repertoires (TLR5S, -14, -19, -20, -21, -22 and -23) are present in teleosts but not in mammals, indicating that some TLRs likely possess different functions. Thus, comparison of PRRs in teleosts and mammals may help us understand the immune responses triggered by host-pathogen interactions in teleosts. In this article, the evolutionary conservations and divergences in the PRR mechanisms of teleosts and mammals are examined, with a focus on their molecular features and the recognition of viral RNA by fish TLRs and RLRs. In addition, the mechanism of type I interferon gene expression in teleosts, which is enhanced after the recognition of viral RNA by fish TLRs and RLRs, is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Aoki
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-710, South Korea.
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48
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Zhu Z, Sun Y, Wang R, Xu T. Evolutionary analysis of TLR9 genes reveals the positive selection of extant teleosts in Perciformes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:448-457. [PMID: 23680844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system can recognize non-self through pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors were the best-known members of these receptors, and they could sense, recognize, and bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLRs played an important role in innate immune system and were conserved in both invertebrate and vertebrate lineages. Thereinto, TLR9 could detect unmethylated CpG motifs in dsDNA and was expected to undergo coevolution with its microbial ligands. It was known that aquatic and terrestrial organisms dwelled in different environments which contained different pathogens, and they had to adapt to their local environmental conditions. Therefore, we collected TLR9 genes from invertebrate to vertebrate to further explore whether the huge differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments affected the TLR9s evolution between aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Molecular evolution analysis detected positively selected sites in the ancestral lineages of vertebrates, teleosts, and Perciformes but not in the ancestral lineage of mammals. In PAML, site model revealed that extant mammalian TLR9 genes underwent positive selection. However, the positive selection of extant teleosts appeared primarily in Perciformes in which there were 14 positively selected sites. Among these sites, two of them were located on the amino acid insertions of the leucine-rich repeats which could create DNA binding sites, three were found on the convex surface which might possibly affect the flexibility of the TLR solenoids, and six were located on the β-face of concave surface which contained the ligand-binding sites of the TLR solenoids. In other ML methods, we also found three sites under selection that coincided with the codons identified by M8 and these sites were all located in LRRs. The diverse aquatic and terrestrial environments might possess different pathogens to make the living organisms adapt to their local environmental conditions. The positive selection on LRRs in TLR9s of Perciformes might be associated with the adaptation to the rapidly evolving pathogens in the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihuang Zhu
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, 105 Wenhua Road, Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316000, PR China
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Abstract
Uveitis is underappreciated as a sight-threatening cause of blindness. There are two broad causative classes of uveitis: infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious uveitis is considered a prototypical autoimmune disorder based mainly on data from experimental models in the mouse. Several different experimental models exist that reflect the different types of uveitis in man (anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis). These models have demonstrated that uveitis is predominantly a Th1/Th17 mediated disease, although innate immune cells play a significant role both in induction of disease and in tissue damage. Most experimental models of uveitis rely on activation of the innate immune system by use of adjuvants that activate a range of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). This begs the question of the underlying role of initial and/or persistent infection, including latent infection, in immune-mediated uveitis in which active infection cannot be demonstrated. This further raises the possibility of pathogenic mechanisms such as antigenic cross-reactivity and molecular mimicry. Alternatively, residual/latent antigen from infectious agents may act as "endogenous" adjuvants for induction of immune reactions to damaged/altered self antigen, suggesting a commonality in pathogenesis for both infectious and non-infectious uveitis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
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50
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Huang BR, Tsai CF, Lin HY, Tseng WP, Huang SS, Wu CR, Lin C, Yeh WL, Lu DY. Interaction of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in microglia by Staphylococcus aureus-derived lipoteichoic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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