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Tong H, Snow SJ, Chen H, Schladweiler MC, Carswell G, Chorley B, Kodavanti UP. Fish oil and olive oil-enriched diets alleviate acute ozone-induced cardiovascular effects in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115296. [PMID: 33091443 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil (FO) and olive oil (OO) supplementations attenuate the cardiovascular responses to inhaled concentrated ambient particles in human volunteers. This study was designed to examine the cardiovascular effects of ozone (O3) exposure and the efficacy of FO and OO-enriched diets in attenuating the cardiovascular effects from O3 exposure in rats. Rats were fed either a normal diet (ND), a diet enriched with 6% FO or OO starting at 4 weeks of age. Eight weeks following the start of these diet, animals were exposed to filtered air (FA) or 0.8 ppm O3, 4 h/day for 2 consecutive days. Immediately after exposure, cardiac function was measured as the indices of left-ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility (dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin) before ischemia. In addition, selective microRNAs (miRNAs) of inflammation, endothelial function, and cardiac function were assessed in cardiac tissues to examine the molecular alterations of diets and O3 exposure. Pre-ischemic LVDP and dP/dtmax were lower after O3 exposure in rats fed ND but not FO and OO. Cardiac miRNAs expressions were altered by both diet and O3 exposure. Specifically, O3-induced up-regulation of miR-150-5p and miR-208a-5p were attenuated by FO and/or OO. miR-21 was up-regulated by both FO and OO after O3 exposure. This study demonstrated that O3-induced cardiovascular responses appear to be blunted by FO and OO diets. O3-induced alterations in miRNAs linked to inflammation, cardiac function, and endothelial dysfunction support these pathways are involved, and dietary supplementation with FO or OO may alleviate these adverse cardiovascular effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tong
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
| | - Samantha J Snow
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States.
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
| | - Gleta Carswell
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
| | - Brian Chorley
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
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Sakamoto A, Saotome M, Iguchi K, Maekawa Y. Marine-Derived Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Heart Failure: Current Understanding for Basic to Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164025. [PMID: 31426560 PMCID: PMC6719114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a rapidly growing global public health problem. Since HF results in high mortality and re-hospitalization, new effective treatments are desired. Although it remains controversial, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as the eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have been widely recognized to have benefits for HF. In a large-scale clinical trial regarding secondary prevention of HF by n-3 PUFA (GISSI-HF trial), the supplementation of n-3 PUFA significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization. Other small clinical studies proposed that n-3 PUFA potentially suppresses the ventricular remodeling and myocardial fibrosis, which thereby improves the ventricular systolic and diastolic function both in ischemic and non-ischemic HF. Basic investigations have further supported our understanding regarding the cardioprotective mechanisms of n-3 PUFA against HF. In these reports, n-3 PUFA has protected hearts through (1) anti-inflammatory effects, (2) intervention of cardiac energy metabolism, (3) modification of cardiac ion channels, (4) improvement of vascular endothelial response, and (5) modulation of autonomic nervous system activity. To clarify the pros and cons of n-3 PUFA on HF, we summarized recent evidence regarding the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA on HF both from the clinical and basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sakamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masao Saotome
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Iguchi
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Maekawa
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Emelyanova L, Boukatina A, Myers C, Oyarzo J, Lustgarten J, Shi Y, Jahangir A. High calories but not fat content of lard-based diet contribute to impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in C57BL/6J mice heart. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217045. [PMID: 31265457 PMCID: PMC6605645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose High calorie intake leads to obesity, a global socio-economic and health problem, reaching epidemic proportion in children and adolescents. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from animal (lard) fat are major components of the western-pattern diet and its regular consumption leads to obesity, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, no clear evidence exists whether consumption of diet rich in saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids has detrimental effects on cardiac structure and energetics primarily due to excessive calories. We, therefore, sought to determine the impact of high calories versus fat content in diet on cardiac structure and mitochondrial energetics. Methods Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed with high calorie, high lard fat-based diet (60% fat, HFD), high-calorie and low lard fat-based diet (10% fat, LFD), and lower-calorie and fat diet (standard chow, 12% fat, SCD) for 10 weeks. Results The HFD- and LFD-fed mice had higher body weight, ventricular mass and thickness of posterior and septal wall with increased cardiomyocytes diameter compared to the SCD-fed mice. These changes were associated with a reduction in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes I and III activity compared to the SCD-fed mice without significant differences between the HFD- and LFD-fed animals. The HFD-fed animals had higher level of malondialdehyde (MDA) than LFD and SCD-fed mice. Conclusions We assume that changes in cardiac morphology and selective reduction of the OXPHOS complexes activity observed in the HFD- and LFD-fed mice might be related to excessive calories with additional effect of fat content on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Emelyanova
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna Boukatina
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Myers
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Janice Oyarzo
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Yang Shi
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Mączewski M, Duda M, Marciszek M, Kołodziejczyk J, Dobrzyń P, Dobrzyń A, Mackiewicz U. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Do Not Protect Against Arrhythmias in Acute Nonreperfused Myocardial Infarction Despite Some Antiarrhythmic Effects. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2570-82. [PMID: 27019087 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of mortality in the acute myocardial infarction (MI). To elucidate the effect of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on ventricular arrhythmias in acute nonreperfused MI, rats were fed with normal or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched diet for 3 weeks. Subsequently the rats were subjected to either MI induction or sham operation. ECG was recorded for 6 h after the operation and episodes of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) were identified. Six hours after MI epicardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded, cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) handling was assessed and expression of proteins involved in Ca(2+) turnover was studied separately in non-infarcted left ventricle wall and infarct borderzone. EPA and DHA had no effect on occurrence of post-MI ventricular arrhythmias or mortality. Nevertheless, DHA but not EPA prevented Ca(2+) overload in LV cardiomiocytes and improved rate of Ca(2+) transient decay, protecting PMCA and SERCA function. Moreover, both EPA and DHA prevented MI-induced hyperphosphorylation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) as well as dispersion of action potential duration (APD) in the left ventricular wall. In conclusion, EPA and DHA have no antiarrhythmic effect in the non-reperfused myocardial infarction in the rat, although these omega-3 PUFAs and DHA in particular exhibit several potential antiarrhythmic effects at the subcellular and tissue level, that is, prevent MI-induced abnormalities in Ca(2+) handling and APD dispersion. In this context further studies are needed to see if these potential antiarrhythmic effects could be utilized in the clinical setting. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2570-2582, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Mączewski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Duda
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Marciszek
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Dobrzyń
- Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Mackiewicz
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
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Cardiac physiology and clinical efficacy of dietary fish oil clarified through cellular mechanisms of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1333-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Yamanushi TT, Kabuto H, Hirakawa E, Janjua N, Takayama F, Mankura M. Oral administration of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid modifies cardiac function and ameliorates congestive heart failure in male rats. J Nutr 2014; 144:467-74. [PMID: 24523492 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.175125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on normal cardiac function (part 1) and congestive heart failure (CHF) (part 2) through electrocardiogram analysis and determination of EPA, DHA, and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations in rat hearts. In part 2, pathologic assessments were also performed. For part 1 of this study, 4-wk-old male rats were divided into a control group and 2 experimental groups. The rats daily were orally administered (1 g/kg body weight) saline, EPA-ethyl ester (EPA-Et; E group), or DHA-ethyl ester (DHA-Et; D group), respectively, for 28 d. ECGs revealed that QT intervals were significantly shorter for groups E and D compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Relative to the control group, the concentration of EPA was higher in the E group and concentrations of EPA and DHA were higher in the D group, although AA concentrations were lower (P ≤ 0.05). In part 2, CHF was produced by subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline into 5-wk-old rats. At 3 d before monocrotaline injection, rats were administered either saline, EPA-Et, or DHA-Et as mentioned above and then killed at 21 d. The study groups were as follows: normal + saline (control), CHF + saline (H group), CHF + EPA-Et (HE group), and CHF + DHA-Et (HD group). QT intervals were significantly shorter (P ≤ 0.05) in the control and HD groups compared with the H and HE groups. Relative to the H group, concentrations of EPA were higher in the HE group and those of DHA were higher in the control and HD groups (P ≤ 0.05). There was less mononuclear cell infiltration in the myocytes of the HD group than in the H group (P = 0.06). The right ventricles in the H, HE, and HD groups showed significantly increased weights (P ≤ 0.05) compared with controls. The administration of EPA-Et or DHA-Et may affect cardiac function by modification of heart fatty acid composition, and the administration of DHA-Et may ameliorate CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko T Yamanushi
- Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu City, Kagawa, Japan
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Belevych AE, Ho HT, Terentyeva R, Bonilla IM, Terentyev D, Carnes CA, Gyorke S, Billman GE. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids promote arrhythmogenic remodeling of cellular Ca2+ handling in a postinfarction model of sudden cardiac death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78414. [PMID: 24205228 PMCID: PMC3799693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can reduce the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in post-MI patients. Abnormal Ca(2+) handling has been implicated in the genesis of post-MI ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dietary n-3 PUFAs alter the vulnerability of ventricular myocytes to cellular arrhythmia by stabilizing intracellular Ca(2+) cycling. To test this hypothesis, we used a canine model of post-MI ventricular fibrillation (VF) and assigned the animals to either placebo (1 g/day corn oil) or n-3 PUFAs (1-4 g/day) groups. Using Ca(2+) imaging techniques, we examined the intracellular Ca(2+) handling in myocytes isolated from post-MI hearts resistant (VF-) and susceptible (VF+) to VF. Frequency of occurrence of diastolic Ca(2+) waves (DCWs) in VF+ myocytes from placebo group was significantly higher than in placebo-treated VF- myocytes. n-3 PUFA treatment did not decrease frequency of DCWs in VF+ myocytes. In contrast, VF- myocytes from the n-3 PUFA group had a significantly higher frequency of DCWs than myocytes from the placebo group. In addition, n-3 PUFA treatment increased beat-to-beat alterations in the amplitude of Ca(2+) transients (Ca(2+) alternans) in VF- myocytes. These n-3 PUFAs effects in VF- myocytes were associated with an increased Ca(2+) spark frequency and reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content, indicative of increased activity of ryanodine receptors. Thus, dietary n-3 PUFAs do not alleviate intracellular Ca(2+) cycling remodeling in myocytes isolated from post-MI VF+ hearts. Furthermore, dietary n-3 PUFAs increase vulnerability of ventricular myocytes to cellular arrhythmia in post-MI VF- hearts by destabilizing intracellular Ca(2+) handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy E. Belevych
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hsiang-Ting Ho
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Radmila Terentyeva
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Ingrid M. Bonilla
- College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Terentyev
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Carnes
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sandor Gyorke
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - George E. Billman
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Billman GE. The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiac rhythm: a critical reassessment. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:53-80. [PMID: 23735203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies provide strong evidence for an inverse relationship between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and cardiac mortality, inconsistent and often conflicting results have been obtained from both animal studies and clinical prevention trials. Despite these heterogeneous results, some general conclusions can be drawn from these studies: 1) n-PUFAs have potent effects on ion channels and calcium regulatory proteins that vary depending on the route of administration. Circulating (acute administration) n-3 PUFAs affect ion channels directly while incorporation (long-term supplementation) of these lipids into cell membranes indirectly alter cardiac electrical activity via alteration of membrane properties. 2) n-3 PUFAs reduce baseline HR and increase HRV via alterations in intrinsic pacemaker rate rather than from changes in cardiac autonomic neural regulation. 3) n-3 PUFAs may be only effective if given before electrophysiological or structural remodeling has begun and have no efficacy against atrial fibrillation. 5) Despite initial encouraging results, more recent clinical prevention and animal studies have not only failed to reduce sudden cardiac death but actually increased mortality in angina patients and increased rather than decreased malignant arrhythmias in animal models of regional ischemia. 6) Given the inconsistent benefits reported in clinical and experimental studies and the potential adverse actions on cardiac rhythm noted during myocardial ischemia, n-3 PUFA must be prescribed with caution and generalized recommendations to increase fish intake or to take n-3 PUFA supplements need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Billman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1218, United States.
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Sankaranarayanan R, Venetucci L. Are the anti-arrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids due to modulation of myocardial calcium handling? Front Physiol 2012; 3:373. [PMID: 23060805 PMCID: PMC3461578 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-arrhythmic properties. It has been suggested that these anti-arrhythmic effects are due to modulation of the activity of various myocardial calcium handling proteins such as ryanodine receptor (RyR), L-type calcium current and sodium/calcium exchanger. In this article, we review all the data available on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on ventricular myocardial calcium handling. In addition we highlight some unanswered questions and discuss possible therapeutic benefits of omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Sankaranarayanan
- Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester Heart Centre Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Regular fish or fish oil intake is associated with a low incidence of heart failure clinically, and fish oil-induced reduction in cardiac remodelling seen in hypertrophy models may contribute. We investigated whether improved cardiac energy efficiency in non-hypertrophied hearts translates into attenuation of cardiac dysfunction in hypertrophied hearts. Male Wistar rats (n 33) at 8 weeks of age were sham-operated or subjected to abdominal aortic stenosis to produce pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. Starting 3 weeks post-operatively to follow initiation of hypertrophy, rats were fed a diet containing 10 % olive oil (control) or 5 % fish oil (ROPUFA® 30 (17 % EPA, 10 % DHA))+5 % olive oil (FO diet). At 15 weeks post-operatively, ventricular haemodynamics and oxygen consumption were evaluated in the blood-perfused, isolated working heart. Resting and maximally stimulated cardiac output and external work were >60 % depressed in hypertrophied control hearts but this was prevented by FO feeding, without attenuating hypertrophy. Cardiac energy efficiency was lower in hypertrophy, but greater in FO hearts for any given cardiac mass. Coronary blood flow, restricted in hypertrophied control hearts, increased with increasing work in hypertrophied FO hearts, revealing a significant coronary vasodilator reserve. Pronounced cardiac dysfunction in hypertrophied hearts across low and high workloads, indicative of heart failure, was attenuated by FO feeding in association with membrane incorporation of n-3 PUFA, principally DHA. Dietary fish oil may offer a new approach to balancing the high oxygen demand and haemodynamic requirements of the failing hypertrophied heart independently of attenuating hypertrophy.
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Brochot A, Guinot M, Auchere D, Macaire JP, Weill P, Grynberg A, Rousseau-Ralliard D. Effects of alpha-linolenic acid vs. docosahexaenoic acid supply on the distribution of fatty acids among the rat cardiac subcellular membranes after a short- or long-term dietary exposure. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:14. [PMID: 19320987 PMCID: PMC2670308 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work showed that the functional cardiac effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in rats requires a long feeding period (6 months), although a docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid-supply affects cardiac adrenergic response after 2 months. However, the total cardiac membrane n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition remained unchanged after 2 months. This delay could be due to a specific reorganization of the different subcellular membrane PUFA profiles. This study was designed to investigate the evolution between 2 and 6 months of diet duration of the fatty acid profile in sarcolemmal (SL), mitochondrial (MI), nuclear (NU) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane fractions. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 dietary groups (n = 10/diet/period), either n-3 PUFA-free diet (CTL), or ALA or DHA-rich diets. After 2 or 6 months, the subcellular cardiac membrane fractions were separated by differential centrifugations and sucrose gradients. Each membrane profile was analysed by gas chromatography (GC) after lipid extraction. RESULTS As expected the n-3 PUFA-rich diets incorporated n-3 PUFA instead of n-6 PUFA in all the subcellular fractions, which also exhibited individual specificities. The diet duration increased SFA and decreased PUFA in SL, whereas NU remained constant. The SR and MI enriched in n-3 PUFA exhibited a decreased DHA level with ageing in the DHA and CTL groups. Conversely, the n-3 PUFA level remained unchanged in the ALA group, due to a significant increase in docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). N-3 PUFA rich diets lead to a better PUFA profile in all the fractions and significantly prevent the profile modifications induced by ageing. CONCLUSION With the ALA diet the n-3 PUFA content, particularly in SR and SL kept increasing between 2 and 6 months, which may partly account for the delay to achieve the modification of adrenergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Brochot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
- Société Valorex, Combourtillé, France
| | - Marine Guinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Daniel Auchere
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Jean-Paul Macaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | | | - Alain Grynberg
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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Wilhelm M, Tobias R, Asskali F, Kraehner R, Kuly S, Klinghammer L, Boehles H, Daniel WG. Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acids and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2008; 155:971-7. [PMID: 18513506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies support the protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids on sudden cardiac death. However, patients with structural heart disease and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) showed no effect or even a proarrhythmic response to fish oil supplementation. Animal studies suggest different electrophysiologic effects of circulating and incorporated omega-3 fatty acids. METHODS In 102 ICD patients in New York Health Association functional class II or III, the fatty acid composition of red blood cells was analyzed by gas chromatography. The omega-3 index was calculated from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Patients were followed for 1 year, and ventricular arrhythmias requiring antitachycardic therapy were analyzed. Twenty-five healthy subjects served as control. RESULTS In ICD patients, the fatty acid profile was significantly altered and the baseline omega-3 index was significantly elevated, as compared to control subjects (5.12% +/- 0.87% vs 4.24% +/- 0.96%, P < .001). Kaplan-Meier estimates of probability of ventricular arrhythmias showed significant differences among quartiles of the omega-3 index. Twelve percent of patients in the lowest quartile had ventricular arrhythmias, as compared to 54% of patients in the highest quartile (P = .022). In a multivariate analysis, the omega-3 index was the only independent predictor for ventricular arrhythmias up to 9 months. At 12 months, a reduced ejection fraction was an additional risk predictor. CONCLUSIONS In heart failure patients, the red blood cell fatty acid profile is altered. Omega-3 fatty acids are elevated and predict the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wilhelm
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Den Ruijter HM, Berecki G, Verkerk AO, Bakker D, Baartscheer A, Schumacher CA, Belterman CN, de Jonge N, Fiolet JW, Brouwer IA, Coronel R. Acute Administration of Fish Oil Inhibits Triggered Activity in Isolated Myocytes From Rabbits and Patients With Heart Failure. Circulation 2008; 117:536-44. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.733329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Fish oil reduces sudden death in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Sudden death in heart failure may be due to triggered activity based on disturbed calcium handling. We hypothesized that superfusion with ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) from fish inhibits triggered activity in heart failure.
Methods and Results—
Ventricular myocytes were isolated from explanted hearts of rabbits with volume- and pressure-overload–induced heart failure and of patients with end-stage heart failure. Membrane potentials (patch-clamp technique) and intracellular calcium (indo-1 fluorescence) were recorded after 5 minutes of superfusion with Tyrode’s solution (control), ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (20 μmol/L), or ω3-PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid 20 μmol/L). ω3-PUFAs shortened the action potential at low stimulation frequencies and caused an ≈25% decrease in diastolic and systolic calcium (all
P
<0.05). Subsequently, noradrenalin and rapid pacing were used to evoke triggered activity, delayed afterdepolarizations, and calcium aftertransients. ω3-PUFAs abolished triggered activity and reduced the number of delayed afterdepolarizations and calcium aftertransients compared with control and oleic acid. ω3-PUFAs reduced action potential shortening and intracellular calcium elevation in response to noradrenalin. Results from human myocytes were in accordance with the findings obtained in rabbit myocytes.
Conclusion—
Superfusion with ω3-PUFAs from fish inhibits triggered arrhythmias in myocytes from rabbits and patients with heart failure by lowering intracellular calcium and reducing the response to noradrenalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester M. Den Ruijter
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Géza Berecki
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arie O. Verkerk
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diane Bakker
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antonius Baartscheer
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cees A. Schumacher
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Charly N.W. Belterman
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas de Jonge
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W.T. Fiolet
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg A. Brouwer
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- From the Departments of Experimental Cardiology (H.M.D.R., G.B., A.O.V., D.B., A.B., C.A.S., C.N.W.B., J.W.T.F., R.C.) and Physiology (A.O.V.), Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology (N.d.J.), Heart Lung Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Top Institute Food and Nutrition (I.A.B.), Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Berecki G, Den Ruijter HM, Verkerk AO, Schumacher CA, Baartscheer A, Bakker D, Boukens BJ, van Ginneken AC, Fiolet JW, Opthof T, Coronel R. Dietary fish oil reduces the incidence of triggered arrhythmias in pig ventricular myocytes. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4:1452-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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London B, Albert C, Anderson ME, Giles WR, Van Wagoner DR, Balk E, Billman GE, Chung M, Lands W, Leaf A, McAnulty J, Martens JR, Costello RB, Lathrop DA. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Prior Studies and Recommendations for Future Research. Circulation 2007; 116:e320-35. [PMID: 17768297 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.712984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry London
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S-572, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA.
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16
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Jahangiri A, Leifert WR, Kind KL, McMurchie EJ. Dietary fish oil alters cardiomyocyte Ca2+ dynamics and antioxidant status. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1592-602. [PMID: 16632119 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish oil (FO) have been shown to protect against reperfusion arrhythmias, a manifestation of reperfusion injury, which is believed to be induced by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium (Ca2+) overload. Adult rats fed a diet supplemented with 10% FO had a higher proportion of myocardial n-3 PUFAs and increased expression of antioxidant enzymes compared with the saturated fat (SF)-supplemented group. Addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to cardiomyocytes isolated from rats in the SF-supplemented group increased the proportions of cardiomyocytes contracting in an asynchronous manner, increased the rate of Ca2+ influx, and increased the diastolic and systolic [Ca2+]i compared with the FO group. H2O2 exposure increased the membrane fluidity of cardiomyocytes from the FO group. These results demonstrate that dietary FO supplementation is associated with a reduction in the susceptibility of myocytes to ROS-induced injury and this may be related to membrane incorporation of n-3 PUFAs, increased antioxidant defenses, changes in cardiomyocyte membrane fluidity, and the ability to prevent rises in cellular Ca2+ in response to ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Jahangiri
- Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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17
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McLennan PL, Abeywardena MY. Membrane basis for fish oil effects on the heart: linking natural hibernators to prevention of human sudden cardiac death. J Membr Biol 2006; 206:85-102. [PMID: 16456720 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-005-0787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concept that diet-induced changes in membrane lipids could modify heart function partly arose from observations that membrane composition and physical properties were closely associated with the capacity of the heart to respond appropriately to torpor and hibernation. Observations of natural hibernators further revealed that behavior of key membrane-bound enzymes could be influenced through the lipid composition of the cell membrane, either by changing the surrounding fatty acids through reconstitution into a foreign lipid milieu of different composition, or by alteration through diet. Myocardial responsiveness to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, including initiation of spontaneous dysrhythmic contractions, was altered by both hibernation and dietary modulation of membrane fatty acids, suggesting modified vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmia. Subsequent studies using whole-animal models recognized that vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation decreased as the polyunsaturated: saturated fat (P:S) ratio of the diet increased. However, dietary fish oils, which typically contain at least 30% saturated fatty acids and only 30% long-chain n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), exhibit antiarrhythmic effects that exceed the predicted influence of the P:S ratio, suggesting properties unique to the long-chain n-3 PUFA. Large-scale clinical trials and epidemiology have confirmed the arrhythmia prevention observed in vitro in myocytes, papillary muscles, and isolated hearts and in whole-animal models of sudden cardiac death. Some progress has been made towards a biologically plausible mechanism. These developments highlight nature's ability to provide guidance for the most unexpected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L McLennan
- Smart Foods Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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18
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Spiteller G. Furan fatty acids: occurrence, synthesis, and reactions. Are furan fatty acids responsible for the cardioprotective effects of a fish diet? Lipids 2006; 40:755-71. [PMID: 16296395 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Furan FA (F-acids) are tri- or tetrasubstituted furan derivatives characterized by either a propyl or pentyl side chain in one of the alpha-positions; the other is substituted by a straight long-chain saturated acid with a carboxylic group at its end. F-acids are generated in large amounts in algae, but they are also produced by plants and microorganisms. Fish and other marine organisms as well as mammals consume F-acids in their food and incorporate them into phospholipids and cholesterol esters. F-acids are catabolized to dibasic urofuran acids, which are excreted in the urine. The biogenetic precursor of the most abundant F-acid, F6, is linoleic acid. Methyl groups in the beta-position are derived from adenosylmethionine. Owing to the different alkyl substituents, synthesis of F-acids requires multistep reactions. F-acids react readily with peroxyl radicals to generate dioxoenes. The radical-scavenging ability of F-acids may contribute to the protective properties of fish and fish oil diets against mortality from heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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19
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Di Stasi D, Bernasconi R, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Rossi G, Tognoni G, Tacconi MT. Early modifications of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates of healthy volunteers after low doses of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:183-90. [PMID: 15069592 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-004-0758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although previous data suggested that only doses of 4 g/day or higher of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have had a beneficial effect in the prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, the GISSI-Prevenzione Study in a 3-year trial showed that 1 g/day reduced total and cardiovascular mortality in over 11,000 post-infarction patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the time course and the extent of incorporation of n-3 fatty acids in plasma and blood cells after 1 g/day of n-3 PUFA, the dose effective in the GISSI-Prevenzione in comparison with higher doses. METHODS Thirty-six healthy volunteers were given 1, 2 and 4 g/day of n-3 PUFA ethyl esters for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout. Blood was collected at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 and used for lipid profile analysis and measurement of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates. RESULTS Total n-3 PUFA increased by 2.0-, 2.2- and 2.9-fold versus baseline after 12-week treatment with 1, 2 and 4 g respectively. A statistically significant raise of total n-3 PUFA was seen in platelets and mononucleates. Among individual n-3 PUFA, 22:5 n-3 was enriched early and dose dependently in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates; the raise of 22:6 n-3 was less marked especially in platelets and mononucleates. CONCLUSIONS One gram per day of n-3 PUFA induces fast (within 1 week) and striking changes in blood composition of PUFA that may well explain their beneficial effects against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Di Stasi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW N-3 fatty acids from fish reduce cardiovascular mortality including sudden cardiac death. In this paper, the authors discuss the results of human studies with regard to the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of fatal coronary heart disease through antiarrhythmic effects. RECENT FINDINGS Results from two recent clinical trials do not support a protective effect of n-3 fatty acids. In light of the earlier published bulk of evidence that n-3 fatty acids reduce cardiovascular mortality and sudden cardiac death, it is hard to explain these findings. Two recent observational studies confirmed that intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish is associated with less cardiovascular disease in the general population. They indicated that the protective effect of a fish meal may depend on the n-3 fatty acid content or preparation method and suggested a protective effect on arrhythmia rather than on atherosclerosis. Intervention studies on electrophysiological predictors of arrhythmia do not clearly confirm a beneficial effect of n-3 fatty acids. However, most of these studies were small or performed in healthy populations. SUMMARY The available evidence still suggests that n-3 fatty acids may prevent fatal cardiac arrhythmia, but more conclusive studies are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Geelen
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences and Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Honen BN, Saint DA. Polyunsaturated dietary fats change the properties of calcium sparks in adult rat atrial myocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:322-329. [PMID: 12088797 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on calcium handling mechanisms in cardiac myocytes, with the hypothesis that this effect underlies some of the antiarrhythmic properties of these compounds. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats had their standard chow supplemented with either lard (57% saturated and 40% monounsaturated fat), canola oil (60% monounsaturated, 33% polyunsaturated) or fish oil (78% polyunsaturated). Isolated cardiac atrial myocytes from these animals were loaded with fluo-3AM and examined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. The dietary interventions resulted in considerable changes in the membrane phospholipid composition of cardiac cell membranes, particularly the ratio of n-6 to n-3 (2.17 with lard supplement and 1.28 with fish oil supplement). Calcium sparks in myocytes from rats which received saturated fat were significantly more prolonged than those from rats which received fish oil. (Lard = 105.4 +/- 18.9 ms; Fish oil = 43.5 +/- 4.7 ms: mean +/- s.e.m). The results for canola oil were intermediate (56.4 +/- 9.0 ms). The prolongation of the sparks in rats fed lard was primarily due to a higher proportion of sparks with long plateaus and/or slowed kinetics in this group. The frequency of sparks was not significantly different in cells from any group. We conclude that calcium handling mechanisms in rat atrial myocytes are affected by inclusion of different fats in the diet, correlated with changes in the cell membrane phospholipid composition, and speculate that this may underlie some of the antiarrhythmic properties of these dietary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonny N. Honen
- Cellular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, 5 005, Adelaide SA, Australia
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Pepe S, McLennan PL. Cardiac membrane fatty acid composition modulates myocardial oxygen consumption and postischemic recovery of contractile function. Circulation 2002; 105:2303-8. [PMID: 12010914 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000015604.88808.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular fish consumption is associated with low cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Fish oils modify cardiac membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition with potent antiarrhythmic effects. We tested the effects of dietary fish oil on ventricular hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were fed for 16 weeks on a reference diet rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), a diet rich in saturated animal fat (SAT), or a diet rich in n-3 PUFA from fish oil. Isolated working hearts were perfused with porcine erythrocytes (40% hematocrit) at 75 mm Hg afterload with variable preload (5 to 20 mm Hg) or with low coronary flow ischemia with maintained afterload, preload, and heart rate, then reperfused. MVO2 was low and coronary perfusion reserve high in n-3 PUFA hearts, and cardiac output increased with workload. The n-3 PUFA reduced ischemic markers-acidosis, K+, lactate, and creatine kinase-and increased contractile recovery during reperfusion. SAT hearts had high MVO2, low coronary perfusion reserve, and poor contractile function and recovery. Dietary differences in MVO2 were abolished by KCl arrest (basal metabolism) or ruthenium red (3.4 micromol/L) but not by ryanodine (1 nmol/L). Fish oil or ryanodine, but not ruthenium red, prevented ventricular fibrillation in reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Dietary fish oil directly influenced heart function and improved cardiac responses to ischemia and reperfusion. The n-3 PUFA reduced oxygen consumption at any given work output and increased postischemic recovery. Thus, direct effects on myocardial function may contribute to the altered cardiovascular disease profile associated with fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pepe
- Cardiac Surgical Research Unit, Alfred Hospital and Baker Medical Research Institute, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
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