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Limcharoen T, Pouyfung P, Ngamdokmai N, Prasopthum A, Ahmad AR, Wisdawati W, Prugsakij W, Warinhomhoun S. Inhibition of α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase Properties of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. (Kratom) Leaves. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193909. [PMID: 36235558 PMCID: PMC9572452 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) has been used to reduce blood sugar and lipid profiles in traditional medicine, and mitragynine is a major constituent in kratom leaves. Previous data on the blood sugar and lipid-altering effects of kratom are limited. In this study, phytochemical analyses of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, quercetin, and rutin were performed in kratom extracts. The effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities were investigated in kratom extracts and mitragynine. The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the mitragynine, quercetin, and rutin contents from kratom extracts were different. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total alkaloid content (TAC). Additionally, compared to methanol and aqueous extracts, the ethanol extract showed the strongest inhibition activity against α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Compared with the anti-diabetic agent acarbose, mitragynine showed the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition, with less potent activity of pancreatic lipase inhibition. Analysis of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase kinetics revealed that mitragynine inhibited noncompetitive and competitive effects, respectively. Combining mitragynine with acarbose resulted in a synergistic interaction with α-glucosidase inhibition. These results have established the potential of mitragynine from kratom as a herbal supplement for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanchanok Limcharoen
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellent in Marijuana, Hemp and Kratom, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Phisit Pouyfung
- Center of Excellent in Marijuana, Hemp and Kratom, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Ngamrayu Ngamdokmai
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellent in Marijuana, Hemp and Kratom, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Aruna Prasopthum
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellent, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas of Muslim Indonesia, Makassar 90241, Indonesia
| | - Wisdawati Wisdawati
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas of Muslim Indonesia, Makassar 90241, Indonesia
| | - Woraanong Prugsakij
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sakan Warinhomhoun
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellent in Marijuana, Hemp and Kratom, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Park H, Cha KH, Hong SH, Abuzar SM, Ha ES, Kim JS, Kim MS, Hwang SJ. Melt Amorphisation of Orlistat with Mesoporous Silica Using a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Effects of Pressure, Temperature, and Drug Loading Ratio and Comparison with Other Conventional Amorphisation Methods. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040377. [PMID: 32326103 PMCID: PMC7238234 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop an amorphous orlistat-loaded mesoporus silica formulation using the melt-amorphisation by supercritical fluid (MA-SCF) and to investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the pharmaceutical properties of the developed formulation. In addition, the effect of orlistat mass ratio to the mesoporus silica was also evaluated. The carbon dioxide was used as a supercritical fluid, and Neusilin®UFL2 was selected as the mesoporous silica. For comparison with conventional amorphisation methods, orlistat formulations were also prepared by solvent evaporation and hot melt methods. Various pharmaceutical evaluations including differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area, total pore volume, and content uniformity were performed to characterise the prepared orlistat formulation. The melting point depression and the solubility of orlistat in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) were selected for the interpretation of evaluated results in relation to temperature and pressure. The total pore volume of the prepared orlistat-loaded mesoporus silica decreased with an increasing density of SC-CO2 to about 500 g/L at a constant temperature or pressure. From these results, it was suggested that increasing the density of SC-CO2 to about 500 g/L could result in the easier penetration of CO2 into molten orlistat and lower viscosity, hence facilitating the introduction and loading of orlistat into the pores of Neusilin®UFL2. However, when the density of SC-CO2 increased to more than 500 g/L, the total pore volume increased, and this may be due to the release out of orlistat from the pores of Neusilin®UFL2 by the increased orlistat solubility in SC-CO2. Interestingly, as the total pore volume decreased by the filling of the drug, the drug crystallinity decreased; hence, the dissolution rate increased. Furthermore, it was shown that the most desirable mass ratio of Neusilin®UFL2:orlistat for the amorphisation was 1:0.8 at an optimised supercritical condition of 318 K and 10 MPa. Compared with other amorphisation methods, only the sample prepared by the MA-SCF method was in pure amorphous state with the fastest dissolution rate. Therefore, it was concluded that the amorphous orlistat-loaded mesoporus silica prepared using MA-SCF under optimised conditions was more advantageous for enhancing the dissolution rate of orlistat than other conventional amorphisation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.P.); (E.-S.H.)
| | - Kwang-Ho Cha
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.H.H.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Seung Hyeon Hong
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.H.H.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Sharif Md Abuzar
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.H.H.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Eun-Sol Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.P.); (E.-S.H.)
| | - Jeong-Soo Kim
- Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Korea;
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.P.); (E.-S.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.-S.K.); (S.-J.H.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2813 (M.-S.K.)
| | - Sung-Joo Hwang
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.H.H.); (S.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.-S.K.); (S.-J.H.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2813 (M.-S.K.)
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Zhang YX, Jiang ZY, Han SL, Li LY, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Inhibition of intestinal lipases alleviates the adverse effects caused by high-fat diet in Nile tilapia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:111-123. [PMID: 31520202 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal lipases are fat-digesting enzymes, which play vital roles in lipid absorption in the intestine. To study the regulation of intestinal lipase activity in systemic lipid metabolism in fish, especially in the metabolic diseases caused by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, we inhibited intestinal lipases in Nile tilapia to investigate the physiological consequences. In the present study, Nile tilapia were firstly fed with HFD (12% fat) for 6 weeks to establish a fatty fish model. Afterwards, Orlistat as a potent intestinal lipase inhibitor was added into the HFD for the following 5-week feeding trial, with two dietary doses (Orlistat16 group, 16 mg/kg body weight; Orlistat32 group, 32 mg/kg body weight). After the trial, both doses of Orlistat treatment significantly reduced intestinal lipase activity, fat absorption, hepatic lipid accumulation, and gene expression of lipogenesis, whereas increased gene expression of lipid catabolism. Moreover, intestinal lipase inhibition increased immune enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, and gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas lowered gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Besides, Orlistat could also improve the structure of the intestine and increase expression of intestinal tight-coupling protein. Taken together, intestinal lipase inhibition alleviated the adverse effects caused by HFD in Nile tilapia. Thus, intestinal lipases played key roles in absorbing dietary lipid and could be a promising target in regulating systemic lipid metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xue Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Yue Jiang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Lan Han
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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Ivanov A, Ejaz SA, Shah SJA, Ehlers P, Villinger A, Frank E, Schneider G, Wölfling J, Rahman Q, Iqbal J, Langer P. Synthesis, functionalization and biological activity of arylated derivatives of (+)-estrone. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:949-962. [PMID: 28034648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Various novel arylated estrone derivatives, such as 2-aryl-, 4-aryl- and 2,4-diaryl-estrones, by Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. While the synthesis of 4-arylestrones could be carried out under standard conditions, the synthesis of 2-arylestrones and 2,4-diarylestrones required a thorough optimization of the conditions and it proved to be important to use sterically encumbered biaryl ligands. The best results were obtained by the use of RuPhos. Combination of developed Suzuki coupling reactions with subsequent cyclization reactions afforded more complex hybrid structures, containing dibenzofuran, benzocoumarin and steroid moieties. These derivatives were tested as pancreatic lipase inhibitors and it was found that most of the compounds exhibited inhibition of pancreatic lipase but the maximum inhibitory potential was shown by 4-arylestrones. All of the synthesized derivatives showed inhibitory values in the range of 0.82±0.01-59.7±3.12μM. The biological activity was also rationalized on the bases of docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanov
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Syed Jawad Ali Shah
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Peter Ehlers
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V., Albert Einstein Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eva Frank
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Qamar Rahman
- Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Viraj Khand-5, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V., Albert Einstein Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Yao X, Lin Z, Jiang C, Gao M, Wang Q, Yao N, Ma Y, Li Y, Fang S, Shang X, Ni Y, Zhang J, Yin Z. Cyclocarya paliurus prevents high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia and obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:677-686. [PMID: 26203820 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (CP; qing qian liu), which is used as an herbal tea in China, has been confirmed to have therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia and obesity, and therefore it is widely consumed to prevent metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of CP on obesity and hyperlipidemia, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved in intestinal secretion of apolipoprotein (apo) B48. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and with or without various concentrations of an ethanol extract of CP (CPE; 2, 4, or 8 g·(kg body mass)(-1)) administered by gavage for 8 weeks. From the results we see that CPE dose-dependently blocked increases in body mass, and decreased food utilization as well as visceral fat mass. Decreased serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and elevated levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as lowered levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver were also noticed in CPE-treated rats. Magnetic resonance images indicated that the abnormal fat storage induced by the HFD was obviously suppressed by CPE. In addition, ELISA analysis showed reduced fasting serum apoB48 in the CPE treatment groups. Based on the above results, CPE shows a promising preventive effect on obesity and hyperlipidemia, partially through suppressing intestinal apoB48 overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yao
- a Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Zi Lin
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Meng Gao
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yao
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yonglan Ma
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- d College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xulan Shang
- d College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- e Theragnostic Laboratory, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jian Zhang
- c Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqi Yin
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Halpern B, Halpern A. Safety assessment of FDA-approved (orlistat and lorcaserin) anti-obesity medications. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:305-15. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.994502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tercel M, Stevenson RJ, Lu GL, Stribbling SM, Wilson WR, Tatnell MA, Marnane RN, Mountjoy KG, Denny WA. Weight loss effects of quaternary salts of 5-amino-1-(chloromethyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-benz[e]indoles; structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:734-49. [PMID: 22200344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary salt analogues based on the DNA minor groove binder and adenine N3 alkylating agent 5-amino-1-(chloromethyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-benz[e]indole (aminoCBI) show remarkable effects on the body weight of mice (a long-term failure to gain weight relative to matched controls with no loss of appetite or perceptible deterioration in health) following administration of a single (non-toxic) dose between about 0.5-5 μmol/kg. The nature of the quaternizing group was not important, but a related hydroxyCBI analogue was much less effective. Compounds where the chloro group was replaced by a hydrogen or hydroxy group (thus abrogating DNA alkylating capability) showed no weight control activity. It is speculated, based on other studies, that the marked long-term weight control effect is due to inhibition of bile flow into the intestine and reduced absorption of triglycerides, together with accelerated cell death in spleen and white adipose tissues due to drug accumulation there. This class of compound may serve as interesting tools for further study of these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Gonçalves R, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Study of the interaction of pancreatic lipase with procyanidins by optical and enzymatic methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11901-11906. [PMID: 21028873 DOI: 10.1021/jf103026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between porcine pancreatic lipase (PL) and grape seed procyanidins were studied by an enzymatic assay, fluorescence quenching, nephelometry, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). An inhibitory effect of grape seed procyanidins on lipase hydrolytic activity was found. Both the inhibition of lipase activity by procyanidins and the respective quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence increased with the average degree of polymerization of the tested procyanidins. The association between procyanidins and enzyme involves a specific interaction as inferred from the fluorescence assays despite not changing significantly the tertiary structure of the protein. For all tested procyanidins it was shown, both by DLS and by nephelometry, that an increase in aggregation occurs up to a stoichiometric maximum after which further procyanidin addition causes a decrease in aggregation of aggregates. The maximum size of aggregates was shown to be closely related to the maximum overall aggregation. It was also shown that the inhibition of enzyme activity is to a large extent independent of the formation of aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Christiansen A, Backensfeld T, Weitschies W. Effects of non-ionic surfactants on in vitro triglyceride digestion and their susceptibility to digestion by pancreatic enzymes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:376-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Mohammadi A, Haririan I, Rezanour N, Ghiasi L, Walker RB. A stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of orlistat in capsules. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1116:153-7. [PMID: 16603170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of orlistat in capsule dosage forms. An isocratic separation was achieved using a Perfectsil target ODS-3, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm particle size column with a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min and using a UV detector to monitor the eluate at 210 nm. The mobile phase consisted of methanol:acetonitrile:trifluoroacetic acid (82.5:17.5:0.01, v/v/v). The drug was subjected oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis and heat to apply stress conditions. Complete separation was achieved for the parent compound and all degradation products in an overall analytical run time of approximately 15 min with the parent compound orlistat eluting at approximately 9 min. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.02-0.75 mg/ml (r = 0.9998) with a limit of detection and quantitation 0.006 and 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. The method has the requisite accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity and precision to assay orlistat in capsules. Degradation products resulting from the stress studies did not interfere with the detection of orlistat and the assay is thus stability-indicating.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadi
- Department of Food and Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Dhal PK, Holmes-Farley SR, Huval CC, Jozefiak TH. Polymers as Drugs. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
The high incidence of obesity, its multifactorial nature, the complexity and lack of knowledge of the bodyweight control system, and the scarcity of adequate therapeutics have fuelled anti-obesity drug development during a considerable number of years. Irrespective of the efforts invested by researchers and companies, few products have reached a minimum level of effectiveness, and even fewer are available in medical practice. As a consequence of anti-obesity research, our knowledge of the bodyweight control system increased but, despite this, the pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity have not resulted yet in effective drugs. This review provides a panoramic of the multiple different approaches developed to obtain workable drugs. These approaches, however, rely in only four main lines of action: control of energy intake, mainly through modification of appetite;control of energy expenditure, essentially through the increase of thermogenesis;control of the availability of substrates to cells and tissues through hormonal and other metabolic factors controlling the fate of the available energy substrates; andcontrol of fat reserves through modulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis in white adipose tissue. A large proportion of current research is centred on neuropeptidic control of appetite, followed by the development of drugs controlling thermogenic mechanisms and analysis of the factors controlling adipocyte growth and fat storage. The adipocyte is also a fundamental source of metabolic signals, signals that can be intercepted, modulated and used to force the brain to adjust the mass of fat with the physiological means available. The large variety of different approaches used in the search for effective anti-obesity drugs show both the deep involvement of researchers on this field and the large amount of resources devoted to this problem by pharmaceutical companies. Future trends in anti-obesity drug research follow closely the approaches outlined; however, the increasing mass of information on the molecular basis of bodyweight control and obesity will in the end prevail in our search for effective and harmless anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Antonio Fernández-López
- Centre Especial de Recerca en Nutrició i Ciència dels Aliments, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of two diastereoisomeric phosphonate inhibitors of lamb pregastric lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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