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England E, Morris JW, Bussy C, Hancox JC, Shiels HA. The key characteristics of cardiotoxicity for the pervasive pollutant phenanthrene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133853. [PMID: 38503207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The key characteristic (KCs) framework has been used previously to assess the carcinogenicity and cardiotoxicity of various chemical and pharmacological agents. Here, the 12 KCs of cardiotoxicity are used to evaluate the previously reported cardiotoxicity of phenanthrene (Phe), a tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and major component of fossil fuel-derived air pollution. Phe is a semi-volatile pollutant existing in both the gas phase and particle phase through adsorption onto or into particulate matter (PM). Phe can translocate across the airways and gastrointestinal tract into the systemic circulation, enabling body-wide effects. Our evaluation based on a comprehensive literature review, indicates Phe exhibits 11 of the 12 KCs for cardiotoxicity. These include adverse effects on cardiac electromechanical performance, the vasculature and endothelium, immunomodulation and oxidative stress, and neuronal and endocrine control. Environmental agents that have similarly damaging effects on the cardiovascular system are heavily regulated and monitored, yet globally there is no air quality regulation specific for PAHs like Phe. Environmental monitoring of Phe is not the international standard with benzo[a]pyrene being frequently used as a proxy despite the two PAH species exhibiting significant differences in sources, concentration variations and toxic effects. The evidence summarised in this evaluation highlights the need to move away from proxied PAH measurements and develop a monitoring network capable of measuring Phe concentration. It also stresses the need to raise awareness amongst the medical community of the potential cardiovascular impact of PAH exposure. This will allow the production of mitigation strategies and possibly the development of new policies for the protection of the societal groups most vulnerable to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E England
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - J W Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - C Bussy
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection, and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - J C Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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2
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Bishnoi K, Rani P, Bishnoi NR. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage-irrigated vegetables from industrial cities in Haryana, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:337. [PMID: 38430315 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The majority of Indians consume a lot of vegetables because of their health advantages. High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables may be seriously harmful to consumers' health. The method for identifying and measuring 16 USEPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples of sewage-irrigated vegetables from three industrial cities in Haryana, India, is described in this research. Ultrasonication, liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane as a solvent, clean-up using a Florisil column, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector were all included in the process. The PAHs were successfully linearized (R2 > 0.99) at various doses. Results for PAH recovery ranged from 90 to about 100%. The limit of quantification was 0.002-0.580, and the limit of detection was 0.0006-0.174 µgkg-1. Data indicated that the highest mean concentrations of ∑16 PAHs were detected in Spinach (123.36 µgkg-1), in carrot (105.09 µgkg-1), and in cucumber (63.40 µgkg-1) among leafy, underground, and fruity vegetables, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bishnoi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
- Department of Environmental Studies, Government College for Women, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Pushpa Rani
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Narsi R Bishnoi
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
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3
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Huong Huynh TT, Tongkhao K, Hengniran P, Vangnai K. Assessment of High-temperature Refined Charcoal to Improve the Safety of Grilled Meat Through the Reduction of Carcinogenic PAHs. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100179. [PMID: 37839553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents mitigation strategies for reducing carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination levels in grilled meat using high-temperature refined charcoal (HTC) prepared by Iwate kiln, also known as high-quality charcoal. Four different types of HTC were investigated for their properties in conjunction with their potential to reduce PAHs in grilled meat, including high-temperature Eucalyptus charcoal (HTEC), Leucaena charcoal (HTLC), Acacia charcoal (HTAC), and bamboo charcoal (HTBC). The results showed that all HTCs had higher fixed carbon, higher heating value, and lower volatile compounds (83.07-87.81%, 7,306-7,765 Kcal/g, and 6.98-11.97%, respectively) than commercial low-temperature refined charcoal (LTC) (65.33%, 6,728 Kcal/g, and 22.22%, respectively). The current high fixed carbon content and heating value responded to the rising maximum temperature of charcoal up to 500-600°C, providing heat source stabilization to control the radiant energy exposure of charcoal during grilling, thereby shortening grilling time. The PAH16 value of the LTC-grilled sample (144.41 μg/kg) was significantly higher than that of the HTEC, HTLC, and HTAC-grilled samples (98.21, 80.75, and 79.56 μg/kg, respectively). However, PAH16 levels in the sample grilled with HTBC were unexpectedly high (265.75 μg/kg), and cooking loss was not significantly different between samples grilled with all charcoals. Overall, the findings indicated that using HTC prepared from Eucalyptus, Leucaena, and Acacia woods could reduce PAH contamination in grilled pork by up to 45%. However, more research is needed to determine the best preparation method for high-quality charcoal made from bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Huong Huynh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kullanart Tongkhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Hengniran
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kanithaporn Vangnai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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4
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Experimental Design and Multiple Response Optimization for the Extraction and Quantitation of Thirty-Four Priority Organic Micropollutants in Tomatoes through the QuEChERS Approach. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical contamination in fruit and vegetables represents a challenging analytical issue, with tomatoes deserving to be investigated as they are fundamental components of the Mediterranean diet. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs contamination is of serious concern, due to particulate deposition and to uptake from contaminated soils and water. However, time-consuming, non-simultaneous and/or non-eco-friendly extraction procedures are typically used to investigate organic contamination in tomatoes, with nitro-PAHs that have not yet been studied. Based on these premises, this work reports the development of a QuEChERS-based approach, coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, for the simultaneous determination of 16 PAHs, 14 PCBs and 4 nitro-PAHs in three tomato cultivars. The effect of dichloromethane, cyclohexane and acetone, as well as of four clean-up phases were studied through the advanced combination of full factorial experimental design and multiple response optimization approaches. The final protocol, based on cyclohexane extraction followed by a double purification step with primary secondary amine and octadecyl silica and a sulfuric acid oxidation, led to 60–120% recoveries (RSD% < 15%). Good repeatability (inter-day precision <15%) and negligible matrix effect (<16%) were confirmed and the protocol was applied to the analysis of real tomato samples purchased in a local market.
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5
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Naghashan M, Kargarghomsheh P, Nazari RR, Mehraie A, Tooryan F, Shariatifar N. Health risk assessment of PAHs in fruit juice samples marketed in city of Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:20077-20088. [PMID: 36251183 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the level of 16 PAHs in fruit juice samples (orange, apple, peach, pineapple, and mango) with three different packages (PET bottle, Tetra Pak, and canned packaging) by using MSPE/GC-MS (magnetic solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) method. In this method limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), and recovery were 0.030-0.280 μg/L, 0.090-0.840 μg/L, and 94.8-102%, respectively. Our results showed the median of total PAHs and PAH4 (in all samples) were 7.67 ± 3.19 and 0.370 ± 0.160 μg/L, respectively. The median of BaP in samples was )0.060 ± 0.030 μg/L( lower than the standard level (0.200 μg/L in drinking water) of US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Also, our results showed that pineapple juice had a maximum median of total PAHs of 12.4 ± 4.84 μg/L and mango juice had a minimum median of total PAHs of 5.17 ± 1.24 μg/L. Additionally, canned packaging had a maximum average total PAHs of 10.6 ± 5.22 μg/L and PET bottles had a minimum average total PAH of 5.25 ± 2.03 μg/L. A heat map approach was also used to cluster samples. The Monte Carlo results indicated that the estimated daily intake (EDI) rank order was Na > B(g)P > Ch > I(cd)P > B(b)F > Ph > B(k)F > F > Ace > Fl > B(a)P > B(a)A > P >A. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) results showed the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) at the 95th percentiles for adults and children was 4.91 × 10-7 and 9.12 × 10-7, respectively. It is concluded that the concentration of PAHs compounds in Iranian fruit juices is lower than the existing standards, and in terms of the risk of carcinogenesis, it does not threaten the human health (< 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Naghashan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pegah Kargarghomsheh
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | | | - Abbas Mehraie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Tooryan
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Graduate Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Adeyemi JA, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Barbosa F. Legacy and emerging pollutants in Latin America: A critical review of occurrence and levels in environmental and food samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157774. [PMID: 35932867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The increase and indiscriminate use of personal care products, food products, fertilizers, pesticides, and health products, among others, have resulted/are resulting in extensive environmental contamination. Most of these products contain traces of widespread chemicals, usually known as emerging pollutants (EPs) or pollutants of emerging concern (PEC). The Latin American (LA) region comprises 20 countries with different social and cultural aspects, with 81 % of the population living in urban areas. The LA region has some countries on the top list of users/consumers of EPs, from pesticides and fertilizers to personal care products. However, there is a gap in information related to the distribution of EPs in the environment of this region, with very few existing review texts exploring this issue. Therefore, this present paper advances this approach. An exhaustive literature review, with the selection of 176 documents, provided unique up-to-date information on the presence/distribution of 17 classes of legacy or emerging pollutants in different food and environmental matrices (soil, sediment, water, and air). The study shows that the wide distribution and recorded levels of these pollutants in the continental environment are potential risks to human health, mainly through food and drinking water ingestion. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are pollutants of deep public concern since they show carcinogenic properties. Several classes of pollutants, like endocrine disruptors, have caused harmful effects on humans and the environment. Besides that, pharmaceutical products and pesticides are compounds of high consumption worldwide, being environmental contamination a real and ongoing possibility. Finally, gaps and future research needs are deeply pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Luis Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Al-Nasir F, Hijazin TJ, Al-Alawi MM, Jiries A, Al-Madanat OY, Mayyas A, A. Al-Dalain S, Al-Dmour R, Alahmad A, Batarseh MI. Accumulation, Source Identification, and Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Jordanian Vegetables. TOXICS 2022; 10:643. [PMID: 36355935 PMCID: PMC9692249 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in plants is considered one of the most serious threats faced by mankind because of their persistence in the environment and their carcinogenic and teratogenic effect on human health. The concentrations of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) were determined in four types of edible vegetables (tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, and cucumbers), irrigation water, and agriculture soil, where samples were collected from the Jordan Valley, Jordan. The mean total concentration of 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 10.649 to 21.774 µg kg−1 in vegetables, 28.72 µg kg−1 in soil, and 0.218 µg L−1 in the water samples. The tomato samples posed the highest ∑16PAH concentration level in the vegetables, whereas the zucchini samples had the lowest. Generally, the PAHs with a high molecular weight and four or more benzene rings prevailed among the studied samples. The diagnostic ratios and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the PAH contamination sources in soil and vegetables mainly originated from a pyrogenic origin, traffic emission sources, and biomass combustion. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) for ∑16PAHs have been observed in the order of tomatoes > cucumbers and eggplants > zucchini. A potential cancer risk related to lifetime consumption was revealed based on calculating the incremental lifetime cancer risk of PAHs (ILCR). Therefore, sustainable agricultural practices and avoiding biomass combusting would greatly help in minimizing the potential health risk from dietary exposure to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farh Al-Nasir
- Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Tahani J. Hijazin
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | | | - Anwar Jiries
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Osama Y. Al-Madanat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
- Prince Faisal Center for the Dead Sea, Environmental and Energy Research, Mutah 61710, Jordan
| | - Amal Mayyas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, Amman 11821, Jordan
| | - Saddam A. Al-Dalain
- Al-Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Rasha Al-Dmour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Abdalrahim Alahmad
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mufeed I. Batarseh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
- Academic Support Department, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 111499, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Polak-Śliwińska M, Paszczyk B, Śliwiński M. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Cheeses Made in Poland by HPLC Method. Molecules 2022; 27:6909. [PMID: 36296506 PMCID: PMC9608266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoked cheeses are particularly popular among consumers for their flavor and aroma. Of interest, therefore, is the health aspect related to the likelihood of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are known carcinogens found in smoked products. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked and non-smoked cheeses purchased in Poland to monitor their safety. The level of selected PAHs in cheese samples was determined using the HPLC-DAD-FLD method. Most of the cheeses tested met the maximum level of benzo[a]pyrene (2 μg/kg) and the sum of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene (12 μg/kg) established for these products. However, all the cheeses studied in this work had relatively low amounts of the sum of these compounds compared to the information available in the cheese literature, ranging from
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
- Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Beata Paszczyk
- Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Śliwiński
- Dairy Industry Innovation Institute Ltd., Kormoranów 1, 11-700 Mrągowo, Poland
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9
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Kacmaz S, Altiok E, Altiok D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Turkey: Quantitative Analysis, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Assessment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kacmaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Evren Altiok
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Duygu Altiok
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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10
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in citrus fruit irrigated with fresh water under arid conditions: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in black, green and fruit flavored tea in Turkey. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Singh L, Kumar A, Agarwal T. Study of Influential Parameters for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on a Non-specific C18 Column by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Neves DA, Oliveira WDS, Petrarca MH, Rodrigues MI, Godoy HT. A multivariate approach to overcome chlorophyll interferences in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in jambu (Acmella olerarea (L.) R.K. Jansen). J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Ji J, Zhang Y, Sun S, Liu X. Concentrations of the 16 US EPA PAHs in 86 Vegetable Oil Samples. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1998154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shangde Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
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15
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Tesi GO, Iniaghe PO, Lari B, Obi-Iyeke G, Ossai JC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leafy vegetables consumed in southern Nigeria: concentration, risk assessment and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:443. [PMID: 34169353 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four commonly consumed leafy vegetables, obtained from four major cities in southern Nigeria, were analysed for their polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAH) content using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR); principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios (DRs) were respectively used for risk evaluation and source identification of the detected PAHs. The results showed that the mean concentration (µg kg-1) of ∑16 PAHs in the vegetables ranged from 532 to 2261. The EDI values ranged from 459 to 4876, 1809 to 8378, 2733 to 13,036 and 4143 to 12,568 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), PAH2, PAH4, and PAH8 for children exposure respectively, and from 115 to 1219, 452 to 2095, 683 to 3259 and 1036 to 3142 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for adult exposure respectively. The estimated MOE values were < 10,000, indicating that the vegetables were unsuitable for consumption. The HI values were < 1, suggesting that there were no potential non-carcinogenic risks, but the total cancer risk values (> 1 × 10-6) designated carcinogenic risk of PAHs with consumption of these vegetables. The DR and PCA result showed that PAHs originated from high-temperature pyrogenic processes and vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bulouebibo Lari
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Grace Obi-Iyeke
- Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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16
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Wu N, Gao W, Yang Q, Qiao X, Cai Y, Gong J. Transfer of European Union priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to lycopene extracted from tomato peel powder and assessment of the risks posed. Food Chem 2021; 357:129785. [PMID: 33892352 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tomato peel is a promising source of lycopene. Benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and chrysene (PAH 4) are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) classed as priority pollutants by the European Union that can be sorbed by tomato peel and transferred to lycopene products. Here, the transfer of PAH 4 to extracted lycopene was assessed. Between 77.69% and 102.99% of PAH 4 in tomato peel was transferred to tomato oleoresin. The PAH transfer rate was closely related to the log (octanol-water partition coefficient). PAH partitioning depended on the PAH solubility in the different phases used. Only 0.028%-0.058% of the PAHs entered lycopene crystals, the rest remaining in the residue. This indicated that crystallization efficiently excluded PAH 4. Lycopene crystals 96.71% pure were produced that could be used in various commercial products. An exposure and risk assessment indicated that PAH 4 in lycopene do not pose strong risks to people consuming lycopene microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- Chenguang Biotech Group Corporation Limited, Handan 057250, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Plant Resources in Hebei Province, Chenguang Biotech Group Corporation Limited, Handan 057250, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Qingshan Yang
- Hebei Chenguang Testing Technology Service Corporation Limited, Handan 057250, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xuanxuan Qiao
- Chenguang Biotech Group Corporation Limited, Handan 057250, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yayuan Cai
- Chenguang Biotech Group Corporation Limited, Handan 057250, Hebei, PR China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Mubeen Z, Bhatti IA, Bhatti HN, Asghar M. Barbecued desi chicken: an investigation on the impact of polluted milieu upon formation and ingestion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercial versus laboratory barbecued organs along with stochastic cancer risk assessments in people from an industrial district of Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4216-4228. [PMID: 32936407 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
8∑PAHs in 2- and 4-month-old desi chicken organs collected from Faisalabad district, Punjab, Pakistan, were examined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Exposure doses (AVDD) of PAHs with consequential lifetime excess cancer risks (LtECR) were also estimated in people ingesting laboratory barbecued (Lb) and commercially barbecued (Cb) desi meat organs. The results exposed the presence of 8ΣPAH in 2- and 4-month-old Lb and Cb chicken organs: drumsticks (Ds), breast (BS), and wings (Ws) (0.45, 3.10, 0.97 ng g-1; 2.52, 4.31, 1.22 ng g-1; and 10.09, 15.04, and 9.06 ng g-1 respectively). BαP was found only in Cb organs with the highest concentrations (5.08 ng g-1) in Bs. It was above the EU's tolerable limit, while it was not detected in all Lb organs. The lowest level of 8ΣPAH was found in 2-month-old desi Ws. A comparative percentage increase in 8ΣPAH levels between all Lb and Cb organs was found in the range of 1500-2416.67%. LtECR for males and adults were ranging from 1.35 × E-13 to 4.49 × E-5 at different consumption rates with AVDD ranging from 1.08 E-6 to 6.01 E-5. In contrast to 2- and 4- month-old chicken meat, 2-month-old desi meat is better having less PAH load. Comparing different organs, Ws of former one displayed abridged PAH levels. In conclusion, Lb desi meat is less carcinogenic relative to Cb. More PAH levels are due to secondary smoke in Cb samples collected from the metropolitan. Ingestion of Lb 2-month-old desi chicken organs could be safe to dine as compared with 4-month-old desi and Cb organs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Mubeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Haq Nawaz Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38040, Pakistan
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18
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Fazeli F, Seyedain Ardabili SM, Piravivanak Z, Honarvar M, Mooraki N. The effect of the smoking process on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contents in Hashemi and Domsiah rice cultivars. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fazeli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Zahra Piravivanak
- Department of Food, Halal and Agricultural Products Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center Standard Research Institute (SRI) Karaj Iran
| | - Masoud Honarvar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Nargess Mooraki
- Department of Fisheries Science College of Marine Science and Technology North Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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19
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Wu P, Zhang L, Hu Z, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Contamination of 15+1 European Union polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various types of tea and their infusions purchased on Hangzhou city market in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1621-1632. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1784469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinggu Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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20
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Falsafi Z, Raofie F, Ariya PA. Supercritical fluid extraction followed by supramolecular solvent microextraction as a fast and efficient preconcentration method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in apple peels. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1154-1163. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Falsafi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and pollutantsShahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran
| | - Farhad Raofie
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and pollutantsShahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran
| | - Parisa A. Ariya
- Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesMcGill University Montreal PQ Canada
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21
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Nie W, Cai K, Li Y, Tu Z, Hu B, Zhou C, Chen C, Jiang S. Study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons generated from fatty acids by a model system. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3548-3554. [PMID: 30623971 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced from various fatty acids, as important components of fats and oils, at high temperature are still little known. The reason is because the existing data are from experiments conducted in complex food systems. In this study, 12 PAHs produced from nine fatty acids, representing saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were investigated in a model system heated at 98, 165 and 240 °C. RESULTS SFAs can with difficulty be pyrolyzed to generate PAHs at 98 °C, but small amounts of PAHs were determined in MUFAs (44.97 µg kg-1 ) and PUFAs (177.73 µg kg-1 ). When the temperature reached 165 °C, there were totals of 27.59, 142.8 and 449.68 µg kg-1 PAHs assayed in SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs, respectively. The amounts of PAHs generated from SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs at 240 °C were higher when compared with those of the 165 °C group (P < 0.05). With an increase of heating temperature, the proportion of PAHs with four to five rings increased. Under the same heating conditions, the concentration of PAHs in fatty acids increased with an increase in the number of double bonds. CONCLUSIONS More PAHs, especially carcinogenic ones with four to five rings, will be produced in fatty acids heated at higher temperature. The content of PAHs generated from fatty acids increased with an increase in the number of double bonds. This study will increase the understanding of the production characteristics of PAHs from various fatty acids under heating condition. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Nie
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Kezhou Cai
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuzhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zehui Tu
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Anhui Grain & Oil Quality Inspection Station, China National Supervision and Examination Center for Foodstuff Quality, Hefei, China
| | - Cunliu Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Conggui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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22
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Lee YN, Lee S, Kim JS, Kumar Patra J, Shin HS. Chemical analysis techniques and investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit, vegetables and meats and their products. Food Chem 2019; 277:156-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Trends of research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food: A 20-year perspective from 1997 to 2017. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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24
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SILVA LDS, RESENDE O, BESSA JFV, BEZERRA IMC, TFOUNI SAV. Ozone in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.06817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Osvaldo RESENDE
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Brasil
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25
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Jia J, Bi C, Zhang J, Jin X, Chen Z. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables near industrial areas of Shanghai, China: Sources, exposure, and cancer risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:750-758. [PMID: 29908499 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary consumption of contaminated vegetables may contribute to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in humans; however, this exposure pathway has not been examined thoroughly. This study aims to characterize the concentrations of PAHs in six types of vegetables grown near industrial facilities in Shanghai, China. We analyzed 16 individual PAHs on the US EPA priority list, and the total concentration in vegetables ranged from 65.7 to 458.0 ng g-1 in the following order: leafy vegetables (romaine lettuce, Chinese cabbage and Shanghai green cabbage) > stem vegetables (lettuce) > seed and pod vegetables (broad bean) > rhizome vegetables (daikon). Vegetable species, wind direction, and local anthropogenic emissions were determinants of PAH concentrations in the edible part of the vegetable. Using isomer ratios and principal component analysis, PAHs in the vegetables were determined to be mainly from coal and wood combustion. The sources of PAHs in the six types of vegetables varied. Daily ingestion of PAHs due to dietary consumption of these vegetables ranged from 0.71 to 14.06 ng d-1 kg-1, with contributions from Chinese cabbage > broad bean > romaine > Shanghai green cabbage > lettuce > daikon. The daily intake doses adjusted by body weight in children were higher than those in teenagers and adults. Moreover, in adults, higher concentrations of PAHs were found in females than in males. For individuals of different age and gender, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) from consuming these six vegetables ranged from 4.47 × 10-7 to 6.39 × 10-5. Most were higher than the acceptable risk level of 1 × 10-6. Our findings demonstrate that planting vegetables near industrial facilities may pose potential cancer risks to those who consume the vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; The Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chunjuan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- The Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaopei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Paris A, Ledauphin J, Lopez C, Hennequin D, Gaillard JL. Trace amount determination of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits: Extraction and analytical approaches. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Benson NU, Fred-Ahmadu OH, Olugbuyiro JA, Anake WU, Adedapo AE, Olajire AA. Concentrations, sources and risk characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in green, herbal and black tea products in Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Paris A, Ledauphin J, Poinot P, Gaillard JL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables: Origin, analysis, and occurrence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:96-106. [PMID: 29172043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Feed intake, for non-smokers, is the first route of contamination to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are potentially toxic compounds via ingestion. Investigations are focused on the presence of PAHs in fruits and vegetables. Transfer of PAHs can occur from air and soil during cultivation. They can also appear prior to consumption during storage, transport or cooking processes. Rather low amounts of PAHs are usually detected in raw fruits and vegetables. Quantities are between 0.01 and 0.5 μg kg-1 (wet weight) for compounds classified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, several studies point out that concentrations of some PAHs can exceed 0.5 μg kg-1 wet weight in diverse fruits and vegetables and even reach 5 μg kg-1. Amounts can be very different depending on the surrounding area of the crops, the aromatic hydrocarbon, or even the product itself. PAHs content is usually higher for products grown near roadways or in urban regions than in rural areas. Trace level of compounds such as phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene have been found in quite every raw fruit and vegetable. Relative high amounts of lighter PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene have been found in some of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Paris
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (UR ABTE, EA 4651), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Ledauphin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (UR ABTE, EA 4651), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pauline Poinot
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, Equipe Eau, Géochimie Organique, Santé (EGS), 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gaillard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (UR ABTE, EA 4651), 14000 Caen, France.
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29
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Wang L, Li C, Jiao B, Li Q, Su H, Wang J, Jin F. Halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables: Levels, dietary intakes, and health risk assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:288-295. [PMID: 29121577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) are attracting increasing concern because of their greater toxicity than their corresponding parent PAHs. However, human exposure to HPAHs via food consumption is not fully understood. In this study, daily intake via vegetable ingestion of 11 HPAHs and 16 PAHs and subsequent cancer risk were assessed for population in Beijing. A total of 80 vegetable samples were purchased from markets, including five leafy vegetables and three root vegetables. The concentrations of total HPAHs (∑HPAHs) were 0.357-0.874ng/g in all vegetables, lower than that of total PAHs (∑PAHs, 10.6-47.4ng/g). ∑HPAHs and ∑PAHs concentrations in leafy vegetables were higher than those in root vegetables, suggesting that the atmospheric deposition might be the dominant source of PAHs and HPAHs in leafy vegetables. Among the HPAH congeners, 2-BrFle and 9-ClFle were the predominant compounds and frequently detected in the vegetable samples. HPAHs and PAHs were also found in certificated vegetables at the concentrations of 0.466-0.751ng/g and 10.6-38.9ng/g, respectively, which were lower than those in non-certificated vegetables except for spinach. For leafy vegetables from local farms, the ∑PAHs and ∑HPAHs levels in the rape and Chinese cabbage samples significantly decreased with increasing the distance away from the incineration plant. The incremental lifetime cancer risks of HPAHs were below the acceptable risk level (10-6), suggesting that there might be little or no risk to consumers from these compounds in vegetables. For all population groups, children were the most sensitive population to PAHs and HPAHs, and their health issues should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Agriculture Quality Standards & Testing Technique, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bining Jiao
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiwan Li
- Institute of Agriculture Quality Standards & Testing Technique, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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30
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Ekhator OC, Udowelle NA, Igbiri S, Asomugha RN, Frazzoli C, Orisakwe OE. Street foods exacerbate effects of the environmental burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5529-5538. [PMID: 29218577 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of well-known toxicants with carcinogenic potential and other health effects including on the immune system. The high health risks of non-communicable diseases and relevant comorbidities in Africa, particularly in contaminated areas like e-waste and crude oil and gas exploration areas and for high consumers of food commodity groupings which are most critical for PAH exposure, are exacerbated by dietary exposure due to unsafe practices in commonly consumed foods, like those street vended.In February 2016, 20 commonly consumed street foods were purchased directly from vendors at major bus stops in Benin City and Umunede in Nigeria. The concentration of 16 priority PAHs was determined. The dietary intake of B[a]P, ∑PAH, PAH4, PAH8, and ∑B(a)Peq was estimated for children, peripubertal children/adolescent, and adult using the total diet study (TDS) method. Among the analyzed PAHs, there was a predominance of chrysene (17.42 μg/kg). Roasted yam (14.15 μg/kg) and fried fish (1.40 μg/kg) had the highest levels of ∑PAH and B[a]P, respectively. The mean concentration of B[a]P, ∑PAH, PAH4, PAH8, and ∑B(a)Peq ranged from 0.65-1.40 μg/kg, 0.20-14.15 μg/kg, 0.43-5.22 μg/kg, 0.13-7.88 μg/kg, and 0.002-2.123 μg/kg, respectively. The mean concentration of B[a]P and PAH4 reported in this study was below the maximum allowable levels of 5 and 12 μg/kg for adults and above the maximum levels for young children set at 1.0 μg/kg for both B[a]P and PAH4 in food. The estimated dietary intake of B[a]P, ∑PAH, PAH4, PAH8, and ∑B(a)Peq for adult, adolescent, and children was 0.56, 0.37, and 0.31 μg/day; 17.6, 10.7, and 8.81 μg/day; 5.78, 4.01, and 3.26 μg/day; 9.22, 6.19, and 5.09 μg/day; and 1.72, 0.97, and 0.82 μg/day, respectively.Street foods represent one important source of PAHs. The exposure occurring through street food compounds with that from home-made foods, environmental pollution, and lifestyle (tobacco smoke) is making up an aggregate daily exposure in the general population.The incremental lifetime cancer risk for adults and children from the consumption of street food was 7.6 × 10-8 and 2.1 × 10-8, respectively. Along with initiatives to manage environmental contamination and promote healthier lifestyle, people should be empowered on healthy cooking practices and safe food cookery environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osazuwa Clinton Ekhator
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka Arinze Udowelle
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Sorbari Igbiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Rose Ngozi Asomugha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging-Associated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy.
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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31
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Molle DR, Abballe C, Gomes FM, Furlani RP, Tfouni SA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in canola, sunflower and corn oils and estimated daily intake. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Adulteration and Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Sold on the Brazilian Market. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-017-3046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Paz APSD, Nascimento ECP, Marcondes HC, Silva MCFD, Hamoy M, Mello VJD. Presença de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em produtos alimentícios e a sua relação com o método de cocção e a natureza do alimento. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPA) podem estar associados à carcinogênese em humanos. Tais compostos penetram no organismo pelo trato gastrointestinal, o que faz da dieta uma importante via de contaminação. O objetivo desta revisão é analisar a relação entre a formação/ingestão desses compostos e a alimentação. Foi encontrada associação direta do método de cocção empregado com o aumento dos níveis de HPA nos alimentos e a formação de novos compostos. A fonte térmica aplicada, a composição do alimento, o tipo de óleo utilizado, especialmente nos processos de fritura, bem como o tipo de tratamento empregado ao alimento antes da cocção, são fatores que influenciam o teor de HPA no produto final. A legislação brasileira é pouco abrangente em relação a esses compostos e a necessidade de ampliação das normas nacionais se torna ainda mais evidente quando este tema é visto como uma questão de Segurança de Alimentos.
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Stankov Jovanović V, Mitić V, Ćirić S, Ilić M, Nikolic J, Dimitrijević M, Stojanović G. Optimized Ultrasonic Extraction for the Determination of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1293677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Stankov Jovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - V. Mitić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - S. Ćirić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - M. Ilić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - J. Nikolic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - M. Dimitrijević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - G. Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Yi JY, Kim HJ, Chung MS. Manufacture of low-benzo(a)pyrene sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) oil using a self-designed apparatus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173585. [PMID: 28278179 PMCID: PMC5344456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to lower benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) contents in sesame seed oil (SSO) during manufacture by using a self-designed apparatus, to determine its optimal conditions, and to analyze antioxidants in SSO which might be related to BaP content reduction. Washing and spin-drying steps reduce exogenous BaP contamination, and the reduced moisture in seeds lowered BaP content in final SSO. A ventilation system in the roasting step inhibits BaP formation and reabsorption, followed by a controlled compression step. The optimal condition, a single washing cycle with 2-min spin-drying, 1350-rpm ventilation, and a single compression cycle, reduced the BaP content in SSO to 2.93 μg/kg, where the raw seeds had been spiked with 10-μg/kg BaP. Total phenolic contents showed a reversal pattern to the distribution of BaP contents. Sesamol and sesamolin were quantified by a high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector, and it was suggested that sesamol which is a strong antioxidant might have prevented BaP formation during the roasting step. This study enabled the commercial production of low-BaP SSO, and the data could be used in further investigations of the BaP content reduction mechanism with quantitative chemical analysis of the SSO composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Yi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Ju Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myong-Soo Chung
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Park SW, Jeong JH, Her JY, Kim MK, Lee KG. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and risk assessment for food from service facilities in Korea. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:143-148. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1284159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Woong Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Her
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina K. Kim
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Geun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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37
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Ince M, Kaplan Ince O, Yaman M. Optimization of an Analytical Method for Determination of Pyrene in Smoked Meat Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Hao X, Yin Y, Feng S, Du X, Yu J, Yao Z. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food oils in Beijing catering services. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24932-24942. [PMID: 27665461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 48 oil samples randomly collected from 30 catering services that employ six cooking methods were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These 16 PAHs were detected in almost all of the samples. The levels of Σ16PAHs, Σ4PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and total BaP equivalents (ΣBaPeq) for the six cooking methods exceeded the legal limit. The concentrations of Σ4PAHs were approximately 9.5 to 16.4 times the legal limit proposed by the European Commission (Off J Eur Union 215:4-8, 2011), and the level of BaP exceeded the national standard in China by 4.7- to 10.6-fold, particularly in oil from fried foods. Low molecular weight PAHs (LMW PAHs) were predominant in fried food oil from different catering services and accounted for 94.8 % of these oils, and the ΣBaPeq of the high molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) was 11.5-fold higher than that of the LMW PAHs. The concentrations of Σ16PAHs (3751.9-7585.8 μg/kg), Σ4PAHs (144.6-195.7 μg/kg), BaP (79.7-135.8 μg/kg), and ΣBaPeq (231.0-265.4 μg/kg) were highest in the samples from fast food restaurants/buffets (FB), followed by those from fried food stalls (FS) and then cooking restaurants/cafeterias (RC). The results of this study suggest that the government should strengthen control and supervision of PAH contamination in food and edible oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Sijie Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xu Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jingyi Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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40
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Yebra-Pimentel I, Fernández-González R, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about the Health Risk Assessment of PAHs and Their Metabolites in Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1383-405. [PMID: 24915328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.697497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Yebra-Pimentel
- a Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology , University of Vigo , Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense , Spain
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41
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42
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in yerba maté ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) traditional infusions ( mate and tereré ). Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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43
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Zelinkova Z, Wenzl T. The Occurrence of 16 EPA PAHs in Food - A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015; 35:248-284. [PMID: 26681897 PMCID: PMC4673601 DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.918550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been extensively studied in countries all over the world. PAHs generally occur in complex mixtures which may consist of hundreds of compounds. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed in the 1970 to monitor a set of 16 PAHs which are frequently found in environmental samples. This article reviews the suitability of the 16 EPA PAHs for the assessment of potential health threats to humans stemming from the exposure to PAHs by food ingestion. It presents details on analysis methods, the occurrence of PAHs in food, regulatory aspects, and related risk management approaches. In addition, consideration is given to newer evaluations of the toxicity of PAHs and the requirements for risk assessment and management stemming from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zelinkova
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Food Bioscience Unit , Geel , Belgium
| | - Thomas Wenzl
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Food Bioscience Unit , Geel , Belgium
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44
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Bansal V, Kim KH. Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:26-38. [PMID: 26203892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Public concern over the deleterious effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has grown rapidly due to recognition of their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. The aim of this review is to describe the status of PAH pollution among different food types, the route of dietary intake, measures for its reduction, and legislative approaches to control PAH. To this end, a comprehensive review is outlined to evaluate the status of PAH contamination in many important food categories along with dietary recommendations. Our discussion is also extended to describe preventive measures to reduce PAH in food products to help reduce the risks associated with human intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Bansal
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Zelinkova Z, Wenzl T. EU marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food supplements: analytical approach and occurrence. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1914-26. [PMID: 26467752 PMCID: PMC4673576 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1087059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Several food supplements comprising botanical, oil and bee products collected from retail markets in different countries were tested for the occurrence of 4 EU marker Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene). A robust GC/MS-based stable-isotope dilution method was used taking into account the differences in the type of matrices. The accuracy of the results was assessed by implementing several quality control tools. Sixty-eight samples of 94 analysed products exceeded the level of 0.5 μg/kg for the sum of the four EU marker PAHs (ΣPAH4). Benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the limit of quantification in 49 samples. The PAH with the highest abundance in all products was chrysene. On average, propolis extracts and other bee products showed relatively high levels of ΣPAH4 (mean 188.2 μg/kg), whereas the contamination levels of fish oil supplements were very low or mostly undetectable. Considerably high ΣPAH4 amounts found in some samples could remarkably increase the daily exposure of consumers to PAHs, demonstrating the need for continuous monitoring of ΣPAH4 in food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zelinkova
- a European Commission, Joint Research Centre , Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Food Bioscience Unit , Geel , Belgium
| | - Thomas Wenzl
- a European Commission, Joint Research Centre , Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Food Bioscience Unit , Geel , Belgium
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46
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Soceanu A, Dobrinas S, Popescu V. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Romanian Baby Foods and Fruits. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.988275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Soceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering“Ovidius” University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
| | - S. Dobrinas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering“Ovidius” University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
| | - V. Popescu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering“Ovidius” University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
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47
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Li Y, Shen F, Guo H, Wang Z, Yang G, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Deng S. Phytotoxicity assessment on corn stover biochar, derived from fast pyrolysis, based on seed germination, early growth, and potential plant cell damage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9534-9543. [PMID: 25628114 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential phytotoxicity of water extractable toxicants in a typical corn stover biochar, the product of fast pyrolysis, was investigated using an aqueous biochar extract on a soil-less bioassay with tomato plants. The biochar dosage of 0.0-16.0 g beaker(-1) resulted in an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between biochar doasage and seed germination/seedling growth. This indicated that tomato growth was slightly stimulated by low dosages of biochar and inhibited with higher dosages of biochar. Additionally, antioxidant enzyme activities in the roots and leaves were enhanced at lower dosages, but rapidly decreased with higher dosages of biochar. With the increased dosages of biochar, the malondialdehyde content in the roots and leaves increased, in addition with the observed morphology of necrotic root cells, suggesting that serious damage to tomato seedlings occurred. EC50 of root length inhibition occurred with biochar dosages of 9.2 g beaker(-1) (3.5th day) and 16.7 g beaker(-1) (11th day) (equivalent to 82.8 and 150.3 t ha(-1), respectively), which implied that toxicity to the early growth of tomato can potentially be alleviated as the plant grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University-Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
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48
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Attanayake CP, Hettiarachchi GM, Martin S, Pierzynski GM. Potential bioavailability of lead, arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in compost-amended urban soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:930-44. [PMID: 26024273 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.09.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Urban soils may contain harmful concentrations of contaminants, such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), that can transfer from soil to humans via soil ingestion and consumption of food crops grown in such soils. The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of adding different compost types to reduce both direct (soil-human) and indirect (soil-plant-human) exposure of Pb, As, and PAHs to humans. A field experiment was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at an urban garden site with elevated concentrations of Pb (475 mg kg), As (95 mg kg), and PAHs (23-50 mg kg). Soil amendments were composted biosolids, noncomposted biosolids, mushroom compost, leaf compost, and a nonamended control. Collard greens, tomatoes, and carrots were then grown in the amended and nonamended soils and nonamended soils that received urea in 2011. At the beginning of the second season, N-P-K fertilizer was added to all plots. The potential for direct and indirect exposure was evaluated. Soil Pb bioaccessibility was 1 to 4.3%, and As bioaccessibility was 7.3 to 12.3%. Composted biosolids reduced the bioaccessibility of soil Pb by ∼17% compared with the control but temporarily increased the bioaccessibility of As by ∼ 69% compared with the control when soluble inorganic P concentration in soil was elevated by P fertilizer application in 2012. The bioaccessibility of soil Pb decreased by ∼38% in all treatments when soluble inorganic P concentration in soil was elevated by P fertilizer. Compost amendments reduced the concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs in soil. Regardless of the treatments, the concentrations of Pb, As, and PAHs measured in the vegetables were low or nondetectable, except for Pb in carrots. Consumption of vegetables grown at this site will cause insignificant transfer of Pb, As, and PAHs to humans.
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Daresta BE, Italiano F, Gennaro GD, Trotta M, Tutino M, Veronico P. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) effect on the growth of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Roma plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:37-42. [PMID: 24955951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the direct effect of atmospheric particulate matter on plant growth. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were grown for 18d directly on PM10 collected on quartz fiber filters. Organic and elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contents were analyzed on all the tested filters. The toxicity indicators (i.e., seed germination, root elongation, shoot and/or fresh root weight, chlorophyll and carotenoids content) were quantified to study the negative and/or positive effects in the plants via root uptake. Substantial differences were found in the growth of the root apparatus with respect to that of the control plants. A 17-58% decrease of primary root elongation, a large amount of secondary roots and a decrease in shoot (32%) and root (53-70%) weights were found. Quantitative analysis of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated that an oxidative burst in response to abiotic stress occurred in roots directly grown on PM10, and this detrimental effect was also confirmed by the findings on the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Elisabetta Daresta
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Italiano
- CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi de Gennaro
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, 70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Trotta
- CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tutino
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione dell'Ambiente (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqua Veronico
- CNR, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, via G. Amendola 122/d, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Adisa A, Jimenez A, Woodham C, Anthony K, Nguyen T, Saleh MA. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dry tea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:552-559. [PMID: 26065515 PMCID: PMC4881431 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1028832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight different tea samples sold in the United States were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) for their contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Many PAHs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties and have been related to several kinds of cancer in man and experimental animals. The presence of PAHs in environmental samples such as water, sediments, and particulate air has been extensively studied, but food samples have received little attention. Eighteen PAHs congeners were analyzed, with percentage recovery higher than 85%. Contamination expressed as the sum of the 18 analyzed PAHs was between 101 and 1337 μg/kg on dry mass and the average contents in all of the 28 examined samples was 300 μg/kg on dry mass. Seven of the congeners were found in all samples with wide ranges of concentrations as follows: fluorene (7-48 μg/kg), anthracene (1-31 μg/kg), pyrene (1-970 μg/kg), benzo(a)anthracene (1-18 μg/kg) chrysene (17-365 μg/kg), benzo(a)pyrene (1-29 μg/kg), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (4-119 μg/kg). The two most toxic congeners benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene were found at high concentrations only in Earl Grey Twinnings, Earl Grey Harney& Sons Fine Teas, and Chai Ultra Spice Black Tea Twinnings. Six PAH congeners are considered as suspected carcinogens (U.S.EPA), formed the basis of the estimation of the toxic equivalent (TEQ), Chai Ultra-Spice Black Tea Twinnings had the highest TEQ (110.9) followed by two grey tea samples, Earl Grey Harney & Sons Fine Tea (57.7) and Earl Grey Twinnings (54.5). Decaffeinated grey teas had the lowest TEQs, decaffeinated Earl Grey Bigelow (9.4) and Green Tea Honey Lemon Decaffeinated Lipton (9.6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Afolabi Adisa
- a Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University , Houston , Texas , USA
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