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Bhandari Y, Sajwan H, Pandita P, Koteswara Rao V. Chloroperoxidase applications in chemical synthesis of industrial relevance. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Bhandari
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Hemlata Sajwan
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Parul Pandita
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Vamkudoth Koteswara Rao
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Martins GDS, Staudt A, Sutili FK, Malafaia CRA, Leal ICR. Solvent screening, optimization and kinetic parameters of the biocatalytic epoxidation reaction of β-pinene mediated by Novozym®435. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:867-878. [PMID: 35723788 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes, such as beta-pinene, are secondary metabolites widely used in the flavors and fragrance industries and can have their structure altered to enhance their applicability, such as producing epoxides, which are used as intermediaries for pharmaceuticals. Epoxides are commonly synthesized by the use of inorganic acids as catalysts, although the acid medium induces epoxide degradation. To overcome these limitations biocatalysis is shown as an alternative. Related to, this work aimed to perform the synthesis of β-Pinene epoxide using Pseudozyma antarctica lipase B (Novozym®435) as a biocatalyst, while determining the independent variables that influence the reaction using experimental design tools. Different solvent systems were evaluated (cyclohexane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane) until 72 h reaction time, from which ethyl acetate showed higher conversion into the epoxidized product (40% in 24 h). Under the other solvents systems, several oxidized by-products were obtained, such as ketones and aldehydes. Moreover, applying metrics of green chemistry, ethyl acetate was also corroborated as the most promising solvent, with a higher atom economy (66.8%) in comparison to the others (41.3%), and a smaller E-value (1.19). Ethyl acetate was the solvent/acyl donor of choice and had the molar ratio and percentage of biocatalyst increased, which resulted in 80% of the product after 3 h of reaction. To obtain an optimized model, four independent variables (temperature, stirring, molar ratio, percentage of biocatalyst) were evaluated using experimental design tools, Fractional Factorial Design and Central Composite Rotatable Design, with conversions ranging from 23 to 95% after 3 h. All the independent variables were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and had different degrees of impact on the conversion. Kinetic parameters of the reaction were determined using the Lineweaver-Burk model (results under 30.1 mmol for Km and 10.7 mmol.min-1 for Vmax). In conclusion, the combination of two different tools of experimental design provided the development of an optimized model for beta-Pinene epoxidation, achieving high conversion to the epoxidized product after 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Dos Santos Martins
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Natural Products and Food Department, Center of Health Sciences, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, N. 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Amanda Staudt
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Natural Products and Food Department, Center of Health Sciences, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, N. 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Felipe Korbus Sutili
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of São Paulo, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Camila Rodrigues Adão Malafaia
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Natural Products and Food Department, Center of Health Sciences, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, N. 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ivana Correa Ramos Leal
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Natural Products and Food Department, Center of Health Sciences, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, N. 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Yadav P, Khare SK, Sharma S. Kinetics of epoxidation by a
Musa paradisiaca
chloroperoxidase. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Yadav
- Centre for Rural Development and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Sunil K. Khare
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Oelschlägel M, Zimmerling J, Tischler D. A Review: The Styrene Metabolizing Cascade of Side-Chain Oxygenation as Biotechnological Basis to Gain Various Valuable Compounds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:490. [PMID: 29623070 PMCID: PMC5874493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Styrene is one of the most produced and processed chemicals worldwide and is released into the environment during widespread processing. But, it is also produced from plants and microorganisms. The natural occurrence of styrene led to several microbiological strategies to form and also to degrade styrene. One pathway designated as side-chain oxygenation has been reported as a specific route for the styrene degradation among microorganisms. It comprises the following enzymes: styrene monooxygenase (SMO; NADH-consuming and FAD-dependent, two-component system), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI; cofactor independent, membrane-bound protein) and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD; NAD+-consuming) and allows an intrinsic cofactor regeneration. This specific way harbors a high potential for biotechnological use. Based on the enzymatic steps involved in this degradation route, important reactions can be realized from a large number of substrates which gain access to different interesting precursors for further applications. Furthermore, stereochemical transformations are possible, offering chiral products at high enantiomeric excess. This review provides an actual view on the microbiological styrene degradation followed by a detailed discussion on the enzymes of the side-chain oxygenation. Furthermore, the potential of the single enzyme reactions as well as the respective multi-step syntheses using the complete enzyme cascade are discussed in order to gain styrene oxides, phenylacetaldehydes, or phenylacetic acids (e.g., ibuprofen). Altered routes combining these putative biocatalysts with other enzymes are additionally described. Thus, the substrates spectrum can be enhanced and additional products as phenylethanols or phenylethylamines are reachable. Finally, additional enzymes with similar activities toward styrene and its metabolic intermediates are shown in order to modify the cascade described above or to use these enzyme independently for biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Oelschlägel
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Zimmerling
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Morozov AN, Pardillo AD, Chatfield DC. Chloroperoxidase-Catalyzed Epoxidation of Cis-β-Methylstyrene: NH-S Hydrogen Bonds and Proximal Helix Dipole Change the Catalytic Mechanism and Significantly Lower the Reaction Barrier. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:14350-63. [PMID: 26452587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proximal hydrogen bonding of the axial sulfur with the backbone amides (NH-S) is a conserved feature of heme-thiolate enzymes such as chloroperoxidase (CPO) and cytochrome P450 (P450). In CPO, the effect of NH-S bonds is amplified by the dipole moment of the proximal helix. Our gas-phase DFT studies show that the proximal pocket effect significantly enhances CPO's reactivity toward the epoxidation of olefinic substrates. Comparison of models with and without proximal pocket residues shows that with them, the barrier for Cβ-O bond formation is lowered by about ∼4.6 kcal/mol, while Cα-O-Cβ ring closure becomes barrierless. The dipole moment of the proximal helix was estimated to contribute 1/3 of the decrease, while the rest is attributed to the effect of NH-S bonds. The decrease of the reaction barrier correlates with increased electron density transfer to residues of the proximal pocket. The effect is most pronounced on the doublet spin surface and involves a change in the electron-transfer mechanism. A full enzyme QMMM study on the doublet spin surface gives about the same barrier as the gas-phase DFT study. The free-energy barrier was estimated to be in agreement with the experimental results for the CPO-catalyzed epoxidation of styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , 11200 Southwest Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Armando D Pardillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , 11200 Southwest Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - David C Chatfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , 11200 Southwest Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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Biocatalysts for the formation of three- to six-membered carbo- and heterocycles. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:457-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Bormann S, Gomez Baraibar A, Ni Y, Holtmann D, Hollmann F. Specific oxyfunctionalisations catalysed by peroxygenases: opportunities, challenges and solutions. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy01477d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are promising oxyfunctionalisation catalysts for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvaro Gomez Baraibar
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Yan Ni
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute
- 60486 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
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8
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Yazerski VA, Orue A, Evers T, Kleijn H, Klein Gebbink RJM. Molecularly enlarged S,S-BnTsDPEN ligands for iron-catalyzed asymmetric olefin epoxidation reactions using hydrogen peroxide. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00484h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Morozov AN, Chatfield DC. Chloroperoxidase-catalyzed epoxidation of cis-β-methylstyrene: distal pocket flexibility tunes catalytic reactivity. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12905-14. [PMID: 23020548 DOI: 10.1021/jp302763h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase, the most versatile heme protein, has a hybrid active site pocket that shares structural features with peroxidases and cytochrome P450s. The simulation studies presented here show that the enzyme possesses a remarkable ability to efficiently utilize its hybrid structure, assuming structurally different peroxidase-like and P450-like distal pocket faces and thereby enhancing the inherent catalytic capability of the active center. We find that, during epoxidation of cis-β-methylstyrene (CBMS), the native peroxidase-like aspect of the distal pocket is diminished as the polar Glu183 side chain is displaced away from the active center and the distal pocket takes on a more hydrophobic, P450-like, aspect. The P450-like distal pocket provides a significant enthalpic stabilization of ∼4 kcal/mol of the 14 kcal/mol reaction barrier for gas-phase epoxidation of CMBS by an oxyferryl heme-thiolate species. This stabilization comes from breathing of the distal pocket. As until recently the active site of chloroperoxidase was postulated to be inflexible, these results suggest a new conceptual understanding of the enzyme's versatility: catalytic reactivity is tuned by flexibility of the distal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States.
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10
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Tian H, Mu S, Li H, Wu X, Lu Z. Electrode‐driven Regioselective Oxidation of Cinnamyl Alcohol by use of Thin Biologically Active Chloroperoxidase Composite Films. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Tian
- Life and Environmental Science College, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234 (China)
| | - Shilei Mu
- Life and Environmental Science College, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234 (China)
| | - Hexing Li
- Life and Environmental Science College, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234 (China)
| | - Xiaqin Wu
- Life and Environmental Science College, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234 (China)
| | - Zhongqing Lu
- Life and Environmental Science College, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234 (China)
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11
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Lin H, Liu JY, Wang HB, Ahmed AAQ, Wu ZL. Biocatalysis as an alternative for the production of chiral epoxides: A comparative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Monti D, Ottolina G, Carrea G, Riva S. Redox Reactions Catalyzed by Isolated Enzymes. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4111-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100334x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ottolina
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Carrea
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. R. Franssen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703, HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Anderson M, Allenmark S. The Potential Of Vanadium Bromoperoxidase As A Catalyst In Preparative Asymmetric Sulfoxidation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420009040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Andersson M, Samra BK, Holmberg H, Adlercreutz P. Use of Celite-Immobilised Chloroperoxidase in Predominantly Organic Media. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429909015232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Chang D, Zhang J, Witholt B, Li Z. Chemical and Enzymatic Synthetic Methods for Asymmetric Oxidation of the C–C Double Bond. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420410001710065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Deurzen MPJV, Groen BW, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. A Simple Purification Method for Chloroperoxidase and Its Use in Organic Media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429409065234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. J. van Deurzen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628, BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - B. W. Groen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628, BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - F. van Rantwijk
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628, BL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R. A. Sheldon
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628, BL, Delft, The Netherlands
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Van Deurzen MP, Seelbach K, van Rantwijk F, Kragl U, Sheldon RA. Chloroperoxidase: Use of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Stat for Controlling Reactions and Improving Enzyme Performance. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429709003606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen H, Hirao H, Derat E, Schlichting I, Shaik S. Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Study on the Mechanisms of Compound I Formation in the Catalytic Cycle of Chloroperoxidase: An Overview on Heme Enzymes. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:9490-500. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Etienne Derat
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Montiel C, Terrés E, Domínguez JM, Aburto J. Immobilization of chloroperoxidase on silica-based materials for 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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van Deurzen MP, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Chloroperoxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309708006531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Kühnel K, Blankenfeldt W, Terner J, Schlichting I. Crystal structures of chloroperoxidase with its bound substrates and complexed with formate, acetate, and nitrate. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23990-8. [PMID: 16790441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a heme-thiolate enzyme that catalyzes hydrogen peroxide-dependent halogenation reactions. Structural data on substrate binding have not been available so far. CPO was therefore crystallized in the presence of iodide or bromide. One halide binding site was identified at the surface near a narrow channel that connects the surface with the heme. Two other halide binding sites were identified within and at the other end of this channel. Together, these sites suggest a pathway for access of halide anions to the active site. The structure of CPO complexed with its natural substrate cyclopentanedione was determined at a resolution of 1.8 A. This is the first example of a CPO structure with a bound organic substrate. In addition, structures of CPO bound with nitrate, acetate, and formate and of a ternary complex with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) and cyanide were determined. These structures have implications for the mechanism of compound I formation. Before binding to the heme, the incoming hydrogen peroxide first interacts with Glu-183. The deprotonated Glu-183 abstracts a proton from hydrogen peroxide. The hydroperoxo-anion then binds at the heme, yielding compound 0. Glu-183 protonates the distal oxygen of compound 0, water is released, and compound I is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kühnel
- Abteilung Biomolekulare Mechanismen, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. Replacing the active-site zinc with manganese yielded manganese-substituted carbonic anhydrase (CA[Mn]), which shows peroxidase activity with a bicarbonate-dependent mechanism. In the presence of bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide, (CA[Mn]) catalyzed the efficient oxidation of o-dianisidine with kcat/KM=1.4 x 10(6) m(-1) s(-1), which is comparable to that for horseradish peroxidase, kcat/KM=57 x 10(6) m(-1) s(-1). CA[Mn] also catalyzed the moderately enantioselective epoxidation of olefins to epoxides (E=5 for p-chlorostyrene) in the presence of an amino-alcohol buffer, such as N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES). This enantioselectivity is similar to that for natural heme-based peroxidases, but has the advantage that CA[Mn] avoids the formation of aldehyde side products. CA[Mn] degrades during the epoxidation limiting the yield of the epoxidations to <12 %. Replacement of active-site residues Asn62, His64, Asn67, Gln92, or Thr200 with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis decreased the enantioselectivity demonstrating that the active site controls the enantioselectivity of the epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Okrasa
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, and The Biotechnology Institute, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Ryu J, Seo J, Lee Y, Lim Y, Ahn JH, Hur HG. Identification of syn- and anti-anethole-2,3-epoxides in the metabolism of trans-anethole by the newly isolated bacterium Pseudomonas putida JYR-1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5954-8. [PMID: 16028980 DOI: 10.1021/jf040445x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial strain JYR-1, which utilizes high concentrations (up to 100 mM) of trans-anethole as the sole source of carbon and energy, was isolated from soil. It grew to OD(600)(nm) = 2.6 with a doubling time of 8 h when grown on 20 mM trans-anethole. Strain JYR-1 was identified as Pseudomonas putida based on the partial gene sequence of its 16S rDNA. Elution profiles of culture extracts were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography and showed that four metabolites were produced from the bacterial culture containing trans-anethole that were not detected in control experiments. LC-MS analysis showed molecular weights of 138.2, 164.5, 164.3, and 152.3. The metabolites with molecular weights at 152.3 and 138.2 were confirmed to be p-anisic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively, when compared with HPLC retention times and molecular weights of authentic compounds. The metabolites with molecular weights at 164.5 and 164.3 were further analyzed by NMR and were proved to be stereoisomer syn- and anti-anethole epoxides. Therefore, strain JYR-1 most likely initiates the metabolism of trans-anethole through the formation of epoxides on the propene group of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Ryu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Water Reuse Technology Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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Sanfilippo C, D'Antona N, Nicolosi G. Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago is active in the presence of an ionic liquid as co-solvent. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26:1815-9. [PMID: 15672220 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-5087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago catalyses the oxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene to (1R,2R)-(+)-dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene in homogenous citrate buffer/ionic liquid mixtures, using t-butyl hydroperoxide as O2 donor. It tolerates up to 30 (v/v) 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate. The enzyme activity in these ionic liquid co-solvent systems is retained for 24 h, but it falls to 3 h using non-ionic organic solvents such as t-BuOH or acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sanfilippo
- CNR Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare, Sezione CT, Via del Santuario 110, I-95028 Valverde CT, Italy.
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26
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Nitrite increases the enantioselectivity of sulfoxidation catalyzed by myoglobin derivatives in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Munir I, Hu S, Dordick J. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Trinitrobenzyl Halides as an Alternative Approach to Hexanitrostilbene. Adv Synth Catal 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-4169(200212)344:10<1097::aid-adsc1097>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Colonna S, Sordo SD, Gaggero N, Carrea G, Pasta P. Enzyme-mediated catalytic asymmetric oxidations. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Selective oxygen transfer catalysed by heme peroxidases: synthetic and mechanistic aspects. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2000; 11:554-64. [PMID: 11102789 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the use of heme peroxidases as functional mimics of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in oxygen-transfer reactions have been described. The chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago (CPO) is the catalyst of choice in sulfoxidation, hydroxylation and epoxidation on account of its high activity and enantioselectivity. Other heme peroxidases were less active by orders of magnitude; protein engineering has resulted in impressive improvements but even the most active mutant was still at least an order of magnitude less active than CPO. The 'oxygen-rebound' mechanisms of oxygen transfer mediated by heme enzymes - as originally conceived - have proved to be untenable. Dual pathway mechanisms, via oxoferryl species that insert oxygen as well as iron hydroperoxide species that insert OH(+), have been proposed that accommodate all of the known experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van Rantwijk
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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31
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Tuynman A, Spelberg JL, Kooter IM, Schoemaker HE, Wever R. Enantioselective epoxidation and carbon-carbon bond cleavage catalyzed by Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:3025-30. [PMID: 10652281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.5.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Coprinus cinereus peroxidase (CiP) catalyze the enantioselective epoxidation of styrene and a number of substituted derivatives with a reasonable enantiomeric excess (up to 80%) and in a moderate yield. Three major differences with respect to the chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago (CPO) are observed in the reactivity of MPO and CiP toward styrene derivatives. First, in contrast to CPO, MPO and CiP produced the (S)-isomers of the epoxides in enantiomeric excess. Second, for MPO and CiP the H(2)O(2) had to be added very slowly (10 eq in 16 h) to prevent accumulation of catalytically inactive enzyme intermediates. Under these conditions, CPO hardly showed any epoxidizing activity; only with a high influx of H(2)O(2) (300 eq in 1.6 h) was epoxidation observed. Third, both MPO and CiP formed significant amounts of (substituted) benzaldehydes as side products as a consequence of C-alpha-C-beta bond cleavage of the styrene derivatives, whereas for CPO and cytochrome c peroxidase this activity is not observed. C-alpha-C-beta cleavage was the most prominent reaction catalyzed by CiP, whereas with MPO the relative amount of epoxide formed was higher. This is the first report of peroxidases catalyzing both epoxidation reactions and carbon-carbon bond cleavage. The results are discussed in terms of mechanisms involving ferryl oxygen transfer and electron transfer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tuynman
- E. C. Slater Institute, BioCentrum, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 12, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Adam W, Mock-Knoblauch C, Saha-Möller CR. Asymmetric Synthesis with the Enzyme Coprinus Peroxidase: Kinetic Resolution of Chiral Hydroperoxides and Enantioselective Sulfoxidation. J Org Chem 1999; 64:4834-4839. [PMID: 11674558 DOI: 10.1021/jo990201p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme Coprinus peroxidase (CiP) was employed for the kinetic resolution of racemic hydroperoxides 1 and the asymmetric sulfoxidation of prochiral sulfides 4. Eleven hydroperoxides 1a-k were reduced by CiP and guaiacol as reductant under conditions of kinetic resolution with enantioselectivities of up to >98% for the (S)-hydroperoxide 1 and 90% for the (R)-alcohol 2. In the absence of a reductant, the hydroperoxide 1a afforded with CiP enantiomerically enriched hydroperoxide 1a (ee up to 54%) and alcohol 2a (ee up to 40%), as well as ketone 3a (which is also formed simultaneously in all other reactions) and molecular oxygen. Catalase activity was established for CiP with hydrogen peroxide. When aryl alkyl sulfides 4 were used as oxygen acceptors, three products, sulfoxides 5, alcohols 2, and hydroperoxides 1, were obtained, all in enantiomerically enriched form. The highest ee value (89%) was achieved for the sulfoxide derived from naphthyl methyl sulfide (4f). Thus, CiP may be utilized for the asymmetric synthesis of optically active hydroperoxides 1, alcohols 2, and sulfoxides 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Adam
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Colonna S, Gaggero N, Richelmi C, Pasta P. Recent biotechnological developments in the use of peroxidases. Trends Biotechnol 1999; 17:163-8. [PMID: 10203775 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(98)01288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidases are ubiquitous oxidoreductases that use hydrogen peroxide or alkyl peroxides as oxidants. Advances have recently been made in using them to prepare, under mild and controlled conditions, chiral organic molecules that are valuable for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a wide range of useful compounds. Horseradish peroxidase can be converted into a peroxygenative enzyme by molecular engineering. Chloroperoxidase, the most versatile peroxidase, behaves like a 'true' monooxygenase in sulfoxidations with molecular oxygen and an external reductant, with substantial increases in enantioselectivity and enzyme stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Colonna
- Centro CNR and Istituto di Chimica Organica, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano,
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Adam W, Lazarus M, Saha-Möller CR, Weichold O, Hoch U, Häring D, Schreier P. Biotransformations with peroxidases. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 63:73-108. [PMID: 9933982 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69791-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are chiral catalysts and are able to produce optically active molecules from prochiral or racemic substrates by catalytic asymmetric induction. One of the major challenges in organic synthesis is the development of environmentally acceptable chemical processes for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds, which are of increasing importance as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Enzymes meet this challenge! For example, a variety of peroxidases effectively catalyze numerous selective oxidations of electron-rich substrates, which include the hydroxylation of arenes, the oxyfunctionalizations of phenols and aromatic amines, the epoxidation and halogenation of olefins, the oxygenation of heteroatoms and the enantioselective reduction of racemic hydroperoxides. In this review, we summarize the important advances achieved in the last few years on peroxidase-catalyzed transformations, with major emphasis on preparative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Adam
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The past year has seen further structural characterisation of both nonmetal and vanadium haloperoxidase enzymes to add to that already known for the haem- and vanadium-containing enzymes. Exploitation of these enzymes for halogenation, sulfoxidation, epoxidation, oxidation of indoles and other biotransformations has increased as more information on their catalytic mechanism has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Littlechild
- Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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Pasta P, Carrea G, Monzani E, Gaggero N, Colonna S. Chloroperoxidase-catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide with dihydroxyfumaric acid/oxygen or ascorbic acid/oxygen as oxidants. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 62:489-493. [PMID: 10099556 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990220)62:4<489::aid-bit13>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chloroperoxidase catalyzed oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide to (R)-methyl phenyl sulfoxide was investigated, both in batch and membrane reactors, using as oxidant H2O2, or O2 in the presence of either dihydroxyfumaric acid or ascorbic acid. The effects of pH and nature and concentration of the oxidants on the selectivity, stability, and productivity of the enzyme were evaluated. The highest selectivity was displayed by ascorbic acid/O2, even though the activity of chloroperoxidase with this system was lower than that obtained with the others. When the reaction was carried out in a membrane reactor, it was possible to reuse the enzyme for several conversion cycles. The results obtained with ascorbic acid/O2 and dihydroxyfumaric acid/O2 as oxidants do not seem to be compatible with either a mechanism involving hydroxyl radicals as the active species or with the hypothesis that oxidation occurs through the initial formation of H2O2. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pasta
- Istituto di Biocatalisi e Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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Ozaki SI, Yang HJ, Matsui T, Goto Y, Watanabe Y. Asymmetric oxidation catalyzed by myoglobin mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ozaki SI, Inada Y, Watanabe Y. Characterization of Polyethylene Glycolated Horseradish Peroxidase in Organic Solvents: Generation and Stabilization of Transient Catalytic Intermediates at Low Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9714696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Ozaki
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Myodaiji, 444 Japan, Toin Human Science and Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kurogane-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 225 Japan, and Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Myodaiji, 444 Japan
| | - Yuji Inada
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Myodaiji, 444 Japan, Toin Human Science and Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kurogane-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 225 Japan, and Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Myodaiji, 444 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Myodaiji, 444 Japan, Toin Human Science and Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kurogane-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 225 Japan, and Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Myodaiji, 444 Japan
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Synthesis of enantiopure 3-chlorostyrene oxide via an asymmetric epoxidation-hydrolytic kinetic resolution sequence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(97)00568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Andersson M, Willetts A, Allenmark S. Asymmetric Sulfoxidation Catalyzed by a Vanadium-Containing Bromoperoxidase. J Org Chem 1997; 62:8455-8458. [PMID: 11671985 DOI: 10.1021/jo9712456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A vanadium-containing bromoperoxidase (VBrPO) from the alga Corallina officinalis has been shown to catalyze the stereoselective oxidation of some aromatic bicyclic sulfides to the corresponding (S)-sulfoxides in high (up to 91%) ee. Hydrogen peroxide was found to have a large effect on the catalyzed reaction, most likely due to an inhibition of VBrPO. High optical and chemical yields were found to be favored by a continuous slow addition of hydrogen peroxide to keep a low excess. The reaction gives no overoxidation to sulfone, and its stereochemistry is the opposite as compared to that previously found with the heme-containing chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Göteborg, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, U.K
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Abstract
Enantiopure epoxides, as well as their corresponding vicinal diols, are valuable intermediates in fine organic synthesis, in particular for the preparation of biologically active compounds. The necessity of preparing such target molecules in an optically pure form has triggered much research, leading to the emergence of various new methods based on either conventional chemistry or enzymatically catalyzed reactions. In this review, we focus on the biocatalytic approaches, which include direct epoxidation of olefinic double bonds as well as indirect biocatalytic methods, and which allow for the synthesis of these important chiral building blocks in enantiomerically enriched or even enantiopure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Archelas
- Groupe Biocatalyse et Chimie Fine, ERS 157 associée au CNRS, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
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Seelbach K, van Deurzen MPJ, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA, Kragl U. Improvement of the total turnover number and space-time yield for chloroperoxidase catalyzed oxidation. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997; 55:283-8. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970720)55:2<283::aid-bit6>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Enantioselective Epoxidation of ω-Bromo-2-methyl-1-alkenes Catalyzed by Chloroperoxidase. Effect of Chain Length on Selectivity and Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja962998x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Debrunner PG, Dexter AF, Schulz CE, Xia YM, Hager LP. Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of chloroperoxidase following mechanism-based inactivation with allylbenzene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:12791-8. [PMID: 8917498 PMCID: PMC23999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.23.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study a heme-N-alkylated derivative of chloroperoxidase (CPO) prepared by mechanism-based inactivation with allylbenzene and hydrogen peroxide. The freshly prepared inactivated enzyme ("green CPO") displayed a nearly pure low-spin ferric EPR signal with g = 1.94, 2.15, 2.31. The Mössbauer spectrum of the same species recorded at 4.2 K showed magnetic hyperfine splittings, which could be simulated in terms of a spin Hamiltonian with a complete set of hyperfine parameters in the slow spin fluctuation limit. The EPR spectrum of green CPO was simulated using a three-term crystal field model including g-strain. The best-fit parameters implied a very strong octahedral field in which the three 2T2 levels of the (3d)5 configuration in green CPO were lowest in energy, followed by a quartet. In native CPO, the 6A1 states follow the 2T2 ground state doublet. The alkene-mediated inactivation of CPO is spontaneously reversible. Warming of a sample of green CPO to 22 degrees C for increasing times before freezing revealed slow conversion of the novel EPR species to two further spin S = 1/2 ferric species. One of these species displayed g = 1.82, 2.25, 2.60 indistinguishable from native CPO. By subtracting spectral components due to native and green CPO, a third species with g = 1.86, 2.24, 2.50 could be generated. The EPR spectrum of this "quasi-native CPO," which appears at intermediate times during the reactivation, was simulated using best-fit parameters similar to those used for native CPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Debrunner
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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